Patent Application
20240065280
The present invention relates to creamer compositions and to processes for producing creamer compositions.
Creamers are widely used as whitening agents with hot and cold beverages such as, for example, coffee, cocoa, tea, etc. They are commonly used in place of milk and/or dairy cream. Creamers may come in a variety of different flavours and provide mouthfeel, body, and a smooth texture. Creamers can be in liquid or powder forms.
Both consumers and health authorities seek nutritionally balanced foods and beverages with reduced calorie content. In addition, many consumers look for enhanced mouthfeel, also denoted as richness, texture or creaminess, of foods and beverages. At the same time, many foods and beverages are transitioning from high fat and high sugar versions to versions with reduced fat and reduced sugar content in order to limit the calorie content.
However, a reduction in fat and/or sugar content can result in a less pleasing mouthfeel. Emulsified fat contributes considerably to the in-mouth textural quality of a food or beverage, typically enhancing body (thickness), smoothness and/or mouthcoating, all of which are sensory attributes that describe a creaminess sensation.
However, by reducing fat content, for example in a beverage, in order to reduce the overall calorie content, the characteristic of creaminess can be lost, resulting in a product that is perceived by consumers as being watery, thin, weak, diluted and/or low quality. Additionally, the perception of aroma released from a beverage or food product may be reduced when fat content is reduced.
Creamers, such as non-dairy creamers, may use casein or a salt thereof, e.g. sodium caseinate, as a protein component. The sodium caseinate functions as an emulsifier to stabilise the oil component in the creamer. The amount of sodium caseinate present in the creamer is a balance between the need to emulsify the oil component of the creamer, and the need to avoid undesirable coagulation of protein in the beverage to which the creamer is added. In order to obtain good emulsion stability, the sodium caseinate is typically present in the creamer in an amount between 6% and 45%, calculated in percentage on the total oil+emulsifier amount in the system. In CA1046836 a powdered creamer composition is described in which the sodium caseinate (NaCas) percentage is between 7% (3% NaCas for 40% fat in the powder) and 43% (15% NaCas for 20% fat in the powder).
There is therefore a need in the art for a means to enhance the mouthfeel and perceived creaminess of foods and/or beverages without increasing the overall fat content, as well as means for improving the perception of aroma released from food and/or beverages, especially when fat content is reduced.
The present invention solves the above prior art problems by providing creamer compositions as described in the claims.
By a creamer composition is meant a composition that is intended to be added to a food and/or beverage composition, such as e.g. coffee, tea or soup, to impart specific characteristics such as colour (e.g. whitening effect), thickening, flavour, texture, and/or other desired characteristics. A creamer composition of the invention is preferably in powdered form, but may also be in liquid form.
Advantageously, the creamer compositions of the invention produce a creamy layer on top of a beverage or liquid food product, which provides an improved mouthfeel and creaminess perception by the consumer, without increasing the overall fat content of the beverage or liquid food product, and/or increases the perception of aroma released from the beverage or liquid food product. This is achieved by lowering the amount of casein or salt thereof present in the creamer relative to the amount of lipid component.
In one aspect, the invention provides a creamer composition, said composition comprising casein or a salt thereof and an oil wherein the weight ratio of casein or salt thereof to oil is about 0.005:1 to about 0.035:1, preferably about 0.010:1 to about 0.030:1; preferably about 0.012:1 to about 0.028:1, more preferably about 0.015:1 to about 0.025:1.
In another aspect, the invention provides a creamer composition, said composition comprising casein or a salt thereof and an oil, wherein the casein or salt thereof is present in the composition in an amount from about 0.20 wt. % to about 1.20 wt. %; preferably about 0.40 wt. % to about 0.96 wt. %; preferably about 0.40 wt. % to about 0.90 wt. %; preferably about 0.50 wt. % to about 0.80 wt. %.
In one embodiment, the creamer composition is provided in the form of a powder.
The casein or salt thereof component of the creamer composition may be selected from: micellar casein, sodium caseinate, potassium caseinate and calcium caseinate; preferably the casein or salt thereof is sodium caseinate.
The oil component of the creamer composition may be an oil selected from: palm oil, palm kernel oil or olein, hydrogenated palm kernel oil or olein, coconut oil, algal oil, canola oil, soy bean oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, cotton seed oil, milk fat, and corn oil.
The creamer composition may comprise a sweetener (for example, a sugar), sodium chloride, a buffer, and/or a low molecular weight emulsifier.
In one embodiment, the creamer composition of the invention does not comprise a low molecular weight emulsifier.
The creamer composition may comprise about 10 wt. % to about 80 wt. % oil; preferably about 10 wt. % to about 50 wt. % oil, more preferably about 15 wt. % to about 40 wt. % oil; and even more preferably about 20 wt. % to about 35 wt. % oil.
In one embodiment, the creamer composition of the invention is obtainable by a process comprising the steps of (i) adding a gas under high pressure into the composition, preferably wherein the gas is nitrogen, and (ii) drying, e.g. spray drying, the composition.
The creamer composition of the invention may be a beverage creamer, preferably a coffee creamer.
In another aspect, the invention provides the use of the creamer composition of the invention herein to form a creamy layer on top of a beverage, wherein the creamy layer comprises a plurality of oil droplet aggregations.
In one embodiment, about 25 wt. % to about 80 wt. % of the oil component of the composition is present in the creamy layer; preferably about 45 wt. % to about 80 wt. %; for example about 45 wt. % to about 65 wt. %.
In another aspect, the invention provides a coffee beverage composition comprising the creamer composition of the invention and a coffee component, preferably a dried coffee component.
In one embodiment, upon reconstitution of the coffee beverage composition in water at a temperature of at least 70° C. to form a coffee beverage a creamy layer is formed on top of the beverage, wherein the creamy layer comprises a plurality of oil droplet aggregations; preferably wherein about 25 wt. % to about 80 wt. % of the oil component of the composition is present in the creamy layer; for example about 45 wt. % to about 65 wt. %.
In a further aspect, the invention provides a process for providing a dried creamer composition of the invention, said process comprising the steps of:
Unless otherwise stated, weight percentage values (wt. % or %) described herein are given with respect to the wt. % of the stated ingredient in a powder creamer composition.
The present invention provides in one aspect a creamer composition, said composition comprising casein or a salt thereof and an oil wherein the weight ratio of casein or salt thereof to oil is about 0.005:1 to about 0.035:1, preferably about 0.010:1 to about 0.030:1; preferably about 0.012:1 to about 0.028:1, more preferably about 0.015:1 to about 0.025:1.
The creamer composition is capable of forming a creamy layer, preferably a creamy foam layer, on top of a beverage or liquid food product, wherein the creamy layer comprises a plurality of oil droplet aggregations.
The weight ratio of casein or salt thereof to oil may be about 0.005:1, 0.006:1, 0.007:1, 0.008:1, 0.009:1, 0.010:1, 0.011:1, 0.012:1, 0.013:1, 0.014:1, 0.015:1, 0.016:1, 0.017:1, 0.018:1, 0.019:1, 0.020:1, 0.021:1, 0.022:1, 0.023:1, 0.024:1, 0.025:1, 0.026:1, 0.027:1, 0.028:1, 0.029:1, 0.030:1, 0.031:1, 0.032:1, 0.033:1, 0.034:1 or 0.035:1.
In one aspect, the function of the casein or salt thereof component of a creamer is to emulsify and thus stabilise the oil component of the creamer when added to a liquid food or a beverage.
The present inventors have surprisingly found that by reducing the amount of casein or salt thereof present in the creamer relative to the oil component, such that the weight ratio of casein or salt thereof to oil in the creamer composition falls within the range of about 0.005:1 to about 0.035:1, the creamer advantageously produces a creamy layer at the top of a liquid food (for example a soup) or a beverage (for example tea or coffee). The creamy layer contains a high proportion of the total oils present in the creamer. Accordingly, the creamy layer produced by the creamer composition of the invention provides for an improved mouthfeel compared to that produced by a regular (prior art) creamer, providing increased perception of creaminess, thus improving the taste and perception of a liquid food or a beverage.
Advantageously, the creamy layer produced by the creamer composition of the invention provides increased mouthfeel and creaminess perception without the need for increasing the total fat content compared to the use of a regular creamer, and without the need for the addition of hydrocolloids or other mouthfeel-enhancing ingredients. The presence of the creamy layer has also been found to increase the perception of aroma released from the product to which the creamer is added.
As a further advantage, the reduction in the use of casein or salt thereof in the creamer also provides cost benefits in manufacturing.
Furthermore, use of the creamer of the invention in coffee beverages enables the production of coffees with a desirable “homemade” or “artisanal” and less “processed” appearance.
Without wishing to be bound by theory, the present inventors believe that the creamy layer produced by the creamers of the invention is formed from oil droplets that form aggregates and rise to the top of the liquid food or beverage due to their reduced density compared to the aqueous component of the liquid food or beverage. The inventors have surprisingly found that by reducing the concentration of casein or salt thereof present in the creamer at a constant oil content, the reduction in emulsification of oil droplets provides for increased oil droplet aggregation and the formation of the creamy layer in the final product.
Advantageously, the presence of the creamy layer increases the concentration of oil at the top of the liquid food or beverage, which provides for the increased perception of creaminess by the consumer.
The weight ratio of casein or salt thereof to oil component in the creamer is important to the formation of the creamy layer. If too much casein or salt thereof is present compared to the oil component, then there is no aggregation of the oil droplets in the final product and the creamy layer will not form. However, if the concentration of casein or salt thereof is too low, then excessive oil droplet aggregation and/or coalescence will destabilise the emulsion during homogenization and emulsion concentrate formation and/or drying of the concentrate, preventing the formation of a creamy layer after reconstitution in the final product.
Casein is a protein that may be found in mammalian milk. Casein and casein salts are commonly used in a variety of food products. The casein or salt thereof described herein may comprise α-casein, β-casein and/or γ-casein.
The casein or salt thereof used in the creamer composition of the invention may be micellar casein, sodium caseinate, potassium caseinate or calcium caseinate; preferably the casein or salt thereof is sodium caseinate. While casein and salts thereof are derived from a milk protein, when used in food products they are typically not regarded as a true dairy substance, due to having undergone processing. Accordingly, creamers comprising casein or a salt thereof such as sodium caseinate may be described as non-dairy creamers.
The oil component of the creamer may be an oil such as palm oil, palm kernel oil or olein, hydrogenated palm kernel oil or olein, coconut oil, algal oil, canola oil, soy bean oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, cotton seed oil, milk fat, or corn oil, or high oleic variants of oils such as high oleic soybean, high oleic canola, high oleic safflower, or high oleic sunflower oil.
In a preferred embodiment, the creamer composition is in the form of a powder. The powder may be obtained by drying of a liquid creamer concentrate. The drying step may be performed by spray drying, vacuum band drying, roller drying or freeze drying. In a preferred embodiment, the powder is obtained by spray drying.
In spray drying, a liquid is sprayed through a small nozzle into a heated drying gas. This produces a dried powder or particles which can subsequently be collected. Spray drying methods are known in the art and would be familiar to a skilled person.
The creamer composition of the invention may contain one or more further components, such as, for example, a sweetener (e.g. a sugar), sodium chloride, a buffer and/or a low molecular weight emulsifier or flavours. In a preferred embodiment, the oil comprises one or more added aroma components. By an added aroma component is meant an aroma or flavour component which is not naturally part of the oil. For example, if the creamer is intended to be used with coffee, coffee aroma and/or flavour may be added to the oil to increase the perceived coffee aroma and/or flavour of the final beverage.
A sweetener, such as a sugar (e.g. glucose), provides a desired sweet taste when the creamer is added to a liquid food or a beverage. As an alternative to sugar, an artificial sweetener may be used.
Sweeteners can include, for example, sucrose, fructose, dextrose, maltose, dextrin, levulose, tagatose, galactose, corn syrup solids and other natural or artificial sweeteners. Sugarless sweeteners can include, but are not limited to, sugar alcohols such as maltitol, xylitol, sorbitol, erythritol, mannitol, isomalt, lactitol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, and the like, alone or in combination. Usage level of the sweeteners will vary and will depend on such factors as potency of the sweetener, desired sweetness of the product and cost considerations. Combinations of sugar and/or sugarless sweeteners may be used. In one embodiment, a sweetener is present in the creamer composition of the invention at a concentration ranging from about 5-90% by weight of the total composition, such as in the range 20-90%, preferably such as 20-70%. In another embodiment, the sweetener concentration ranges from about 40% to about 60% by weight of the total composition. If an artificial sweetener is used, it is suitably combined with bulking agents such as maltodextrins and polydextrose.
The creamer composition of the invention may comprise a buffer and stabilizing agents. The buffer and stabilizing agent can prevent undesired creaming or precipitation of the creamer upon addition into a hot, acidic environment such as coffee. Examples of suitable buffers and stabilizing agents include monophosphates, diphosphates, triphosphates, hexamethaphosphates, sodium mono- and bicarbonates, potassium mono- and bicarbonates, or a combination thereof. Preferred buffers and stabilizing agents are salts such as potassium phosphate, dipotassium phosphate (also known as potassium phosphate dibasic), potassium hydrophosphate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate, sodium phosphate, disodium phosphate, sodium hydrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate and hexametaphosphates. The buffer and stabilizing agents may be present in an amount of about 0.1 to about 3% by weight of the creamer composition.
The creamer composition of the invention may comprise a low molecular weight emulsifier. A low molecular weight emulsifier may be an emulsifier with a molecular weight below 1500 g/mol. The term low molecular weight emulsifier as defined herein does not include casein or casein salts.
Examples of low molecular weight emulsifiers include monoglycerides, diglycerides, acetylated monoglycerides, sorbitan trioleate, glycerol dioleate, sorbitan tristearate, propyleneglycol monostearate, glycerol monooleate and monostearate, sorbitan monooleate, propylene glycol monolaurate, sorbitan monostearate, sodium stearoyl lactylate, calcium stearoyl lactylate, glycerol sorbitan monopalmitate, diacetylated tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides, lecithins, lysolecithins, succinic acid esters of mono- and/or diglycerides, lactic acid esters of mono- and/or diglycerides, lecithins, lysolecithins, proteins and sucrose esters of fatty acids, lecithin (e.g. soy lecithin, canola lecithin, sunflower lecithin, and/or safflower lecithin), lysolecithins, and combinations thereof.
The low molecular weight emulsifier may be present in the composition in an amount of, for example, about 0.1 wt. % to about 0.5 wt. %.
However, the inventors have determined that low molecular weight emulsifiers are not essential for the creamer compositions of the invention. Thus, a creamer composition of the invention may lack any low molecular weight emulsifier.
An example formulation of a powder creamer composition according to the invention is presented in Table 1.
In one embodiment, the creamer composition comprises about 0.20 wt. % to about 1.20 wt. % casein or salt thereof, for example about 0.40 wt. % to about 0.96 wt. % casein or salt thereof, about 0.40 wt. % to about 0.90 wt. %, about 0.45 wt. % to about 0.85 wt. %, about 0.50 wt. % to about 0.85 wt. %, about 0.55 wt. % to about 0.85 wt. %, or about 0.60 wt. % to about 0.80 wt. %.
The creamer composition may comprise about 0.40 wt. %, 0.45 wt. %, 0.50 wt. %, 0.55 wt. %, 0.60 wt. %, 0.65 wt. %, 0.70 wt. %, 0.75 wt. %, 0.80 wt. %, 0.85 wt. %, 0.90 wt. %, 0.95 wt. %, 0.96 wt. %, 1.00 wt. %, 1.05 wt. %, 1.10 wt. %, 1.15 wt. % or 1.20 wt. % casein or salt thereof.
The creamer composition may comprise about 10 wt. % to about 80 wt. % oil, for example about 10 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, about 20 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, or about 20 wt. % to about 35 wt. %.
The creamer composition may comprise about 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50 or 80 wt. % oil.
In one embodiment, the creamer composition may comprise about 0.40 wt. % to about 1.20 wt. % casein or salt thereof and about 30 wt. % to about 35 wt. % oil, preferably about 34 wt. % oil.
In one embodiment, the creamer composition may comprises about 0.40 wt. % to about 0.96 wt. % casein or salt thereof and about 30 wt. % to about 35 wt. % oil, preferably about 34 wt. % oil.
In one embodiment, the creamer composition of the present invention is in the form of a powder obtainable by a process comprising the steps of (i) adding a gas under high pressure into the composition, and (ii) drying (e.g. spray drying) the composition to form a powder. Preferably the gas is nitrogen. Other suitable gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and air. Creamers obtainable by such a process may be referred to as “gassed”.
The gas may be added under high pressure into a liquid concentrate creamer. In one embodiment, wherein the drying is spray drying, the gas is preferably added at a pressure of 20-50 bars above the spraying pressure directly before the spraying step.
Advantageously, when such a gassed creamer composition is added to a liquid food or a beverage, bubbles of the gas are released which migrate to the top of the beverage to form a foam within the creamy layer, producing a creamy foam layer. The inventors have discovered that the production of a creamy foam layer stabilizes the foam aspect of the layer and provides improved mouthfeel and increased perception of creaminess, beyond that created by the creamy layer on its own or a foam layer on its own.
Without wishing to be bound by theory, the inventors believe that the gas in a gassed creamer is held in void structures in the dried powder, enabling it to be released when the powder is added to a liquid food or a beverage.
Methods for adding a gas into a composition as described above are known in the art.
The creamer composition of the invention may be a beverage creamer, for example a coffee creamer. Beverage creamers are commonly used as a substitute for milk to whiten beverages such as tea or coffee.
As described above, the creamer composition of the invention may be used to form a creamy layer on top of a liquid food or a beverage. The creamy layer comprises a plurality of oil droplet aggregations. In certain embodiments, the creamy layer may be a creamy foam layer, formed by the presence of gas bubbles. They can be released from the creamer composition or another ingredient in the recipe that contains gas.
The creamy layer formed by the creamer composition of the invention comprises a significant proportion of the total amount of oil present in the creamer, in the form of oil droplets in the creamy layer. As it is the presence of oil in the creamy layer that increases the perception of creaminess, this property of the creamer compositions can advantageously provide improved texture properties without increasing the overall fat content of the liquid food or beverage.
In one embodiment, up to about 25% to about 80% by weight of the oil component of the composition may be present in the creamy layer; preferably about 45% to about 80% by weight; for example about 45% to about 65%.
The oil droplet aggregates in the creamy layer may have, for example, a mean size of about 20 μm to about 40 μm. Mean size is determined as D(4,3), the volume weighted mean aggregate size. Particle size measurements may be carried out using a Malvern Mastersizer with a Hydro 2000G dispersion unit.
In addition to the above, use of a creamer composition of the invention in a beverage such as coffee has the effect of decreasing the whiteness of the bulk phase of the beverage below the creamy layer. This phenomenon is caused by the increased movement of oil droplets from the bulk phase to the creamy layer, leading to a darkening of the bulk phase and a pleasing aesthetic appearance of the beverage.
The creamer composition may be combined with coffee (for example a dried coffee such as dried instant coffee powder) to form a coffee beverage composition. Thus, in one aspect, the invention provides a coffee beverage composition comprising the creamer composition of the invention and a coffee component. For example, when the coffee beverage composition is reconstituted in water at a temperature of at least 70° C. (for example, about 70° C. to about 95° C., or about 80° C. to about 90° C.; or about 70, 75, 80, 85 or 90° C.) a coffee beverage with a creamy layer on top of the beverage is formed, the creamy layer comprising a plurality of oil droplet aggregations. When the creamer is a gassed creamer as described above, gas bubbles released from the creamer enable the formation of a creamy foam layer.
A dried creamer composition of the present invention may be formed by a process comprising the steps of:
The process may comprise a step of pasteurizing or commercially sterilising the pre-emulsion or emulsion concentrate. The pasteurizing step may, for example, be performed at a minimum temperature of at least 81° C. for at least 5 seconds.
The aqueous phase may be prepared by adding the casein or salt thereof, and optionally other water soluble ingredients such as, for example, a sweetener, sodium chloride, flavours, aromas and/or a buffer, to water and mixing.
The oil phase may be prepared using the oil component of the composition and optionally combining this with low molecular weight emulsifiers. If an added oil soluble aroma and/or flavour component in the oil is desired, it may be added and mixed into the oil before the oil is combined with the aqueous phase.
The aqueous phase and the oil phase may be combined, for example, at a temperature of about 60° C. to about 80° C., for example about 60, 65, 70, 75 or 80° C., to form a pre-emulsion.
The pre-emulsion may be homogenised at high pressures using protocols known in the art. By way of example, the pre-emulsion may be homogenised using two runs at a pressure of 250/50 bars. Alternatively, the pre-emulsion may be homogenised using three runs at pressures of 300 bars for two runs and 50 bars for a third run.
The term “homogenise” or “homogenised” is a unit operation using a class of processing equipment referred to as homogenisers that are geared towards reducing the size of droplets in liquid-liquid dispersions. Examples of homogenisers may include high speed blender, high pressure homogenisers, Colloid Mill, high shear dispersers, ultrasonic disruptors, and membrane homogenisers.
Subsequently, the obtained emulsion concentrate is dried (for example, by spray drying), optionally following a gas addition step under high pressure (e.g. wherein the drying is spray drying, at approximately 20 to 50 bars above the spraying pressure).
The present invention may also be performed wherein the casein or salt thereof as described above is replaced by a vegetable protein, for example a soy protein, a rice protein, an almond protein, or a peanut protein.
Various embodiments of the invention are therefore described with reference to the following numbered paragraphs:
A creamer composition, said composition comprising a vegetable protein and an oil, wherein the weight ratio of vegetable protein to oil is about 0.005:1 to about 0.035:1, preferably about 0.010:1 to about 0.030:1; preferably about 0.012:1 to about 0.028:1, more preferably about 0.015:1 to about 0.025:1.
A creamer composition according to paragraph 1, wherein the composition comprises about 0.20 wt. % to about 1.20 wt. % vegetable protein; preferably about 0.40 wt. % to about 0.96 wt. % vegetable protein.
A creamer composition according to paragraph 1 or paragraph 2, wherein the composition is in the form of a powder.
A creamer composition according to any preceding paragraph, wherein the vegetable protein is selected from: a soy protein, a rice protein, an almond protein a peanut protein, Quinoa protein, buckwheat protein, Mycoprotein, a Seitan protein, a wheat protein, Hempseed protein, and a chia protein.
A creamer composition according to any preceding paragraph, wherein the oil is selected from: palm oil, palm kernel oil or olein, hydrogenated palm kernel oil or olein, coconut oil, algal oil, canola oil, soy bean oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, cotton seed oil, milk fat, and corn oil.
A creamer composition according to any preceding paragraph, wherein the composition comprises a sweetener, e.g. sugar, a buffer, and/or a low molecular weight emulsifier.
A creamer composition according to any preceding paragraph, wherein the composition does not comprise a low molecular weight emulsifier.
A creamer composition according to any preceding paragraph, wherein the composition comprises about 10 wt. % to about 50 wt. % oil; preferably about 15 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, preferably about 20 wt. % to about 35 wt. %.
A creamer composition according to any preceding paragraph, wherein the composition is in the form of a powder obtainable by a process comprising the steps of (i) adding a gas under high pressure into the composition, preferably wherein the gas is nitrogen, and (ii) drying the composition to form a powder.
A creamer composition according to any preceding paragraph, wherein the composition is a beverage creamer, preferably a coffee creamer.
Use of a creamer composition according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 10 to form a creamy layer on top of a beverage, wherein the creamy layer comprises a plurality of oil droplet aggregations.
Use according to paragraph 11, wherein about 25% to about 80% of the oil component of the composition is present in the creamy layer; preferably about 45% to about 80%.
A coffee beverage composition comprising the composition of any one of paragraphs 1 to 10 and a coffee component, preferably a dried coffee component.
A coffee beverage composition according to paragraph 13, wherein upon reconstitution of the coffee beverage composition in water at a temperature of at least 70° C. to form a coffee beverage a creamy layer is formed on top of the beverage, wherein the creamy layer comprises a plurality of oil droplet aggregations; preferably wherein about 25% to about 80% of the oil component of the composition is present in the creamy layer, preferably about 45% to about 80%.
A process for providing a dried creamer composition, said process comprising the steps of:
It should be noted that embodiments and features described in the context of one of the aspects of the present invention also apply to other aspects of the present invention.
All patent and non-patent references cited in the present application are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
The invention will now be described in more detail by way of the following non-limiting examples.
Except where stated otherwise, in the following Examples wt. % values for sodium caseinate (abbreviated to NaCas) are given based on its percentage in a liquid concentrate creamer. Such a liquid concentrate may be spray dried to form a powder creamer composition.
Table 2 below provides example values of sodium caseinate wt. % in liquid concentrates and in the corresponding dried powder, for both reference creamers and example creamers (figures in italics) of the invention.
0.7
1.12
0.5
0.79
0.3
0.47
Preparation of a creamer composition in the form of a liquid concentrate.
Water was boiled and added to the dry mixed water soluble ingredients under vigorous magnetic agitation. Agitation continued until no lumps were visible anymore. The aqueous phase was kept warm for 1 hour at 75° C. in a water bath equipped with magnetic agitation.
Palm oil was thawed in a 300 ml heat resistant beaker at a temperature of at least 55° C., or in a microwave for three minutes at 800W) until totally liquid. It was kept in a water bath at 75° C.
The low molecular weight emulsifiers. E.g. the monoglycerides were mixed into the liquid oil under magnetic agitation until total dissolution was observed.
The glucose syrup was weighted in 600 ml Pyrex beakers and heated to 75° C. in the water bath and mixed with the other water soluble ingredients using a magnetic stirrer until a homogenous mixture was obtained after approximately five minutes.
A pre-emulsion was formed by adding the oil phase into the aqueous phase at 75° C. The pre-emulsion was kept under gentle agitation for 3-5 minutes and pre-homogenized using a Polytron for 1 minute at speed 3.
Then the mixture was homogenized using a pre-heated (hot water) Niro 2 homogenizer at 2 runs and a pressure of 250/50 bars. As alternative, a Rannie homogenizer may be used (2 runs 300 bars, 1 run 50 bars).
The obtained emulsion concentrates were kept at room temperature and shaken before usage.
A liquid creamer concentrate as produced using the process described in Example 1 was run through a high pressure pump.
Nitrogen gas was injected into the liquid concentrate at high pressure (20 to 50 bars above the spraying pressure).
The liquid concentrate was subjected to spray drying.
The resultant powder was then further dried and cooled to form a powder creamer composition as follows:
Preparation of Example Beverages
Coffee was chosen as an example beverage. The beverages were prepared as follows:
13.5 g powder creamer, 3 g instant coffee powder and 14 g sucrose were dispersed into 180 g hot Vittel “Bonne Source France” water (85° C.).
Sodium caseinate concentrations (given relative to the liquid concentrate) which produce a creamy layer are shown in
It has further been found that when the water used to reconstitute the creamer has Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations higher than about 114 mg/L, the upper sodium caseinate concentration limit where the creamy layer is formed is slightly increased by about 0.1 to 0.2 units wt. %.
Visual Appearance of Controlled Aggregation in Example Beverage
Four different coffee preparations were compared:
“Gassed” refers to creamers to which nitrogen gas has been added, as described above.
The creamers had compositions as follows:
The appearance of the four coffee preparations is shown in
Coffee (a) lacked any creamy layer, while a creamy layer was present at the top of coffee (b). A non-creamy foam layer was present at the top of coffee (c), while a creamy foam layer was present at the top of coffee (d). In addition, the presence of a creamy layer was also correlated with a decrease in whiteness of the bulk phase of the beverage below the cream or foam layer. This is due to an increase in the number of oil droplets moving from the bulk phase to the creamy layer.
Impact of controlled aggregation on colour of liquid phase.
Droplet creaming to the top induces a depletion of oil droplets in the bulk phase and a reduction of the sodium caseinate in the system. As already qualitatively shown above, the consequence is a darker colour in the coffee bulk phase (
The whiteness of reconstituted coffee mix samples was measured at room temperature using a Color Flex 45/0 color meter (HunterLab Reston, Virginia, USA). A cuvette was filled with 40 ml of a sample aliquot and the color measurement was taken on reflectance mode, with D65 daylight illuminant at a 10° C. viewing angle against a black background. Three measurements were taken for each sample aliquot; the data were averaged.
Oil droplet diameter after homogenisation and before drying.
Measuring the mean particle size after homogenization allowed characterization of the properties of the creamer concentrate before spray drying.
A similar effect was observed for D(4,3). It is approximately constant between 1.5% and 0.7% NaCas. Since the D(3,2) and the D(4,3) values are quite similar in size it can be concluded that only relatively small aggregates are formed in the concentrates when reducing the NaCas content below 0.7%. Even at 0.3% NaCas there is still enough NaCas present in the system to emulsify the fat and form a stable concentrated creamer emulsion.
In
Taking all the data obtained in this work together it can be concluded that when the aggregate mean size in the system is above approximately 30 μm (±5-10 μm), a macroscopic creamy layer is usually observable within 2-5 minutes after reconstitution. This indicates that under such conditions the aggregates are large enough to cream within the desired time frame.
Light microscopy images (see
Particle size measurements were done using a Malvern Mastersizer with a Hydro 2000G dispersion unit. The creamer concentrates or the reconstituted coffee mixes were poured directly in the dispersion unit. Sample was added until an obscuration of around 9-11 was reached, with one minute of dispersion prior to the measurement.
Instrument set up:
The results were expressed as D(3,2), the surface weighted mean size (μm) that gives an indication of the mean size of single oil droplets (or small aggregates (including sodium caseinate aggregates)), and as D(4,3), the volume weighted mean aggregate size (μm) that reflects the mean size of the formed oil droplet aggregates.
Light microscopy (Differential Interference Contrast (DIC)) images were taken using a Zeiss Axioplan microscop (Carl Zeiss A. G, Germany). The concentrated emulsions are diluted 100 times with Vittel CH water prior to observation. Either 40 or 100 magnification was used.
Mixed Oil/Foam Layer Stability
When forming foam layers in the presence of aggregated and creaming oil droplets, the foam layer properties are unique. The following describes the exceptional properties of the “creamy foam layer”, such as its physical stability, microstructure and fat content.
Evolution of Foam Layer Height with Time
Reducing the sodium caseinate content in the system increased the initial height (volume) of the formed foam layer. This observation points to the incorporation of part of the cream layer leading to a stabilization of the foam layer with time.
Impact of Reconstitution Temperature and Salt on Foam Layer Volume
Oil droplet aggregation is highest when reconstituting the coffee mixes with water at a temperature between 80° C. and 90° C. This means oil droplet aggregation and, as a consequence, cream layer formation is significantly less below 70° C. reconstitution temperature. This is most probably linked to the fact that the sodium caseinate forms reversible aggregates with increasing temperatures, inducing an increased and faster aggregation of the oil droplets due to the presence of less molecularly dissolved sodium caseinate. It seems that the caseinate sub-micelles are less surface active than the molecularly dissolved caseinate molecules, contributing to the reversible aggregation of oil droplets.
Reconstitution of the coffee mixes was performed using Vittel “Bonne Source France” water at a temperature of 80-85° C.
Fat Presence in Foam Layer—Lipid Analysis
The lipid analysis of the foam layers and their adjacent bulk phases revealed that up to 65% of the oil from the creamer component was incorporated into the foam layer (in the presence of 0.3% NaCas) (
Fat Presence in Foam Layer—Confocal Microscopy
Inspection of the Confocal microscopy images give a qualitative answer to the question why the incorporated fat into the creamy foam layer is destabilizing the structure of the foam bubbles much less than in the reference foam layer. The gas bubbles in the creamy foam layer are smaller compared to the bubbles in the reference sample. Moreover, in the reference sample the oil droplets accumulate more at the bubble interface, surrounding the gas bubbles, whereas in the creamy foam layer system this is much less observed. This means that in the creamy foam layer the fat droplets are much less associated with the gas bubbles destabilizing the bubbles in a much lesser extent than in the reference foam layer. This indicates that when fat globules are aggregated they are much less associated with gas bubbles and, as a consequence, destabilize the bubbles to a much lesser degree.
In
In conclusion, Confocal images confirm that the measured physical differences in the reference and the creamy foam layer can be related to observed differences in the foam microstructure.
The fat content in the foam layer was determined using the SMART Trac system which is a low resolution NMR system manufactured by CEM corp, Matthews, USA. The samples are prepared as follows: 13.5 g creamer & 3 g of coffee were reconstituted in 180 ml Vittel “Bonne Source France” water at 85° C. The beverage was stirred until complete dissolution.
For the analysis of the fat in the foam/cream layer the layer was separated from the beverage with a spoon and put in a plastic cup. Before analysis the material was mixed as much as possible to get a homogeneous dispersion. The material was analyzed following using Majonnier fat analysis method. For the analysis of the fat content in the liquid beverage phase, the material was taken out of the cup using a pipette and analyzed.
Coffee Mix Beverages
Creamer samples were prepared according to the following base recipe (% by weight in dry matter), for the specific samples the maltodextrin content was adapted to make up for 100%:
The samples were produced by mixing an aqueous phase (water containing salts) and an oil phase (fat containing stabilizers and flavours), dissolving maltodextrin therein and creating a homogeneous emulsion using a Rannie homogenizer (2 passes at 300 bar, 1 pass at 50 bar).
The following samples were produced:
With anhydrous milk fat:
With milk and coffee flavours:
With aromatized coffee oil:
This liquid creamer concentrates were used to prepare coffee mix beverages, each beverage contained 12 g creamer (on dry matter basis), 2.5 g Nescafe coffee powder and 150 g water.
The impact of oil droplet aggregation and flavour addition on sensory perception was evaluated in three randomized double-blind tasting sessions with 9 panellists, focusing on flavour intensity, mouthfeel and persistence. Per tasting three samples were presented for evaluation:
Stable creamer emulsion containing 2.5% (on dry weight basis (dwb)) sodium caseinate and flavour
Aggregated creamer emulsion containing 0.8% (dwb) sodium caseinate and flavour
Aggregated creamer emulsion containing 0.8% (dwb) sodium caseinate and no flavour
Rating scheme: 1=highest, 2=intermediate, 3=lowest.
Ratings obtained from all panellists were recorded and averaged to obtain a numerical value per category (mouthfeel, flavour and aroma). Lower numbers indicate better scores.
The results are shown in the tables below:
With anhydrous milk fat:
With milk and coffee flavors:
With aromatized coffee oil:
Cream Layer Formation Boosts Aroma Release
Coffee mixes were prepared in a 100 ml polystyrene plastic cup by adding 70 ml of hot Vittel water (Bonne Source; heated up to 80° C.) to a coffee creamer powder mix that additionally contained two purchased flavour mixes. The dispersion was stirred to ensure good dispersion of the powders. After a short time (1-5 minutes), a cream layer appeared for creamer powder products containing a low sodium caseinate content (e.g 0.47%). This was not the case when using a creamer that contained 2.37% sodium caseinate. In this case no cream layer was formed. All cups were then placed in a water bath held at 50° C. to cool down from 80° C. and to maintain the temperature before aroma release experiments were executed.
The base composition of the reference creamer was
The base composition of the creamer of this invention was:
The breath by breath aroma compounds released through the nose after coffee mixes consumption were measured using a PTR-ToF-MS 8000 Instrument from Ionicon Analytik GmbH (Innsbruck/Austria). Lab glasses with an individually adapted glass nosepiece, which fit nostrils without discomforting the panelist and letting the mouth free during eating/drinking, was connected to the PTR-ToF-MS inlet line to sample exhaled air of the panelist.
The drift tube parameters from PTR-ToF-MS were fixed as follow: Pressure drift at 3.3 mbar, temperature drift at 80° C. and voltage drift at 600V. Mass spectra were acquired at a scan speed of 108 ms of the mass range from 0 to 250 m/z. The inlet line was heated at 100° C. and the inlet flow was at 200 ml/min.
The Aroma compounds that were followed are listed below (concentration higher than 1 ppbV).
For the data treatment, the PTR-MS Viewer 3.1 software was used. The mass axis was recalibrated with two ions, m/z 21.0221 (H3O18+) and m/z 29.9971 (NO+) generated in the ion source. The response of the targeted masses was integrated and calculated in absolute concentration (ppbV). A homemade application developed on Matlab was used to extract area under the curve parameters.
Eight panelists participated in the study. Each sample was consumed in four consecutive sips with one breath in between each sip. The panelists were asked to breath-in and breath-out every 3 s by following a signal given by a light. Eight panelists tested a reference sample (made out of a reference creamer and soluble coffee reconstituted into hot water) and a sample of this invention (made out of the creamer of this invention and soluble coffee reconstituted into hot water) in triplicates and drunk four sips per sample.
Collected data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Duncan multiple comparison procedure was applied to assess the significance of the difference between any pair of products. A 95% confidence level was applied for all tests.
Aroma release during consumption of the two samples described above was measured to evaluate the effect of oil droplet aggregation and cream layer formation.
The coffee mixes prepared with creamers containing a low sodium caseinate amount (conditions of oil droplet aggregation and cream layer formation) showed an enhanced aroma release compared to coffee mixes prepared with a reference creamer at 2.5% sodium caseinate (no oil droplet aggregation or cream layer formation).
Vegetable Soups with Creamer
Powdered creamers were prepared according to the following base recipe:
FHPKO: fully hydrogenated palm kernel oil
The creamers were produced by mixing and homogenizing the dry ingredients in water to produce an emulsion concentrate which was spray dried to produce a creamer powder. In some cases a foaming creamer was produced by injecting nitrogen into the emulsion just before spray drying.
For specific samples the sodium caseinate content vas varied as described below.
Carrot Soup
A carrot soup was prepared from the following ingredients:
The vegetables were cut, added to boiling water and cooked for 30 minutes, after which the soup was pureed and strained.
Samples of soup with creamer were prepared by heating 100 ml of soup to 80° C. and adding 13.3 g of creamer powder. The final soup contained about 4% fat in total. A reference creamer powder contained 2.4% sodium caseinate (NaCas). Creamer powders of the invention contained 0.8% NaCas or 0.5% NaCas, all creamers were non-foaming.
Reducing the NaCas content in the creamer as compared to the reference clearly induced, within a few minutes, the formation of a significant cream layer which had an orange colour indicating the presence of ‘extracted’ carotenoids from the carrots in the soup. This orange cream layer was largest in the soup with the lowest NaCas content (0.5% in the creamer powder).
Similar experiments were performed with the same soup using foaming creamers of similar composition. When using an aerated creamer a foam layer is observed very quickly after preparation. When reducing also the NaCas content to 0.5% as compared to 2.4% in the reference, an orange cream layer is formed in addition to the foam layer. The observation that the foam layer gets slightly orange in the presence of the creamer of the invention shows that the carotenoids are partially dissolved into the fat droplet and their aggregates that are also partly incorporated into the foam layer, which is not the case for the soup containing the reference creamer.
Light microscopy showed that the cream layer formation was due to oil droplet aggregation in the final product, whereas in the reference system no significant oil droplet aggregation was visible.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 16154267.5 | Feb 2016 | EP | regional |
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/075,702 filed Aug. 6, 2018, which is a National Stage of International Application No. PCT/EP2017/052438 filed Feb. 3, 2017, which claims priority to European Patent Application No. 16154267.5 filed Feb. 4, 2016, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16075702 | Aug 2018 | US |
| Child | 18381470 | US |
