Corylus plant named ‘York’

Abstract

A new and distinct cultivar of Corylus plant named ‘York’ characterized by globose plant habit and moderate vigor, green developing and fully expanded leaves during the spring and summer, resistance to eastern filbert blight caused by the fungus Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller, presence of random amplified polymorphic DNA markers 152-800 and AA12-850, expression of incompatibility alleles S2 and S21 in the styles, and DNA fingerprints at 10 of 23 microsatellite marker loci that differ from both parents OSU 479.027 and OSU 504.065, and from one parent at an additional 11 marker loci.

Description

Botanical denomination: Corylus avellana.

Variety designation: ‘York’.

BACKGROUND

The present Invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of Corylus plant (hazelnut, filbert), botanically known as Corylus avellana, and hereinafter referred to by the name ‘York’. Corylus avellana is in the family Betulaceae.

The new Corylus resulted from a controlled cross of female parent OSU 479.027 (unpatented) and male parent OSU 504.065 (unpatented) made in 1997 by Shawn A. Mehlenbacher and David C. Smith. Hybrid seeds from the cross were harvested in August 1997, stratified, and seedlings grown in the greenhouse during the summer of 1998. From this cross, total of 183 seedling trees were planted in the field in Corvallis, Oreg., USA in October, 1998. ‘York’ was discovered and selected by the Inventors as a single plant within the progeny of the stated cross-pollination in a controlled environment in Corvallis, Oreg.

‘York’ was originally assigned the designation OSU 878.048, which indicates the row and tree location of the original seedling. OSU 479.027 is from a cross of OSU 231.111 (unpatented)×OSU 226.122 (unpatented). OSU 504.065 is from a cross of OSU 186.080 (unpatented)×VR 17-15 (unpatented). The pedigree of ‘York’ includes ‘Barcelona’ (unpatented) widely grown in Oregon, ‘Casina’ from Asturias, Spain (unpatented), ‘Tonda Gentile delle Langhe’ from Piemonte, northern Italy (unpatented), ‘Montebello’ from Sicily, Italy (unpatented), and ‘Tombul Ghiaghli’, a Turkish cultivar obtained from Greece (unpatented).

The new cultivar was asexually reproduced by rooted suckers annually for eight years (2003-2010) in Corvallis, Oreg. The new cultivar was also asexually propagated by whip grafting in Corvallis, Oreg. The unique features of this new Corylus are stable and reproduced true-to-type in successive generations of asexual reproduction.

SUMMARY

The following traits have been repeatedly observed and are determined to be the unique characteristics of ‘York’. These characteristics in combination distinguish ‘York’ as a new and distinct cultivar:

• • 1. Globose plant habit and moderate vigor.
  • 2. Green developing and fully expanded leaves during the spring and summer.
  • 3. Resistance to eastern filbert blight caused by the fungus Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller.
  • 4. Presence of random amplified polymorphic DNA markers 152-800 and AA12-850 in DNA of ‘York’ amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. These two markers are linked to a dominant allele for resistance to eastern filbert blight from the cultivar Gasaway (unpatented).
  • 5. Expression of incompatibility alleles S₂ and S₂₁ in the styles.
  • 6. DNA fingerprints at 10 of 23 microsatellite marker loci differ from both parents OSU 479.027 and OSU 504.065, and from one parent at an additional 11 marker loci. The microsatellite primers are shown in Table 1, and allele sizes are shown in Table 2. DNA fingerprints of standard cultivars ‘Barcelona’, ‘Tonda Gentile delle Langhe’ and ‘Extra Ghiaghli’, and ‘Gasaway’, the source of eastern filbert blight resistance, are also shown in attached Table 2.

In comparisons in two replicated trials conducted in Corvallis, Oreg., plants of the new Corylus differed from plants of the Corylus avellana cultivar Barcelona (unpatented), and other cultivars and selections of Corylus avellana known to the Inventors primarily in nut size, nut shape, kernel percentage (ratio of kernel weight to nut weight), frequency of blank nuts (nuts lacking kernels), time of pollen shed, time of nut maturity, length of the husk or involucre, and plant size.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying colored photographs illustrate the overall appearance of the new cultivar, showing the colors as true as it is reasonably possible to obtain in colored reproductions of this type. Foliage colors in the photographs may differ slightly from the color values cited in the detailed botanical description which accurately describe the colors of the new Corylus.

FIG. 1 shows a tree of the new cultivar ‘York’ growing in a field in August, in Corvallis, Oreg.

FIG. 2 shows the tree of the new cultivar ‘York’ growing in a field in January, in Corvallis, Oreg.

FIG. 3 shows typical nuts, raw kernels, and blanched kernels of ‘York’ hazelnut compared to those of ‘Jefferson’ hazelnut.

FIG. 4 shows typical nuts, raw kernels, and blanched kernels of ‘York’ hazelnut compared to those of ‘Lewis’ hazelnut.

FIG. 5 shows the typical nuts, raw kernels, and blanched kernels of ‘York’ hazelnut compared to those of ‘Barcelona’ hazelnut and other hazelnut cultivars.

DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

The cultivar York has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions. The phenotype may vary somewhat with variations in environment such as temperature and light intensity, without, however, any variance in genotype. The aforementioned photographs and following observations and measurements describe plants grown in Corvallis, Oreg. under commercial practice outdoors in the field during the fall, winter and spring. Plants used for the photographs and description were propagated by tie-off layerage and growing on their own roots, and about seven years old. In the following description, color references are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, 1966 Edition, except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used.

• Botanical classification: Corylus avellana cultivar York.
• Parentage:
  • • Female, or seed, parent.—Corylus avellana selection OSU 479.027 (unpatented).
    • Male, or pollen, parent.—Corylus avellana selection OSU 504.065 (unpatented).
• Propagation (type rooted suckers):
  • • Time to initiate roots.—About 30 days at 20 degrees C.
    • Time to produce a rooted young plant.—About six months at 22 degrees C.
    • Root description.—Fine to thick; freely branching; creamy white in color.
• Propagation (type whip grafting):
  • • Time to budbreak on the scions.—About 14 days at 25° C.
    • Time to produce a grafted plant.—About six months at 25° C.
• Plant description:
  • • General appearance.—Perennial shrub.
    • Size.—Plant height is about 5 meters; plant diameter or spread is about 5 meters.
    • Form.—Spreading plant habit.
    • Growth and branching habit.—freely branching; about 15 lateral branches develop per plant. Pinching, i.e., removal of the terminal apices, enhances branching with lateral branches potentially forming at every node.
    • Vigor.—Moderate vigor growth habit.
    • Roots.—Fine to thick; freely branching; creamy white in color.
    • Lenticels.—11 circular within 1 square centimeter (counted on dormant scions).
• Lateral branch description:
  • • Length.—About 38 cm.
    • Diameter.—About 6 mm.
    • Internode length.—About 3.2 cm.
    • Texture.—Smooth, glabrous.
    • Strength.—Strong.
    • Color.—Immature — 152B, mature — 152B.
• Foliage description:
  • • Arrangement.—Alternate, simple
    • Length.—About 10.0 cm.
    • Width.—About 9.3 cm.
    • Shape.—Ablong to ovate.
    • Apex.—Obtuse to acute.
    • Base.—Cordate.
    • Margin.—Serrate.
    • Texture.—Upper and lower surfaces — slightly pubescent.
    • Venation pattern.—Pinnate.
    • Leaf bud shape.—Globular.
    • Time of leaf bud burst.—Midseason, 11 days after ‘Barcelona’.
    • Color.—Developing foliage: upper surface 146B, lower surfaces: 146C. Fully expanded foliage, upper surface: Spring and summer, 146A; late summer and fall, 146A. Fully expanded foliage, lower surface: Spring and summer, 146C; late summer and fall, 146C. Venation, upper surface: Spring and summer, 146A; late summer and fall, 146A. Venation, lower surface: Spring and summer, 148D; late summer and fall, 148D. Leaf bud, 177C.
• Petiole description:
  • • Length.—About 2.7 cm.
    • Diameter.—About 1.8 mm.
    • Texture.—Upper and lower surfaces: pubescent.
    • Color.—Upper surface: Spring and summer, 139D; late summer and fall, 139D. lower surface: Spring and summer, 139D; late summer and fall, 139D.
• Flower description:
  • • Male inflorescences.—Catkins, color prior to elongation 194C.
    • Female inflorescence.—Style color 047B.
    • Stigma coloration.—047B.
    • Time of female flowering.—Midseason, 14 days after ‘Barcelona’.
    • Time of pollen shed.—Midseason, around the same time as ‘Daviana’ (unpatented).
• Involcure description:
  • • Involucre constriction.—Absent.
    • Involucre length.—25% longer than nuts.
    • Strength of serration of indentation.—Moderate.
    • Pubescence.—Little
    • Thickness of callus at base.—Moderate callus at base similar to ‘Barcelona’.
    • Description of jointing of bracts.—Involucre slit to the base on one side. Nuts fall free of the involucre at maturity (95% fall free).
• Nut description:
  • • Length.—About 18.0 mm
    • Width.—About 19.7 mm.
    • Depth.—About 17.0 mm.
    • Nut shape.—Round.
    • Nut shape index [(width+depth)/2*length].—1.02.
    • Nut compression index (width/depth).—1.16.
    • Nut shell color.—164A.
    • Nut weight.—About 2.73 grams to 2.85 grams.
    • Predominant number of fruits per cluster.—Average 2 nuts per cluster.
    • Stripes on shell.—About 24, color slightly darker than 164A.
    • Fruit apex.—Slight (not prominent).
    • Size of the fruit pistil scar.—Very small (0.5 mm×1 mm).
    • Nut curvature of the basal scar.—Flat (plane).
    • Frequency of blank nuts.—9.7%.
    • Time of nut maturity.—About 3 days earlier that ‘Barcelona’.
    • Husk length.—About 25% longer than the nuts.
    • Kernel weight.—About 1.23 grams to 1.32 grams.
    • Kernel percentage (kernel weight/nut weight).—About 46%. Kernel shape — globular.
    • Kernel cross section shape.—Circular.
    • Kernel base shape.—Flat.
    • Lateral grooves.—None.
• Disease/pest resistance: Plants of the new Corylus are highly resistant to eastern filbert blight caused by the fungus Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller. Plants of the new Corylus are highly resistant to bud mites (Phytoptus avellanae Nal.), while plants of ‘Tonda Gentile delle Langhe’ are highly susceptible, and plants of ‘Barcelona’ are highly resistant.
• Temperature tolerance: Tolerates temperatures from −10 to 38° C. in the field in Corvallis, Oreg.

TABLE 1
Primers and annealing temperatures for the 24
microsatellite marker loci used to
fingerprint ‘York’ and other hazelnut cultivars.
	Repeat
Locus	motif	Size	Ta	n	He	Ho
A613	(TC)13(CA)12	149-177	60	14	0.85	0.85
A614	(TC)17(CA)10	125-156	60	14	0.85	0.85
	NNN(CA)6
A616	(AC)11	136-162	60	13	0.85	0.85
A640	(CT)15	354-378	67	11	0.80	0.73
	(CA)13
B107	(CT)14	112-151	55	14	0.85	0.80
B617	(GA)15	280-298	60	9	0.80	0.78
B619	(TC)21	146-180	60	14	0.88	0.88
B634	(AG)15	218-238	60	9	0.76	0.76
B657	(AG)15	210-228	60	8	0.84	0.98
B671	(AG)6NN	221-249	60	13	0.86	0.88
	(GA)17
B709	(GA)21	219-233	60	8	0.74	0.76
B733	(TC)15	161-183	60	8	0.68	0.68
B741	(GT)5(GA)12	176-194	60	10	0.77	0.78
B749	(TC)12	200-210	60	6	0.60	0.64
B751	(GA)15	141-153	60	7	0.80	0.80
B774	(AG)15	195-213	60	8	0.80	0.80
B776	(GA)17	134-148	60	7	0.71	0.60
B795	(TC)8Ns(CT)7	296-332	60	12	0.76	0.74
	Ns(CT)10
	Ns(TC)5
C115	(TAA)5	167-226	60	14	0.80	0.80
	(GAA)12
KG809	(AGG)6	333-345	55	5	0.66	0.64
KG811	(GA)17	240-278	58	12	0.83	0.82
KG827	(CT)13AA	264-282	67	9	0.78	0.84
	(CA)7
KG830	(CT)14	279-311	67	9	0.79	0.78
	GTATT
	(CA)8
Soman-	(AAT)5		54	3	0.60	0.98
G
Locus	PIC	r	LG	Primers 5′-3′
A613	0.85	0.00	11	Ned-CACACGCCTT
				GTCACTCTTT
				(SEQ ID NO: 1)
A614	0.84	0.00	6	Hex-TGGCAGAGCT
				TTGTCAGCTT
				(SEQ ID NO: 3)
A616	0.83	0.00	8	Fam-CACTCATACC
				GCAAACTCCA
				(SEQ ID NO: 5)
A640	0.7	0.04	10	F-TGCCTCTGCA
				GTTAGTCATC
				AAATGTAGG
				(SEQ ID NO: 7)
B107	0.83	0.02	10	Ned-GTAGGTGCAC
				TTGATGTGCTT
				TAC (SEQ ID NO: 9)
B617	0.78	0.01	8	Fam-TCCGTGTTGA
				GTATGGACGA
				(SEQ ID NO: 11)
B619	0.7	0.00	3	Fam-AGTCGGCTCC
				CCTTTTCTC
				(SEQ ID NO: 13)
B634	0.73	0.00	4	Hex-CCTGCATCCA
				GGACTCATTA 60
				(SEQ ID NO: 15)
B657	0.82	−0.08	11	Ned-GAGAGTGCGT
				CTTCCTCTGG
				(SEQ ID NO: 17)
B671	0.84	−0.01	9	Hex-TTGCCAGTGC
				ATACTCTGAT G
				(SEQ ID NO: 19)
B709	0.70	−0.01	5	Ned-CCAAGCACGA
				ATGAACTCAA
				(SEQ ID NO: 21)
B733	0.63	0.00	7.2	Ned-CACCCTCTTCA
				CCACCTCAT
				(SEQ ID NO: 23)
B741	0.74	0.00	5	Fam-GTTCACAGGC
				TGTTGGGTTT
				(SEQ ID NO: 25)
B749	0.51	−0.03	1	Hex-GGCTGACAAC
				ACAGCAGAAA
				(SEQ ID NO: 27)
B751	0.77	0.01	7.2	Fam-AGCTGGTTCTT
				CGACATTCC
				(SEQ ID NO: 29)
B774	0.77	0.01	5	Ned-GTTTTGCGAG
				CTCATTGTCA
				(SEQ ID NO: 31)
B776	0.67	0.07	6	Fam-TGTATGTACA
				CACGGAGAGA
				GAGA (SEQ
				ID NO: 33)
B795	0.74	0.01	NA	Fam-GACCCACAAA
				CAATAACCTA
				TCTC (SEQ
				ID NO: 35)
C115	0.77	0.00	4	Fam-ATTTTCCGCA
				GATAATACAGG
				(SEQ ID NO: 37)
KG809	0.60	0.01	4	Hex-AGGCATCAGT
				TCATCCAA
				(SEQ ID NO: 39)
KG811	0.81	0.01	2	Ned-AAGGCGGCAC
				TCGCTCAC
				(SEQ ID NO: 41)
KG827	0.75	−0.04	9	Fam-AGAACTCCGA
				CTAATAATCC
				TAACCCTTGC
				(SEQ ID NO: 43)
KG830	0.76	0.00	9	Ned-TGGAGGAAGT
				TTTGAATGGT
				AGTAGAGGA
				(SEQ ID NO: 45)
Soman-G	0.51	−0.27	NA	Hex-TGGCGTTGCA
				ACATATTCTC
				(SEQ ID NO: 47)
Locus	Primers 5′-3′	Reference
A613	R-CCCCTTTCACAT	Gurcan et al.
	GTTTGCTT	2010
	(SEQ ID NO: 2)
A614	R-GCAGTGGAGGA	Gurcan et al.
	TTGCTGACT	2010
	(SEQ ID NO: 4)
A616	R-ATGGCTTTTGCT	Gurcan et al.
	TCGTTTTG	2010
	(SEQ ID NO: 6)
A640	Fam-CGCCATATAATT	Gurcan et al.
	GGGATGCTTGTT	2010
	G (SEQ ID NO: 8)
B107	R-AACACCATATTG	Boccacci et al.
	AGTCTTTCAAAG	2005; Gokirmak
	C (SEQ ID NO: 10)	et al. 2009
B617	R TGTTTTTGGTGG	Gurcan et al.
	AGCGATG	2010
	(SEQ ID NO: 12)
B619	R-GCGATCTGACCT	Gurcan et al.
	CATTTTTG	2010
	(SEQ ID NO: 14)
B634	R-GTGCAGAGGTTG	Gurcan et al.
	CACTCAAA	2010
	(SEQ ID NO: 16)
B657	R-AGCCTCACCTCC	Gurcan et al.
	AACGAAC	2010
	(SEQ ID NO: 18)
B671	R-ACCAGCTCTGGG	Gurcan et al.
	CTTAACAC	2010
	(SEQ ID NO: 20)
B709	R-GCGGGTTCTCGT	Gurcan et al.
	TGTACACT	2010
	(SEQ ID NO: 22)
B733	R-CATCCCCTGTTG	Gurcan et al.
	GAGTTTTC	2010
	(SEQ ID NO: 24)
B741	R-CGTGTTGCTCAT	Gurcan et al.
	GTGTTGTG	2010
	(SEQ ID NO: 26)
B749	R-TCGGCTAGGGTT	Gurcan et al.
	AGGGTTTT	2010
	(SEQ ID NO: 28
B751	R-AAACTCAAATA	Gurcan et al.
	AAACCCCTGCTC	2010
	(SEQ ID NO: 30)
B774	R-TGTGTGTGGTCT	Gurcan et al.
	GTAGGCACT	2010
	(SEQ ID NO: 32)
B776	R-TGAGGGGAAGA	Gurcan et al.
	GGTTTGATG	2010
	(SEQ ID NO: 34)
B795	R-TGGGCATCATCC	Gurcan et al.
	AGGTCTA	2010
	(SEQ ID NO: 36)
C115	GTTTCCAGATCT	Bassil et al.
	GCCTCCATATAA	2005b,
	T (SEQ ID NO:	Gokirmak et al.
	38)	2009
KG809	F-GGAAGGTGAGA	Gurcan and
	GAAATCAAGT	Mehlenbacher
	(SEQ ID NO: 40)	2010
KG811	F-GAACAACTGAA	Gurcan and
	GACAGCAAAG	Mehlenbacher
	(SEQ ID NO: 42)	2010
KG827	GAGGGAGCAAQ	Gurcan and
	TCAAAGTTGAGA	Mehlenbacher
	AGAAA	2010
	(SEQ ID NO: 44)
KG830	AAAGCAACTCAT	Gurcan and
	AGCTGAAGTCCA	Mehlenbacher
	ATCA	2010
	(SEQ ID NO: 46)
Soman-G	R-GCCATCTTTAGA	unpublished
	AAGTTCGATACAG
	(SEQ ID NO: 48)
Primer fluorescent tags are FAM, HEX, and NED.
Ta: annealing temperature (° C.)
N: number of alleles
He: expected heterozygosity
Ho: observed heterozygosity
PIC: polymorphism information content
r: estimated null allele frequency
LG: linkage group

TABLE 2
Allele sizes in ‘York’, its parents, and
four other hazelnut cultivars at 24 microsatellite loci.
					‘Tonda Gentile
Tag	Locus	‘York’	479.027	504.065	delle Langhe’
NED	A613	157/177	177/177	157/159	151/157
HEX	A614	125/158	125/132	148/158	125/135
FAM	A616	142/150	142/150	150/150	148/150
FAM	A640	362/374	354/374	354/362	354/368
NED	B107	122/134	134/146	122/134	134/152
FAM	B617	286/290	286/290	286/286	286/296
FAM	B619	156/164	156/164	156/164	148/164
HEX	B634	226/234	226/226	232/234	226/226
NED	B657	220/222	222/226	220/224	218/226
HEX	B671	241/247	227/247	241/241	237/241
NED	B709	227/231	227/231	227/227	227/227
NED	B733	171/179	171/179	173/179	171/173
FAM	B741	177/186	177/186	177/184	177/184
HEX	B749	208/208	206/208	206/208	206/208
FAM	B751	151/153	151/153	143/151	149/153
NED	B774	203/209	209/211	203/207	203/211
FAM	B776	137/150	137/137	137/150	137/137
FAM	B795	330/330	296/330	330/330	312/330
FAM	C115	197/197	194/197	194/197	173/173
HEX	KG809	336/345	336/339	339/345	336/339
NED	KG811	254/254	254/254	254/264	254/264
FAM	KG827	266/270	270/282	266/266	266/268
NED	KG830	295/295	295/295	295/295	291/295
HEX	SMNG	196/200	196/200	196/200	196/200
				‘Extra
	Tag	Locus	‘Barcelona’	Ghiaghli’	‘Gasaway’
	NED	A613	151/159	167/169	159/161
	HEX	A614	125/131	125/150	143/158
	FAM	A616	142/150	150/158	148/148
	FAM	A640	354/374	374/374	362/368
	NED	B107	112/134	116/116	122/128
	FAM	B617	286/290	294/296	292/296
	FAM	B619	156/170	164/174	170/174
	HEX	B634	226/226	226/226	220/232
	NED	B657	218/222	210/222	224/228
	HEX	B671	223/227	227/247	235/247
	NED	B709	225/233	225/227	227/227
	NED	B733	171/173	171/171	173/173
	FAM	B741	177/186	177/184	186/188
	HEX	B749	208/208	208/208	206/208
	FAM	B751	143/153	143/147	143/143
	NED	B774	203/207	195/203	203/209
	FAM	B776	135/137	135/137	146/150
	FAM	B795	330/330	296/310	314/316
	FAM	C115	173/194	182/194	215/218
	HEX	KG809	336/336	336/339	336/345
	NED	KG811	258/264	240/242	254/258
	FAM	KG827	280/282	276/282	270/280
	NED	KG830	291/295	291/295	291/305
	HEX	SMNG	196/200	196/200	196/196

REFERENCES:

• Bassil N. V., Botta R., Mehlenbacher S. A. 2005a. Microsatellite markers in hazelnut: Isolation, characterization and cross-species amplification. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 130:543-549.
• Bassil N. V., Botta R., Mehlenbacher S. A. 2005b. Additional microsatellite markers of the European hazelnut. Acta Hort. 686:105-110.
• Boccacci P., Akkak A., Bassil N. V., Mehlenbacher S. A., Botta R. 2005. Characterization and evaluation of microsatellite loci in European hazelnut (C. avellana) and their transferability to other Corylus species. Molec. Ecol. Notes 5:934-937.
• Boccacci P., Akkak, A. and Botta, R. 2006. DNA typing and genetic relations among European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivars using microsatellite markers. Genome 49:598-611.
• Gökirmak T , Mehlenbacher S. A., Bassil N. V. 2009. Characterization of European hazelnut (Corylus avellana) cultivars using SSR markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 56:147-172.
• Gürcan, K., S. A. Mehlenbacher and V. Erdogan. 2010a. Genetic diversity in hazelnut cultivars from Black Sea countries assessed using SSR markers. Plant Breeding (available on-line doi:10.1111/j.1439-0523.2009.01753.x).
• Gürcan, K., S. A. Mehlenbacher, N. V. Bassil, P. Boccacci, A. Akkak and R. Botta. 2010b. New microsatellite markers for Corylus avellana from enriched libraries. Tree Genetics and Genomes (available on-line as DOI 10.1007/s11295-010-0269-y).
• Gürcan, K. and S. A. Mehlenbacher. 2010. Development of microsatellite marker loci for European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) from ISSR fragments. Molecular Breeding (available on-line).

Claims

1. A new and distinct cultivar of Corylus plant named ‘York’, as illustrated and described.