Not applicable.
Not applicable.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to copy-protected video playback systems and more particularly to protection against unauthorized copying of video signals from computing devices.
2. Description of the Related Art
The Digital Video Disk (DVD) format gives consumers the ability to view exceptional quality video. In many instances, DVD players have replaced VHS players for home movie viewing. In additional, the DVD player functionality is now a feature of many of the personal computers (PCs) that are sold on the consumer market. This is a valuable feature that allows consumers to watch DVD movies on the PC.
Concurrently, video converters have also become available to allow consumers to use the standard TV as a monitor for PC. A combination of the PC DVD player along with video converter allows consumers to play video games and watch DVD movies using a large screen display. However, the DVD format also allows individuals to make near commercial quality VHS recordings from any unprotected DVD program. The consumer is able to connect the output signal of the converter to the input of a VCR where the DVD signal may be recorded. Since the movie is stored digitally on a DVD disk, a high quality copy can be made of the movie.
As DVDs increase in resolution, movie studios have become increasingly concerned about consumers' ability to make high quality copy of movies. If widespread copying of DVD movies resulted, movie studios would be forced to stop releasing movies on DVD or delay the release of quality moves on DVD.
As number of techniques have been developed to address DVD copy protection. A watermarking process has been contemplated which permanently marks each digital video frame with background noise. Watermark signatures can be recognized by video playback and recording equipment to prevent copying. However placing a watermark signature directly on the video frame presents obvious video quality clarity issues. In addition, a watermarking process contemplates new players or other equipment to support watermarking. These issues, along with the difficult task of obtaining a common compatible standard agreeable among the principled commercial entities, pose significant hurdles to a watermarking solution.
Other non-destructive solutions, from the video signal standpoint, have been proposed. Digital Copy Protection Systems (DCPS) have been developed whereby the DVD player and a digital TV or a digital VCR exchange keys and identification certificates to establish secure channels. In addition, Content Scrambling Systems (CSS) have been proposed as a form of data encryption to discourage reading media files directly from the desk. Here again, encryption keys are exchanged so the video is decrypted before being displayed by the display device. Like the proposed watermarking solution, both of these other proposals require significant additional hardware (and cost) for movie copy protection. In addition, the CSS proposal contemplates a preliminary licensing requirement before any hardware may be implemented.
One approach to copy protection of video signals by Macrovision Corporation of Cupertino, Calif. involves inserting pseudo-synchronization pluses during the vertical blanking interval of video signals and varying the output levels. This confuses the fast phase locked loops (PLLs) and auto-gain control (AGCs) used on recording devices but does not significantly affect the slower PLLS and AGCs used on television.
In a video system, processing of video signals is provided by a copy protection system to inhibit unauthorized viewing and copying of the video signal, such as from the PC DVD player. During a vertical blanking interval (VBI) portion of the video signal, a number of additional horizontal synchronization (H-sync) pluses are generated onto the video signal by a video graphics adapter (VGA). The resultant video signal comprises a set of original H-sync pulses that are output normally from the VGA and the additional H-sync pluses generated by the copy protection system's encoder. The encoder also generates an H-sync pulse identifier onto the video signal after the first H-sync pulse occurrence. The copy protection system's decoder uses a decoding table, provided in a memory of a decoder, and the H-sync pulse identifier to determine which of the following H-sync pulses are valid and which ones are added. Only the valid pulses are used to generate sync pulses for the display monitor.
Increased security is provided as the sequence of valid pulses is constantly changing through generation of successive sequences of additional synchronization pulses different from the preceding sequences. For each successive sequence of additional synchronization pulses, an associated sync pulse identifier is generated. The decoding table includes all of the potential synchronization pulse identifiers along with a matched identifier location to inform the decoder where to look for the next successive synchronization pulse identifier. After a specified number of identifiers have been generated, the process is reset and repeated.
Flexibility is provided through polling of both the encoder (the video source) and the decoder (receiving or display device) to determine if they are authorized devices. If the decoder is not an authorized device the encoder will not output the protected video signal. The copy protection system is enabled only if the video material indicates it should be protected, using existing techniques (such as CGMS).
A better understanding of the present invention can be obtained when the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment is considered in conjunction with the following drawings, in which:
The illustrative system described in this patent application provides a technique for protecting video signals against unauthorized copying. For purposes of explanation, specific embodiments are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the illustrative system. However, it will be understood by one skilled in the art, from reading the disclosure, that the technique may be practiced without these details. Further, although the embodiments are described in terms of a DVD player, it should be understood that this embodiment is illustrative and is not meant in any way to limit the practice of the disclosed system to DVD systems. Also, the use of the term monitor and player to illustrate how the system works is not intended to infer that the illustrative system requires a specific type of display device or video signal generator. Rather, any of a variety of display devices or video signal sources may be employed in practicing the technique described herein. Moreover, well-known elements, devices, process steps, and the like are not set forth in detail in order to avoid obscuring the disclosed system.
As used herein, the term “video signal” includes both RGB and synchronization signals unless otherwise noted. Further, reference to “synchronization signals” refers to both horizontal synchronization (H-sync) and vertical synchronization (V-sync) signals unless otherwise noted. Additionally, reference to RGB signals refers to video signals typically used for red, green, and blue, but should be understood to mean equivalent signals in alternate color spaces.
Furthermore, the description of the various RGB signals and synchronization signals is not intended to imply that separate wiring connections are required for each signal. All of the RGB and synchronization signals may be transmitted across a signal cable typically known as a “composite video” cable or across component video cables, such as S-video or separate R, G, B, H-sync, and V-sync cables, as desired.
Turning to
The computer system 102 outputs a video signal representing an image being rendered on the computer system 102 to a graphics controller 104, typically associated with a video graphics card in the computer system 102. A VGA to video encoder 106 may be provided to convert the signal for use with a videotape recorder 108 or a display device. According to one embodiment of the disclosed subject matter, before the video signal is output from the computer system 102 to either the display device 112 or the videotape recorder 108, a number of additional signals are incorporated into the horizontal sync signals. Thus, the video signal output from the computer system 102 across communication lines to the display device 112 or 108 includes both an original set of horizontal sync pulses which represents a correct image to be displayed along with a set of additional or invalid sync pulses which, without the present decoding technique, prevents a display from recognizing the signal. This results in a display output that is not recognizable and thus not valuable for copying.
An embodiment of the disclosed subject matter also preferably includes a decoder device 110, either internal or external to the display device 112. The decoder device 110 is programmed to recognize the anti-copying protocol and to decode the original H-sync signals from the combination signal, which includes both the original H-sync pulses along with the added or invalid H-sync pulses. The decoder device 110 then essentially filters out the additional or invalid H-sync pulses and outputs only the original H-sync pulses, thus, providing the original video signal only, without the additional H-sync pulses, to the display 112.
Referring now to
Also coupled to the host bus 210 is a cache 204. The cache 204 may be a write-through, a write-back, or multiple cache systems for storing commonly used or recently used data values. The cache generally consists of a high-speed static RAM structure, addressable within the memory space of the CPU's address lines.
A main memory 206, typically comprising a dynamic RAM, is coupled to the memory controller bridge 226. The main memory 206 provides relatively high-speed data storage for instructions and data needed for the processor 202 to perform its functions. Also included in many computer systems is a dedicated ROM 236, providing system BIOS and other firmware sets of instructions to the processor 202, on initial boot up and also thereafter.
Also coupled to the memory controller bridge 226 is an I/O controller hub 224. The I/O controller hub 224 typically has a disk controller with a number of IDE ports to couple external devices. The disk controller in the I/O controller hub 224 provides a connection to a CD-ROM drive 212, a DVD drive 218, and a hard disk drive 214. The CD-ROM drive 212 and the DVD drive 218 provide optical storage and data retrieval capabilities, and the hard drive 214 provides magnetic storage device capabilities to the computer system 200. An AC-97 CODEC 258 and speakers 260 can also be connected to the I/O controller 224.
Also coupled to the I/O controller hub 224 is a PCI bus 222. The disk controller in the I/O controller hub 224 can be a separate device on the PCI bus 222. The PCI bus 222 is coupled to a plurality of additional devices, including a network interface controller 252, an audio device or audio card 254, and in some embodiments an additional PCI bridge (not shown). The audio card 254 generally is coupled to audio speakers 256 or some other audio output device to provide an audio output.
The AGP extension bus 220, coupled to the memory controller bridge 226, provides an extension for additional peripheral components, typically video related. The AGP extension bus 220 is coupled to an additional device, such as a video card 250. The video card 250 typically includes a graphics controller 208 and a video encoder/decoder (CODEC) 228. The video card 250 is coupled to a monitor 240 via one or more coaxial cables or other computer connectors. Alternatively, the graphics controller 208 and the video card 250 can be coupled to the PCI bus 222.
The graphics controller 208 is electronic circuitry that takes data that represents a computed image and converts it to a varying electrical signal that drives an external display device so as to produce a visible representation of the image. A video processor is a set of electronic circuitry which takes data which represents a moving picture (e.g., a movie) and modifies it in some way (e.g., increases the saturation) to generate a resultant data which is typically sent to the graphics controller 208 for display.
In a PC, the graphics controller 208 with typically contain video processing circuitry which is used to change the color space of the input image, scale it, and de-interlace it so it is in a format which the graphics controller 208 can use for display. For example, MPEG uses a YCrCb colorspace but all VGAs have ADCs that use the RGB colorspace so the video processing circuitry executes a matrix transformation to convert between the two colorspaces.
An extension bus 230 is coupled to the I/O controller hub 224, providing an extension for additional peripheral components. A super input/output controller 232, coupled to the extension bus 230, typically provides a connection between the extension bus 230, a mouse device 234, a parallel port 262, serial ports 264, and a keyboard device 248. Although these devices are shown coupled through the super input/output controller 232 to the extension bus 230, it should be noted that other configurations are possible; for example, the mouse device 234 and the keyboard 248 may instead be coupled to an infrared device for communicating directly to a remote controller interface (not shown) via wireless technology. Additionally, the super input/output controller 232 provides a connection to floppy disk drive 216, which provides additional magnetic storage device capabilities for the computer system 200.
The computer system 200 may be of any number of different configurations and components. It will be recognized that additional devices may be coupled via various connects to the various buses. The flexibility of computer system 200 is not restricted to particular example shown in
According to an embodiment of the disclosed subject matter, copy protection is implemented by reading video data from DVD 218 after a certain internal authentication and encryption is performed. The encrypted video stream is then communicated to the CPU 202, where decryption is performed. CPU software decodes and generates the digital video and audio, which is then communicated across the AGP bus 220, to the video card 250. The audio is sent across the PCI bus 222 to the audio card 254. The video then is output from the video card 250 where a monitor 240 receives the signal through a VGA connector on the back of the video card 250. The monitor 240 may be any display device, such as the display device 112 of
Turning now to
Referring now to
The fourth column 540 in the table 500 provides the display 112 with information of the location of the next valid pulse sequence identifier. Thus, for entry 2, the next valid pulse sequence identifier will be received in the 32nd blanking line on the next frame. The decoder device 110 is then able to ignore all pulse sequence identifiers occurring between this received pulse sequence identifier and the identifier at the 32nd blanking line on the next frame. This feature makes it difficult to determine which pulse sequence identifier is actually controlling the decoder device 110. Until this valid decoding pulse sequence identifier is received, the H-sync sequence is repeated to determine the valid sync pulses. After a specified number of valid pulse sequence identifiers 406 are received, the process is reset and begins anew. This reset feature allows, among others, for quick recovery if the decoding circuit 110 in the display device 112 loses its synchronization. It should be noted the next valid pulse sequence identifier 406 can be generated randomly or according to a finite set of location identifiers or other methods without departing from the disclosed subject matter. Further, the codes in columns 520 and their interpretation in columns 530 and 540 are exemplary and illustrative only, and other codes 520 and interpretations 530 and 540 can be used.
Turning now to
Turning now to
On the decoding side, the decoding process 720 begins at step 722 where the decoder devise 110 detects whether the video signal is copy protected. If not, the video signal is immediately passed to the display device 112 where it is displayed. In that instance, no invalid H-sync pulses 622 have been added, thus, there is no need to perform any filtering function. If the video signal is in fact copy protected, control proceeds to step 724 where the decoder device 110 recognizes invalid H-sync pulses 622 from original H-sync pulses 616 based on a prior received pulse sequence identified 406. At step 724, the decoder device filters out all invalid H-sync pulses 622 from the original H-sync pulses 616. The original H-sync pulses 616 are then passed to the display device 112, which then displays the image represented by the video signal as intended. At step 726, if within a vertical blanking interval, the decoder device receives the next pulse sequence identifier 406 at step 728. This next pulse sequence identifier 406 represents the next sequence of valid and invalid H-sync pulses 616 and 622 and, in addition, the location of the next valid pulse sequence identifier 406. This information is used to decode the next set of H-sync pulses. If not within a vertical blanking interval at step 726, the decoding device 110 does not attempt to detect such a pulse sequence identifier 406, but instead, directly transmits the decoded video signal or filtered video signal to the video display device 112. The video display device 112 may then display the video signal at step 730. Additional steps such a validation and authentication of the source receiver devices can be added within the spirit of this invention.
Although shown in
Turning now to
The decoding process is represented by decoder logic 820. According to one embodiment, decoding of the encoded H-sync signal 815 encoded by encoder 802 is performed by control logic 826, receiving input pulse sequence identifier information from the data 821 of the green signal output 817 as well as the V-sync signal 812 to determine when a vertical blanking interval occurs. The XOR gate 822 is used to invert the vertical synchronization pulse producing the Vgate signal 840 in the case where the vertical synchronization is active low instead of high. The receiving device can determine the polarity of the V-sync synchronization signal 812 using standard techniques known to those skilled in the art. The comparator 824 is used to convert the incoming analog signal on the green line 817 to a digital signal by comparing it to a specific voltage reference 834. The output of the comparator 824, data signal 838, is gated by the AND gate 828 with the Vgate signal 840 so the PLL 832 clock input 836 is only active when a pulse sequence identifier is being received. This allows the PLL 832 to recover the clock in the control word so the data signal 838 can be decoded. The clock 836, the data 838, and the V-sync synchronization pulses on the Vgate signal 840 are used to drive the state machine 826 that controls the gating of the horizontal synchronization pulses on encoded H-sync signal 815. The encoded horizontal synchronization is gated by the AND gate 830 in conjunction with the output of the state machine 826 so the original horizontal synchronization signal 814 is reconstructed. An additional XOR gate could be included to allow the output polarity of the horizontal synchronization signal 814 to be inverted. In one embodiment, the decoder 820 is integrated into logic within the receiving device 112. One skilled in the art will recognize that the logic elements shown in
Thus, according the disclosed subject matter, a video signal copy protection apparatus and protocol is provided. The protocol is flexible to provide copy protection for any number of video signal sources including DVD, protected satellite transmissions and other subscription type video services. A computer system or device is provided with encoding functions to add video protection signals onto an original video output. Specifically, a number of additional horizontal synchronization pulses, indistinguishable from original horizontal synchronization pulses, are added onto the horizontal synchronization signal. Without decoding, inclusion of these additional H-sync pulses prevent a display device or video tape recorder from receiving or generating a coherent video image from the modified video signal. The computer system or computer device also modulates onto a portion of the outgoing video signal an identifier code for use in the decoding process.
A decoder device is provided to receive the modified H-sync signal, including the original H-sync pulses along with the added H-sync pulses and the rest of the video signal including the identifier code. The decoder device decodes the H-sync signal according to the identifier code, which identifies the original H-sync pulses from the additional H-sync pulses. A lookup table is provided at the decoder device to allow for a number of constantly changing mapping Schemes represented by an equal number of difference identifier codes. The decoder device then filters the added or invalid H-sync pulses from the video signal and passes the filtered signal to the display device. Enhanced copy protection is provided as the sequence of added H-sync pulses is constantly changing, this function is supported by the simplicity of the lookup table and the fact that attached with every sequence of added H-sync pulses is also included a next pulse sequence identifier and the location of the next pulse sequence identifier.
Additional copy protection is provided by encoding a number of invalid H-sync pulse identifiers along with the valid H-sync pulse identifiers. Specifically, H-sync pulse identifiers are encoded onto the video signal at varied locations in the video signal. Only the sequence identifier that is received at the expected identifier location at the decoder device is actually used to perform the decoding functions. Thus, a multi-level copy protection system is provided with only minor modifications to a computer system along with a receiving or authorized display device.
The forgoing disclosure and description of the various embodiments are illustrative and explanatory thereof, and various changes in the video source video player, the display device, the computing device, the description of the video signal, the graphics controller and other circuitry, the organization of the components, and the order and timing of steps taken, as well as in the details of the illustrated system may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention.
This application is a Divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/247,090, filed Sep. 19, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,398,008.
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 10247090 | Sep 2002 | US |
Child | 12080626 | US |