Patent Application
20240398676
The field of the present invention concerns an ozone-based cosmetic method for hair care.
Ozone therapy is an ozone-based therapy or treatment that is known to produce a number of benefits that can counteract a wide range of diseases (disc herniation, acne, phlebitis, fibromyalgia, infections, haemorrhoids, osteoarthritis, cellulite, ulcers, burns, osteoporosis). This treatment makes it possible to significantly improve the body's defence systems against the action of free radicals, which are the main responsible for cellular ageing and tissue oxidation.
Ozone O3 is a gas soluble in aqueous solution (˜13 times more than O2 at 0-30° C.) with a solubility inversely proportional to temperature and pH. It is also characterized by a high oxidative potential (redox potential of +2.07 V vs redox potential of the oxygen molecule O2 of +1.23 V), lower than only some substances, and significantly higher than that of chlorine (+1.36 V).
It naturally forms in the human body as it is produced by white blood cells called neutrophils; in this way, within our body, it performs the delicate task of counteracting the action of bacteria and mycetes and, in general, of all the abnormal elements present in the body.
In addition to the therapeutic use, ozone can also be used in the cosmetic field, for example for hair care.
In the state of the art, ozone is used during the technical treatments of the hair, such as colouring, bleaching or styling, more specifically during the laying period of the technical treatment or in its progression. Such use usually leads to advantages in terms of durability of the colour or styling, colouring intensity of the hair. In other words, ozone has an adjuvant or performance-enhancing effect of the technical treatment carried out on a user's hair.
In particular, several previous documents show that the use of ozone is functional in terms of performance of the technical treatment, for example in order to accelerate the process of the technical treatment, to make it more efficient or characterized by better results (for example, a greater bleaching effect or a brighter and intense hair colour).
Examples of such applications are described in the following patent documents:
As already mentioned, the known ozone-based cosmetic methods are intended to enhance the technical treatment by virtue of the oxidising power of O3.
However, ozone, precisely because of its chemical properties, is harmful to the hair if used improperly: it can lead to structural and functional damages to the hair that are more or less reversible, more specifically damages to the protein components of the hair.
Therefore, the need to develop new techniques for the use of ozone during hair treatments, minimizing the harmful effects of the molecule while exploiting its beneficial and functional properties is felt.
The Applicant has identified a method for the cosmetic treatment of the hair that employs ozone. In particular, the method comprising the following steps:
The cosmetic method of the invention is not intended to accentuate or improve the result or the performance of the technical treatment applied on the hair, but focuses on the partial or total regeneration of the primordial structure of the hair before the technical treatment, that is, acting at the level of the disulfide bridges, preferably cysteine disulfide bridges of the hair. This is achieved by using ozone following technical parameters described in the set of claims and in the continuation of the description.
The present invention differs from the common ozone-based cosmetic methods in that:
The cosmetic method of the invention allows to obtain an economic advantage compared to the treatment with molecular oxygen (O2). In fact, on the market, the price of oxygen concentrators is higher than that of ozone generators. The former ones require filters and compressors, for example zeolite filters which are notoriously very expensive; on the other hand, for ozone treatment, it is sufficient to have at least one ozone generator. The economic advantage reflects an advantage in terms of simplicity and ease of use of the above-mentioned instrument.
As explained above, O3 ozone has a better oxidising power than that of O2 oxygen. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, the Applicant considers that, even more than to a direct action of the ozone, the oxidising capacities of O3 are attributable to the release of atomic oxygen O, one of the species deriving from ozone decomposition. In particular, atomic oxygen O is obtained by decomposition of the ozone, a highly unstable molecule, in accordance with the following reaction:
According to the Applicant, ozone favours the formation of disulfide bridges, preferably cysteine disulfide bridges, among the keratin molecules, in order to restructure the hair and make it more resistant, hydrated and luminous; moreover, it is believed that ozone improves the duration of the technical treatments (bleaching, perming, etc.).
For the purposes of the present invention, hair care refers to any process or treatment aimed at restoring or reconstructing, totally or partially, the natural structure of the hair or in any case the one characterizing the hair before the technical treatment.
It is to be noted that the cosmetic method according to the invention based on ozone is not a trichological treatment, where by trichological treatment it is meant a treatment aimed at curing a condition, preferably afflicting the scalp. Examples of trichological treatment are the trichological anti-hair loss treatment (fine, damaged hair and/or hair prone to falling and breaking), the anti-dandruff treatment or the antiseborrhoeic treatment.
By damp hair, for the purposes of the present invention, it is meant both the hair that has just been washed, which has not been dabbed, towel-dried or rubbed; and the hair that has been dabbed, towel-dried or rubbed after washing.
As previously mentioned, the cosmetic method for hair care comprises the step of conducing a technical treatment on the hair (a), in turn, comprising at least the sub-step of:
According to the cosmetic method of the invention, the technical treatment is selected from: hair reconstruction, hair conditioning, colouring, bleaching, perming, and combinations of the foregoing.
A hair reconstruction is a technical treatment aimed at modifying or restoring the natural structure of the hair. It should be noted that the natural shape or structure of the hair is determined by the arrangement of the peptide chains that form the hair, preferably bonds between cysteines, and by the transverse bonds that hold them together. Such bonds are primarily peptide bridges, disulfide, saline, and hydrogen.
Hair conditioning is a technical treatment with the main purpose of detangling the hair, preferably after washing with shampoo. The conditioning products contain surfactants that create a film that, by wrapping the hair, make it slippery and easier to comb.
Colouring is a technical treatment that modifies the natural colour of the hair. Colouring comprises dyes of natural or synthetic origin, of the type, for example, selected from temporary colouring; semi-permanent colouring; permanent colouring.
Bleaching refers to any technical treatment that allows to lighten/bleach the hair by some tone, through a chemical process (destructive oxidation of melanin). Bleached hair usually undergoes an aggressive treatment that modifies the structure thereof, making it thinner and drier.
Bleaching treatments preferably also include treatments to obtain streaks or shatushes. Streaks refer to a technical bleaching treatment that allows to lighten the hair. It is suitable for those with light hair, natural hair and not. It envisages bleaching, over the entire length, of rather regular thin strands.
Shatush refers to a technical treatment that involves a slight cottoning of the strands, then bleaching the slipped tufts: more intense at the tips, barely visible near the roots. In addition, unlike streaks, it is not possible to resume shatush, that is, in order to be able to perform it a second time, it is necessary to cut the bleached lengths.
According to a preferred form of the cosmetic method according to the invention, the technical treatment is selected from bleaching and perming.
“Compositions functional to the technical treatment” means compositions/formulations/products based on natural/semi-natural/synthetic substances used or applied on the hair for each type of technical treatment. For example, for the technical treatment of hair reconstruction, functional compositions can be shampoos, nourishing masks, regenerating and conditioning lotions/mousses/sprays for dry, brittle and damaged hair; for the technical treatment of hair conditioning, functional compositions are conditioners, masks, mineral salts; for the technical treatment of colouring, functional compositions are permanent dyes, gradual or metallic dyes, temporary dyes, semi-permanent dyes, vegetable dyes; for the technical treatment of bleaching, functional compositions are bleaching/lightening formulations, preferably based on oxidising agents, such as hydrogen peroxide, and/or ammonia-based; for the technical treatment of perming, functional compositions are formulations reshaping/waving or styling capacity of the hair structure and/or neutralizing formulations (to avoid excessive structural damage of the hair).
Note that the step of washing the hair to remove the one or more functional composition(s) from the hair provides for removing or permanently eliminating any trace of said composition(s) functional to the technical treatment. Preferably, said washing step is carried out with water.
According to a preferred embodiment, the step of conducing a technical treatment on the hair (a) may comprise further sub-steps (an) which may be prior to, subsequent to, or intermediate to steps (a1)-(a3) of applying, laying, and rinsing the composition functional to the technical treatment. Said further sub-steps (an) are selected from the group consisting of:
According to a preferred embodiment, the technical treatment is bleaching and the step of conducing a technical treatment on the hair (a) comprises the sub-steps of:
According to an optional embodiment, bleaching comprises other sub-steps subsequent to the hair washing step:
A toning composition is a chemical colouring composition; unlike permanent dyes that act deeper in the hair structure, a toning composition provides that the coloured pigment remains only on the surface of the hair. The toning compositions differ according to the composition and to the intensity of the colouring. Often the toning compositions can dry the hair due to the presence of alcohol therein.
Still preferably, following the hair washing sub-step and before the ozone application step (b), bleaching comprises a further sub-step of dabbing, towel drying or rubbing the damp hair, possibly with the help of a towel.
At the end of the bleaching treatment, and preferably after the sub-step of washing the hair or of dabbing, towel drying or rubbing the damp hair, the cosmetic method of the invention comprises the step of applying ozone on the damp hair (b).
According to an alternative embodiment, the technical treatment is perming, and the step of conducing a technical treatment on the hair (a) comprises the sub-steps of:
a0″) selecting one or more strands of hair and wrapping them on curlers,
Still preferably, the technical treatment of perming comprises the following further sub-steps:
Still preferably, following the hair washing sub-step and before the ozone application step (b), perming comprises a further step of dabbing, towel drying or rubbing the damp hair.
At the end of the perming treatment, and preferably after the sub-step of washing the hair or of dabbing, towel drying or rubbing the hair, the cosmetic method of the invention comprises the step of applying ozone on the damp hair (b).
Preferably, the step of applying ozone on the hair (b) envisages that the ozone is in gaseous form, in mixture with water or in the form of humidified ozone (ozonated water).
For the purposes of the present invention, once ozone is present, the expression “applying ozone on the hair” (b) preferably means
For example, ozone in gaseous form can preferably be generated starting from an ozone generator device. An ozone generator preferably comprises at least one fan and two plates, one of which is powered to generate electrical discharges; oxygen conveyed by the fan passes between the plates.
According to a preferred embodiment, the oxygen conveyed between the two plates by the fan is the oxygen present in the atmosphere.
According to an alternative embodiment, the oxygen conveyed between the two plates is pure oxygen, i.e. with a purity ≥98%, such as for example the one contained in an O2 cylinder or generated by an O2 concentrator.
The step of applying ozone on the hair (b) is carried out for or in a temporal period comprised between 3 and 20 minutes, preferably comprised between 3 and 15 minutes, preferably between 3 and 10 minutes, preferably between 5 and 10 minutes, even more preferably between 6 and 10 minutes, preferably equal to 6 minutes or alternatively equal to 10 minutes.
The Applicant specifies that, as long as it is within the time parameters according to the ozone application step (b) of the present invention, the restructuring effectiveness of ozone on the hair is obtained; higher timings of use of the ozone risk, however, damaging the hair, with destructuring effects comparable with those resulting from some technical treatments, such as bleaching or perming.
For the purposes of this invention, the ozone application step (b) is carried out on essentially damp hair. By damp hair it is meant
The other essential condition is that the ozone application step (b) is carried out at the end of the step of conducing the technical treatment (a), i.e. after the last sub-step constituting the technical treatment (a); according to a preferred embodiment, the ozone application step (b) is carried out on the damp hair after abundant rinsing with water to remove any trace of the composition(s) functional to the technical treatment.
The step of applying ozone on the hair (b) preferably occurs by dispensing ozone at a dosage comprised between 180 mg and 400 mg in one hour (h) (extremes included), preferably at a dosage comprised between 200 mg and 300 mg in one hour (h) (extremes included), preferably equal to 200 mg in one hour.
Thus, over a time period preferably comprised between 3 and 20 minutes, the step of applying ozone on the hair (b) provides that the ozone is in an amount preferably comprised between 9 mg and 134 mg, preferably comprised between 9 mg and 120 mg, preferably comprised between 10 and 100 mg, preferably comprised between 10 and 80 mg, preferably comprised between 10 and about 67 mg, preferably comprised between 10 and about 34 mg.
The step of applying ozone the ozone on the hair (b) occurs by means of a handpiece selected from the group consisting of: a hair brush, a hair comb, a hair dryer-preferably with or without diffuser—a hair straightener, a headwash, a hair cap, a hooded dryer, a nebulizer.
The step of applying ozone on the hair (b) preferably includes a dispensing flow comprised between 1 and 5 L/min, more preferably comprised between 1 and 2 L/min.
The dispensing pressure of the ozone in gaseous form is preferably the atmospheric pressure.
According to a preferred embodiment, the step of applying ozone on the hair (b) preferably comprises the following sub-steps:
For the purposes of the present invention, the nebulization of water preferably occurs by means of a nebulizer, i.e. a device that transforms a liquid into an aerosol of very fine droplets; the liquid, introduced by a nozzle, is dispersed by a diffuser.
The step of dispensing the ozone in gaseous form and, at the same time, nebulizing the water in liquid form on the hair (b3) preferably provides that ozone in gaseous form is dispensed on the hair and that, at the same time, the liquid water is nebulized on the damp hair.
Preferably, the step of applying ozone on the hair (b) according to this mode preferably occurs by dispensing ozone in gaseous form at a dosage comprised between 180 mg and 400 mg/h (extremes included), preferably comprised between 180 and 350 mg/h, preferably comprised between 180 and 250 mg/h, preferably comprised between 180 and 200 mg/h, preferably equal to 200 mg/h.
In a second embodiment alternative to the foregoing, the step of applying ozone on the hair (b) preferably comprises the following sub-steps:
Note that, according to this second embodiment and unlike the first ozone application mode, the use of water in nebulized liquid form is not envisaged. The moisture already present on the damp hair is instead exploited.
Preferably, the step of applying or dispensing ozone on the hair (b) according to this mode preferably occurs by dispensing ozone in gaseous form at a dosage comprised between 180 mg and 400 mg in one hour (h) (extremes included), preferably comprised between 250 and 400 mg/h, preferably comprised between 350 and 400 mg/h, preferably equal to 400 mg/h.
A third embodiment of the invention provides that the step of applying ozone on the hair (b) preferably comprises the following sub-steps:
Preferably, the step of solubilizing ozone in gaseous form in the water to obtain humidified ozone (or ozonated water) (b3″) includes the use of a bubbler device, known to the person skilled in the art, for the solubilization of ozone in gaseous form in the water. In other words, the gaseous ozone is humidified, through a bubbler, before being applied on the hair.
A further mode of performing the step of ozone solubilization in gaseous form in the water to obtain humidified ozone (or ozone humidification step) (b3″) preferably provides that the ozone in gaseous form is directly mixed or solubilized in water, preferably the water from a sink or headwash. In this way, the gaseous ozone is “immersed” (solubilized) in water before being applied on the hair.
The passage of the ozone stream in water preferably makes it possible to dissolve the gas, so that the micro-drops of humidified ozone (or ozonated water) adhere more effectively to the hair, improving its effectiveness. For the purposes of the present invention, preferably the bubbler has a volume ≥350 ml and ≤500 ml, preferably equal to 500 ml.
For the purposes of this invention, “applying humidified ozone on the damp hair” (b4″) means applying the humidified or water-solubilized ozone (humidified ozone or ozonated water) on the damp hair.
Preferably, the step of applying the humidified ozone (or ozonated water) on the hair (b4″) occurs by nebulizing (“vaporizing”) the humidified ozone, i.e. by means of a nebulizer or vaporizer; according to another mode, the step of applying the humidified ozone on the hair (b4″) preferably occurs by pouring (or outflow of) at least a part of the humidified ozone (or ozonated water) mentioned above on the already damp hair of a user.
According to an alternative embodiment, the method may provide for the use of a catalyst that contributes to improving the effectiveness of the treatment, by recovering chemical species produced in the ozone application phase and which, if not recovered, would be lost to the environment.
Preferably, the step of applying ozone on the hair (b) according to the third mode preferably occurs by applying ozone at a dosage comprised between 180 mg and 400 mg in one hour (h) (extremes included), preferably comprised between 200 and 400 mg/h, preferably comprised between 200 and 350 mg/h, preferably comprised between 200 and 250 mg/h, preferably equal to 200 mg/h.
According to the third ozone application mode, considering the solubility of the ozone in gaseous form in water at a temperature preferably comprised between 2° and 30° C., the ozone content (or concentration) in the humidified ozone (or ozonated water) is preferably comprised between 350 mg and 600 mg, preferably comprised between 400 mg and 570 mg per litre of humidified ozone (or ozonated water).
Preferably, after step of applying ozone on the hair (b), respecting the timings for the purposes of the invention, the hair can be dried, preferably by means of a common hair dryer.
Below the Applicant reports examples of the invention, for illustrative and non-limiting purposes only.
It should be noted that the term “Bleach.” refers to the bleaching treatment, whereas the term “Per” refers to the perming treatment.
The purpose of the study is to characterize from a chemical point of view the effect of the treatment with ozonated air on the hair after bleaching treatments with aqueous hydrogen peroxide 30 volumes (9% by weight) or after perming.
The study was conducted on standard bleached hair samples of 8 g each treated as described below:
In the case of ozone treatment according to the method of the invention, ozonated air produced by an ozonator with a flow rate of 400 mg of ozone per hour is used. It is believed, without being bound by any theory, that ozonated air is more effective if it is bubbled in water before application on the hair because the presence of moisture favours the contact of ozone with the proteins of the hair; moreover, the presence of water reduces the concentration of ozone in the air obtaining a less aggressive mixture but still able to oxidise the sulfhydryl groups restoring the disulfide bonds.
Two types of analysis were carried out on the samples:
The formation of disulfide (S—S) bonds in hair keratin is an important factor determining its structure and stability. Bleaching or perming treatments alter the number of disulfide bonds both because they reduce them to SH sulfhydryl groups and because they oxidatively degrade cysteine and its cystine dimer. The analysis of the free sulfhydryl groups SH is an index of good health of the hair; in fact, if these groups are present in a too large number it means that the disulfide bonds have been broken and keratin loses stability. The number of the sulfhydryl groups can be determined through the use of dithiobis-(4-pyridine) which, by reacting with the SH groups, forms a compound that absorbs ultraviolet light at 324 nm and allows the quantitative determination thereof through Vis-UV spectrophotometry.
As can be seen in
In any case, the subsequent ozone treatment, according to the cosmetic method of the invention, further reduces the amount of free SH sulfhydryl groups; this represents an indirect measurement of the formation of the disulfide bridges. However, the doubt remains that a further oxidative treatment can also lead to the degradation of keratin in cysteine, which would in any case decrease the content of sulfhydryl groups, an aspect that is clarified by the study in the next paragraph in FTIR-ATR spectroscopy.
b. Determination of Keratin Degradation
Infrared spectroscopy represents a valid and fast method for the determination of protein degradation as it highlights the structural characteristics of the molecules, such as the presence of new functional groups deriving from oxidative processes. In particular, it is possible to determine an index of keratin damage by monitoring the signals related to the protein chain (i.e. the signal at 1230-1250 cm−1 related to amide bonds) and the signals related to the oxidation of cystine and cysteine (1040 cm−1). The degradation index can be calculated by normalizing to 100 the signal area at 1230-1250 cm−1 and by calculating the signal area at 1040 cm−1, accordingly. The higher this value, the more degraded the cysteine (
Table 2 shows the results of the analyses carried out.
Note that after bleaching or perming the hair is more damaged than in the initial situation, and that the ozone treatment according to the cosmetic method of the invention for 10 minutes improves the situation thereof. This could appear to be in contrast to the oxidising power of ozone, which should not lead to a restoration of the oxidised cysteine. However, the reformation of disulfide bridges, which close the cuticles, causes a morphological change of the hair, exposing in a lesser way the damaged parts that remain inside the cuticles themselves. This undoubtedly also improves the aesthetic appearance of the hair. Prolonged treatment with ozone worsens the situation demonstrating that the ozone itself, being in any case an aggressive oxidant, in the long run triggers oxidative processes that lead to further degradation of cysteine.
Chemical investigations based on spectroscopic methods confirm that the treatment with ozonated air bubbled in water for 10 minutes according to the invention improves the chemical structure of the hair by restoring the disulfide bonds of the cysteines that have been damaged by the previous treatments.
The purpose of the study is to quantify the hydration level of the hair obtained after the cosmetic method of the invention in comparison to the hydration level of untreated hair.
Ozone device: able to dispense ozone; the hair is inserted into plastic bags into which ozone is blown.
Hair braids: for the execution of the test, two different types of hair are distinguished:
Basic shampoo: all the strands used, both control and treated, have been previously washed with a basic shampoo, in order to equalize the surface. The qualitative-quantitative formula of the shampoo is shown in table 3.
Permanent colouring: COLOR+dyeing with colouring 5.60 (light auburn, intense red), activated by oxidising cream in a 1:2 ratio, allowed for 40′ in place.
Measuring instrument: Mettler Toledo analytical scale (mod. AB104-S/FACT) maximum flow rate of 110 g and sensitivity up to 0.1 mg.
The study involves the execution of the test on two different types of hair:
Each group consists of 6 strands of similar weight, held together by elastic cotton. All strands were washed using the basic shampoo of Table 3 for about 2 minutes.
The ozone treatment according to the cosmetic method of the invention was performed on wet strands in both cases for 6 minutes.
All the strands were dried with a common hair dryer (2000 watts) for 10 minutes, at maximum speed and intermediate temperature.
After drying, each strand was weighed by analytical scale (TO).
Each strand was kept for 24 hours at a constant temperature of 30° C. and 70% relative humidity. The strands were weighed at regular time intervals: after 1 hour (T1), 2 hours (T2) and 24 hours (Tf), to check the hydration level reached.
Subsequently, the strands were removed from the thermostat chamber and brought back to room temperature (about 21° C., 50% RH). They were weighed again at regular intervals, after 1 hour (T3), 2 hours (T4) and 24 hours (Tfg) after removal.
The results related to the dyed strands are shown in
In particular,
Applying the t-test function to evaluate whether the weight variation measured between the final time (Tfg) and the initial time (TO) is statistically significant, we compare the control group and the group of strands treated for 6 minutes by means of ozone. We also compare the calculated % variations between final time and initial time. When the p-value≤0.05, the difference between the values is considered statistically significant.
We apply the t-test function to evaluate whether the weight variation measured between the final time (Tfg) and the initial time (TO) is statistically significant, we compare the control group and the group of strands treated for 6 minutes by means of ozone. We also compare the calculated % variations between final time and initial time. When p≤0.05, the difference between the values is considered statistically significant.
The ozone-treated dyed strands have a significantly greater variation in weight between the initial and final time than the control strands; in fact, by evaluating the trend, a greater amount of adsorbed humidity, especially between T1 and T2, and the maintenance of a higher level of hydration until the final time can be observed.
The ozone-treated bleached strands have a significantly greater variation in weight between the initial and final time than the control strands. By observing the trend, in fact, the ozone-treated strands, especially between T1 and T2, have adsorbed a greater amount of moisture since the beginning. Both groups of treated bleached strands have maintained a higher hydration level until the final time.
The purpose of the study is to evaluate the load that must be applied to hair to reach the breakage thereof, when subjected to constant traction force. The test was carried out in comparison, on ozone-treated hair and untreated hair.
Ozone device: able to dispense ozone; the hair is inserted into plastic bags into which ozone is blown.
Hair braids: for the execution of the test, two different types of hair are distinguished:
Basic shampoo: all the strands used, both control and treated, have been previously washed with a basic shampoo, in order to equalize the surface. The qualitative-quantitative formula of the shampoo is shown in table 6.
Perming products: a curling lotion and a neutralizing agent (Inebrya), applied on strands of hair fastened on curlers, were used for perming.
Measuring instrument: the Texture Analyzer TX-700 by Lamy Rheology (
The setting parameters used for the traction test are as follows: speed 1 mm/s, distance 40 mm, trigger force 10.2 g.
The instrument provides the recorded force values (g) as a function of the distance (mm). It is possible to extrapolate the maximum force data measured, to which the hair suffers breakage. An example of a graph (
A hair braid, for both types, was previously washed using a basic shampoo of table 6 for about 2 minutes. This procedure is carried out in order to equalize the conditions of the hair. From each braid, 6 strands weighing about 1-2 g were obtained, held together by elastic cotton. The strands are divided as follows: 2 strands per control group; 2 strands per ozone-treated group.
After washing with basic shampoo, the control strands were dried for 10 minutes by means of a common hair dryer (2000 Watt), at maximum speed and at intermediate temperature. The other strands were treated in a wet condition with ozone for 6 minutes and then dried for 10 minutes.
After washing with basic shampoo, the strands were wrapped on curlers and the perming treatment was carried out. After being rinsed, the control strands were dried for 10 minutes by means of a common hair dryer (2000 Watt), at maximum speed and intermediate temperature. The other strands were treated in a wet condition with ozone for 6 minutes and then dried for 10 minutes.
The results of the measurements carried out on each group of strands are shown below. Mean value and standard deviation were calculated on the values of the breaking load in grams. They were compared by t-test function for the group of control vs ozone strands. The difference between the values of the series is considered statistically significant with a probability value p≤0.05.
The results are shown in
From the statistical comparison we obtain:
The results are shown in
From the statistical comparison we obtain:
The ozone treatment leads, both on bleached and permed strands, to a significant improvement in terms of resistance to the breaking load. The increase is greater after the ozone treatment.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 102021000023231 | Sep 2021 | IT | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IB2022/058220 | 9/1/2022 | WO |
