Patent Application
20160186577
The present application relates generally to apparatus and assemblies concerning the design and operation of blades in the turbines of gas turbine engines. More specifically, but not by way of limitation, the present application relates to configurations of internal cooling channels and film cooling ports within turbine blades.
It will be appreciated that gas turbine engines generally include a compressor, combustor, and turbine. The compressor and turbine sections generally include rows of blades that are axially stacked in stages. Each stage includes a row of circumferentially-spaced stator blades, which are fixed, and a row of rotor blades, which rotate about a central turbine axis or shaft. In operation, generally, the compressor rotor blades rotate about the shaft, and, acting in concert with the stator blades, compress a flow of air. The supply of compressed air then is used in the combustor to combust a supply of fuel. The resulting flow of hot expanding gases from the combustion, i.e., the working fluid, is expanded through the turbine section of the engine. The flow of working fluid through the turbine induces the rotor blades to rotate. The rotor blades are connected to a central shaft such that the rotation of the rotor blades rotates the shaft. In this manner, the energy contained in the fuel is converted into the mechanical energy of the rotating shaft, which, for example, may be used to rotate the rotor blades of the compressor, such that the supply of compressed air needed for combustion is produced, and the coils of a generator, such that electrical power is generated. During operation, because of the extreme temperatures of the hot-gas path, the velocity of the working fluid, and the rotational velocity of the engine, turbine blades, which, as described, generally include both the rotating rotor blades and the fixed, circumferentially-spaced stator blades, become highly stressed with extreme mechanical and thermal loads.
The ever-increasing demand for energy makes the engineering of more efficient gas turbine engines an ongoing and significant objective. While several strategies for increasing the efficiency of turbine engines are known, it remains a challenging objective because these alternatives, which, for example, include increasing the size of the engine, increasing the temperatures through the hot-gas path, and increasing the rotational velocities of the rotor blades, generally place additional strain on parts that are already highly stressed, for example, turbine rotor and stator blades. As a result, improved apparatus, methods and/or systems that reduce operational stresses placed on turbine blades or allow the turbine blades to better withstand these stresses are in great demand. As one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, one strategy for alleviating the thermal stress on the blades is through cooling them during operation. Effective cooling, for example, may allow the blades to withstand higher firing temperatures, withstand greater mechanical stresses at high operating temperatures, and/or extend the part-life of the blades, all of which may allow the turbine engine to be more cost-effective and efficient in its operation. One way to cool blades during operation is through the use of internal flow passages. Generally, this involves passing a relatively cool supply of compressed air, which may be supplied by the compressor of the turbine engine, through internal cooling channels or flow passages within the blades. As the compressed air passes through the blade, it convectively cools the blade, which allows the part to withstand firing temperatures that it otherwise could not. If the air is released properly, it may further aid the cooling of the blade through what is referred to film cooling.
For a number of reasons, it will be appreciated that great care is required in designing and manufacturing the configuration of these internal flow passages. First, the use of cooling air comes at a price. That is, air that is diverted from the compressor to the turbine section of the engine for cooling bypasses the combustor and, thus, decreases the efficiency of the engine. As such, internal cooling configurations must be designed to use air in a highly effective manner, i.e., provide the necessary coverage and cooling efficiency, so that a minimum amount of air is needed for this purpose. Second, newer, more aggressively shaped aerodynamic blade configurations are thinner and more curved or twisted, which often rules out the usage of linear flow passages, while the thinness of the blades requires internal cooling passages to perform well while having a compact design. Third, to reduce mechanical loads, internal flow passages may be formed to remove unnecessary weight from the blade; however, the blades still must remain strong to withstand the extreme mechanical loads. Internal flow passages, therefore, must be designed such that the turbine blade has a lightweight but strong construction, while stress concentrations that would negatively affect the blades resilience are avoided. As such, turbine blade cooling configurations that perform well in more aggressively shaped, thinner aerodynamic blade configurations, promote lighter blade internal construction, maintain the structural support of the component, while also delivering high cooling efficiencies would be in commercial demand.
The present application thus describes a blade in a turbine of a gas turbine engine that includes: an outer surface bending along an edge at an angle greater than about 120° so to define a first outer surface to a first side of the edge and a second outer surface to a second side of the edge; an internal flow passage; and a forked cooling channel configured so to fluidly connect the internal flow passage to a first film cooling port and a second film cooling port formed to each side of the edge.
These and other features of the present application will become apparent upon review of the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments when taken in conjunction with the drawings and the appended claims.
These and other features of this invention will be more completely understood and appreciated by careful study of the following more detailed description of exemplary embodiments of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
Aspects and advantages of the invention are set forth below in the following description, or may be obvious from the description, or may be learned through practice of the invention. Reference will now be made in detail to present embodiments of the invention, one or more examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The detailed description uses numerical designations to refer to features in the drawings. Like or similar designations in the drawings and description may be used to refer to like or similar parts of embodiments of the invention. As will be appreciated, each example is provided by way of explanation of the invention, not limitation of the invention. In fact, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit thereof. For instance, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment may be used on another embodiment to yield a still further embodiment. Thus, it is intended that the present invention covers such modifications and variations as come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. It is to be understood that the ranges and limits mentioned herein include all sub-ranges located within the prescribed limits, inclusive of the limits themselves unless otherwise stated. Additionally, certain terms have been selected to describe the present invention and its component subsystems and parts. To the extent possible, these terms have been chosen based on the terminology common to the technology field. Still, it will be appreciated that such terms often are subject to differing interpretations. For example, what may be referred to herein as a single component, may be referenced elsewhere as consisting of multiple components, or, what may be referenced herein as including multiple components, may be referred to elsewhere as being a single component. In understanding the scope of the present invention, attention should not only be paid to the particular terminology used, but also to the accompanying description and context, as well as the structure, configuration, function, and/or usage of the component being referenced and described, including the manner in which the term relates to the several figures, as well as, of course, the precise usage of the terminology in the appended claims. Further, while the following examples are presented in relation to a certain type of turbine engine, the technology of the present invention also may be applicable to other types of turbine engines as would the understood by a person of ordinary skill in the relevant technological arts.
Given the nature of turbine engine operation, several descriptive terms may be used throughout this application so to explain the functioning of the engine and/or the several sub-systems or components included therewithin, and it may prove beneficial to define these terms at the onset of this section. Accordingly, these terms and their definitions, unless stated otherwise, are as follows. The terms “forward” and “aft”, without further specificity, refer to directions relative to the orientation of the gas turbine. That is, “forward” refers to the forward or compressor end of the engine, and “aft” refers to the aft or turbine end of the engine. It will be appreciated that each of these terms may be used to indicate movement or relative position within the engine. The terms “downstream” and “upstream” are used to indicate position within a specified conduit relative to the general direction of flow moving through it. (It will be appreciated that these terms reference a direction relative to an expected flow during normal operation, which should be plainly apparent to anyone of ordinary skill in the art.) The term “downstream” refers to the direction in which the fluid is flowing through the specified conduit, while “upstream” refers to the direction opposite that. Thus, for example, the primary flow of working fluid through a turbine engine, which beings as air moving through the compressor and then becomes combustion gases within the combustor and beyond, may be described as beginning at an upstream location toward an upstream or forward end of the compressor and terminating at an downstream location toward a downstream or aft end of the turbine. In regard to describing the direction of flow within a common type of combustor, as discussed in more detail below, it will be appreciated that compressor discharge air typically enters the combustor through impingement ports that are concentrated toward the aft end of the combustor (relative to the combustors longitudinal axis and the aforementioned compressor/turbine positioning defining forward/aft distinctions). Once in the combustor, the compressed air is guided by a flow annulus formed about an interior chamber toward the forward end of the combustor, where the air flow enters the interior chamber and, reversing it direction of flow, travels toward the aft end of the combustor. In yet another context, coolant flows through internal flow passages may be treated in the same manner.
Additionally, given the configuration of compressor and turbine about a central common axis, as well as the cylindrical configuration common to many combustor types, terms describing position relative to an axis may be used herein. In this regard, it will be appreciated that the term “radial” refers to movement or position perpendicular to an axis. Related to this, it may be required to describe relative distance from the central axis. In this case, for example, if a first component resides closer to the central axis than a second component, the first component will be described as being either “radially inward” or “inboard” of the second component. If, on the other hand, the first component resides further from the central axis than the second component, the first component will be described herein as being either “radially outward” or “outboard” of the second component. Additionally, as will be appreciated, the term “axial” refers to movement or position parallel to an axis. Finally, the term “circumferential” refers to movement or position around an axis. As mentioned, while these terms may be applied in relation to the common central axis that extends through the compressor and turbine sections of the engine, these terms also may be used in relation to other components or sub-systems of the engine. By way of background, referring now to the figures,
In one example of operation, the rotation of compressor rotor blades 14 within the axial compressor 11 may compress a flow of air. In the combustor 12, energy may be released when the compressed air is mixed with a fuel and ignited. The resulting flow of hot gases from the combustor 12, which may be referred to as the working fluid, is then directed over the turbine rotor blades 16, the flow of working fluid inducing the rotation of the turbine rotor blades 16 about the shaft. Thereby, the energy of the flow of working fluid is transformed into the mechanical energy of the rotating blades and, because of the connection between the rotor blades and the shaft, the rotating shaft. The mechanical energy of the shaft may then be used to drive the rotation of the compressor rotor blades 14, such that the necessary supply of compressed air is produced, and also, for example, a generator to produce electricity.
As also shown, the leading edge flow passage 38 may be enclosed by an internal rib 47 that encloses the corner 55 formed by the inner surfaces of the walls forming the leading edge 28 of the airfoil 25. The rib 47 may extend across the internal cavity of the airfoil 25 to create axially stacked flow passages. The ribs 47 may extend across the camber line 45 of the airfoil 25 so to connect the inner surface of the pressure side face 26 to the inner surface of the suction side face 27.
Turning to
According to the present invention, the forked cooling channel may include an upstream section 51 and a downstream section. The upstream section 51 is defined between an inlet formed at the leading edge flow passage 33 and a bifurcation point, i.e., where the upstream section 51 forks into the downstream section. The downstream section may include a pressure side fork 52 that extends between the bifurcation point and a pressure side film cooling port 33 formed through the pressure side face 26 of the airfoil 25. The downstream section may further include a suction side fork 53 that extends between the bifurcation point and a suction side film cooling port 33 formed through the suction side face 27 of the airfoil 25. According to certain embodiments, the upstream section 51 is configured so to extend along an axis approximately defined by the airfoil camber line 45. Further, the inlet, as shown, may be positioned at the corner 55 of the leading edge flow passage 38. The bifurcation point may be configured so to occur approximately midway between the wall thickness of the outer wall of the airfoil 25.
The pressure side 52 and suction side fork 53 may be curved along a longitudinal axis. The pressure side fork 52 may have a smooth curved profile in accordance with the curvature between a first direction defined by a discharge direction of the upstream section 51 of the forked cooling channel 50 (at the bifurcation point) and a second direction defined by the desired discharge direction necessary for achieving a shallow discharge angle at the pressure side film cooling port 33. Likewise, the suction side fork 53 may have a smooth curved profile in accordance with the curvature between the discharge direction of the upstream section 51 of the forked cooling channel 50 and a second direction defined by the desired discharge direction necessary for achieving a shallow discharge angle at the suction side film cooling port 33. As will be appreciated, what constitutes a desirable shallow discharge angle 43 may vary depending on several criteria. According to certain embodiments, the shallow discharge angle is one that is less than about 45°. According to other embodiments, the shallow discharge angle is less than about 30°. More preferably, the shallow discharge angle is less than about 15°. The shape of the pressure side fork 53 and the suction side fork 53 may each include a tapered profile.
The pressure side 52 and suction side forks 53 may be configured as having a circular cross-sectional shape that remains substantially constant over the longitudinal axis of the channels. Other profiles are also possible, such as a flared or tapered profile. The pressure side 52 and suction side fork 53 also may be configured with metered cross-sectional profiles. In this case, the cross-sectional profiles of each are configured according to disparate levels of coolant flow intended for each side of the airfoil 25 during operation. The pressure side film cooling port 33 and the suction side film cooling port 33 may each have an oval shape given the oblique angle at which the pressure side 52 and suction side forks 53 encounter the respective faces of the airfoil 25.
As one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, the many varying features and configurations described above in relation to the several exemplary embodiments may be further selectively applied to form the other possible embodiments of the present invention. For the sake of brevity and taking into account the abilities of one of ordinary skill in the art, all of the possible iterations is not provided or discussed in detail, though all combinations and possible embodiments embraced by the several claims below or otherwise are intended to be part of the instant application. In addition, from the above description of several exemplary embodiments of the invention, those skilled in the art will perceive improvements, changes and modifications. Such improvements, changes and modifications within the skill of the art are also intended to be covered by the appended claims. Further, it should be apparent that the foregoing relates only to the described embodiments of the present application and that numerous changes and modifications may be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the application as defined by the following claims and the equivalents thereof.
