Coupling agent compositions for coupling an elastomer to a filler and elastomer/filler compositions containing same

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to improved elastomeric compositions of matter comprising an elastomer (e.g. a natural or synthetic rubber), a filler (preferably comprising a silica), and a coupling agent for coupling said elastomer to said filler, said coupling agent comprising at least one silane and at least one succinimide, the succinimide preferably being an alkenyl succinimide which is the condensation product of a polyamine with an alkenyl succinic anhydride. The invention also relates to the novel silane/succinimide coupling agents, and to shaped articles prepared from the elastomeric compositions of the invention.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Precipitated silicas have long been known to have good reinforcing power, that is to say, to improve the technological properties of vulcanized materials, such as tensile strength, hardness, modulus, resistance to abrasion, resistance to tearing, and the like. However, there are several ways in which the vulcanized materials reinforced with commercial silicas are inferior to those filled with the best carbon blacks, e.g. less resistance to abrasion, greater retentivity after deformation, and greater dissipation of energy, and thus more heating when under dynamic strain.
Various ways of improving the performance of elastomers filled with silica have therefore been proposed. One general method for overcoming these disadvantages consists of improving the filler-elastomer bond, by using a bonding or coupling agent. However, this method necessitates selecting a coupling agent that is both cheap and effective, quite apart from the fact that it must not bring with it its own inherent disadvantages.
The effectiveness of coupling agents of the silane and particularly the mercapto-silane type is well-known and has been described in the literature, particularly in Rubber World, October 1970, pp. 53-58 and European Rubber Journal, March 1974, pp. 37-46.
Unfortunately, the use of silane coupling agents suffers from two very serious disadvantages: first, their very high cost as compared to that of the filler proper and, secondly, their odor, which virtually prevents their use beyond the threshold of 1% by weight relative to the elastomer.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, a major object of the present invention is to provide new coupling agent compositions comprising at least one silane and at least one succinimide, and improved elastomeric filler compositions comprising same, which will overcome the disadvantage inherent in the use of a silane-only coupling agent in the bonding of an elastomer to a filler.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
More particularly according to the present invention, the silanes suitable for incorporation in the novel coupling agents of the invention and in the improved elastomeric compositions comprising same are of the structural formula:
R'.about.Si(OR).sub.3
wherein R' is a reactive organic group (such as mercapto, azo, or the like), generally connected to the silicon atom by a short alkyl chain, and OR is a hydrolyzable alkoxy group.
Preferred silanes according to the invention are sulfur-containing silanes, especially those of the type gamma-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane and bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide.
It is also possible to use silanes in which the reactive group is a carbamoylazoformate.
Other possible examples include silanes of the type di(methylpropyldiethoxysilane)tetrasulfide, hexamethylcyclotrisilthiane, ethyltriethoxysilanepolysulfide and dimethylpropylethoxysilanemonosulfide.
The succinimides for use according to the invention are conveniently based on alkenyl succinimides, most suitably those obtained by condensing a polyamine with an alkenyl succinic anhydride, where the alkenyl radical contains from 3 to 100 and preferably from 3 to 12 carbon atoms.
The polyamines which can be employed to obtain the subject alkenyl succinimides include:
(I) Polyalkylene amines in which the alkylene radicals are straight or branched-chain and contain from 2 to 12 carbon atoms, or such polyalkylene amines bearing at least one hydroxyalkyl or aminoalkyl substituent on the nitrogen;
(II) Polyoxaalkylene amines in which the oxaalkylene radicals are straight or branched-chain and contain 2 to 3 carbon atoms; and
(III) Tertiary aminoalkyl amines of the general formula: ##STR1## in which r represents an ethylene or propylene radical, r' represents a trimethylene or propylene radical, R.sub.1 represents an --r--O--r'--NH.sub.2 or r'--NH.sub.2 radical, and R.sub.2 represents an --r--O--r'--NH.sub.2, --r'--NH.sub.2, C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 alkyl or phenyl radical.
Exemplary of the unsubstituted polyalkylene amines (I) are:
[i] Methylene amines, such as trimethylene diamine, tetramethylene diamine, pentamethylene diamine, hexamethylene diamine, heptamethylene diamine, octamethylene diamine, nonamethylene diamine, decamethylene diamine, di(trimethylene)triamine and di(hexamethylene)triamine;
[ii] Ethylene amines, such as ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine and pentaethylene hexamine;
[iii] Propylene amines, such as propylene diamine, dipropylene triamine, tripropylene tetramine, and the like; and
[iv] Cyclic homologs thereof of the aminoalkylpiperazine type, such a 1,4-bis(2-aminoethyl)piperazine or 1,4-bis(4-aminobutyl)piperazine.
The ethylene polyamines are particularly useful. Same are described in substantial detail under the title "Diamines and Higher Amines" in Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 2nd Edition, Kirk & Othmer, Volume 7, pages 27-39, Interscience Publishers, New York (1965). These compounds may be used alone, or mixed together or with their cyclic homologs.
Exemplary of the polyalkylene amines which are substituted on the nitrogen by one or more hydroxyalkyl groups are those wherein the hydroxyalkyl group or groups contain less than 8 carbon atoms, such as: N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylene diamine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylene diamine, mono-hydroxypropyldiethylene triamine, dihydroxypropyltetraethylene pentamine, N-(3-hydroxypropyl)tetramethylene diamine, and the like.
Exemplary of the polyalkylene amines which are substituted on the nitrogen by one or more aminoalkyl groups are those wherein the aminoalkyl group or groups contain less than 4 carbon atoms, such as: tris(2-aminoethyl)amine, N-(2-aminoethyl)tetraethylene pentamine; N,N,N'-tris(3-aminopropyl)ethylene diamine; N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(3-aminopropyl)ethylene diamine and N-(3-aminoethyl)trimethylene diamine.
Exemplary of the polyoxaalkylene amines (II) are: 1,10-diamino-4,7-dioxadecane, 1,13-diamino-4,7,10-trioxatridecane, 1,8-diamino-3,6-dioxa-1,5,8-trimethyloctane, tris-1,2,3-(2-amino-2-methylethoxy)propane, and the like.
Other examples of polyoxaalkylene amines which can be used are described in French Pat. No. 1,547,228.
Exemplary of the tertiary aminoalkyl amines (III) which can be used are those described in French Pat. No. 75.39690 published under No. 2,307,795, particularly tris(3-oxa-6-aminohexyl)amine and N-ethyl-bis(3-oxa-6-aminohexyl)amine.
Of the alkenyl succinic anhydrides which can be used to prepare the alkenyl succinimides, exemplary are those wherein the alkenyl radical is derived from a C.sub.3 -C.sub.30 mono-olefin, an oligomer or polymer of a C.sub.2 -C.sub.30 mono-olefin, or a co-polymer prepared from said olefins, either together or with dienic or vinylaromatic comonomers. Preferred alkenyl succinic anhydrides are those derived from oligomers or polymers of ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, isobutene, 3-cyclohexyl-1-butene or 2-methyl-5-propyl-1-hexane.
The alkenyl succinic anhydrides can be prepared in known manner, by condensing maleic anhydride with an olefin, an oligomer, a polymer or a copolymer of the said olefin; the synthesis may be carried out by heating (U.S. Pat. No. 3,306,907) or in the presence of chlorine (U.S. Pat. No. 3,231,587) or bromine (French Pat. No. 74.18915 published under No. 2,273,014); alternatively, monochlorinated or monobrominated polyolefins may be used as the starting materials, as described in the French Patent published under No. 2,042,558.
The technique for condensing the alkenyl succinic anhydride with the polyamine to prepare the alkenyl succinimide is carried out in known manner, at a temperature ranging from 80.degree. to 250.degree. C. (U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,172,892 and 3,219,666; the French patent published under No. 2,307,845, etc.).
It is preferable to carry out this operation at a temperature of from 120.degree. to 240.degree. C., and more particularly from 130.degree. to 230.degree. C., with a molar ratio of polyamine to alkenyl succinic anhydride of less than 1.
When the amine used contains two primary amino groups, a molar ratio of from 0.4 to 0.6 will make it possible to obtain compositions containing a major part of bis-alkenyl succinimides; a molar ratio in the vicinity of 1, and preferably from 0.7 to 0.95, will provide compositions containing a major part of monoalkenyl succinimides. When the amine contains three primary amino groups, a molar ratio of from 0.2 to 0.4 will give a tris-succinimide.
In one embodiment of the present invention, at least half of the silane intended for use in the elastomer-based formulation is replaced by at least one succinimide. Thus, the silane/succinimide coupler component is desirably 1 part by weight silane to at least one part by weight succinimide. It is preferred to use at least two and advantageously three parts by weight of succinimide per part by weight of silane. In accordance with the invention, it is advantageous to add at least four parts by weight of the silane/succinimide coupling agent composition according to the invention to every 100 parts by weight of silica used as filler in the elastomer/filler composition.
The various constituents of the elastomeric composition may be fed in together or separately. If desired, the silane and succinimide can be mixed together prior to their being combined with the other constituents.
The filled composition may comprise any base polymer; advantageously, however, it comprises an elastomeric substance, such as natural rubber or SBR.
In elastomeric materials such as copolymers of styrene-butadiene (SBR) or natural rubbers, it is known that 1 to 60 parts by weight of oil per 100 parts of elastomer is customarily added. In accordance with the present invention, a few percent and particularly from about 1 to 5% by weight relative to the plasticizer, is sufficient to obtain significant results. The plasticizer preferably comprises an oil, advantageously one based on aromatic, naphthenic or paraffinic hydrocarbons extracted from certain petroleum fractions.
The filler utilized according to the invention advantageously comprises an inorganic filler, which can be natural or synthetic. Among these, fillers based on silicas and synthetic silicates are preferred but the invention is not restricted to these.
The present invention is, however, especially applicable to elastomeric compositions comprising synthetic silicas, particularly precipitated silicas, as fillers, e.g. those of copending application, Ser. No. 218,264, filed Dec. 19, 1980 Pending Group 113, and assigned to the assignee hereof.
Such silicas are prepared utilizing any one of a number of processes.
In a first type of process, an acidifying agent such as carbonic anhydride or an inorganic acid, is added to an aqueous silicate solution; the addition is stopped when opalescence appears, and an aging time is observed before the acidification of the medium is resumed, as, for example, in the processes described in French Patent Publication No. 2,208,950 or U.S. Pat. No. 3,503,797.
In a second type of process, the first interruption of acid addition takes place beyond the opalescence point, i.e. between opalescence and gelling, as in French Patent Publication No. 2,159,580.
In a third type of process, the addition of acid need not be interrupted, a solution of alkali metal silicate and an acid solution may be added simultaneously to a silicate solution, as, for example, in French Patent Publication No. 1,352,354.
There are obviously many possible modifications to these processes which make it possible to control the properties of the resultant silica particulates, and the above description is not in any intended to restrict the type of silica which may be used within the ambit of the present invention.
The use of a combination of silane and succinimide as a coupler for elastomer/filler compositions according to the present invention surprisingly provides an improvement in the filled elastomeric material's dynamic and static properties, particularly as regards heating, permanent deformation, the modulus and abrasion resistance, while allowing the quantity of silane to be small enough to give the elastomeric product an acceptable price and a tolerable odor level.

In order to further illustrate the present invention and the advantages thereof, the following specific examples are given, it being understood that same are intended only as illustrative and in nowise limitative.
In the following examples, the representative succinimide used was the result of condensation of tetraethylene pentamine with tetrapropenyl succinic anhydride, prepared in the following manner:
A 2-liter 3-necked flask was used, fitted with a mechanical agitator, a bromine funnel, a thermometer and a distillation head, followed by a condenser and a receiver. 665 g of tetrapropenyl succinic anhydride (i.e., 2.5 moles) were poured into the flask and heated to 130.degree. C.
189 g of tetraethylene pentamine (i.e., 2 moles) were then introduced over 30 min. The mixture was brought to 160.degree. C. at a pressure of 25 mm Hg. When all of the water formed in the course of the reaction had distilled (3 hours), the mixture was cooled.
The nitrogen analysis was as follows:
______________________________________ theory = 14% measured = 13.8%______________________________________
Infra-red analysis revealed that all of the succinic anhydride functions had reacted. The presence of characteristic bands of the succinimide group was noted.
[The preparation of other suitable succinimides is illustrated in our copending application, Ser No. 218,265 for "COMPATIBLY FILLED/PLASTICIZED POLYMERIC COMPOSITIONS" filed Dec. 19, 1980, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,322,336, and assigned to the assignee hereof, and herby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety and relied upon.]
The silica used in the following examples was a precipitated silica, marketed by the assignee hereof under the name of Zeosil 45. Its main properties were as follows:
______________________________________[i] weight loss when heated to 900.degree. C. 12.5 max.[ii] pH (5 g/100 cc) 6.5 .+-. 0.3[iii] BET surface area 200 m.sup.2 /g[iv] Diameter of ultimate particles .about.20 m .mu.m[v] DOP oil absorption (dioctylphthalate) at least 300 cc per 100 g[vi] Amount of particles of a size as to be retained on screen 5% according to ASTM 80 mesh %______________________________________
EXAMPLE 1
The silane employed was gamma-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, marketed by Union Carbide under the name of A 189.
Tests were carried out on a rubber mix. Preparation took place in a 1-liter BANBURY internal mixer, then was continued in a mixer with cylinders.
The following tests were carried out:
MECHANICAL, STATIC AND DYNAMIC TESTS
(1) Monsanto Rheometer (ASTM D 2084):
Measured the rheological properties of the mix during vulcanization:
Minimum torque (mC): consistency of unvulcanized mix ("crude" mix) at testing temperature;
Maximum torque (MC): consistency of mix after cross-linking;
.DELTA.torque: MC-mC, related to the cross-linking rate;
Induction Period: time taken to initiate cross-linking at testing temperature (also termed "Scorch time")
Index: related to the speed of vulcanization (optimum time-induction period); ##EQU1## Y mn=optimum time.
These properties are described in particular in the Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, Volume 12, page 265 (Interscience Publishers-John Wiley & Sons, Inc.).
(2) Static properties:
Those which are measured in accordance with the following standards:
(a) ASTM D 412-51 T
Resistance to breaking Pa (tensile strength)
Elongation %
Modulus (Pa)
(b) ASTM D 2240-75
Shore A hardness
(c) DIN 53516
Abrasion (resistance to)
(d) ADHESION
SKID TESTER (in accordance with road research, Laboratory Crowthorne Berkshire GB)
(e) NFT 47-126
Tear Strength (tear resistance)
(3) Dynamic properties:
ASTM D 623-67
Goodrich Flexometer
This apparatus is for subjecting a vulcanized material to alternating deformations to determine its resistance to fatigue.
(a) Static compression (SC %): deflection under constant load.
(b) Permanent deformation (PD %): % of residual deformation after test.
(c) Dynamic compression (DC %): % of deformation during test.
ODC: Dynamic compression at beginning of test.
FDC: Dynamic compression at end of test.
.DELTA.DC=FDC-ODC: development of dynamic compression; related to resistance to fatigue.
(d) .DELTA.T base: .DELTA.T between the temperature at the surface of the sample (at its base) and the temperature of the chamber.
(e) .DELTA.T core: .DELTA.T between the temperature at the core of the sample and the temperature of the chamber.
(f) Test conditions:
load 24 lbs, deflection 22.2%, frequency 21.4 Hz,
temperature of chamber=50.degree. C.
In this example a series of tests was carried out, using the following formulation in parts by weight:
______________________________________[i] Butadiene-styrene co-polymer extended with oils + (SBR 1712) 60.00[ii] Polybutadiene (BR 1220) 40.00[iii] Silica 60.00[iv] Aromatic oil (Dutrex 729 FC) 20.00[v] Zinc oxide 4.00[vi] Stearic acid 1.50[vii] N-Isopropyl-N-phenyl-N'- phenylenediamine 1.50 (antioxidant PERMANAX IPPD)[viii] N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'- phenyl-p-phenylenediamine) 1.50 (antioxidant PERMANAX 6 PPD)[ix] Polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) 3.00[x] N-Cyclohexyl-2-benzothiozyl sulfenamide (Vulcafor CBS) 3.00[xi] Coupling agent according to tests (See Table 1)[xii] Sulfur 2.80______________________________________
The set of tests is summarized in Table 1 below.
It will be seen that in test series 1 to 5, the effect of silane alone as a coupling agent was studied; in tests 6 to 9, the effect of succinimide alone was noted; in tests 10 to 12, both succinimide and an increasing quantity of silane were included; while in the last tests 13 to 14, a larger quantity of succinimide was added.
Tables II to V below summarize the results for each series of tests.
To facilitate interpretation of the results, the essential features have been summarized in the following comparative tables:
from 0 to 4% of succinimide: Table VI
from 0 to 4% of silane: Table VII
combination of silane and succinimide: Table VIII
most outstanding combinations of silane and succinimide: Table IX
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15__________________________________________________________________________Silanes (%on silica) 0 1 2 3 4 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 1 2 1Succinimide(% onsilica) 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 1 1 1 2 2 3__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________TESTS 1 2 3 4 5__________________________________________________________________________Silane (% on silica) 0 1 2 3 4Succinimide (% on silica) 0 -- -- -- --__________________________________________________________________________Rheometer at 150.degree. C.Torque: Min Max 18.5-94.0 16-96 14.5-90.5 18.5-90.5 18.5-90.DELTA. Torques 75.5 80.0 76.0 72.0 71.5Induction Period - Index 9mn30s-3mn15s 10mn-4mn 8mn-4mn15s 6mn30s-2mn45s 5mn30s-3mn15sOptimum 12mn45s 14mn 12mn15s 9mn15s 8mn45s__________________________________________________________________________STATIC PROPERTIES .sigma. .sigma. .sigma. .sigma. .sigma.__________________________________________________________________________Resistance to breaking(1) 94.3 5.7 101 9 119 1.1 153 3.2 151 6.1Shore A hardness 67 -- 66 -- 69 -- 71 -- 70 --Modulus at 100% Eln. (1) 15 0.8 21 1.5 27 0.9 35 2.4 37 1.4Modulus at 300% Eln. (1) 37 1.1 69 2 96 3 123 3.4 120 4Elongation % 567 23 445 17 410 20 357 13 345 14Abrasion DIN (losses) 168 -- 121 -- 122 -- 110 -- 98 --Adhesion - moist trackSKID TESTER 40 -- 41 -- 42 -- 42 -- 42 --__________________________________________________________________________GOODRICH FLEXOMETERStatic compression % (SC) 11 10 9.9 9.6 10.25Original dynamiccompression (ODC) % 8 3.55 2.6 2.1 2.3Final dynamiccompression (FDC) % 9.8 4.10 3.1 2.4 2.45.DELTA. FDC-ODC 1.8 0.55 0.5 0.3 0.15.DELTA. T. base .degree.C. 27 20 20.5 19.5 19.0.DELTA. T. core .degree.C. 105 77.5 75.0 70.5 66.0Permanent deformation % 5.05 1.95 1.95 1.8 1.6__________________________________________________________________________ .sigma. = standard deviation (1) expressed in Pa, to be multiplied by 10.sup.5
TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________TESTS 6 7 8 9__________________________________________________________________________Silane (% on silica) -- 0 0 0Succinimide (% on silica) 1 2 3 4__________________________________________________________________________Rheometer at 150.degree. C.Torque: Min Max 19-97 17.5-94 15-93 11-88.5.DELTA. Torques 78 76.5 78 77.5Induction Period - Index 10mn-4mn15s 9mn30-4mn 8mn-5mn 6mn30-6mnOptimum 14mn15s 13mn30s 13mn00s 12mn30s__________________________________________________________________________STATIC PROPERTIES .sigma. .sigma. .sigma. .sigma.__________________________________________________________________________Resistance to breaking 80 4.4 88 3.6 77.5 4.5 83 4.7(1) 4 8 3 7 4 8 4Shore A hardness 66 -- 65 -- 66 -- 66 --Modulus at 100% Eln. (1) 17 1.9 17 1 17 0.6 17.6 1Modulus at 300% Eln. (1) 44.5 2.6 44.5 1.3 45.5 0.8 47 3.5Elongation % 440 26.5 456 32 435 15 380 23Abrasion DIN (losses) 169 -- 169 -- 170 -- 166 --Adhesion - moist trackSKID TESTER 40 -- 40 --__________________________________________________________________________GOODRICH FLEXOMETERStatic compression % (SC) 11.0 10.9 10.4 12.3Original dynamiccompression (ODC) % 5.5 5.95 5.55 7.4Final dynamiccompression (FDC) % 7.3 8.25 7.15 9.2.DELTA. FDC-ODC 1.8 2.30 1.55 1.80.DELTA. T. base .degree.C. 26 27.5 27.0 27.0.DELTA. T. core .degree.C. 97.5 104.5 102.5 100.0Permanent deformation % 4.05 4.35 3.7 3.5__________________________________________________________________________ .sigma. = standard deviation (1) expressed in Pa, to be multiplied by 10.sup.5
TABLE IV__________________________________________________________________________TESTS 10 11 12__________________________________________________________________________Silane (% on silica) 1 2 3Succinimide (% on silica) 1 1 1__________________________________________________________________________Rheometer at 150.degree. C.Torque: Min Max 21-98 20-92 20-92.DELTA. Torques 77 72 72Induction Period - Index 10mn30s-3mn45s 7mn-3mn 6mn-3mnOptimum 14mn15s 10mn 9mn__________________________________________________________________________STATIC PROPERTIES .sigma. .sigma. .sigma.__________________________________________________________________________Resistance to breaking 91 3.9 133 10 147 7(1)Shore A hardness 70 -- 69 -- 70 --Modulus at 100% Eln. (1) 22.5 1.7 27.3 1.3 36.7 2.4Modulus at 300% Eln. (1) 62 2.1 110 3.5 127 3.8Elongation % 365 26 340 11.5 330 13.5Abrasion DIN (losses) 131 -- 123 -- 108 --Adhesion - moist trackSKID TESTER 41 -- 41 -- 42 --__________________________________________________________________________GOODRICH FLEXOMETERStatic compression % (SC) 10.1 9.7 10.0Original dynamiccompression (ODC) % 3.4 2.4 2.05Final dynamiccompression (FDC) % 3.45 2.5 2.1.DELTA. FDC-ODC .perspectiveto.0 .perspectiveto.0 .perspectiveto.0.DELTA. T. base .degree.C. 22.5 20.5 19.DELTA. T. core .degree.C. 79.0 68.5 65Permanent deformation % 2.45 1.9 1.7__________________________________________________________________________ .sigma. = standard deviation (1) expressed in Pa, to be multiplied by 10.sup.5
TABLE V__________________________________________________________________________TESTS 13 14 15__________________________________________________________________________Silane (% on silica) 1 2 1Succinimide (% on silica) 2 2 3__________________________________________________________________________Rheometer at 150.degree. C.Torque: Min Max 20-92.5 22-90.5 20-90.5.DELTA. Torques 72.5 68.5 70.5Induction Period - Index 7mn30-3mn30s 6mn-2mn45s 50mn30s-2mn30sOptimum 11mn 8mn45s 8mn__________________________________________________________________________STATIC PROPERTIES .sigma. .sigma. .sigma.__________________________________________________________________________Resistance to breaking 119.5 6.8 138 9.3 132 5.1(1)Shore A hardness 68 -- 69 -- 69 --Modulus at 100% Eln. (1) 25 2 32 2.2 32 2.3Modulus at 300% Eln. (1) 88 4 112 2.4 120 6Elongation % 366 17 350 8.75 345 11.7Abrasion DIN (losses) 132 -- 121 -- 121 --Adhesion - moist trackSKID TESTER 42 -- 42 -- 43 --__________________________________________________________________________GOODRICH FLEXOMETERStatic compression % (SC) 10.1 9.9 10.3Original dynamic 2.65 2.5 2.5compression (ODC) %Final dynamic 2.90 2.6 2.5compression (FDC) %.DELTA. FDC-ODC 0.25 .perspectiveto.0 .perspectiveto.0.DELTA. T. base .degree.C. 21.0 20.0 20.0.DELTA. T. core .degree.C. 73.0 70.5 67.0Permanent deformation % 2.10 1.75 1.45__________________________________________________________________________ .sigma. = standard deviation (1) expressed in Pa, to be multiplied by 10.sup.5
TABLE VI__________________________________________________________________________ Resistance Modulus Adhesion, Permanent to breaking Shore A 300% Abrasion moist track .DELTA. FDC- .DELTA. T Deformation OdorTests Silane Succinimide (1) Hardness (1) DIN (.mu.) ODC core % (Silane)__________________________________________________________________________1 0 0 94.3 67 37 168 40 +1.8 105.0 5.05 --6 0 1 80.0 66 44.5 169 40 +1.8 97.5 4.05 --7 0 2 88.0 65 44.5 169 40 +2.3 104.5 4.35 --8 0 3 77.5 66 45.5 170 40 +1.55 102.5 3.7 --9 0 4 83 66 47.0 166 40 +1.8 100.0 3.5 --__________________________________________________________________________ (1) expressed in Pa, to be multiplied by 10.sup.5
TABLE VII__________________________________________________________________________ Resistance Modulus Adhesion, Permanent to breaking Shore A 300% Abrasion moist track .DELTA. FDC- .DELTA. T Deformation OdorTests Silane Succinimide (1) Hardness (1) DIN (.mu.) ODC core % (Silane)__________________________________________________________________________1 0 0 94.3 67 37 168 40 +1.8 105.0 5.05 --2 1 0 101 66 69 121 41 +0.55 77.5 1.95 Weak3 2 0 119 69 96 122 42 +0.5 75.0 1.95 Average Very4 3 0 153 71 123 110 42 +0.3 70.5 1.8 Strong5 4 0 151 70 120 98 42 +0.15 66.0 1.6 Pungent__________________________________________________________________________ (1) expressed in Pa, to be multiplied by 10.sup.5
TABLE VIII__________________________________________________________________________ Resistance Modulus Adhesion, Permanent to breaking Shore A 300% Abrasion moist .DELTA.FDC- .DELTA. T Deformation OdorTests Silane Succinimide (1) Hardness (1) DIN track (.mu.) ODC core % Silane__________________________________________________________________________1 0 0 94.3 67 37 168 40 +1.8 105.0 5.05 --2 1 0 101 66 69 121 41 +0.55 77.5 1.95 Weak10 1 1 94 70 62 131 41 .about.0 79.0 2.45 Weak13 1 2 119.5 68 88 132 42 +0.25 73.0 2.1 Weak15 1 3 132 69 120 121 43 .about.0 67.0 1.45 Weak3 2 0 119 69 96 122 42 +0.5 75.0 1.95 Average11 2 1 133 69 110 123 41 .about.0 68.5 1.9 Average14 2 2 138 69 112 121 42 .about.0 70.5 1.75 Average4 3 0 153 71 123 110 42 +0.3 70.5 1.8 Very Strong12 3 1 147 70 127 108 42 .about.0 65.0 1.7 Very Strong__________________________________________________________________________ (1) expressed in Pa, to be multiplied by 10.sup.5
TABLE IX__________________________________________________________________________ Resistance Modulus Adhesion, Permanent to breaking Shore A 300% Abrasion moist track .DELTA. FDC- .DELTA. T Deformation OdorTests Silane Succinimide (1) Hardness (1) DIN (.mu.) ODC core % (Silane)__________________________________________________________________________1 0 0 94.3 67 37 168 40 +1.8 105.0 5.05 --4 3 0 153 71 123 110 42 +0.3 70.5 1.8 Very strong5 4 0 151 70 120 98 42 +0.15 66.0 1.6 Pungent12 3 1 147 70 127 108 42 0 65.0 1.7 Very strong15 1 3 132 69 120 121 43 0 67.0 1.45 Weak__________________________________________________________________________ (1) expressed in Pa, to be multiplied by 10.sup.5
Referring to Tables VI, VII, VIII and IX, it will first be noted from (Table VII) that the silane had a considerable positive effect on the group of mechanical properties.
With 1% of silane, an appreciable gain was observed in the modulus at 300%, loss through abrasion (-30%), the .DELTA.FDC-ODC, permanent deformation and heating. The improvement reaches its best overall level with 3% of silane, but the odor is very strong.
When succinimide was substituted for the silane (Table VI) the improvement due to this compound was less than that obtained with silane alone. On the other hand, when succinimide was substituted for part of the silane a remarkable synergic effect was observed (Table VIII), which showed itself in the essential properties such as resistance to breaking, modulus and heating. The effect was remarkable even with 1% of silane, which made it possible to have a weak, acceptable odor. An excellent result was obtained with 3% of succinimide and 1% of silane.
In the second part of Table VIII (tests 3, 11, 14), the proportion of silane was increased, and an improvement due to the succinimide was noted.
Finally, in the last two tests (4 and 12) shown in Table VIII, the proportion of silane was increased, and the addition of succinimide made it possible to improve the heating.
It is apparent from the foregoing results that the addition of succinimide generally enables heating and viscosity to be reduced, but there is a surprising synergic action with silane, resulting in quite spectacular improvements for selected silane/succinimide ratios.
This is brought out even better in Table VIII, where tests with a high content of silane are set out together with the test which gave the best results in the present case (test 15).
This example thus shows the quite unexpected and spectacular effect of the compositions according to the invention. The silane/succinimide ratios are not of course given in any restrictive sense, since the tests were carried out with a given formulation and also with a specific silane and succinimide.
EXAMPLE 2
In this example natural rubber was used, but with the same silica, the same succinimide and the same silane as employed above.
The formulation was as follows, in parts by weight:
______________________________________[i] Natural rubber SMR 5L 100.00[ii] Stearic acid 1.50[iii] Zinc oxide 4.00[iv] Antioxidant (PERMANAX I PPD) 1.50[v] Antioxidant (PERMANAX 6 PPP) 1.50[vi] Vulcafor CBS 1.80[vii] Oil DUTREX 729 FC 20.00[viii] Silica 60.00[ix] Polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) 3.00[x] Sulfur 2.80[xi] Silane and succinimide (See Table X.)______________________________________
The mixture was prepared in the same way as in EXAMPLE 1.
TABLE X______________________________________Tests 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25______________________________________Succinimide 0 2 4 6 0 0 0 0 3 3(% of silica)Silane 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 1.0 1.5(% of silica)______________________________________
The results are set out in Tables XI, XII and XIII.
It is to be noted that the combination of succinimide with silane still gives results equivalent to those observed with silane alone.
TABLE XI__________________________________________________________________________TESTS 16 17 18 19__________________________________________________________________________Silane (% on silica) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Succinimide (% on silica) 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0Rheometer at 150.degree. C.Torque: Min Max 24-91 24-85 16-83 11-76.DELTA. Torques 67 64 67 65Induction period-Index 7mn45s-9mn30s 7mn-8mn30s 4mn45s-8mn30s 45mn45s- 8mn30sOptimum vulcanization time 17mn15s 15mn30s 13mn15s 13mnSTATIC PROPERTIES .sigma. .sigma. .sigma. .sigma.Resistance to breaking (1) 200 12.7 203 11.3 205 9 203 6.5Shore A hardness 72 68 68 67Modulus at 100% Elongation (1) 13.7 0.3 14.7 1.2 14.2 0.8 13.7 1.4Modulus at 300% Elongation (1) 30 1.4 34 1.5 33 2.8 30 3.7Elongation % 728 20.5 715 16.5 722 32 734 37Trouser tearing kg/cm 36.2 2.2 35.0 1.8 35.9 4.1 35.5 3.5Abrasion DIN (losses) 232 235 229 251GOODRICH FLEXOMETERload 24 lbs, deflection 22.2%,F 21.4 Hz, temperature 50.degree. C.Static compression (SC) % 10.0 10.3 10.2 11.9Original dynamic compression (ODC) % 14.1 11.3 11.0 11.2Final dynamic compression (FDC) % 39.4 28.4 21.5 20.7.DELTA. FDC-ODC 25.3 17.1 10.5 9.5.DELTA. T. base 73 45 33.5 27.0.DELTA. T. core .fwdarw. 150 128 105 94.0Permanent deformation % 33.1 18.0 11.87 10.3__________________________________________________________________________ (1) expressed in Pa, to be multiplied by 10.sup.5 .sigma. = standard deviation
TABLE XII__________________________________________________________________________TESTS 20 21 22 23__________________________________________________________________________Silane (% silica) 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0Succinimide (% on silica) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Rheometer at 150.degree. C.Torque: Min Max 21-88 15-78 12.5-76 13-76.5.DELTA. Torques 67 63 63.5 63.5Scorch time - index 5mn30s-7mn30s 4mn45s-5mn30s 3mn30s-6mn30s 2mn30s-6mn30sOptimum vulcanization time 13mn 10mn15s 10mn 9mnSTATIC PROPERTIES .sigma. .sigma. .sigma. .sigma.Resistance to breaking (1) 223 10 237 7.5 233 11.3 238 12.2Shore A hardness 72 70 68 69Modulus at 100% Elongation (1) 16.6 1.6 20 2 19 2 17.6 1.7Modulus at 300% Elongation (1) 57 3.7 63 4.7 66 5 65 3.5Elongation % 735 14 736 22 671 33 655 16Trouser tearing kg/cm 38.7 2.1 43.3 2.7 39.7 6.0 41.5 3.7Abrasion DIN (losses) 186 184 177 163GOODRICH FLEXOMETERload 24 lbs, deflection 22.2%,F 21.4 Hz, temperature 50.degree. C.Static compression (SC) % 9.0 9.4 11.9 12.2Original dynamic compression (ODC) % 6.6 7.0 8.0 8.25Final dynamic compression (FDC) % 11.9 10.8 10.85 11.20.DELTA. FDC-ODC 5.3 3.8 2.85 2.95.DELTA. T. base 24.5 21.5 20.50 20.0.DELTA. T. core 89.0 87.0 79.5 76.5Permanent deformation % 6.3 5.0 4.5 4.35__________________________________________________________________________ (1) expressed in Pa, to be multiplied by 10.sup.5? .sigma. = standard deviation
TABLE XIII__________________________________________________________________________ TESTS 24 25__________________________________________________________________________Silane A 189 (% on silica) 1.0 1.5Succinimide (% on silica) 3.0 3.0Rheometer at 150.degree. C.Torque: Min Max 14.5-85.0 14.0-80.DELTA. Torques 70.5 66Induction period - Index 4mn45s-7mn30s 4mn-6mn30sOptimum vulcanization time 12mn15s 10mn30sSTATIC PROPERTIES .sigma. .sigma.Resistance to breaking (1) 216 9 224 10Shore A hardness 69 67Modulus at 100% Elongation (1) 16 1.2 17.6 1.5Modulus at 300% Elongation (1) 53 2.6 56 4.5Elongation % 697 27 706 32Trouser tearing kg/cm 44.4 5.7 42.0 4.7Abrasion DIN (losses) 200 199GOODRICH FLEXOMETERload 24 lbs, deflection 22.2%,F 21.4 Hz, temperature 50.degree. C.Static compression (SC) % 12.5 13.5Original dynamic compression (ODC) % 8.85 8.7Final dynamic compression (FDC) % 12.65 11.7.DELTA. FDC-ODC 3.8 3.0.DELTA. T. base 20.5 19.0.DELTA. T. core 81.0 77.5Permanent deformation % 4.9 4.6__________________________________________________________________________ (1) expressed in Pa, to be multiplied by 10.sup.5 .sigma. = standard deviation
EXAMPLE 3
In this example, the same succinimide as above was used but a different silane was employed. The silane used was a mercapto-silane fixed on a synthetic calcium silicate in a ratio of 70% by weight of active silane, marketed by Union Carbide under the name of DSC-18;
The formulation used was as follows, in parts by weight:
______________________________________[i] SBR 1500 100.0[ii] Aromatic oil (Dutrex 729 FC) 20.00[iii] Zinc oxide 4.00[iv] Stearic oxide 1.50[v] Sulfur 2.80[vi] Permanax I PPD 1.50[vii] Permanax 6 PPD 1.50[viii] Vulcafor CBS 3.00[ix] Zeosil 45 60.00[x] Silane and succinimide (See Table XIV)______________________________________
The results obtained are given in Table XIV.
Test 26 represented the control, that is to say, without succinimide and without silane.
It is to be noted that:
(a) In the rheometer, silane used alone reduced viscosity as compared with the control, and the combination of silane+succinimide had a greater effect;
(b) Silane alone and the combination of silane+succinimide improved the static and dynamic properties.
Thus, the incorporation of succinimide in combination with and partial substitution for the silane considerably reduces the viscosity of the crude mix. Indeed, this combination reduces viscosity to a greater extent than silane alone, while keeping the properties at the same level at lower cost.
TABLE XIV__________________________________________________________________________TESTS 26 27 28 29__________________________________________________________________________ADDITIVESDSC 18 (containing 70% of activeproduct) (1) 0 1.0.sup.(*) 3.0.sup.(*) 1.0.sup.(*)Succinimide (1) 0 0 0 3.0Rheometer at 150.degree. C.Torque: Min Max 20-116 185-116 15-115 13-108.DELTA. Torques 96 97.5 100 95Scorch time - Index 7mn 15s-10mn 15s 7mn 45s-9mn 6mn 15s-7mn 45s 6mn 45s-7mn 15sOptimum vulcanization 17mn 30s 15mn 45s 14mn 14mnSTATIC PROPERTIESResistance to breaking (2) 165 183 197 191Shore hardness A 72 75 75 72Modulus at 100% Elongation 19.6 30 33.8 26.5Modulus at 300% Elongation 14 92.6 109.7 78Elongation % 560 46.7 493 57.4Trouser tearing kg/cm 27.8 24 16 27Abrasion DIN (losses) 214 165 150 184GOODRICH FLEXOMETERload 24lbs, deflection 22.2%,F 21,4 Hz, temperature 50.degree. C. 8.6 8.15 8.25 9Static compression (SC) %Original dynamic compression(ODC) % 3.2 0.7 0.9 2.15Final dynamic compression(FDE) % 6.0 1.15 0.9 2.65.DELTA. FDC-ODC 2.8 0.45 0 0.5.DELTA. T. base 34 25.5 25.5 28.DELTA. T. core 122 81.5 84.5 91Permanent deformation % 4.5 2.55 2.6 2.25__________________________________________________________________________ (1) expressed as % relative to silica (2) expressed in Pa, to be multiplied by 10.sup.5 .sup.(*) expressed as active product
EXAMPLE 4
This was carried out under the same conditions as the previous example, except that the silane used was bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide (silane SI 69). The same control sample (test 26) will therefore be referred to.
The results are set out in Table XV.
It will be seen that this silane alone produced the viscosity of the crude mix (tests 30-33). However, combinations of 1 part of silane with 3 parts of succinimide (test 34) and 1 part of silane with 4 parts of succinimide (test 35) reduced viscosity as much as silane alone, or more so, which is economically valuable, while maintaining an appropriate level in the static and dynamic properties.
TABLE XV__________________________________________________________________________TESTS 30 31 32 33 34 35__________________________________________________________________________ADDITIVESSilane SI 69 (1) 1.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 1.0 1.0Succinimide (1) 0 0 0 0 3.0 4.0Rheometer at 150.degree. C.Torque: Min Max 17.5-118 18-118 16.5-122 13.102 15-110 12-102.5.DELTA. Torques 100.5 100 105.5 89 95 90.5Scorch time - Index 7mn 30s-9mn 7mn 30s-9mn 7mn-9mn 7mn-8mn 15s 5mn 45s-8mn 5mn-8mn 15s 30s 30s 30sOptimum vulcanization time 17mn 17mn 16mn 15mn 15s 14mn 15s 14mn 15sSTATIC PROPERTIESResistance to breaking (2) 176 173 193 159 187 182Shore A hardness 74 76 78 75 72 72Modulus 100% Elongation (2) 30 33 42 31 28 26Modulus 300% Elongation (2) 89.5 102 135 119 80 84Elongation % 512 473 439 376 552 533Trouser tearing kg/cm 25.4 28.4 14.5 3.0 45.9 19Abrasion DIN (losses) 172 163 148 143 184 179GOODRICH FLEXOMETERload 24lbs, deflection 22.2%,F-21.4 Hz, temperature 50.degree. C. 8.2 7.2 7.0 8.1 8.35 8.8Static compression (SC) %Original dynamic compression 0.9 0 0.8 0 1.65 2.6(ODC) %Final dynamic compression(FDC) % 1.0 0 0.8 0.15 1.95 3.0.DELTA. FDC-ODC 0.1 0 0 0.15 0.3 0.4.DELTA. T. base 26 24 21 21 26 28.DELTA. T. core 87 83 69 66.5 86.5 89.5Permanent deformation % 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.5 2.8 2.5__________________________________________________________________________ (1) expressed as % relative to the filler (2) expressed in Pa, to be multiplied by 10.sup.5
EXAMPLE 5
The same general formulation was used, but 30 parts of silica were replaced by 30 parts of carbon black (black N 326); the silane was gamma-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (A 189) and the succinimide was the same as in the previous examples.
The results are set out in Table XVI.
It will be noted that:
(a) In the rheometer, the properties were not substantially changed as a function of the combinations of silane and succinimide;
(b) The same was true of the static properties; and
(c) As regards dynamic properties, the combination of 1% silane with 3% succinimide gave less heating and less permanent deformation than were obtained with 1% silane alone. Moreover, the combination of 1% silane with 3% succinimide was also substantially better than the composition containing 3% silane.
The unexpected conclusion is that, in the mix containing black and silica, the behavior of the combination of 1 part silane and 3 parts succinimide led to the same conclusions about dynamic properties as were arrived at with mixes containing silica only as the filler, i.e. the dynamic properties were improved as compared with 1% and 3% of silane alone, with the economic advantages already pointed out.
TABLE XVI__________________________________________________________________________TESTS 36 37 38__________________________________________________________________________ADDITIVESSILANE A 189 (1) 1 3 1Succinimide (1) 0 0 3Rheometer at 150.degree. C.Couple: Mini Maxi 10.5-84.0 10.0-83.0 9.5-82.5.DELTA. Couples 73.5 73 73Scorch - Index 11mn 15s-8mn 10mn 30s-6mn 30s 16mn 15s-7mnOptimum vulcanization time 19mn 15s 17mn 16mn 15sSTATIC PROPERTIESResistance to breaking (2) 202 206 216Shore A hardness 68 67 67Modulus 100% Elongation 26 25.5 27Modulus 300% Elongation 90 86.5 90Elongation % 570 570 580Trouser tearing kg/cm 33 39 36Abrasion DIN (losses) 153 137 142GOODRICH FLEXOMETERload-24lbs, deflection-22.2%F-21.4 Hz, .alpha.-50.degree. C. 13.55 13.5 14.15Static compression %Dynamic compression %beginning 5.1 5.0 5.55Dynamic compression % end 5.45 5.1 5.50.DELTA. CDF-CDO 0.35 +0.1 ++0.DELTA. T. base 32.5 30.5 30.0.DELTA. T. core 98.5 95.0 93Permanent deformation % 3 2.7 2.6__________________________________________________________________________ (1) expressed as % relative to the filler (2) expressed in Pa, to be multiplied by 10.sup.5
EXAMPLE 6
In this example succinimide was brought on a carrier. The formulation used was as follows in parts by weight:
______________________________________[i] Natural rubber SMR 5L 100.00[ii] Stearic acid 1.50[iii] Zinc oxide 4.00[iv] AntioxidantPermanax 6PPD 1.50Permanax IPPD 1.50[v] Vulcafor CBS 1.50[vi] Oil Dutrex 20.00[vii] Precipitated silica BET area of 172 m.sup.2 /g 60.00[viii] Polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) 3.00[ix] Silane and succinimide (See Tables XVII and XVIII) sulfur 2.80______________________________________
The succinimide is a product very visqueous, difficult to work and handle, in order to avoid this inconvenient is was brought on a siliceous carrier in the following proportions:
66% of succinimide
34% of siliceous carrier it appears that this working does not alter the efficiency of this product according to the present invention.
TABLE XVII______________________________________ BANBURY - ONE MIXING______________________________________Silane A 189 (%) 0.0 3.0 1.0 0.0Succiminide (as % ofactive product) 0.0 0.0 3.0 (1) 4.0 (2)Rheometer at 150.degree. C.Torque Min 24.0 15.0 14.5 15.5Torque Max 81.0 68.0 77.5 75.0.DELTA. Torque 57.0 53.0 63.0 59.5Scorch time = T + 2 8.0 3.25 4.0 4.75Index + T.90 - T.2 11.5 9.25 8.75 9.75Optimum = T.90 19.5 12.5 12.75 14.5Resistance to breaking 20.1 22.7 23.1 21.4MpaHardness Shore A 66 62 65 62Modulus 100% M.Pa 1.5 2.0 1.9 1.7Modulus 300% M.Pa 3.5 5.6 4.9 4.0Elongation 672 679 690 684Tearing kg/cm 52 44 65 65Abrasion DIN 285 204 225 276______________________________________ (1) -3% on active product, 4.5% as product on silica (2) -4% on active product, 6% as product on silica
TABLE XVIII______________________________________ BANBURY - ONE MIXING______________________________________SILANE A 189 (%) 0.0 3.0 1.0 0.0Succinimide (as % ofactive product) 0.0 0.0 3.0 (1) 4.0 (2)Dynamic PropertiesGoodrich FlexometerStatic compression %(SC) 13.3 12.7 11.3 12.2Original dynamic com-pression (ODC) % 14.7 10.8 9.1 12.1Final dynamic com-pression (FDC) % 11.3 14.8 14.4 25.7.DELTA. FDC-ODC 2.1 4.0 5.3 13.6Heating.DELTA. T. base .degree.C. >60 23 23.5 34.DELTA. T. core .degree.C. >150 83.5 87.5 107.5Permanent deformation% 22.5 6.9 7.1 12.3______________________________________ (1) -3% on active product, 4.5% as product on silica (2) -4% on active product, 6% as product on silica
While the invention has been described in terms of various preferred embodiments, the skilled artisan will appreciate that various modifications, substitutions, omissions, and changes may be made without departing from the spirit thereof. Accordingly, it is intended that the scope of the present invention be limited solely by the scope of the following claims.

Number	Name	Date
3586699	Wu	Jun 1971
3702766	Dunham et al.	Nov 1972
3810784	Wong et al.	May 1974
3850872	Marzocchi	Nov 1974
3862882	Marzocchi	Jan 1975
3966531	Bargin	Jun 1976
4118536	Beardsley et al.	Oct 1978
4251281	Machurat et al.	Feb 1981

Coupling agent compositions for coupling an elastomer to a filler and elastomer/filler compositions containing same

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Chem. Abst., vol. 88 (24088c), Gajewski et al., 1978.
Chem. Abst., vol. 84 (32295a) 1976, Wagner et al.
Chem. Abst., vol. 74 (4410j) 1971, Ziemianski et al.
Chem. Abst., vol. 74 (142812t), Rakus et al. 1971.