A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright or mask work protection. The copyright or mask work owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright or mask work rights whatsoever.
The present invention is related to the following co-pending U.S. patent applications which are all commonly owned with the present application, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference:
This relates in general to receivers for detecting optical signals and in particular to resonant structures detecting encoded optical signals.
The present device relates in general to coupling a signal in a vacuum environment and, more particularly, to coupling a signal through a window.
A device can be formed from a wall disposed on a substrate. The wall can be generally formed or enclosed about a space, which is referred to as a cavity. The cavity or resonant cavity can be used to perform various functions on a signal including mixing, amplifying, filtering and the like. The cavity can be represented by a parallel resonant LC circuit. The size of the cavity generally determines the resonant frequency. The cavity typically comprises a center portion and an outer portion, which is adjacent to the wall. Normally, the center portion is capacitive, and the outer portion is inductive. The signal within the resonant cavity can take the form of electric and magnetic fields. The signal is made up of oscillations and variation in those oscillations of the electric and magnetic fields. The outer portion is normally adjacent to the wall, and the electric fields can induce current on the wall of the cavity. This current on the wall is typically referred to as surface current. In response to the surface current or moving charges on the wall of the cavity, magnetic fields are normally formed inside of the current loop made by the charge moving along the wall of the cavity.
The device can include a plurality of walls forming distinct cavities. The various functions of such cavities, such as amplifying, can be performed by coupling the signal between cavities. For example, a feedback signal from a first cavity can control the amount of amplification in a second cavity. Methods of coupling the signal can include using a loop, a probe, a port or a tap. The loop couples the signal by employing a single loop of wire or a portion of wire through the wall of the device and into the cavity attached to the wall of the cavity in such a way that the oscillating magnetic field in the cavity has some magnetic flux through the loop. This generates a current in the loop proportional to the oscillating magnetic field. For the best coupling, the loop is typically attached to the wall at one end and positioned transverse to the strongest magnetic field. Another method such as the probe can include a single plate, which is not grounded. For best results, the plate is typically positioned transverse to the strongest electric field near the center portion of the cavity. The probe can be mechanically difficult to support, because the connection to the plate is on one end only. Further, arcing can occur where the electric field is the strongest. The port is another mentioned technique for coupling the signal and exposes the cavity via an opening in the wall. The amount of coupling is a function of the size of the port relative to the wavelength of the radiation and the position of the port. Tap coupling includes a direct connection to the cavity. All the mentioned techniques for coupling the signal generally disrupt the surface current, because of the inherent discontinuity of the inner surface of the wall to physically connect the loop, tap and probe. In the case of the port, the wall includes the opening, which disrupts the surface current. The discontinuity or gap can cause the surface current to radiate. This radiation typically generates spurious frequencies different from the cavity resonant frequency. The ratio of the energy of the signal stored in the cavity divided by the energy of the signal dissipated in the cavity is referred to as the Q of the cavity. All of the mentioned coupling techniques generally increase the energy losses within the cavity or reduce the Q of the cavity. For example, the penetrations through the wall of the cavity reduce the available path for currents flowing on the inner surface of the cavity. This increases the losses of the signal and reduces the available energy of the signal stored within the cavity.
Hence, there is a need for a device that can couple signals between cavities without the losses inherent with the mentioned coupling methods. We describe such a device in which a resonant cavity includes a wall with a corridor for coupling the signal.
a is a schematic diagram of the device in
b is a schematic diagram of the device in
c and is schematic diagram of the device of
a is a schematic diagram illustrating energy coupled into a device and electromagnetic waves transferred in and out of the device;
b is a schematic diagram illustrating the electromagnetic waves transferred in and out of the device and the energy coupled out of the device;
c and is schematic diagram of the device of
a is a schematic diagram illustrating energy coupled into a device and electromagnetic waves transferred out of the device;
b is a schematic diagram illustrating the electromagnetic waves transferred into the device and the energy coupled out of the device;
a is a schematic diagram illustrating energy coupled into a device and electromagnetic waves having two frequencies transferred into and out of the device;
b is a schematic diagram illustrating the electromagnetic waves transferred into and out of the device and the energy coupled out of the device;
c is a diagram illustrating the response of transferred energy of an electromagnetic wave through a first window of the device in
d is a diagram illustrating the response of transferred energy of an electromagnetic wave through a second window of the device in
Methods of making a device for detecting an electromagnetic wave are described in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/917,511, filed on Aug. 13, 2004, entitled “Patterning Thin Metal Film by Dry Reactive Ion Etching,” and U.S. application Ser. No. 11/203,407, filed Aug. 15, 2005, entitled “Method of Patterning Ultra-small Structures,” each of which is commonly owned at the time of filing, and the entire contents of each are incorporated herein by reference.
Using these techniques, a structure for coupling a signal to and from a cavity of a device can be manufactured, as described for example in one or more of the following applications, each of which are incorporated by reference:
Such a device can include a microstructure formed by a wall. The wall can be formed by stacking layers of material on a surface and can form a substantially closed geometric configuration that defines or encloses the cavity. An electrically conductive window or plurality of windows can be formed in the wall. An electromagnetic wave either generated within the cavity or provided from an outside source can be coupled in and out of the cavity through the window. The outside source can include another location within the device. The electromagnetic wave can carry a signal and have a frequency range from about 0.1 terahertz (THz) (3000 microns) to about 7 petahertz (PHz) (0.4 nanometers), referred to as the terahertz portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Under such an influence, surface current typically forms on an inner surface of the cavity. Unlike other coupling methods, the window, which is electrically conductive, allows conduction of the surface current. This provides the advantage of not disrupting the surface current and the resonance of the cavity.
In an alternate embodiment, a device can include a focusing element coupled to the window. The focusing element collects the electromagnetic wave carrying the signal. Further, a waveguide or an optical fiber can be coupled to the focusing element and can be used to route the signal to a particular location.
In another alternate embodiment, a device can include at least two walls or microstructures and each microstructure can contain at least one window. A waveguide or optical fiber can be used to couple a feedback signal between the windows.
In yet another alternate embodiment, a device can include a window that filters particular frequency ranges of the electromagnetic wave carrying the signal. The filtering can include limiting frequencies above or below a particular critical frequency.
The present invention will be better understood from a reading of the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing figures, in which like reference numbers designate like elements and in which:
The wall 2 can be made of a material having a strong interaction with plasmons at the frequency of operation of the device 100. Plasmons can include bulk plasmons and surface plasmons, which are plasma oscillations or charge density waves. Surface plasmons refer to those charge density waves confined to an interface of a material with sufficiently free electrons and a dissimilar material. This strong interaction can include using metals having a plasma frequency covering at least a portion of the optical and/or terahertz spectrum, depending on the application frequency. The plasma frequency is dependant upon the type of material used. For example, the plasma frequency of silver includes a range from the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to the infrared. Hence, there is a strong interaction between silver and an electromagnetic wave within the above frequency range. The wall 2 can be made using materials such as gold, silver, copper, aluminum and the like.
An outer surface 7 of the device 100 or the wall 2 can be exposed to a space 18, such as a vacuum or a gas or a solid dielectric. As shown, energy (E as shown in
An inner surface 6 is the side of the wall 2 exposed to the cavity 4. Plasmons having varying fields are stimulated on the outer surface 7 and can be coupled through the wall 2 to the inner surface 6. The energy from the varying fields can be stored in the cavity 4 or intensified if another source of energy is provided. Electric and magnetic fields are generated within the cavity 4. This can result in accelerating charges on the inner surface 6 of the cavity 4. Further, the varying fields can include a time-varying electric field component across the cavity 4. Thus, similar to an antenna, an electromagnetic wave Pf1 can be generated in the cavity 4. Further, the magnetic fields within the cavity 4 excite a surface current 24 on the inner surface 6 of the device 100.
In
The variables of equation 1 include f, σ and μ, which are the frequency of the time-varying current, the conductivity of the conductor, and the permeability of the conductor, respectively. For example, the penetration depth (δ) for copper at a frequency of 1 terahertz is about 66 nanometers.
The window 14 can be made to allow the electromagnetic wave Pf1 to partially pass through. This permits coupling of the electromagnetic wave Pf1 in or out of the cavity 4 through the window 14. The window 14 can have a thickness less than, greater than, or equal to the penetration depth (δ). Generally, the window 14 can pass the electromagnetic wave Pf1 with reflection or absorption of less than a few percent and can be referred to as generally transparent. In another embodiment, the window 14 can partially reflect or absorb the electromagnetic wave Pf1 and can be called translucent. It should be noted that the amount of scattering through the window 14 can be a function of the type of material and/or processing used to make the window 14. Further, the transmittance is dependant upon the thickness of the window 14 and the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave Pf1. For example, the window 14 made of silver and having a thickness of about 10 nanometers has a transmittance of about 95 percent in the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Further yet, the window 14 can be made to pass particular frequencies. For example, the window 14 can function as a low-pass, high-pass, band-pass or band-stop filter. The thickness of the window 14 in combination with the type of material used to make the window 14 can establish a particular range of frequencies passed by the window 14. The transmittance of the window 14 can include a range from about zero percent to about 99.9 percent.
A surface or portion of the window 14 is exposed to or adjacent to the cavity 4. This portion of the window 14 adjacent to the cavity 4 can include the entire inner surface 6 and is referred to as a portion of the inner surface 28. The portion of the inner surface 28 of the window 14 can be generally flush with the inner surface 6 of the cavity 4. As mentioned above, surface current 24 is induced on the inner surface 6 by varying electric and magnetic fields. When disrupted by a discontinuity or gap, the surface current 24 generates spurious radiation. Since there is no discontinuity between the portion of the inner surface 28 and the inner surface 6, the surface current 24 does not radiate. This provides a distinct advantage over the prior art.
An area 36 includes the entire inner surface 6. An area 37 includes the portion of the inner surface 28. The area 37 includes between about 1 percent to about 100 percent of the area 36.
A step 29 can be formed on the outer surface 7. A portion of the outer surface 7 that forms the window 14 is called an outside surface 32. The step 29 can be formed between the outside surface 32 and the outer surface 7. The step 29 can be abrupt or can taper or form a graded transition between the outside surface 32 and the outer surface 7.
a and 2b are schematic diagrams illustrating the device 100 formed from the wall 2 that defines or encloses the cavity 4. In
a and 4b are schematic diagrams illustrating the device 200 formed from the wall 202 that defines or encloses the cavity 204. In
A window 314 is formed in the wall 302 similar to
An indentation 316 can be formed on the outer surface 307 and can include the outside surface 332 of the window 314. As shown in
A collector 330 can be positioned to fill the indentation 316 and may contact the outside surface 332 of the window 314. The collector 330 reduces the scatter or alters the plurality of paths such that the electromagnetic wave Pfx travels generally parallel to a centerline 319 shown in
A wave coupler 334 can be connected to the collector 332 and is used to couple the electromagnetic wave Pfx from the collector 330. The wave coupler 334 can be formed to the collector 330 using established semiconductor processing methods. In another embodiment (as shown), a ferrule 323 can be used to align and couple between the protruding portion 325 of the collector 330 and the wave coupler 334. The technique for coupling the collector 330 to the wave coupler 334 should not be considered a limitation to the present invention. The wave coupler 334 can include a dielectric waveguide made of a dielectric material or multiple layers of materials. The dielectric materials can include plastic, glass, various gasses such as air and the like. Further, the wave coupler 334 can include a hollow silica waveguide. For frequencies in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, an inside wall 321 of the wave coupler 334 can include silver in combination with a dielectric reflector. The type of construction of the wave coupler 334 should not be considered a limitation of the present invention.
Windows 414 and 415 made from the wall 402 are disposed in the wall 402 and are electrically conductive. A surface or portion of the windows 414 and 415 is exposed to or adjacent to the cavity 404. This portion of the windows 414 and 415 can include the entire inner surface 406 and is referred to as a portion of the inner surface 428.
As shown in
The windows 414 and 415 can be made to couple or pass electromagnetic waves. In particular, the windows 414 and 415 can be made to couple electromagnetic waves having distinct frequency ranges. For example, window 414 can be made to couple or pass the electromagnetic wave Pf1 having a frequency range from about 100 to about 600 terahertz. And, window 415 can be made to pass the electromagnetic wave Pf2 having a frequency range from about 800 terahertz to about 1000 terahertz. In a second example, the window 414 can be made to couple the electromagnetic wave Pf1 within the terahertz spectrum having a frequency below about 100 terahertz. Continuing the second example, the window 415 can be made to pass the electromagnetic wave Pf2 within the terahertz spectrum having a frequency above about 600 terahertz. It may also be possible to achieve this response using plasmon response versus frequency of the material. The respective examples can be referred to as pass-band and cutoff filtering methods.
In another example, a thin layer of silver acts as an Infrared blocking coating on the window while passing visible light. In general, higher frequency radiation corresponds to a smaller skin penetration depth and less transmission through the thin material.
a and 7b are schematic diagrams illustrating alternative coupling devices 500. The device 500 is formed from a wall 502 that defines or encloses a cavity 504 and includes at least one window that forms at least a portion of the wall 502. In
Windows 514 and 515 made from the wall 502 are formed in the wall 502 and are electrically conductive. Further, the windows 514 and 515 can be made to couple or pass electromagnetic waves having distinct frequency ranges. For example, windows 514 and 515 can be made to pass the electromagnetic waves Pf1 and Pf2, respectively. In
a and 8b are schematic diagrams illustrating another coupling device 600. The device 600 is formed from a wall 602 that defines or encloses a cavity 604 and includes windows 614 and 615. The windows 614 and 615 made from the wall 602 are formed in the wall 602 and are electrically conductive. In
c is a diagram illustrating the response of the transferred energy of an electromagnetic wave through the window 614 in
In
d is a diagram illustrating the response of the transferred energy of an electromagnetic wave through the window 615 in
In
In
A window 713 is disposed in the wall 703 and made from the wall 703 and is electrically conductive. Similarly, windows 714 and 715 are electrically conductive and made from and disposed on wall 702. A surface or portion of the windows 713, 714 and 715 is exposed to or adjacent to their respective cavities 704 and 705. This portion of the windows 713, 714 and 715 can include the entire respective inner surfaces 706 and 709 and is referred to as a portion of the inner surface 728.
The walls 702 and 703 include respective outer surfaces 707 and 711. Plasmons or other charge density waves having varying fields can be stimulated using at least two methods. As mentioned previously, plasmons having varying fields can be stimulated by applying energy on the outer surface, such as outer surfaces 707 and 711. This energy can be applied using an electromagnetic wave and carry a signal. The electromagnetic wave can be provided from the device 700 or from an outside source (not shown). A second method of stimulating plasmons having varying fields includes coupling the electromagnetic wave between cavities such as between cavities 704 and 705. This second method (described below) provides the advantage of applying various functions on the device 700 such as mixing, amplifying, filtering and the like.
Plasmons having varying field are stimulated on the inner surface 709 of cavity 705. Fields are generally intensified across the cavity 705. Surface current 724 is formed on the inner surface 709. As mentioned previously, the surface current such as the surface current 724 is not disrupted, because the portion of the inner surface 728 of the window 713 is generally flush with the inner surface 709 of the cavity 705. An electromagnetic wave Pf1 carrying a signal 742 is generated in cavity 705 and has a particular frequency distribution over a range of frequencies centered about a frequency f1. The window 713 can be made to selectively pass or couple distinct frequency ranges such as the particular frequency distribution centered about f1. The electromagnetic wave Pf1 is coupled out of the cavity 705 through the window 713.
Collectors 730 and 733 are shown in
A wave coupler 734 is shown coupled between the windows 713 and 714. The wave coupler 734 can be made similar to the description as mentioned under
After coupling through the window 714, the electromagnetic wave Pf1 is received in the cavity 704. Plasmons having varying fields are stimulated on the inner surface 706. The cavity 704 can be sized to a resonant frequency f2. For example, an electromagnetic wave Pf2 can carry the signal 742 and have a particular frequency distribution over a range of frequencies centered about a frequency f2 is generated in cavity 704. Similar to windows 713 and 714, window 715 can be made to can selectively pass or couple the electromagnetic wave Pf2.
The collector 733 coupled to window 715 receives the electromagnetic wave Pf2 carrying the signal 742. A wave coupler 735 coupled to the collector 733 next receives the electromagnetic wave Pf2, which can now be coupled to another location, such as another location on the device 700.
By now it should be appreciated that a method and device are provided that uses a window portion of a wall for coupling a signal. The device can be formed by the wall on a major surface of a substrate. The thickness of the window portion of the wall is substantially less than the wall. A combination of materials and thicknesses used for making the window portion of the wall can provide for filtering an electromagnetic wave used to carry the signal. Wave couplers can be used to couple the signal between cavities making up the device or between cavities of different devices.
Although certain preferred embodiments and methods have been disclosed herein, it will be apparent from the foregoing disclosure to those skilled in the art that variations and modifications of such embodiments and methods may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is intended that the invention shall be limited only to the extent required by the appended claims and the rules and principles of applicable law.
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