Craniofacial and especially orbital wall and floor defects may result from trauma, cancer, resection, or congenital defects. Such defects are typically treated surgically using bone grafts or synthetic implants. Congenital defects or fractures of the complex and relatively thin bone structures surrounding and supporting the human eye present difficult internal bone repair and fixation problems. In instances when the eye is subject to trauma, the margin or rim of the orbit may diffuse the force of the impact. However, compression of the orbital contents sometimes may occur and fracture the relatively fragile orbit floor and/or the lateral and medial orbital walls. Also injury at the lateral orbital rim may produce a fracture within the orbit. When the orbit is fractured standard bone-grafting techniques for orbital reconstruction may not result in predictable eye function and positioning. Often the support of the globe is deficient as a result of under correction of the defect, over correction, or inadequate reconstruction of the orbital volume. Further, the bone graph may be subject to resorption that may result in result in a less than optimal support. The accurate anatomical reconstruction of the bony orbit is essential to maintain normal function and appearance of the eye following orbital fractures. Because most of the bone of the internal orbit surfaces is thin, it is difficult to adequately stabilize the fractured bone fragments without the use of autogenous or alloplastic materials.
Autologous bone grafts have been considered an optimal treatment method for orbital floor and wall reconstruction. However, this material is sometimes difficult to obtain and difficult to shape the bone graft material to properly fit within the orbit. There are problems relating to the tissue donor site morbidity. As discussed above, autogenous bone grafts have frequently been used by craniomaxillofacial surgeons for the reconstruction of the internal orbit. Bone may be harvested from the calvarium and other autogenous materials including iliac bone, split rib bone. Cartilage has also been used as a bone graft material. However, autogenous bones sometimes result in an unacceptable amount of resorption.
A variety of alloplastic materials have been used for orbital reconstruction and craniofacial applications including, silicone rubber, Teflon, Supramid, tantalum mesh, Vitallium mesh, titanium mesh, polyethylene, and methyl methacrylate Perforated biocompatible metallic strips and metallic panels may be used for rigid internal fixation of fractures in trauma surgery and as a plate material for bone immobilization and stabilization. Metal implants can be used for bone graft support material in reconstructive surgery.
Synthetic implant materials have the advantage of no donor site morbidity, ease of use, relative low cost and ready availability. While there are advantages of synthetic implants, some characteristics may be regarded as disadvantages. Silicone rubber has a smooth surface, but does not allow fibrovascular ingrowth into the implant. Further, although it is flexible, it does not readily conform to the profile of the region where it is required or maintain a new shape when shaped to fit a particular location. For example, in connection with the reconstruction of the orbit, a silicone rubber implant is not an attractive option because upon shaping it to the desired profile, it will tend to be biased back to its original shape. While a silicone rubber implant does not maintain its shape, in a case where the soft tissues of the orbit have been traumatized, an implant with a smooth superior surface is desirable to prevent attachment of the tissues to the implant upon healing. Attachment of these tissues to the wall of the implant may result in restriction of movement of the eye, causing diplopia, dizziness, and headaches, as well as a cosmetic anomaly on upgaze, downgaze or lateral gaze.
Implants having a porous structure such as porous polyethylene with predetermined pore sizes allow for fibrovascular ingrowth. In some circumstances fibrovascular ingrowth is desirable because it integrates the implant within the tissues, and reduces the possibility that that the synthetic material will be rejected. Further, fibrovascular ingrowth on the inferior or sinus side of the implant, allows for mucosalization of the implant surface, and, since the opposite side of the implant may be a barrier, the sinus is effectively isolated from the soft tissues of the orbit. This arrangement is considered desirable because it increases the ability of the implant to ward off infection and minimizes the chance of a sinus infection from entering through the orbit. Fibrovascular ingrowth is also thought to minimize the chance of implant migration or displacement. Porous polyethylene is somewhat flexible and thin sheets appropriate for orbital floor and wall reconstruction can be bent to an appropriate shape. However, this material tends to return to its original shape. Further, porous polyethylene does not have a smooth superior surface, so it may result in restriction of the orbital tissues due to fibrous ingrowth when used for orbital reconstruction.
Pure titanium is the material of choice in craniofacial reconstructive surgery, especially when the implant is intended to be permanent. As an implant material, pure titanium is preferred because its low density and elastic modules are less than some of the stainless steel or cobalt-chromium alloys that have been used as implant materials. Titanium is corrosion resistant and, when provided in thin sheets, is pliable. Titanium implants many be cut and shaped to the appropriate configuration at the time of surgery. Titanium mesh is easily moldable in situ and easily fixed to bone, but does not have smooth surfaces, nor does it allow for fibrovascular ingrowth. An easily molded material is desirable so that the surgeon can create the correct shape to properly reconstruct the orbital walls or orbital floor. Titanium mesh can be molded to the desired shape by hand and it will retain the shape due to the malleability and strength of the titanium material.
While there are a number of options for an implant material for orbital reconstruction, there remains a need for a material that is easily moldable by hand and will retain its shape after molding, has a smooth impenetrable surface on one side, and a porous surface on the opposite side, and is made from highly biocompatible materials. Preferably it is desirable to provide an implant that can be trimmed and bent to shape to fit the shape of the orbital wall or orbital floor reconstruction, and placed in the orbit with the smooth surface on the inside, against the periosteum and soft tissues and with the porous side directed toward the sinus region. Further, it would be desirable to provide a material that can be fixed to the orbital bones with surgical screws or to the surrounding tissues with sutures.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a unique implant for the repair of orbital defects and fixation of orbital fractures.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a unique composite implant structure which can be shaped for use during a surgical procedures relating to the repair of the orbit and be readily cut, reshaped or bent to conform to the orbital walls and affixed to the orbit or the orbital margin.
It is another object of the invention to provide an implant structure that forms a bather between the sinus and the soft tissues of the orbit.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a craniofacial implant that may be sued in other applications wherein it is desirable to maintain the shape of the implant.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following summary and detailed description of the orbital repair implant structure of the invention taken with the accompanying drawing figures.
The present invention is directed to an improved implant and method of reconstruction of craniofacial defects, and in particular for orbital defects. The implant is a composite structure comprised of a surgical grade metal provided in a planar sheet form that is encased within a thermoplastic resin. In a first embodiment, one surface of the implant is smooth and impervious so that when the implant is placed within the body, it may form a bather. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, while one side of the implant has a smooth surface, the opposite side of the implant is comprised of porous polyethylene that allows for fibrous tissue ingrowth. In a method of reconstruction, the implant that is described herein is cut and then shaped to conform to the profile of a defect to be treated. The implant is then secured to bony tissue using surgical screws or an alternative mechanical fastener. Because the implant contains a mesh it will maintain its shape.
The present invention is directed to novel implants for craniofacial surgery, methods for making said implant and a method of reconstructing orbital and cranial defects with the implants described. As described herein, a preferred application for the implant is for the reconstruction of orbital defects that may have resulted from trauma or disease or birth defects. Other craniofacial applications are also contemplated.
Now referring to
The first specific embodiment of the invention is illustrated in
Now referring to
As illustrated by
In a preferred embodiment of the invention described above, the polyethylene film is approximately 0.1 mm thick, the titanium mesh is approximately 0.35 mm thick and the porous polyethylene is approximately 0.9 mm thick, inclusive of the imbedded titanium mesh. Thus the overall thickness of the material is approximately 1 mm.
Now referring to
While preferred embodiments of the titanium mesh are illustrated by
Now referring to
In yet a further alternative embodiment of the invention, the structure involves the providing of a titanium mesh plate within a porous polyethylene matrix wherein all sides have porous surfaces.
In the preferred embodiments of the invention described above, the pore size of the porous polyethylene is sized large enough to allow for fibrovascular ingrowth. This pore size range would preferably be in the range of 100-250 microns, but could vary in the range of 20-500 microns. While polyethylene sheets and high density porous polyethylene matrix are preferred, it is also contemplated that other synthetic resins and combinations can be used in connection with the invention. For example PETE, PTFE and/or nylon may be selected as the thermoplastic resin. It is also should be understood that the Figures depicted herein are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the barrier in
Now referring to
The invention having been described in detail with respect to preferred embodiments above, it will now be apparent from the foregoing to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made without departing from the invention in its broader aspects, and the invention, therefore, as defined in the appended claims is intended to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit of the invention.
This application is a continuation application of U.S. Ser. No. 10/517,843, filed Jul. 12, 2005, now allowed, which is a national phase application of PCT/US2004/011903, filed Apr. 16, 2004, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/463,036, filed Apr. 16, 2003, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/496,684, filed Aug. 21, 2003, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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60463036 | Apr 2003 | US | |
60496684 | Aug 2003 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 10517843 | US | |
Child | 12652896 | US |