Patent Grant
11649590
Absorbent paper products such as paper towels, facial tissues and other similar products are designed to include several important properties. For example, the products should have good bulk, a soft feel and should be highly absorbent. The product should also have good strength even while wet and should resist tearing. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to produce a high strength paper product that is also soft and highly absorbent. Usually, when steps are taken to increase one property of the product, other characteristics of the product are adversely affected. For instance, softness is typically increased by decreasing or reducing fiber bonding within the paper product. Inhibiting or reducing fiber bonding, however, adversely affects the strength of the paper web.
One tissue manufacturing process for balancing often competing physical properties is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,462,258. The process, which may be adapted to print binder on one or both sides of the web and typically involves a single creping step. The binder material is a crosslinked latex and comprises an azetidinium-reactive polymer. The presence of an azetidinium-reactive polymer enables the binder to crosslink both with itself and cellulose of the fibrous web. In this manner, the crosslinked latex of the '258 patent forms covalent bonds with cellulose of the fibrous web. Thus, while the '258 patent discloses an improved process for producing tissue products having good bulk, softness and good absorbency, the resulting products comprise a binder that forms covalent bonds with cellulose of the fibrous web, impeding breaking apart of the web when wetted.
An alternate to the crosslinked latex binders of the '258 patent is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,121,137, which discloses a crosslinked latex binder comprising a primary polymer and a polyfunctional aldehyde. The polyfunctional aldehyde, like the azetidinium-reactive polymer of the '258 patent, enables the binder to form covalent bonds with cellulose of the fibrous web. As such, products produced according to the '137 patent retain a significant portion of their tensile strength after being wetted for an extended period.
Accordingly, there remains a need in the art for a tissue manufacturing process for balancing the often-competing physical properties, such as bulk, durability, softness and absorbency, while also providing a product that is readily dispersible when flushed.
The present invention provides creped tissue webs, and products produced therefrom, that are generally bulky, durable, soft, absorbent and highly dispersible. The inventive products generally comprise single ply tissue web that has been prepared by a creping process and more preferably by a print creping process. The print creping process may be adapted to dispose a non-crosslinked latex polymer on at least one of the outer surfaces of the single ply tissue web to provide the web with improved physical properties, such as increased durability. Surprisingly, however, the presence of the non-crosslinked latex polymer does not negatively affect the stiffness of the product such that the products generally have a Stiffness Index less than about 8.00.
Not only do the inventive tissue products have low levels of stiffness, they also have low levels of lint or dust, generally referred to herein as Slough. Slough generally results from the release of loosely bound fibers from the surface of the tissue product in use and is often an issue when producing soft, low stiffness tissue products. Surprisingly, however, the inventive tissue products have both low Slough levels and low stiffness. For example, in one embodiment the present invention provides a creped tissue product, such as a single ply creped tissue product, comprising a non-crosslinked latex polymer disposed on at least one of its outer surface, the product having a geometric mean tensile (GMT) from about 700 to about 1,000 g/3″, a basis weight from about 45 to about 55 gsm, a Stiffness Index less than about 8.00 and a Slough less than about 5.00 mg, such as from about 0.50 to about 5.00 mg.
In other embodiments the tissue products of the present invention have good durability and low stiffness, such as a Durability Index greater than 12.0 and a Stiffness Index less than about 8.00.
In still other embodiments the inventive tissue products may have improved burst strength, such as a Burst Index greater than about 8.00, and low stiffness, such as a Stiffness Index less than about 6.50. For example, in one embodiment, the invention provides a rolled tissue product comprising a spirally wound creped single ply tissue web having a geometric mean tensile strength (GMT) greater than about 700 g/3″, such as from about 700 to about 1,000 g/3″, a Burst Index greater than about 8.00 and a Stiffness Index less than about 6.50.
In yet other embodiments the present invention provides a creped single ply tissue product comprising a creped tissue web, a creping composition consisting essentially of a non-crosslinked vinyl acetate-ethylene polymer and optionally an anti-blocking agent disposed on the creped tissue web, wherein the product has a GMT from about 700 to about 1,000 g/3″, a Slough from about 0.50 to about 4.00 mg and a Stiffness Index less than about 6.50.
As used herein the term “Basesheet” refers to a tissue web formed by any one of the papermaking processes described herein that has not been subjected to further processing, such as embossing, calendering, treatment with a binder or softening composition, perforating, plying, folding, or rolling into individual rolled products.
As used herein the term “Tissue Product” refers to products made from basesheets and includes, bath tissues, facial tissues, paper towels, industrial wipers, foodservice wipers, napkins, medical pads, and other similar products.
As used herein the term “Ply” refers to a discrete tissue web used to form a tissue product. Individual plies may be arranged in juxtaposition to each other. In a preferred embodiment, tissue products prepared according to the present invention comprise a single ply.
As used herein, the term “Layer” refers to a plurality of strata of fibers, chemical treatments, or the like, within a ply.
As used herein, the term “Layered Tissue Web” generally refers to a tissue web formed from two or more layers of aqueous papermaking furnish. In certain instances, the aqueous papermaking furnish forming two or more of the layers comprise different fiber types.
As used herein the term “Basis Weight” generally refers to the conditioned weight per unit area of a tissue and is generally expressed as grams per square meter (gsm). Basis weight is measured as described in the Test Methods section below. While the basis weights of tissue products prepared according to the present invention may vary, in certain embodiments the products have a basis weight greater than about 20 gsm, such as greater than about 30 gsm, such as greater than about 40 gsm, such as from about 20 to about 80 gsm, such as from about 30 to about 60 gsm, such as from about 45 to about 55 gsm.
As used herein, the term “Caliper” refers to the thickness of a tissue product, web, sheet or ply, typically having units of microns (μm) and is measured as described in the Test Methods section below.
As used herein, the term “Sheet Bulk” refers to the quotient of the caliper (μm) divided by the bone dry basis weight (gsm). The resulting sheet bulk is expressed in cubic centimeters per gram (cc/g). Tissue products prepared according to the present invention may, in certain embodiments, have a sheet bulk greater than about 8.0 cc/g, more preferably greater than about 9.0 cc/g and still more preferably greater than about 10.0 cc/g, such as from about 8.0 to about 12.0 cc/g.
As used herein, the term “Slope” refers to the slope of the line resulting from plotting tensile versus stretch and is an output of the MTS TestWorks™ in the course of determining the tensile strength as described in the Test Methods section herein. Slope typically has units of kilograms (kg) and is measured as the gradient of the least-squares line fitted to the load-corrected strain points falling between a specimen-generated force of 70 to 157 grams (0.687 to 1.540 N).
As used herein, the term “Geometric Mean Slope” (GM Slope) generally refers to the square root of the product of machine direction slope and cross-machine direction slope. While the GM Slope may vary amongst tissue products prepared according to the present invention, in certain embodiments, tissue products may have a GM Slope less than about 5.00 kg, such as less than about 4.75 kg, such as less than about 4.50, such as from about 4.00 to about 5.00 kg.
As used herein, the term “Geometric Mean Tensile” (GMT) refers to the square root of the product of the machine direction tensile strength and the cross-machine direction tensile strength of the web. The GMT of tissue products prepared according to the present invention may vary, however, in certain instances the GMT may be about 600 g/3″ or greater, such as about 700 g/3″ or greater, such as about 800 g/3″ or greater, such as from about 600 about 1,200 g/3″.
As used herein, the term “Stiffness Index” refers to the quotient of the geometric mean tensile slope, defined as the square root of the product of the MD and CD slopes (having units of kg), divided by the geometric mean tensile strength (having units of grams per three inches).
While the Stiffness Index of tissue products prepared according to the present invention may vary, in certain instances the Stiffness Index may be less than about 8.00, such as less than about 6.50, such as less than about 5.50, such as from about 4.00 to about 8.00, such as from about 4.00 to about 6.50.
As used herein, the term “TEA Index” refers the geometric mean tensile energy absorption (having units of g·cm/cm2) at a given geometric mean tensile strength (having units of grams per three inches) as defined by the equation:
While the TEA Index may vary, in certain instances tissue products prepared according to the present invention have a TEA Index of about 1.50 or greater, such as greater than about 1.55, such as greater than about 1.60, such as from about 1.50 to about 1.75, such as from about 1.55 to about 1.70.
As used herein, the term “Tear Index” refers to the geometric mean tear (having units of grams force) at a given geometric mean tensile strength (having units of grams per three inches) as defined by the equation:
While the Tear Index may vary, in certain instances tissue products prepared according to the present invention have a Tear Index greater than about 2.00, such as greater than about 2.25, such as greater than about 2.50, such as from about 2.00 to about 3.50, such as from about 2.50 to about 3.00.
As used herein, the term “Burst Index” refers the dry burst strength (having units of grams force) at a given geometric mean tensile strength (having units of grams per three inches) as defined by the equation:
While the Burst Index may vary, in certain instances tissue products prepared according to the present invention have a Burst Index greater than about 9.00, such as greater than about 9.50, such as greater than about 10.00, such as from about 9.00 to about 12.00.
As used herein the term “Durability Index” refers to the sum of the Tear Index, Burst Index and TEA Index, all measured in a dry state, for a given sample. While the Durability Index may vary, in certain instances tissue products prepared according to the present invention have a Durability Index greater than about 10.0, such as greater than about 12.0, such as greater than about 14.0, such as from about 10.0 to about 18.0, such as from about 12.0 to about 16.0.
As used herein, the term “Slough” generally refers to the undesirable sloughing off of bits of the tissue web when rubbed and is generally measured as described in the Test Methods section below. Slough is generally reported in terms of mass, such as milligrams (mg). While the Slough of inventive tissue products may vary, in certain instances tissue products prepared according to the present invention have a Slough less than about 5.00 mg and more preferably less than about 4.00 mg, such as from about 0.50 to about 5.00, such as from about 0.50 to about 4.00 mg.
In general, the present invention is directed to creped tissue webs, and products produced therefrom. In particularly preferred embodiments the webs and products of the present invention comprise a creped single ply, particularly a multi-layered single ply, having a binder composition disposed on at least one of its outer surfaces. The binder composition provides the tissue products with improved durability without overly stiffening the product. As such the invention provides creped webs and products that have sufficient strength to withstand use but are also flexible with a high degree of durability. Accordingly, in certain instances the invention provides a creped single ply tissue product comprising a non-crosslinked latex polymer disposed on at least one of its outer surfaces having a Durability Index greater than about 12.0 and a Stiffness Index less than about 8.00.
In other instances, the invention provides tissue products having desirable surface properties, such as low degrees of Slough. For example, in certain embodiments the invention provides a tissue product having a Slough less than about 5.00 mg and more preferably less than about 4.00 mg, such as from about 0.50 to about 5.00, such as from about 0.50 to about 4.00 mg. Surprisingly, the foregoing Slough levels are achieved despite the product being creped and having a relatively high basis weight, particularly for a single ply product, such as about 45 grams per square meter (gsm) or greater, such as from about 45 to about 55 gsm, such as from about 48 to about 52 gsm. Typically, increased basis weight, and the often-associated higher web caliper, have a negative impact on creping resulting in higher Slough in the finished tissue product. Despite this trend, the present invention surprisingly provides a high basis weight tissue product having low Slough.
In still other instances the present invention provides a creped single ply tissue product that is strong enough to withstand use, such as a product having a geometric mean tensile (GMT) of about 600 g/3″ or greater, such as about 700 g/3″ or greater, such as about 800 g/3″ or greater, such as from about 600 to about 1,200 g/3″. Generally, at the foregoing tensile strengths single ply products generate a relatively high degree of Slough, particularly when the product is prepared by creping. A comparison of the Slough levels of several inventive and commercially available tissue products may be found in Table 1, below. The inventive products, however, have relatively low levels of Slough, such as less than about 5.00 mg, such as from about 0.50 to about 5.00.
In addition to having relatively low levels of Slough, the inventive tissue products may also have a low degree of stiffness, such as a Stiffness Index less than about 8.00, more preferably less than about 7.00 and still more preferably less than about 6.00, such as from about 3.00 to about 8.00, such as from about 4.00 to about 8.00, such as from about 4.00 to about 6.50. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the invention provides a creped single ply tissue product comprising a non-crosslinked latex polymer disposed on at least one of its outer surfaces having a GMT from about 700 to about 1,000 g/3″ and a Stiffness Index less than about 6.50.
In other embodiments, the inventive tissue products are highly durable, such as having a Durability Index greater than about 10.0 and more preferably greater than about 12.0 and still more preferably greater than about 14.0, such as from about 10.0 to about 16.0, such as from about 12.0 to about 16.0. A comparison of the durability and stiffness of several inventive and commercially available tissue products may be found in Table 1, above, and
In still other embodiments, the inventive tissue products have good durability but are not overly stiff. For, example, the inventive tissue products may have a geometric mean slope (GM Slope) less than about 5.00 kg, a geometric mean tensile (GMT) ranging from about 600 to about 1,200 g/3″, such as from about 700 to about 1,000 g/3″, and a geometric mean tensile energy absorption (GM TEA) of about 10.0 g·cm/cm2 or greater and more preferably about 11.0 g·cm/cm2 or greater, such as from about 10.0 to about 14.0 g·cm/cm2. In other instances the tissue products of the present invention have a GM Slope less than about 5.00 kg, such as less than about 4.75 kg, such as less than about 4.50 kg, such as from about 4.00 to about 5.00 kg, and a TEA Index greater of about 1.50 or greater, such as greater than about 1.55, such as greater than about 1.60, such as from about 1.50 to about 1.75, such as from about 1.55 to about 1.70.
In certain embodiments tissue products may be formed from one or more basesheets, which may comprise a single homogenous or blended layer, or be multi-layered. In those instances where the basesheet is multi-layered it may comprise, two, three, or more layers. For example, the basesheet may comprise three layers such as first and second outer layers and a middle layer disposed there between. The layers may comprise the same or different fiber types. For example, the first and second outer layers may comprise short, low coarseness wood pulp fibers, such as hardwood kraft pulp fibers, and the middle layer may comprise long, low coarseness wood pulp fibers, such as northern softwood kraft pulp fibers.
In those instances where the web comprises multiple layers, the relative weight percentage of each layer may vary. For example, the web may comprise first and second outer layers and a middle layer where the first outer layer comprises from about 25 to about 35 weight percent of the layered web, the middle layer comprises from about 30 to about 50 weight percent of the layered web and the second outer layer comprises from about 25 to about 35 weight percent of the layered web.
Multi-layered basesheets useful in the present invention may be formed using any number of different processes known in the art, such as the process disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,129,988, the contents of which are incorporated herein in a manner consistent with the present invention. One process for a forming multi-layered basesheet is illustrated in
To form the multi-layered basesheet, an endless traveling forming fabric 26, suitably supported and driven by rolls 28 and 30, receives the layered papermaking stock issuing from headbox 10. Once retained on fabric 26, the layered fiber suspension passes water through the fabric as shown by the arrows 32. Water removal is achieved by combinations of gravity, centrifugal force and vacuum suction depending on the forming configuration.
In certain embodiments the one or more layers of a multi-layered basesheet, such as the middle layer, may be formed without a substantial amount of inner fiber-to-fiber bond strength. In this regard, the fiber furnish used to form a given layer can be treated with a chemical debonding agent. The debonding agent can be added to the fiber slurry during the pulping process or can be added directly to the fiber slurry prior to the headbox. Suitable debonding agents that may be used in the present invention include cationic debonding agents, particularly quaternary ammonium compounds, mixtures of quaternary ammonium compounds with polyhydroxy compounds, and modified polysiloxanes.
Suitable cationic debonding agents include, for example, fatty dialkyl quaternary amine salts, mono fatty alkyl tertiary amine salts, primary amine salts, imidazoline quaternary salts, and unsaturated fatty alkyl amine salts. Other suitable debonding agents are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,529,665, the contents of which are incorporated herein in a manner consistent with the present invention. In one embodiment, the debonding agent used in the process of the present invention is an organic quaternary ammonium chloride, such as those available under the tradename ProSoft® (Solenis, Wilmington, Del.). The debonding agent can be added to the fiber slurry in an amount of from about 1.0 kg per metric tonne to about 15 kg per metric tonne of fibers present within the slurry.
Particularly useful quaternary ammonium debonders include imidazoline quaternary ammonium debonders, such as oleyl-imidazoline quaternaries, dialkyl dimethyl quaternary debonders, ester quaternary debonders, diamidoamine quaternary debonders, and the like. The imidazoline-based debonding agent can be added in an amount of between 1.0 to about 10 kg per metric tonne.
In other embodiments, a layer or other portion of the basesheet, including the entire basesheet, may optionally include wet or dry strength agents. As used herein, “wet strength agents” are materials used to immobilize the bonds between fibers in the wet state. Any material that when added to the tissue web at an effective level results in providing the basesheet with a wet geometric tensile strength:dry geometric tensile strength ratio in excess of 0.1 will, for purposes of this invention, be termed a wet strength agent. Particularly preferred wet strength agents are temporary wet strength agents. As used herein “temporary wet strength agents” are those which show less than 50 percent of their original wet strength after being saturated with water for five minutes.
Suitable temporary wet strength agents include materials that can react with hydroxyl groups, such as on cellulosic pulp fibers, to form hemiacetal bonds that are reversible in the presence of excess water. Suitable temporary wet strength agents are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Non-limiting examples of temporary wet strength agents suitable for the fibrous structures of the present invention include glyoxalated polyacrylamide polymers, for example cationic glyoxalated polyacrylamide polymers. Temporary wet strength agents useful in the present invention may have average molecular weights of from about 20,000 to about 400,000, such as from about 50,000 to about 400,000, such as from about 70,000 to about 400,000, such as from about 70,000 to about 300,000, such as about 100,000 to about 200,000. In certain instances, the temporary wet strength agent may comprise a commercially available temporary wet strength agent such as those marketed under the tradename Hercobond™ (Solenis, Wilmington, Del.) or FennoBond™ (Kemira Chemicals, Inc., Atlanta, Ga.).
In other instances, the basesheet may optionally include a dry strength additive, such as carboxymethyl cellulose resins, starch-based resins, and mixtures thereof. Particularly preferred dry strength additives are cationic starches, and mixtures of cationic and anionic starches. In certain instances, the dry strength agent may comprise a commercially available modified starch such as marketed under the tradename RediBOND™ (Ingredion, Westchester, Ill.) or a commercially available carboxymethyl cellulose resin such as those marketed under the tradename Aqualon™ (Ashland LLC, Bridgewater, N.J.).
The amount of wet strength agent or dry strength added to the pulp fibers can be at least about 0.1 dry weight percent, more specifically about 0.2 dry weight percent or greater, and still more specifically from about 0.1 to about 3 dry weight percent, based on the dry weight of the fibers.
Tissue basesheets useful in forming tissue products of the present invention may be formed using any one of several well-known manufacturing processes. For example, in certain embodiments, tissue products may be produced by a through-air drying (TAD) manufacturing process, an advanced tissue molding system (ATMOS) manufacturing process, a structured tissue technology (STT) manufacturing process, a conventional wet pressed (also referred to as “CTEC”) manufacturing process or a belt creped manufacturing process. In particularly preferred embodiments the tissue product is manufactured by a creped through-air dried (CTAD) process or uncreped through-air dried (UCTAD) process.
With reference now to
The wet web is then transferred from the forming fabric to a transfer fabric 40. In one embodiment, the transfer fabric can be traveling at a slower speed than the forming fabric in order to impart increased stretch into the web. This is commonly referred to as a “rush” transfer. The relative speed difference between the two fabrics can be from 0 to 60 percent, more specifically from about 15 to 45 percent. Transfer is preferably carried out with the assistance of a vacuum shoe 42 such that the forming fabric and the transfer fabric simultaneously converge and diverge at the leading edge of the vacuum slot.
The web is then transferred from the transfer fabric to the through-air drying fabric 44 with the aid of a vacuum transfer roll 46 or a vacuum transfer shoe, optionally again using a fixed gap transfer as previously described. The through-air drying fabric can be traveling at about the same speed or a different speed relative to the transfer fabric. If desired, the through-air drying fabric can be run at a slower speed to further enhance stretch. Transfer can be carried out with vacuum assistance to ensure deformation of the sheet to conform to the through-air drying fabric, thus yielding desired bulk and imparting the web with a three-dimensional topographical pattern. Suitable through-air drying fabrics are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,998,024, 7,611,607 and 10,161,084, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in a manner consistent with the present invention.
In one embodiment, the through-air drying fabric comprises a single layer fabric woven from shute and warp filaments. In certain instances, the shute filaments may comprise two or more different diameters and may be interwoven with the warp filaments so as to form a textured sheet contacting surface having substantially continuous machine-direction ripples separated by valleys. In other instances, the woven fabric may comprise a plurality of substantially continuous machine-direction ripples formed of multiple warp strands grouped together and supported by multiple shute strands of two or more diameters. During drying, the web can be macroscopically arranged to conform to the surface of the through-air drying fabric and form a textured, three-dimensional surface.
The side of the web contacting the through-air drying fabric is typically referred to as the “fabric side” of the paper web. The fabric side of the paper web, as described above, may have a shape that conforms to the surface of the through-air drying fabric after the fabric is dried in the through-air dryer. The opposite side of the paper web, on the other hand, is typically referred to as the “air side.”
The level of vacuum used for the web transfers can be from about 3 to about 15 inches of mercury (75 to about 380 millimeters of mercury), preferably about 5 inches (125 millimeters) of mercury. The vacuum shoe (negative pressure) can be supplemented or replaced by the use of positive pressure from the opposite side of the web to blow the web onto the next fabric in addition to or as a replacement for sucking it onto the next fabric with vacuum. Also, a vacuum roll or rolls can be used to replace the vacuum shoe(s).
While supported by the through-air drying fabric, the web is dried to a consistency of about 94 percent or greater by the through-air dryer 48 and thereafter transferred to a carrier fabric 50. The dried basesheet 52 is transported to the reel 54 using carrier fabric 50 and an optional carrier fabric 56. An optional pressurized turning roll 58 can be used to facilitate transfer of the web from carrier fabric 50 to fabric 56.
In one embodiment, the reel 54 shown in
Once the web is formed, a binder composition is applied to at least one side of the web. In this manner, the present invention provides a tissue product comprising a web having first and second outer surfaces, wherein at least one outer surface comprises a topically applied binder, particularly a binder applied in a network. As used herein, the term “network” is used to describe any binder pattern that serves to bond the sheet together. The pattern can be regular or irregular and can be continuous or discontinuous.
With reference now to
With reference again to
Once creped, the sheet 52 is pulled through an optional drying station 80. The drying station can include any form of a heating unit, such as an oven energized by infrared heat, microwave energy, hot air, or the like. Alternatively, the drying station may comprise other drying methods such as photo-curing, UV-curing, corona discharge treatment, electron beam curing, curing with reactive gas, curing with heated air such as through-air heating or impingement jet heating, infrared heating, contact heating, inductive heating, microwave or RF heating, and the like. Depending upon the binder material selected, however, drying station 80 may not be needed. Once passed through the drying station 80, the sheet 52 can be wound into a roll of material or product 85.
In certain instances, the binder composition may be selected not only to assist in creping the web but also for improving one or more physical properties of the web such as, for example, dry strength, wet strength, stretchability, and tear resistance. Particular binder compositions that may be used in the present invention include latex compositions. The latex composition may comprise a non-carboxylated latex emulsion or a carboxyl-functional latex emulsion polymer. Non-carboxylated latex emulsions useful in the present invention may comprise an aqueous polymer dispersion of vinyl acetate and ethylene. Suitable non-carboxylated latex emulsions include vinyl acetate and ethylene emulsions such as Vinnapas™ EZ123, commercially available from Wacker Polymers, LP (Allentown, Pa.). In other instances, the binder composition may comprise a carboxyl-functional latex polymer such as Vinnapas™ EP1133, commercially available from Wacker Polymers, LP (Allentown, Pa.).
Latex polymers useful in the present invention may comprise unsaturated monomers, such as vinyl acetate and ethylene monomers, polymerized in the presence of surfactants and initiators to produce emulsion-polymerized polymer particles. Unsaturated monomers contain carbon-to-carbon double bond unsaturation and generally include vinyl monomers, styrenic monomers, acrylic monomers, allylic monomers, acrylamide monomers, as well as carboxyl functional monomers. Vinyl monomers include vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate and similar vinyl lower alkyl esters, vinyl halides, vinyl aromatic hydrocarbons such as styrene and substituted styrenes, vinyl aliphatic monomers such as alpha olefins and conjugated dienes, and vinyl alkyl ethers such as methyl vinyl ether and similar vinyl lower alkyl ethers. Acrylic monomers include lower alkyl esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid having an alkyl ester chain from one to twelve carbon atoms as well as aromatic derivatives of acrylic and methacrylic acid. Useful acrylic monomers include, for instance, methyl, ethyl, butyl, and propyl acrylates and methacrylates, 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate and methacrylate, cyclohexyl, decyl, and isodecyl acrylates and methacrylates, and similar various acrylates and methacrylates.
In certain embodiments the latex polymers may comprise a carboxyl-functional latex polymer comprising copolymerized carboxyl-functional monomers such as acrylic and methacrylic acids, fumaric or maleic or similar unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, where the preferred carboxyl monomers are acrylic and methacrylic acid. In certain instances, the carboxyl-functional latex polymers may comprise by weight from about 1 to about 50 percent copolymerized carboxyl monomers with the balance being other copolymerized ethylene monomers. Suitable carboxyl-functional latex polymers include carboxylated vinyl acetate-ethylene polymer emulsions such as Vinnapas™ EP1133, commercially available from Wacker Polymers, LP (Allentown, Pa.).
In certain instances, the binder composition may optionally contain an anti-blocking additive designed to modify the surface chemistry or characteristics of the binder film on the basesheet. Suitable anti-blocking additives generally do not react chemically with the binder and may include: 1) surfactants, including anionic surfactants such as sodium and potassium salts of stearic, palmitic, oleic, lauric, and tall oil fatty acids, and non-ionic surfactants such as polyoxyethylene glycols reacted to a lyophilic compound; 2) non-reactive additives, such as silicones, waxes, oils, designed to modify the surface chemistry of at least one outer surface of the web to reduce blocking; and 3) soluble or insoluble crystals, such as sugars, talc, clay, and the like, designed to reside on the surface of the binder film and thus reduce its propensity to cause blocking to an adjacent web surface. The amount of the anti-blocking additive in the binder composition, relative to the amount of carboxyl-functional latex emulsion polymer on a weight percent solids basis, can be from about 1 to about 25 percent, more specifically from about 5 to about 20 percent and more specifically from about 10 to about 15 percent.
Accordingly, in certain embodiments, binders useful in the present invention may consist essentially of a non-crosslinked latex polymer, such as a vinyl acetate-ethylene latex polymer, and optionally an anti-blocking agent, such as a polysaccharide, to prevent blocking upon drying of the tissue web.
In certain preferred embodiments it may be desirable to form the inventive tissue products using a binder that is substantially free from polyfunctional aldehydes, such as glyoxalated polyacrylamide and glyoxal, and azetidinium-functional cross-linking polymers, such as polyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resins and polyamide-polyamine-epichlorohydrin (PPE) resins. Thus, in a preferred embodiment the latex polymer, which may comprise either a non-carboxylated or a carboxylated latex polymer, is not subjected to crosslinking before or after it is applied to the tissue web.
In certain instances, the binder composition may be applied to the base web in a preselected pattern. In one embodiment, for instance, the binder composition can be applied to the web in a reticular pattern, such that the pattern is interconnected forming a net-like design or grid on the surface. In other embodiments the binder composition may be applied to the web in a pattern that represents a succession of discrete shapes. For example, the binder composition may be applied in a pattern of discrete dots. Despite consisting of discrete shapes, such patterns provide the desired physical properties without covering a substantial portion of the surface area of the web.
In certain preferred embodiments the binder composition is applied to only one side of the web so as to cover from about 15 to about 75 percent of the surface area of the web. More particularly, in most applications, the binder composition will cover from about 20 to about 60 percent of the surface area of the web. The total amount of binder composition applied to the web can be in the range of from about 1 to about 25 percent by weight, such as from about 2 to about 10 percent by weight, based upon the total weight of the web.
In the embodiment shown in
Further, the process illustrated in
In addition to having a binder composition applied to one or more outer surfaces, as described above, the tissue product may be subjected to additional converting, such as calendering, treatment with a softening composition, embossing, slitting, winding and/or folding.
In certain embodiments tissue products of the present invention may be treated with a softening composition to improve the hand feel or deliver a benefit to the end user. As used herein, the term “softening composition” refers to any chemical composition which improves the tactile sensation perceived by the end user who holds a particular tissue product and rubs it across the skin. Suitable softening compositions include, for example, basic waxes such as paraffin and beeswax and oils such as mineral oil and silicone oil as well as petrolatum and more complex lubricants and emollients such as quaternary ammonium compounds with long alkyl chains, functional silicones, fatty acids, fatty alcohols and fatty esters.
Accordingly, in one embodiment the tissue products of the present invention may be treated with a softening composition comprising one or more oils, such as mineral oil, waxes, such as paraffin, or plant extracts, such as chamomile and aloe vera, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,885,697 and 5,525,345, the contents of which are incorporated herein in a manner consistent with the present invention.
In other embodiments the tissue products may be treated with a softening composition comprising a polysiloxane, and more preferably with a composition comprising an amino-functional polysiloxane, a surfactant and optionally a skin conditioning agent, such as the compositions disclosed in U.S. Publication No. 2006/0130989, the contents of which are incorporated herein in a manner consistent with the present invention. In certain preferred embodiments the polysiloxane is an amino-functional polysiloxane, the surfactant is an ethoxylated alcohol or an ethoxylated propoxylated alcohol and the skin conditioning agent is vitamin E and/or aloe vera.
In still other embodiments the tissue products may be treated with a softening composition comprising a cationic softening compound and a relatively high molecular weight polyhydroxy compound. Suitable cationic softening compounds include both quaternary ammonium compounds including, for example, amidoamine quaternary ammonium compounds, diamidoamine quaternary ammonium compounds, ester quaternary ammonium compounds, alkoxy alkyl quaternary ammonium compounds, benzyl quaternary ammonium compounds, alkyl quaternary ammonium compounds, and imidazolinium compounds. Examples of polyhydroxy compounds useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, polyethylene glycols and polypropylene glycols having a molecular weight of at least about 1,000 g/mol and more preferably greater than about 2,000 g/mol and still more preferably greater than about 4,000 g/mol and more preferably greater than about 6,000 g/mol, such as from about 1,000 to about 12,000 g/mol, and more preferably from about 4,000 to about 10,000 g/mol and still more preferably from about 6,000 to about 8,000 g/mol.
In yet other embodiments the softening composition may comprise a cationic softening compound, a relatively high molecular weight polyhydroxy compound and polysiloxane. Any polysiloxane capable of enhancing the tactile softness of the tissue sheet is suitable for incorporation in this manner so long as solutions or emulsions of the cationic softener, polyhydroxy and silicone are compatible, that is when mixed they do not form gels, precipitates or other physical defects that would preclude application to the tissue sheet.
In other embodiments softening compositions useful in the present invention may consist essentially of water, a cationic softening compound, such as a quaternary ammonium compound, a polyhydroxy compound having a molecular weight of at least about 1,000 g/mol and optionally a silicone or glycerin, or mixtures thereof. In other embodiments the softening composition may consist essentially of water, a quaternary ammonium compound, a polyhydroxy compound having a molecular weight of at least about 1,000 g/mol, a silicone and glycerin. When incorporated in the softening composition, the amount of glycerin in the softening composition can be from about 5.0 to about 40 weight percent, more particularly from about 10 to about 30 weight percent, and still more particularly from about 15 to about 20 weight percent.
All of the foregoing softening compositions may optionally contain a beneficial agent, such as a skin conditioning agent or a humectant, which may be provided in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 5 percent by weight of the composition. Suitable humectants include lactic acid and its salts, sugars, ethoxylated glycerin, ethoxylated lanolin, corn syrup, hydrolyzed starch hydrolysate, urea, and sorbitol. Suitable skin conditioning agents include allantoin, kaolin, zinc oxide, aloe vera, vitamin E, petrolatum and lanolin. Again, the foregoing additives are generally complementary to the softening compositions of the present invention and generally do not significantly and adversely affect important tissue product properties, such as strength or absorbency of the tissue product, or negatively affect the softening provided by the softening compositions of the present invention.
The foregoing softening compositions are generally applied to one or two outermost surfaces of a dry tissue web and more preferably a creped tissue web having a binding composition disposed on at least one outer surface. The method by which the softening composition is applied to the tissue sheet may be accomplished by any method known in the art. For example, in one embodiment the composition may be applied by contact printing methods such as gravure, offset gravure, flexographic printing, and the like. The contact printing methods often enable topical application of the composition to the tissue sheet. In other embodiments the softening composition may be applied to the tissue web by non-contact printing methods such as ink jet printing, digital printing of any kind, and the like.
In certain preferred embodiments the softening composition may be prepared as an aqueous solution and applied to the web by spraying or rotogravure printing. It is believed in this manner that tactile softness of the tissue sheet and resulting tissue products may be improved due to presence of the softening composition on the surface of the tissue product. When applied as an aqueous solution, the softening composition may comprise from about 50 to about 90 weight percent, by weight of the composition, water and more preferably from about 60 to about 80 percent.
Basis Weight
Prior to testing, all samples are conditioned under TAPPI conditions (23±1° C. and 50±2 percent relative humidity) for a minimum of 4 hours. Basis weight of sample is measured by selecting twelve (12) products (also referred to as sheets) of the sample and making two (2) stacks of six (6) sheets. In the event the sample consists of perforated sheets of bath or towel tissue, the perforations must be aligned on the same side when stacking the usable units. A precision cutter is used to cut each stack into exactly 10.16×10.16 cm (4.0×4.0 inch) squares. The two stacks of cut squares are combined to make a basis weight pad of twelve (12) squares thick. The basis weight pad is then weighed on a top loading balance with a minimum resolution of 0.01 grams. The top loading balance must be protected from air drafts and other disturbances using a draft shield. Weights are recorded when the readings on the top loading balance become constant. The mass of the sample (grams) per unit area (square meters) is calculated and reported as the basis weight, having units of grams per square meter (gsm).
Caliper
Caliper is measured in accordance with TAPPI test methods Test Method T 580 pm-12 “Thickness (caliper) of towel, tissue, napkin and facial products.” The micrometer used for carrying out caliper measurements is an Emveco 200-A Tissue Caliper Tester (Emveco, Inc., Newberg, Oreg.). The micrometer has a load of 2 kilo-Pascals, a pressure foot area of 2,500 square millimeters, a pressure foot diameter of 56.42 millimeters, a dwell time of 3 seconds and a lowering rate of 0.8 millimeters per second.
Slough
The Slough test provides a quantitative measure of the abrasion resistance of a tissue sample. More specifically, the test measures the resistance of a material to an abrasive action when the material is subjected to a horizontally reciprocating surface abrader. The equipment used to measure Slough is similar to that described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,808,595, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in a manner consistent with the present invention. The abrading spindle consists of a stainless-steel rod, approximately 1.25 cm (0.495 inches) in diameter and 15.25 cm (6 inches) in length. The abrasive portion of the abrading spindle is 10.8 cm (4.25 inches) in length and consists 18/22 abrasion coating (commercially available from Superabrasives, Inc., Wixom, Mich.) applied around the entire circumference of the abrading spindle. The abrading spindle is mounted perpendicularly to the face of the instrument such that the abrasive portion of the abrading spindle extends out its entire distance from the face of the instrument. On each side of the abrading spindle is located a pair of clamps, one movable and one fixed. The clamps are spaced 10 cm (4 inches) apart and centered about the abrading spindle. The movable clamp (weighing approximately 21 grams) is allowed to slide freely in the vertical direction, the weight of the movable clamp providing the means for ensuring a constant is tension of the tissue sheet sample over the surface of the abrading spindle. Instruments for measuring Slough according to the present invention are available at Accelerated Analytical Laboratories (Milwaukee, Wis.).
Prior to testing, any loose dust should be removed from the abrading spindle with compressed air. If other debris is present on the abrading spindle, the spindle may be washed in warm water and dish detergent, rinsed with distilled water and dried in an oven. In the event the abrading spindle is washed prior to use, care must be taken to ensure that all cleaning solution is rinsed from the abrading spindle and that it is completely dry before use.
Samples are conditioned under TAPPI conditions (23±1° C. and 50±2 percent relative humidity) for a minimum of 4 hours prior to testing. For perforated bath tissue products, samples are first prepared by unrolling the tissue and separating into lengths of 3 sheets. Using a precision cutter, such as a JDC-3 cutter (commercially available from Thwing-Albert Instrument Company, Philadelphia, Pa.), each sample is cut to a size of 177.8±13 mm (7.0±0.5 inches) in the machine direction (MD) by 76.2±1 mm (3.0±0.04 inches) in the cross-machine direction (CD). When cutting perforated bath tissue products, as illustrated in
When testing rolled and perforated bath tissue products testing should be done on the outside surface of the roll as it is unwound. Generally rolled and perforated bath tissue products are not separated. into individual plies prior to testing and the outer surface of the product, as it is unwound from the roll, is tested. When testing folded facial tissue products, the product is separated into individual plies and the outward facing side of one of the outer plies is tested.
Each tissue sheet sample is weighed to the nearest 0.1 mg. One end of the tissue sheet sample is clamped to the fixed clamp, the sample is then loosely draped over the abrading spindle and clamped into the sliding clamp. The entire width of the sample should be in contact with the abrading spindle. The sliding clamp is then allowed to fall providing constant tension across the abrading spindle. The entire width of the tissue sheet sample should be in contact with the abrading spindle.
Once the sample is secured the test begins by moving the abrading spindle back and forth at an approximate 15-degree angle from the centered vertical centerline in a reciprocal horizontal motion against the tissue sample for 40 cycles at a speed of 73.5±0.5 cycles per minute. As the spindle cycles, it is also rotated counterclockwise (when looking at the front of the instrument) at an approximate speed of 5 RPMs. Once the 40 cycles are complete, the tissue sample is removed from the jaws with the fingertips and both sides of the sample are blown with air having a flow rate of approximately 3.4 scfm for approximately 13 seconds to remove debris.
The tissue sheet sample is then weighed to the nearest 0.1 mg and the weight loss calculated. The difference between the initial weight and the weight after testing is the amount of Slough. Ten samples are tested and the average weight loss value in milligrams (mg) is recorded, which is the Slough value for the sample.
Burst Strength (Wet or Dry)
Burst Strength is measured using an EJA Burst Tester (series #50360, commercially available from Thwing-Albert Instrument Company, Philadelphia, Pa.). The test procedure is according to TAPPI T570 pm-00 except the test speed. The test specimen is clamped between two concentric rings whose inner diameter defines the circular area under test. A penetration assembly, the top of which is a smooth, spherical steel ball, is arranged perpendicular to and centered under the rings holding the test specimen. The penetration assembly is raised at 6 inches per minute such that the steel ball contacts and eventually penetrates the test specimen to the point of specimen rupture. The maximum force applied by the penetration assembly at the instant of specimen rupture is reported as the burst strength in grams force (gf) of the specimen.
The penetration assembly consists of a spherical penetration member which is a stainless steel ball with a diameter of 0.625±0.002 inches (15.88±0.05 mm) finished spherical to 0.00004 inches (0.001 mm). The spherical penetration member is permanently affixed to the end of a 0.375±0.010 inch (9.525±0.254 mm) solid steel rod. A 2000 gram load cell is used and 50 percent of the load range i.e. 0-1000 g is selected. The distance of travel of the probe is such that the upper most surface of the spherical ball reaches a distance of 1.375 inches (34.9 mm) above the plane of the sample clamped in the test. A means to secure the test specimen for testing consisting of upper and lower concentric rings of approximately 0.25 inches (6.4 mm) thick aluminum between which the sample is firmly held by pneumatic clamps operated under a filtered air source at 60 psi. The clamping rings are 3.50±0.01 inches (88.9±0.3 mm) in internal diameter and approximately 6.5 inches (165 mm) in outside diameter. The clamping surfaces of the clamping rings are coated with a commercial grade of neoprene approximately 0.0625 inches (1.6 mm) thick having a Shore hardness of 70-85 (A scale). The neoprene needs not cover the entire surface of the clamping ring but is coincident with the inner diameter, thus having an inner diameter of 3.50±0.01 inches (88.9±0.3 mm) and is 0.5 inches (12.7 mm) wide, thus having an external diameter of 4.5±0.01 inches (114±0.3 mm). For each test a total of 3 sheets of product are combined.
The sheets are stacked on top of one another in a manner such that the machine direction of the sheets is aligned. Where samples comprise multiple plies, the plies are not separated for testing. In each instance the test sample comprises 3 sheets of product. For example, if the product is a 2-ply tissue product, 3 sheets of product, totaling 6 plies are tested. If the product is a single ply tissue product, then 3 sheets of product totaling 3 plies are tested.
Samples are conditioned under TAPPI conditions for a minimum of four hours and cut into 127×127 mm±5 mm squares. For wet burst measurement, after conditioning the samples were wetted for testing with 0.5 mL of deionized water dispensed with an automated pipette. The wet sample is tested immediately after insulting.
The peak load (gf) and energy to peak (g-cm) are recorded and the process repeated for all remaining specimens. A minimum of five specimens are tested per sample and the peak load average of five tests is reported.
Tear
Tear testing was carried out in accordance with TAPPI test method T-414 “Internal Tearing Resistance of Paper (Elmendorf-type method)” using a falling pendulum instrument such as Lorentzen & Wettre Model SE 009. Tear strength is directional and MD and CD tear are measured independently.
More particularly, a rectangular test specimen of the sample to be tested is cut out of the tissue product or tissue base sheet such that the test specimen measures 63±0.15 mm (2.5±0.006 inches) in the direction to be tested (such as the MD or CD direction) and between 73 and 114 mm (2.9 and 4.6 inches) in the other direction. The specimen edges must be cut parallel and perpendicular to the testing direction (not skewed). Any suitable cutting device, capable of the prescribed precision and accuracy, can be used. The test specimen should be taken from areas of the sample that are free of folds, wrinkles, crimp lines, perforations or any other distortions that would make the test specimen abnormal from the rest of the material.
The number of plies or sheets to test is determined based on the number of plies or sheets required for the test results to fall between 20 to 80 percent on the linear range scale of the tear tester and more preferably between 20 to 60 percent of the linear range scale of the tear tester. The sample preferably should be cut no closer than 6 mm (0.25 inch) from the edge of the material from which the specimens will be cut. When testing requires more than one sheet or ply the sheets are placed facing in the same direction.
The test specimen is then placed between the clamps of the falling pendulum apparatus with the edge of the specimen aligned with the front edge of the clamp. The clamps are closed and a 20-millimeter slit is cut into the leading edge of the specimen usually by a cutting knife attached to the instrument. For example, on the Lorentzen & Wettre Model SE 009 the slit is created by pushing down on the cutting knife lever until it reaches its stop. The slit should be clean with no tears or nicks as this slit will serve to start the tear during the subsequent test.
The pendulum is released and the tear value, which is the force required to completely tear the test specimen, is recorded. The test is repeated a total of ten times for each sample and the average of the ten readings reported as the tear strength. Tear strength is reported in units of grams of force (gf). The average tear value is the tear strength for the direction (MD or CD) tested. The “geometric mean tear strength” is the square root of the product of the average MD tear strength and the average CD tear strength. The Lorentzen & Wettre Model SE 009 has a setting for the number of plies tested. Some testers may need to have the reported tear strength multiplied by a factor to give a per ply tear strength. For base sheets intended to be multiple ply products, the tear results are reported as the tear of the multiple ply product and not the single ply base sheet. This is done by multiplying the single ply base sheet tear value by the number of plies in the finished product. Similarly, multiple ply finished product data for tear is presented as the tear strength for the finished product sheet and not the individual plies. A variety of means can be used to calculate but in general will be done by inputting the number of sheets to be tested rather than the number of plies to be tested into the measuring device. For example, two sheets would be two 1-ply sheets for 1-ply product and two 2-ply sheets (4-plies) for 2-ply products.
Tensile
Tensile testing is conducted on a tensile testing machine maintaining a constant rate of elongation and the width of each specimen tested is 3 inches. Testing is conducted under TAPPI conditions. Prior to testing samples are conditioned under TAPPI conditions (23±1° C. and 50±2 percent relative humidity) for at least 4 hours and then cutting a 3±0.05 inches (76.2±1.3 mm) wide strip in either the machine direction (MD) or cross-machine direction (CD) orientation using a JDC Precision Sample Cutter (Thwing-Albert Instrument Company, Philadelphia, Pa., Model No. JDC 3-10, Serial No. 37333) or equivalent. The instrument used for measuring tensile strengths was an MTS Systems Sintech 11S, Serial No. 6233. The data acquisition software was MTS TestWorks® for Windows Ver. 3.10 (MTS Systems Corp., Research Triangle Park, N.C.). The load cell was selected from either a 50 Newton or 100 Newton maximum, depending on the strength of the sample being tested, such that the majority of peak load values fall between 10 to 90 percent of the load cell's full-scale value. The gauge length between jaws was 4±0.04 inches (101.6±1 mm) for facial tissue and towels and 2±0.02 inches (50.8±0.5 mm) for bath tissue. The crosshead speed was 10±0.4 inches/min (254±1 mm/min), and the break sensitivity was set at 65 percent. The sample was placed in the jaws of the instrument, centered both vertically and horizontally. The test was then started and ended when the specimen broke. The peak load was recorded as either the “MD tensile strength” or the “CD tensile strength” of the specimen depending on direction of the sample being tested. Ten representative specimens were tested for each product or sheet and the arithmetic average of all individual specimen tests was recorded as the appropriate MD or CD tensile strength having units of grams per three inches (g/3″). Tensile energy absorbed (TEA) and slope are also calculated by the tensile tester. TEA is reported in units of g·cm/cm2 and slope is recorded in units of kilograms (kg). Both TEA and Slope are directionally dependent and thus MD and CD directions are measured independently.
All products were tested in their product forms without separating into individual plies. For example, a 2-ply product was tested as two plies and recorded as such. In the tensile properties of basesheets were measured, the number of plies used varied depending on the intended end use. For example, if the basesheet was intended to be used for 2-ply product, two plies of basesheet were combined and tested.
Basesheets were made using a through-air dried papermaking process commonly referred to as “uncreped through-air dried” (“UCTAD”) and generally described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,551, the contents of which are incorporated herein in a manner consistent with the present invention. Basesheets with a target basis weight ranging from about 44 to about 50 gsm were produced. The basesheets were then converted by print creping, calendering and winding to yield single ply tissue products.
Basesheets were prepared using a three-layered headbox to form a web having a first outer layer, also referred to as the fabric or fabric contacting layer, a middle layer, and a second outer layer, also referred to the air contacting or air layer. The furnish split, which consisted of eucalyptus hardwood kraft pulp (EHWK) and northern softwood kraft pulp (NSWK), and treatment of the various furnish layers is detailed in Table 2, below. In those instances where debonder (ProSoft™ TQ-1003, Solenis. Wilmington, Del.) was added, it was selectively added to the middle layer. Further, in those instances where a temporary wet strength agent (FennoBond™ 3300, Kemira, Atlanta, Ga.) was added, it was selectively added to the fabric layer.
Each furnish was diluted to approximately 0.2 percent consistency and delivered to a layered headbox and deposited on a Voith Fabrics TissueForm V forming fabric (commercially available from Voith Fabrics, Appleton, Wis.). The wet web was vacuum dewatered to approximately 25 percent consistency and then subjected to rush transfer when transferred to the transfer fabric. The transfer fabric was the fabric described as “Fred” in U.S. Pat. No. 7,611,607 (commercially available from Voith Fabrics, Appleton, Wis.). The rush transfer rate was varied between 15 and 20 percent. The web was then transferred to a through-air drying fabric having a plurality of substantially machine direction oriented non-woven structuring elements as disclosed in co-pending International Application No. PCT/US2018/033611 (commercially available from Voith Fabrics, Appleton, Wis.). The web was through-air dried to yield a basesheet having a basis weight ranging from about 44 to about 50 gsm, a GMT ranging from about 900 to about 1,200 g/3″ and a MD:CD Ratio ranging from about 1.60 to about 1.90.
The dried tissue web was fed to a gravure printing line, similar to that shown in
The first side of the dried web was printed with a binding composition using direct rotogravure printing in a pattern as shown in
The print creped tissue web was perforated, wound onto a core and converted into a single ply rolled tissue product, which was subjected to further physical testing as summarized in Tables 3 and 4, below.
A durable and dispersible rolled tissue product comprising a creped single ply tissue web having a geometric mean tensile strength (GMT) greater than 600 g/3″ and geometric mean slope (GM Slope) less than 5.00 kg.
The product of the first embodiment having a GMT from about 700 to about 1,000 g/3″ and a Slough less than about 4.00 mg.
The product of embodiments 1 or 2 having a Durability Index from about 10.0 to about 15.0.
The product of any one of embodiments 1 through 3 having a geometric tensile energy absorption (GM TEA) of about 10 g·cm/cm2 or greater.
The product of any one of embodiments 1 through 4 having a Stiffness Index less than about 8.00.
The product of any one of embodiments 1 through 5 having a Burst Index greater than about 8.0.
The product of any one of embodiments 1 through 6 having a dry burst greater than about 750.
The product of any one of embodiments 1 through 7 having a basis weight from about 45 to about 55 grams per square meter (gsm) and a sheet bulk greater than about 8.0 cubic centimeters per gram (cc/g).
The product of any one of embodiments 1 through 8 having a TEA Index of about 1.50 or greater.
The product of any one of embodiments 1 through 9 having a first outer surface and a non-crosslinked latex polymer disposed thereon.
The product of any one of embodiments 1 through 10 wherein the product comprises a creping composition consisting essentially of a non-crosslinked vinyl acetate-ethylene polymer and optionally an anti-blocking agent.
The product of any one of embodiments 1 through 11 wherein the product comprises a first outer surface and a softening composition disposed thereon. The softening composition may include, for example, waxes such as paraffin and beeswax and oils such as mineral oil and silicone oil as well as petrolatum, quaternary ammonium compounds with long alkyl chains, functional silicones, fatty acids, fatty alcohols and fatty esters.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2020/025210 | 3/27/2020 | WO |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
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| WO2020/205513 | 10/8/2020 | WO | A |
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