Patent Application
20150157515
No provisional patent has been sought for this invention. This application claims priority of European Patent Office as well as the United States Patent Office. No separate patent application has been filed with the European Patent Office. Also, no other prior art is substantially similar to this invention. Though the cast saw is an article of common use in the medical field today, no invention has been widely accepted which fixes the problem of thermal burns to patients who have their casts removed by cast saw.
This application was developed through private funding. Absent a subsequent agreement with the Federal Government the named inventor does not abdicate any rights to this patent to the Federal Government.
Not Applicable.
Not Applicable.
Not Applicable.
1. Field of Invention
The present invention is a non-obvious improvement to a medical device called a cast saw. A cast saw is a medical device used to cut through a plaster or fiberglass cast. The invention is an improved blade for a cast saw that replicates the cutting ability of traditional cast saw blade and reduces the surface temperature of the cast saw blade.
2. Description of Related Art
The oscillating cast saw is a tool of common usage in the medical community for removing plaster and fiberglass casts. One embodiment of an oscillating cast saw is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,878,607. An earlier embodiment of the cast saw is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,412,381.
The cool cast saw blade is an improvement on the existing oscillating cast saw devices as described in U.S. patents such as U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,878,607 and 4,412,381. After a thorough investigation, no similar improvements have been patented to a cast saw blade. However, other devices have been previously patented which improve certain aspects of the cast saw. Other similar inventions to the cool cast saw have been patented, which seek to minimize or eliminate the risk of thermal burns to patients who have their casts removed by oscillating cast saws. One such invention is U.S. Pat. No. 5,944,675 protective shield which would shield patients from a burn from an oscillating cast saw. For example U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,411,067 and 4,316,323 claim privilege for blade housing for a type of cast saw. Other patents such as U.S. Pat. No. 4,227,517 embody different cast cutting systems.
A cast saw is a mechanical device which uses oscillating motions of a circular saw blade to cut through a plaster or fiberglass medical cast. Cast saws are used frequently by physicians and physician extenders (assistants). This invention reduces or cures the problem of cast saws causing thermal burns to patients. The major problem with existing cast saw mechanical devices. All traditional cast saw blades heat through friction when cutting through plaster of fiberglass medical casts. The friction between the metal blade and the plaster or fiberglass being cut creates enough heat to burn patients. Cast saw burns currently occur at a rate of approximately 1 burn for every 1,000 patients. Children and sedated patients have a higher risk of cast saw burns because these patients cannot effectively verbalize pain. In addition, no educational, regulatory, or administrative stipulations have been able to eliminate cast saw burns.
This invention is non-obvious because no invention reducing thermal burns to patients has yet gained widespread acceptance by the medical community. The need for a popular cast saw mechanical device which reduces or eliminates thermal burns of patients is clear; and no such invention has yet gained widespread acceptance by the medical community. The Leapfrop Group, a group which promotes improvements in the safety of health care, defined a “Never Event” as “adverse events that are serious, largely preventable, and of concern to both the public and health care providers for the purpose of public accountability.” “Disability associated with a burn incurred from any source while being cared for in a healthcare facility” is one of 28 National Quality Forum recognized “Never Events”. Any technology that would prevent or eliminate cast saw burns would become the standard of care for liability and patient safely concerns.
Other inventions and applications which would reduce patient thermal burns by cast saws have failed to gain widespread acceptance in the medical community. Thermal-resistant cast padding and the Zip Stick are two inventions which have been proposed to protect patients from cast saw burn. These technologies require direct application when making and removing each cast. A more passive technology that does not require specific application during cast application or removal would be more easily accepted, and applied by the medical community. The cool-cut cast saw blade reduces the surface temperature of the cast saw blade by using a low melting point core material (e.g., Gallium) within the blade as a heat sink. The cool-cut cast saw blade does not alter the form or function of the cast saw itself; it simply replaces a traditional cast saw blade with a cool-cut cast saw blade that is similar in dimensions and form to traditional cast saw blades.
The claimed invention includes both a device and the method of manufacture for this device. The device is named the cool cast saw blade. The cool cast saw blade is an assembly of materials which reduce the possibility of medical patient being burned during the removal of plaster or fiberglass casts from high temperature of a cast saw blade which currently still occur. Modern cast saw blades heat up through friction and are unable to disburse this heat. As a result the cast saw blades become so hot that they can burn patients. The cool cast saw blade better absorbs the heat created by the friction than current cast saw blades.
The cool-cut cast saw blade reduces the surface temperature of the cast saw blade by using a low melting point core material within the blade as a heat sink. Since the heat on the surface is disbursed to the core of blade, the surface is cooler and there is less of a chance of burns for the patients. All materials absorb energy when they are heated. When materials melt they remain at a constant temperature while undergoing the phase change (e.g., from a solid to a liquid). The energy (Q) absorbed by a material is defined by the mass of the material (m), the change (Δ) in temperature (T), and the heat capacity of the material (c), Q=mcΔT. The energy to melt (i.e., energy of fusion) a material is defined by the mass of the material and the heat of fusion for that material (ΔHfusion), Q=mΔHfusion. Hence, any low melting point material may be used a heat sink for another higher melting point material. When the temperature reaches the melting point of the low melting point material it will absorb energy but remain at a constant temperature while making the phase transition from a solid to a liquid. This effect will slow the heating of (a.k.a., cool or act as a heat sink for) the higher melting point material. These material properties can be applied to solve the issue of temperature elevation with cast saw blade friction that results in cast saw burns. This device, in contrast to previous devices, allows for the absorption of heat and thus reduces the chance of burns to patients during the cast removal process. This device will consist of two solid components made of tungsten carbide which fit together to enclose gallium which can be in solid or liquid state. Gallium as a material will be discussed first in relation to its use in this device, followed by tungsten carbide.
Metallic Gallium is not considered toxic. Prolonged exposure may cause dermatitis. Soluble gallium salts tend to form an insoluble hydroxide when injected in large amounts. In animals this results in renal toxicity. In lower doses, soluble Gallium is tolerated well, and does not accumulate. Gallium specifically has no known role in biology, however it can mimic iron. Gallium can replace the redox activity of iron and interfere with the transfer of electrons required for metabolic respiration. Gallium is currently used as an amalgam for dental reconstruction, a pharmaceuticals (i.e., Gallium nitrate/Ganite, Gallium maltolate, MR045), and a radiopharmaceuticals (Gallium citrate GA 67).
Liquid metals wet solid metal surfaces. Room-temperature Gallium can be reactive with certain metals, except tungsten and tantalum which have a high resistance to corrosion. Tungsten has the highest melting point (3,422° C., 6,192° F.) and tensile strength (344.8 MPa) of all metals. Tungsten is used in the production of hard materials based on Tungsten carbide, one of the hardest carbides, with a melting point of 2770° C. Tungsten carbide is an efficient electrical conductor. Tungsten carbide is currently used to make wear-resistant abrasives and cutters and knives for drills, circular saws, milling and turning tools. Tungsten is the heaviest element known to be biologically functional in some bacteria, but not in eukaryotes (e.g., humans).
The typical mass of a modern cast saw blade is approximately 10 grams. Since the density of Stainless Steel is approximately 8.03 g/cc (grams per cubic centimeter) then a traditional cast saw blade has 1.25 cc of Stainless Steel. 1 cc of the volume of the cast saw blade at its core is replaced with 5.73 g of Gallium (a.k.a., the low melting point material). The remaining 0.25 cc on the outer surface of cast saw blade is replaced with 4.30 g Tungsten carbide (a.k.a., the high melting point material). The cool-cut cast saw blade does not alter the from, function, or dimension of a traditional cast saw blade; it simply replaces traditional cast saw blade materials with cool-cut cast saw blade materials (i.e., a low melting point material at the core of a high melting point material).
A traditional cast saw blade increases in temperature from room temperature (25° C., 77° F.) to 105° C. well above the temperature required to burn human skin; this requires 400 J (Joules). As a cool-cut cast saw blade (e.g., Tungsten carbide blade with a Gallium core) absorbs this 400 J of energy, the Gallium core heats from room temperature to its melting point (29.771° C., 85.588° F.) absorbing 10 J of energy. As the 5.73 g of Gallium in the core begins to melt it remains at it melting point absorbing 489.877 J of energy before melting all of the 5.73 g of Gallium and allowing the temperature of the cool-cut cast saw blade to rise above the melting point of the Gallium core. The Tungsten Carbide skin gives its energy and heat to the Gallium core, reducing the overall temperature of the cool-cut cast saw blade. The low melting point material core is a heat sink for the high melting point material skin reducing the surface temperature of the cool-cut cast saw blade compared to any traditional cast saw blade.
The manufacturing of the cool-cut cast saw blade includes but is not limited to machining the high melting point surface material to be filled with the low melting point core material. Gallium expands by a factor of 0.031 when it undergoes a phase change from solid to liquid. Hence, manufacturing of the cool-cut blade is best conducted with gallium in the liquid phase to prevent rupture of the surface material when the contained Gallium expands as it melts. Any process that coats a low melting point solid core material with a high melting point surface material for the purpose of cutting would also constitute making a cool-cut cast saw blade as a low melting point material is used as a heat skin for the high melting point outer surface in its final application.
A tungsten carbide dish is manufactured with the capacity to hold 1 cc of liquid Gallium (
Further features, properties and advantages of the present invention will become clear from the following description of embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The described features are advantages alone and in combination with each other.
This device is meant to be simple and easily manufactured.
The device assembles to trap a liquid in its core. The liquid is held in the bottom dish (
This device consists of three components. The assembly process is described below. First is a “bottom dish”, made of tungsten carbide or similar material, with holes machined to fit into a cast saw assembly and including any necessary structural supports. Second, and inside that bottom dish, “liquid” Gallium is poured into the dish. Third, a “serrated cover” made of tungsten carbide or similar material will fit over the dish and seal in the gallium as well as contain holes machined to fit into a cast saw assembly, including any necessary structural supports, and a serrated outer edge or blade used to cut a fiberglass or plaster cast. The serrated cover will be fused to the bottom dish trapping the liquid inside. This entire completed assembly is known as the cool-cut cast saw blade. This device is meant to be used as the blade for a cast saw which works by vibrating or oscillating a cast saw blade to cut through a plaster or fiberglass cast, but its application is not limited to this indication as non-orthopedic applications may necessitate blade temperature regulation.
The cool-cut cast saw blade is intended to be used as a replacement for the current cast saw blades used in an orthopedic cast saw. Orthopedic cast saws use vibration rather than rotation of the blade to remove or cut the cast material applied to the patient's extremity. Currently orthopedic casts consist of a cotton, Gortex™, or other soft material wrapped over the limb of a patient. Over this padding, a fiberglass or plaster coating is added and cured to provide the stiffness that keeps the limb in appropriate alignment. A cast saw blade needs the resistance of a stiff material to cut. The padding and skin underneath the hard plaster or fiberglass cast will move with the vibration of the saw blade, allowing the blade to cut the hard plaster or fiberglass and spare the padding and skin. These same vibrations that cut the hard plaster and fiberglass cast generate the friction that heats traditional cast saw blades resulting in cast saw burns.
The medical device in question consists of three basic components shown in the figures.
Component 1:
Component 2:
Component 3:
Component 3 is the low melting point material, such as liquid gallium or similar material, placed into the void of Component 2,
