CRISPR-RELATED METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS WITH GOVERNING gRNAS

Abstract

Disclosed herein are methods and compositions useful in targeting a payload to, or editing a target nucleic acid, where a governing gRNA molecule is used to target, optionally inactivate, a Cas9 molecule or a Cas9 molecule/gRNA complex.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to CRISPR-related methods and components for editing of, or delivery of a payload to, a target nucleic acid sequence.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

CRISPRs (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) evolved in bacteria as an adaptive immune system to defend against viral attack. Upon exposure to a virus, short segments of viral DNA are integrated into the CRISPR locus. RNA is transcribed from a portion of the CRISPR locus that includes the viral sequence. That RNA, which contains sequence complimentary to the viral genome, mediates targeting of a Cas9 protein to to a target sequence in the viral genome. The Cas9 protein cleaves and thereby silences the viral target.

Recently, the CRISPR/Cas system has been adapted for genome editing in eukaryotic cells. The introduction of site-specific double strand breaks (DSBs) allows for target sequence alteration through one of two endogenous DNA repair mechanisms—either non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) or homology-directed repair (HDR). The CRISPR/Cas system has also been used for gene regulation including transcription repression and activation without altering the target sequence. Targeted gene regulation based on the CRISPR/Cas system uses an enzymatically inactive Cas9 (also known as a catalytically dead Cas9).

Despite the recent advances adapting the CRISPR/Cas system for genome editing in eukaryotic cells, there remains a need for improved regulation and control of these systems for use in eukaryotic cells.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Disclosed herein are methods and compositions, e.g., a Cas9 molecule complexed with a gRNA molecule, that can be used to target a specific location in a target DNA. Depending on the Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex used in the disclosed methods and compositions, specific editing of a target nucleic acid, or the delivery of a payload, can be effected.

Methods and compositions that use, or include, a nucleic acid, e.g., a DNA, that encodes a Cas9 molecule or a gRNA molecule, can, in addition, use or include a “governing gRNA molecule.” The governing gRNA molecule can complex with the Cas9 molecule to inactivate or silence a component of a Cas9 system. In one aspect, the disclosure features a gRNA molecule, referred to herein as a governing gRNA molecule, comprises a targeting domain which targets a component of the Cas9 system. In an embodiment, the governing gRNA molecule targets and silences (1) a nucleic acid that encodes a Cas9 molecule (i.e., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule), (2) a nucleic acid that encodes a gRNA molecule (i.e., a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule), or (3) a nucleic acid sequence engineered into the Cas9 components that is designed with minimal homology to other nucleic acid sequences in the cell to minimize off-target cleavage (i.e., an engineered control sequence-targeting gRNA molecule).

The targeting sequence for the governing gRNA can be selected to increase regulation or control of the Cas9 system and/or to reduce or minimize off-target effects of the system. For example, a governing gRNA can minimize undesirable cleavage, e.g., “recleavage” after Cas9 mediated alteration of a target nucleic acid or off-target cutting of Cas9, by inactivating (e.g., cleaving) a nucleic acid that encodes a Cas9 molecule. In an embodiment, a governing gRNA places temporal or other limit(s) on the level of expression or activity of the Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex. In an embodiment, the governing gRNA reduces off-target or other unwanted activity.

A target sequence for the governing gRNA can be disposed in the control or coding region of the Cas9 encoding sequence. This can be a Cas9 sequence or a non-Cas9 sequence, e.g., a sequence which is selected for, or which results in, reduced or minimized off target effect. The silencing, or inactivation, can be effected by cleaving the targeted nucleic acid sequence or by binding a Cas9 molecule/governing gRNA molecule complex to the targeted nucleic acid sequence.

In an aspect, the disclosure features a gRNA molecule that targets, optionally inactivates, a Cas9 molecule. In an embodiment, the gRNA molecule targets a nucleic acid sequence that encodes the Cas9 molecule. For example, a sequence that encodes the Cas9 molecule can comprise one or more of: a sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of the Cas9 molecule, a sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of the Cas9 molecule comprising non-translated sequence, or a sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of the Cas9 molecule comprising non-transcribed sequence.

In an embodiment, the Cas9 molecule is an eaCas9 molecule. In another embodiment, the Cas9 molecule is an eiCas9 molecule.

In an embodiment, the gRNA is configured to provide a Cas9 molecule-mediated cleavage event in the nucleic acid sequence that encodes the Cas9 molecule. In an embodiment, the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain configured to provide a Cas9 molecule-mediated cleavage event in the nucleic acid sequence that encodes the Cas9 molecule.

In an embodiment, the gRNA molecule:

targets the Cas9 molecule-amino acid coding sequence of the nucleic acid sequence;

is configured to provide a Cas9 molecule-mediated cleavage event in the Cas 9 molecule-amino acid coding sequence of the nucleic acid sequence; or

comprises a targeting domain configured to provide a Cas9 molecule-mediated cleavage event in the Cas9 molecule-amino acid coding sequence of the nucleic acid sequence.

In an embodiment, the gRNA molecule:

targets a non-coding sequence of the nucleic acid sequence;

is configured to provide a Cas9 molecule-mediated cleavage event in a non-coding sequence of the nucleic acid sequence; or

comprises a targeting domain configured to provide a Cas9 molecule-mediated cleavage event in a non-coding sequence of the nucleic acid sequence.

In an embodiment, the gRNA molecule:

targets an untranslated sequence of the nucleic acid sequence;

is configured to provide a Cas9 molecule-mediated cleavage event in an untranslated sequence of the nucleic acid sequence; or

comprises a targeting domain configured to provide a Cas9 molecule-mediated cleavage event in an untranslated sequence of the nucleic acid sequence.

In an embodiment, the gRNA molecule:

targets the nucleic acid sequence 5′ of the Cas 9 molecule-amino acid coding region;

is configured to provide a Cas9 molecule-mediated cleavage event in the nucleic acid sequence 5′ of the Cas9 molecule-coding region; or

comprises a targeting domain configured to provide a Cas9 molecule-mediated cleavage event 5′ of the Cas9 molecule-coding region of the nucleic acid sequence.

In an embodiment, the gRNA molecule:

targets the nucleic acid sequence that encodes the Cas9 molecule 3′ of the Cas9 molecule-coding region;

is configured to provide a Cas9 molecule-mediated cleavage event in the nucleic acid sequence 3′ of the Cas9 molecule-coding region; or

comprises a targeting domain configured to provide a Cas9 molecule-mediated cleavage event 3′ of the Cas9 molecule-coding region of the nucleic acid sequence.

In an embodiment, the gRNA molecule:

targets the promoter region of the nucleic acid sequence,

is configured to provide a Cas9 molecule-mediated cleavage event in the promoter region of nucleic acid sequence; or

comprises a targeting domain configured to provide a Cas9 molecule-mediated cleavage event in the promoter region of the nucleic acid sequence,

wherein the promoter region is functionally linked to the Cas9 molecule amino acid coding region.

In an embodiment, the gRNA molecule:

targets Cas9 molecule intronic sequence of the nucleic acid sequence;

is configured to provide a Cas9 molecule-mediated cleavage event in Cas9 molecule intronic sequence of the nucleic acid sequence; or

comprises a targeting domain configured to provide a Cas9 molecule-mediated cleavage event in Cas9 molecule intronic sequence of the nucleic acid sequence.

In an embodiment, the Cas9 molecule is a S. pyogenes Cas9 molecule. In another embodiment, the Cas9 molecule is a S. aureus Cas9 molecule.

In an embodiment, the gRNA molecule is selected from Tables E1-E6. In another embodiment, the gRNA molecule is selected from Tables E7-E12.

In an embodiment, the gRNA is a chimeric gRNA. In another embodiment, the gRNA is a modular gRNA.

In an embodiment, the governing gRNA molecule targets the coding sequence, or a control region, e.g., a promoter, for the Cas9 system component to be negatively regulated. For example, the gRNA can target the coding sequence for Cas9, or a control region, e.g., a promoter, that regulates the expression of the Cas9 coding sequence. In an embodiment, the governing gRNA, e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule, or a nucleic acid that encodes it, is introduced separately, e.g., later than the Cas9 molecule or a nucleic acid that encodes it. For example, a first vector, e.g., a viral vector, e.g., an AAV vector, can introduce nucleic acid encoding a Cas9 and one or more gRNAs and a second vector, e.g., a viral vector, e.g., an AAV vector, can introduce a nucleic acid encoding a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule. The second vector can be introduced after the first. In an embodiment, the governing gRNA, e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule, or a nucleic acid that encodes it, can be introduced together, e.g., at the same time or in the same vector, with the Cas9 molecule or a nucleic acid that encodes it, but, e.g., under transcriptional control elements, e.g., a promoter or an enhancer, that are activated at a later time, e.g., such that after a period of time the transcription of Cas9 is silenced. In an embodiment, the transcriptional control element is activated intrinsically. In an embodiment, the transcriptional element is activated via the introduction of an external trigger.

In an aspect, the disclosure features a nucleic acid comprising a sequence that encodes a governing gRNA molecule. In an embodiment, the governing gRNA molecule comprises a Cas9 molecule-targeting gRNA molecule. In an embodiment, the nucleic acid comprises a sequence that encodes a gRNA molecule described herein. In an embodiment, the nucleic acid is purified.

In another aspect, the disclosure features a nucleic acid, e.g., one or more vectors, e.g., one or more viral vectors, e.g., one or more AAV vectors, comprising:

a) a first nucleic acid sequence that encodes a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a Cas9 molecule-targeting gRNA molecule or a gRNA molecule-targeting gRNA molecule; and

b) a second nucleic acid sequence that encodes a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eaCas9 or an eiCas9 molecule.

In an embodiment, the governing gRNA molecule comprises a Cas9 molecule-targeting gRNA molecule. In another embodiment, the governing gRNA molecule comprises a gRNA molecule-targeting gRNA molecule.

In an embodiment, the governing gRNA molecule comprises a Cas9 molecule-targeting gRNA molecule and the Cas9 molecule-targeting gRNA molecule targets the second nucleic acid sequence that encodes the Cas9 molecule.

In an embodiment, the Cas9 molecule is an eaCas9 molecule. In another embodiment, the Cas9 molecule is an eiCas9 molecule.

In an embodiment, the gRNA molecule is configured to provide a Cas9 molecule-mediated cleavage event in the second nucleic acid sequence. In an embodiment, the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain configured to provide a Cas9 molecule-mediated cleavage event in the second nucleic acid sequence. In an embodiment, the gRNA molecule is a gRNA molecule described herein and targets the second nucleic acid sequence.

In an embodiment, the nucleic acid is purified.

In an embodiment, component a) and component b) are provided on the same nucleic acid, e.g., the same vector, e.g., the same viral vector, e.g., the same AAV vector. In another embodiment, component a) and component b) are provided on different nucleic acids, e.g., different vectors, e.g., different viral vectors, e.g., different AAV vectors.

In an embodiment, the nucleic acid is configured such that a Cas9 molecule-targeting gRNA transcribed from said nucleic acid forms a complex with a Cas9 molecule produced from said nucleic acid.

In an embodiment, said complex is capable of inactivating or silencing, e.g., by cleaving, the nucleic acid sequence that comprises or encodes said Cas9 molecule sequence. In an embodiment, the inactivating comprises cleaving.

In an embodiment, said first nucleic acid sequence is under the control of a first control region, e.g., promoter, and said second nucleic acid sequence is under the control of a second control region, e.g., promoter, and said first and second control regions, e.g., promoters, are different, e.g., one is a constitutive promoter and one is an inducible promoter. In an embodiment, one of the first and second control regions is a constitutive promoter and one is an inducible promoter.

In an embodiment, said first nucleic acid sequence and said second nucleic acid sequence are differentially expressed, e.g., differentially expressed in terms of level of expression or temporally, e.g., the first sequence is expressed laterthan said second sequence, or the first sequence is expressed at a lower level than said second sequence.

In an embodiment, the nucleic acid further comprises:

c) a third nucleic acid sequence that encodes a gRNA molecule, e.g., a second gRNA molecule, comprising a targeting domain which is complementary with a target nucleic acid, e.g., wherein the second gRNA does not target b).

In an embodiment, the target nucleic acid is disclosed herein, e.g., a sequence from:

a gene or pathway described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII, 21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, said first nucleic acid sequence is under the control of a first control region, e.g., promoter,

said second nucleic acid sequence is under the control of said second control region, e.g., promoter, or a third control region, e.g., promoter,

said third nucleic acid sequence is under the control of said second control region, e.g., promoter, or said third control region, e.g., promoter, and

said first control region, e.g., promoter, is different from said second and/or said third control region, e.g., promoter.

In an embodiment, said first nucleic acid sequence and said third nucleic acid sequence are differentially expressed, e.g., differentially expressed in terms of level of expression or temporally, e.g., the first sequence is expressed later than said third sequence, or the first sequence is expressed at a lower level than said third sequence.

In an embodiment, the nucleic acid further comprises a template nucleic acid (referred to interchangeably herein as a swap nucleic acid sequence), e.g., having 5′ and 3′ flanking region sequences recognized by one or more governing gRNAs.

In an embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence that comprises or encodes the Cas9 molecule sequence or the gRNA molecule sequence (e.g., targeted by the governing gRNA as described herein) further comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is capable of being used as a template nucleic acid, e.g., after being cleaved or excised (e.g., by the method described herein) from the nucleic acid sequence that comprises or encodes the Cas9 molecule sequence or the gRNA molecule sequence, e.g., as a donor DNA for homologous recombination. In an embodiment, a first governing gRNA molecule targets a region 5′ of a nucleic acid sequence comprising the template nucleic acid sequence and a second governing gRNA molecule targets a region 3′ of the nucleic acid sequence comprising the template nucleic acid sequence. For example, at least two (e.g., two, three, four, five or more) governing gRNAs can be used to produce one or more (e.g., two, three, four or more) template nucleic acids. In another embodiment, a single governing gRNA molecule targets both the regions 5′ and 3′ of the nucleic acid sequence comprising the template nucleic acid sequence. For example, the region (e.g., targeted by the governing gRNA molecule) 5′ of the nucleic acid sequence comprising the template nucleic acid sequence can be the same or substantially the same as the region (e.g., targeted by the governing gRNA molecule) 3′ of the nucleic acid sequence comprising the template nucleic acid sequence. In an embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence comprising the template nucleic acid sequence is in a vector, e.g., a vector described herein. In an embodiment, the vector is a viral vector, e.g., an AAV vector.

In an aspect, the disclosure features a vector comprising a nucleic acid described herein. In an embodiment, the vector is a viral vector. In an embodiment, the viral vector, is an AAV rector.

In an aspect, the disclosure features a composition, e.g., a pharmaceutical composition, comprising:

a) a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a governing gRNA molecule described herein, or a nucleic acid that encodes a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a nucleic acid described herein.

In an embodiment, the composition comprises one or more (e.g., 2 or all) of;

b) a Cas9 molecule, e.g., a Cas9 molecule described herein, or a nucleic acid sequence that encodes the Cas 9 molecule, e.g., a nucleic acid sequence described herein;

c) a second gRNA molecule or a nucleic acid encoding the second gRNA molecule; or

d) a template nucleic acid.

In an embodiment, the governing gRNA molecule comprises a Cas9 molecule-targeting gRNA molecule. In an embodiment, the Cas 9 molecule-targeting gRNA comprises a gRNA molecule described herein.

In an embodiment, the gRNA molecule is configured to provide a Cas 9 molecule-mediated cleavage event in the nucleic acid sequence that encodes the Cas 9 molecule.

In an embodiment, the composition comprises a Cas9 molecule-targeting gRNA molecule and a nucleic acid encoding the Cas9 molecule. In another embodiment, the composition comprises a Cas9 molecule-targeting gRNA molecule and the Cas9 molecule.

In an embodiment, the composition further comprises:

c) a second gRNA molecule or a nucleic acid encoding the second gRNA molecule.

In an embodiment, the second gRNA targets a Cas 9 molecule to a target nucleic acid.

In an embodiment, the composition further comprises:

d) a template nucleic acid.

In an embodiment, the composition comprises a second gRNA or a nucleic acid encoding the second gRNA.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is configured to mediate repair of a break positioned by the second gRNA.

In an embodiment, each of a), b), c) and d) is present as a nucleic acid and are encoded on the same nucleic acid molecule. In an embodiment, a first sequence selected from a), b), c) and d) is encoded on a first nucleic acid molecule and a second sequence selected from a), b), c), and d) is encoded on a second nucleic acid molecule.

In another aspect, the disclosure features a composition, e.g., a pharmaceutical composition, comprising the nucleic acid described herein. For example, the nucleic acid, e.g., one or more vectors, e.g., one or more viral vectors, e.g., one or more AAV vectors, can comprise:

a) a first nucleic acid sequence that encodes a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule or a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule; and

b) a second nucleic acid sequence that encodes a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eaCas9 or an eiCas9 molecule.

In an embodiment, said nucleic acid comprises an AAV vector.

In an aspect, the disclosure features a composition, e.g., a pharmaceutical composition, comprising nucleic acid sequence, e.g., a DNA, that encodes a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule or a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule, and one or more of a) a Cas9 molecule,

b) a second Cas9 molecule,

c) a gRNA molecule, and

d) a second gRNA molecule.

In an embodiment, each of a), b), c) and d) present are encoded on the same nucleic acid molecule. In an embodiment, a first sequence selected from a, b, c and d is encoded on a first nucleic acid molecule and a second sequence selected from a, b, c, and d is encoded on a second nucleic acid molecule. In an embodiment, said nucleic acid encodes: a and c; a, c, and d; or a, b, c, and d.

In an aspect, the disclosure features a pharmaceutical preparation comprising:

a gRNA molecule described herein;

a nucleic acid described herein;

a vector described herein; or

a composition described herein.

In an aspect, the disclosure features a cell comprising:

a gRNA molecule described herein;

a nucleic acid described herein;

a vector described herein; or

a composition described herein.

In an embodiment, the cell comprises:

a nucleic acid sequence encoding a Cas 9 molecule, wherein a sequence that encodes the Cas9 molecule can comprise one or more of: a sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of the Cas9 molecule, a sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of the Cas9 molecule comprising non-translated sequence, and a sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of the Cas9 molecule comprising non-transcribed sequence; and

a governing gRNA molecule.

In an embodiment, the governing gRNA molecule comprises a gRNA molecule that targets the nucleic acid sequence that encodes the Cas 9 molecule. In an embodiment, the gRNA molecule is a gRNA molecule described herein.

In an embodiment, the cell further comprises a Cas 9 molecule.

In an embodiment, the cell further comprises a second gRNA molecule or a nucleic acid encoding the second gRNA molecule. In an embodiment, the second gRNA targets a Cas9 molecule to a target nucleic acid.

In an embodiment, the cell further comprises a template nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is configured to mediate repair of a break in the target nucleic acid positioned by the second gRNA molecule.

In an embodiment, the cell comprises target nucleic acid cleaved by second gRNA molecule mediated targeting of the Cas9 molecule.

In an embodiment, the cell comprises the target nucleic acid that has been cleaved and repaired. In an embodiment, the repair comprises template nucleic acid mediated repair.

In an embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the Cas9 molecule has not been cleaved. In an embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the Cas9 molecule can express Cas 9 molecule.

In an embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the Cas9 molecule has been cleaved by gRNA mediated targeting of Cas 9 molecule. In an embodiment, the cleaved nucleic acid sequence encoding the Cas9 molecule has reduced ability to express Cas9 molecule, as compared to the same molecule not having been cleaved. In an embodiment, the cleaved nucleic acid sequence encoding the Cas9 molecule is substantially incapable of expressing Cas 9 molecule.

In an embodiment, the cell comprises one or both of:

a cleaved nucleic acid sequence encoding the Cas9 molecule; or

a target nucleic acid having a repaired Cas9 molecule-mediated cleavage event.

In an embodiment, the cell is a vertebrate, mammalian, rodent, goat, pig, bird, chicken, turkey, cow, horse, sheep, fish, primate, or human cell.

In another embodiment, the cell is a plant cell. In an embodiment, the plant cell is a monocot or a dicot.

In an embodiment, the cell is a human cell. In an embodiment, the cell is a somatic cell, germ cell, or prenatal cell. In an embodiment, the cell is a zygotic, blastocyst or embryonic cell, a stem cell, a mitotically competent cell, a meiotically competent cell.

In an aspect, the disclosure features a method of altering a cell, e.g., altering the structure, e.g., sequence, of a target nucleic acid of a cell, comprising contacting said cell with the nucleic acid described herein. For example, the nucleic acid, e.g., one or more vectors, e.g., one or more viral vectors, e.g., one or more AAV vectors, can comprise:

a) a first nucleic acid sequence that encodes a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule or a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule; and

b) a second nucleic acid sequence that encodes a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eaCas9 or an eiCas9 molecule.

In an embodiment, the cell is a mammalian, primate, or human cell. In an embodiment, the cell is a human cell, e.g., a cell described herein, e.g., in Section VIIA. In an embodiment, the cell is: a somatic cell, germ cell, prenatal cell, e.g., zygotic, blastocyst or embryonic cell, a stem cell, a mitotically competent cell, or a meiotically competent cell. In an embodiment, the target nucleic acid is a chromosomal nucleic acid.

In another aspect, the disclosure features a method of altering a cell, e.g., altering the structure, e.g., sequence, of a target nucleic acid of a cell, comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of:

a gRNA molecule described herein;

a nucleic acid described herein;

a vector described herein; or

a composition described herein.

In an embodiment, the cell is a vertebrate, mammalian, rodent, goat, pig, bird, chicken, turkey, cow, horse, sheep, fish, primate, or human cell.

In another embodiment, the cell is a plant cell. In an embodiment, the plant cell is a monocot or a dicot.

In an embodiment, the cell is a human cell. In an embodiment, the cell is a somatic cell, germ cell, or prenatal cell. In an embodiment, the cell is a zygotic, blastocyst or embryonic cell, a stem cell, a mitotically competent cell, a meiotically competent cell.

In an embodiment, the subject is a mammal, primate, or human.

In an embodiment, the target nucleic acid is a chromosomal nucleic acid.

In another aspect, the disclosure features a method of treating a subject, e.g., by altering the structure, e.g., altering the sequence, of a target nucleic acid, comprising administering to the subject, an effective amount of the nucleic acid described herein. For example, the nucleic acid, e.g., one or more vectors, e.g., one or more viral vectors, e.g., one or more AAV vectors, can comprise:

a) a first nucleic acid sequence that encodes a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule or a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule; and

b) a second nucleic acid sequence that encodes a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eaCas9 or an eiCas9 molecule.

In an embodiment, the subject is a mammalian, primate, or human. In an embodiment, the target nucleic acid is the nucleic acid of a human cell, e.g., a cell described herein, e.g., in Section VIIA. In an embodiment, the target nucleic acid is the nucleic acid of: a somatic cell, germ cell, prenatal cell, e.g., zygotic, blastocyst or embryonic cell, a stem cell, a mitotically competent cell, or a meiotically competent cell. In an embodiment, the target nucleic acid is a chromosomal nucleic acid.

In another aspect, the disclosure features a method of treating a subject, e.g., by altering the structure, e.g., altering the sequence, of a target nucleic acid, in a cell of the subject, comprising contacting the cell or the subject, with an effective amount of the nucleic acid of:

a gRNA molecule described herein;

a nucleic acid described herein;

a vector described herein; or

a composition described herein.

In an embodiment, the cell is a vertebrate, mammalian, rodent, goat, pig, bird, chicken, turkey, cow, horse, sheep, fish, primate, or human cell.

In another embodiment, the cell is a plant cell. In an embodiment, the plant cell is a monocot or a dicot.

In an embodiment, the cell is a human cell. In an embodiment, the cell is a somatic cell, germ cell, or prenatal cell. In an embodiment, the cell is a zygotic, blastocyst or embryonic cell, a stem cell, a mitotically competent cell, a meiotically competent cell.

In an embodiment, the subject is a mammal, primate, or human.

In an embodiment, the target nucleic acid is a chromosomal nucleic acid.

In an aspect, the disclosure features a reaction mixture comprising a cell and:

a gRNA molecule described herein;

a nucleic acid described herein;

a vector described herein; or

a composition described herein.

In another aspect, the disclosure features a reaction mixture comprising a composition described herein and a cell, e.g., a cell described herein.

In an aspect, the disclosure features a kit comprising:

a gRNA molecule described herein;

a nucleic acid described herein;

a vector described herein; or

a composition described herein.

In an embodiment, the kit comprises an instruction for using the gRNA molecule, the nucleic acid, the vector, or the composition, in a method described herein.

In another aspect, the disclosure features a composition, e.g., pharmaceutical composition, comprising a governing gRNA molecule described herein.

In an embodiment, the composition further comprises a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eaCas9 or an eiCas9 molecule. In an embodiment, said Cas9 molecule is an eaCas9 molecule. In an embodiment, said Cas9 molecule is an eiCas9 molecule.

In an embodiment, the composition further comprises a gRNA molecule comprising a targeting domain which is complementary with a target sequence from a target nucleic acid disclosed herein, e.g., a sequence from: a gene or pathway described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In another aspect, the disclosure features a composition, e.g., pharmaceutical composition, comprising a gRNA molecule described herein.

In an embodiment, the composition further comprises a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eaCas9 or an eiCas9 molecule. In an embodiment, said Cas9 molecule is an eaCas9 molecule. In another embodiment, said Cas9 molecule is an eiCas9 molecule.

In an embodiment, said composition comprises a payload, e.g., a payload described herein, e.g., in Section VI, e.g., in Table VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, or VI-6.

In an embodiment, the payload comprises: an epigenetic modifier, e.g., a molecule that modifies DNA or chromatin; component, e.g., a molecule that modifies a histone, e.g., an epigenetic modifier described herein, e.g., in Section VI; a transcription factor, e.g., a transcription factor described herein, e.g., in Section VI; a transcriptional activator domain; an inhibitor of a transcription factor, e.g., an anti-transcription factor antibody, or other inhibitors; a small molecule; an antibody; an enzyme; an enzyme that interacts with DNA, e.g., a helicase, restriction enzyme, ligase, or polymerase; and/or a nucleic acid, e.g., an enzymatically active nucleic acid, e.g., a ribozyme, or an mRNA, siRNA, of antisense oligonucleotide. In an embodiment, the composition further comprises a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eiCas9, molecule.

In an embodiment, said payload is coupled, e.g., covalently or noncovalently, to a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule. In an embodiment, said payload is coupled to said Cas9 molecule by a linker. In an embodiment, said linker is or comprises a bond that is cleavable under physiological, e.g., nuclear, conditions. In an embodiment, said linker is, or comprises, a bond described herein, e.g., in Section XI. In an embodiment, said linker is, or comprises, an ester bond. In an embodiment, said payload comprises a fusion partner fused to a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eaCas9 molecule or an eiCas9 molecule.

In an embodiment, said payload is coupled, e.g., covalently or noncovalently, to the gRNA molecule. In an embodiment, said payload is coupled to said gRNA molecule by a linker. In an embodiment, said linker is or comprises a bond that is cleavable under physiological, e.g., nuclear, conditions. In an embodiment, said linker is, or comprises, a bond described herein, e.g., in Section XI. In an embodiment, said linker is, or comprises, an ester bond.

In an embodiment, the composition comprises an eaCas9 molecule. In an embodiment, the composition comprises an eaCas9 molecule which forms a double stranded break in the target nucleic acid.

In an embodiment, the composition comprises an eaCas9 molecule which forms a single stranded break in the target nucleic acid. In an embodiment, said single stranded break is formed in the complementary strand of the target nucleic acid. In an embodiment, said single stranded break is formed in the strand which is not the complementary strand of the target nucleic acid.

In an embodiment, the composition comprises HNH-like domain cleavage activity but having no, or no significant, N-terminal RuvC-like domain cleavage activity. In an embodiment, the composition comprises N-terminal RuvC-like domain cleavage activity but having no, or no significant, HNH-like domain cleavage activity.

In an embodiment, said double stranded break is within 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150 or 200 nucleotides of a nucleotide of the target position. In an embodiment, said single stranded break is within 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150 or 200 nucleotides of a nucleotide of the target position.

In an embodiment, the composition further comprises a template nucleic acid, e.g., a template nucleic acid described herein, e.g., in Section IV. In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide that corresponds to a nucleotide of the target position.

In an embodiment, said template nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide that corresponds to a nucleotide of the target position from a sequence of: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is or comprises a fragment of 10 to 500, 10 to 400, 10 to 300, 10 to 200 nucleotides in length from a sequence in: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is or comprises a fragment of 10 to 500, 10 to 400, 10 to 300, 10 to 200 nucleotides in length, which differs at at least 1 nucleotide, but not more than 5, 10, 20 or 30% of its nucleotides, from a corresponding sequence in: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, the composition further comprises a second gRNA molecule, e.g., a second gRNA molecule described herein.

In an embodiment, said gRNA molecule and said second gRNA molecule mediate breaks at different sites in the target nucleic acid, e.g., flanking a target position. In an embodiment, said gRNA molecule and said second gRNA molecule are complementary to the same strand of the target. In an embodiment, said gRNA molecule and said second gRNA molecule are complementary to the different strands of the target.

In an embodiment, said Cas9 molecule mediates a double stranded break.

In an embodiment, said gRNA molecule and said second gRNA molecule are configured such that first and second break made by the Cas9 molecule flank a target position. In an embodiment, said double stranded break is within 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150 or 200 nucleotides of a nucleotide of the target position.

In an embodiment, the composition further comprises a template nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide that corresponds to a nucleotide of the target position.

In an embodiment, said template nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide that corresponds to a nucleotide of a target position from a sequence of: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is a fragment of 10 to 500, 10 to 400, 10 to 300, 10 to 200 nucleotides in length from a sequence in: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is a fragment of 10 to 500, 10 to 400, 10 to 300, 10 to 200 nucleotides in length, which differs at at least 1 nucleotide, but not more than 5, 10, 20 or 30% of its nucleotides, from a corresponding sequence in: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, said Cas9 molecule mediates a single stranded break.

In an embodiment, said gRNA molecule and said second gRNA molecule are configured such that a first and second break are formed in the same strand of the nucleic acid target, e.g., in the case of transcribed sequence, the template strand or the non-template strand.

In an embodiment, said first and second break flank a target position.

In an embodiment, one of said first and second single stranded breaks, or both are independently, within 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150 or 200 nucleotides of a nucleotide of the target position.

In an embodiment, the composition further comprises a template nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide that corresponds to a nucleotide of the target position. In an embodiment, said template nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide that corresponds to a nucleotide of the target position from a sequence of: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is or comprises a fragment of 10 to 500, 10 to 400, 10 to 300, 10 to 200 nucleotides in length from a sequence in: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is or comprises a fragment of 10 to 500, 10 to 400, 10 to 300, 10 to 200 nucleotides in length, which differs at at least 1 nucleotide, but not more than 5, 10, 20 or 30% of its nucleotides, from a corresponding sequence in: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, said gRNA molecule and said second gRNA molecule are configured such that a first and a second breaks are formed in different strands of the target. In an embodiment, said first and second break flank a target position. In an embodiment, one of said first and second single stranded breaks, or both are independently, within 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150 or 200 nucleotides of a nucleotide of the target position.

In an embodiment, the composition further comprises a template nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide that corresponds to a nucleotide of the target position.

In an embodiment, said template nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide that corresponds to a nucleotide of the target position from a sequence of: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is or comprises a fragment of 10 to 500, 10 to 400, 10 to 300, 10 to 200 nucleotides in length from a sequence in: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is or comprises a fragment of 10 to 500, 10 to 400, 10 to 300, 10 to 200 nucleotides in length, which differs at at least 1 nucleotide, but not more than 5, 10, 20 or 30% of its nucleotides, from a corresponding sequence in: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, the composition comprises a second Cas9 molecule.

In an embodiment, one or both of said Cas9 molecule and said second Cas9 molecule are eiCas9 molecules. In an embodiment, said eiCas9 molecule is coupled to a payload by a linker and said second eiCas9 molecules is coupled to a second payload by a second linker.

In an embodiment, said payload and said second payload are the same. In an embodiment, said payload and said second payload are different. In an embodiment, said linker and said second linker are the same. In an embodiment, said linker and said second linker are different, e.g., have different release properties, e.g., different release rates.

In an embodiment, said payload and said second payload are each described herein, e.g., in Section VI, e.g., in Table VI-1, VI-2, VI-3, VI-4, VI-5, or VI-6. In an embodiment, said payload and said second payload can interact, e.g., they are subunits of a protein.

In an embodiment, one of both of said Cas9 molecule and said second Cas9 molecule are eaCas9 molecules.

In an embodiment, said eaCas9 molecule comprises a first cleavage activity and said second eaCas9 molecule comprises a second cleavage activity. In an embodiment, said cleavage activity and said second cleavage activity are the same, e.g., both are N-terminal RuvC-like domain activity or are both HNH-like domain activity. In an embodiment, said cleavage activity and said second cleavage activity are different, e.g., one is N-terminal RuvC-like domain activity and one is HNH-like domain activity.

In an embodiment, said Cas9 molecule and said second Cas9 molecule are specific for different PAMs, e.g., one is specific for NGG and the other is specific for, e.g., NGGNG, NNAGAAW (W=A or T), or NAAR (R=A or G). In an embodiment, said Cas9 molecule of S. aureus recognizes the sequence motif NNGRR (R=A or G) and directs cleavage of a target nucleic acid sequence 1 to 10, e.g., 3 to 5, base pairs upstream from that sequence. In an embodiment, one of said Cas 9 molecule and said second Cas 9 molecule recognizes an S. aureus PAM. In an embodiment, said Cas9 molecule of N. meningitidis recognizes the sequence motif NNNNGATT and directs cleavage of a target nucleic acid sequence 1 to 10, e.g., 3 to 5, base pairs upstream from that sequence. In an embodiment, one of said Cas 9 molecule and said second Cas 9 molecule recognizes an N. meningitidis PAM.

In an embodiment, said Cas9 molecule and said second Cas9 molecule both mediate double stranded breaks.

In an embodiment, said Cas9 molecule and said second Cas9 molecule are specific for different PAMs, e.g., one is specific for NGG and the other is specific for another PAM, e.g., another PAM described herein. In an embodiment, said gRNA molecule and said second gRNA molecule are configured such that first and second break flank a target position. In an embodiment, one of said first and second double stranded breaks, or both are independently, within 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150 or 200 nucleotides of a nucleotide of the target position.

In an embodiment, the composition further comprises a template nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide that corresponds to a nucleotide of the target position.

In an embodiment, said template nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide that corresponds to a nucleotide of the target position from a sequence of: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, XII-1, or Section VIII.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is or comprises a fragment of 10 to 500, 10 to 400, 10 to 300, 10 to 200 nucleotides in length from a sequence in: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is or comprises a fragment of 10 to 500, 10 to 400, 10 to 300, 10 to 200 nucleotides in length, which differs at at least 1 nucleotide, but not more than 5, 10, 20 or 30% of its nucleotides, from a corresponding sequence in: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, one of said Cas9 molecule and said second Cas9 molecule mediates a double stranded break and the other mediates a single stranded break.

In an embodiment, said Cas9 molecule and said second Cas9 molecule are specific for different PAMs, e.g., one is specific for NGG and the other is specific for another PAM, e.g., another PAM described herein. In an embodiment, said gRNA molecule and said second gRNA molecule are configured such that a first and second break flank a target position. In an embodiment, said first and second break flank a target position. In an embodiment, one of said first and second breaks, or both are independently, within 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150 or 200 nucleotides of a nucleotide of the target position.

In an embodiment, the composition further comprises a template nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide that corresponds to a nucleotide of the target position.

In an embodiment, said template nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide that corresponds to a nucleotide of the target position from a sequence of: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is or comprises a fragment of 10 to 500, 10 to 400, 10 to 300, 10 to 200 nucleotides in length from a sequence in: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is or comprises a fragment of 10 to 500, 10 to 400, 10 to 300, 10 to 200 nucleotides in length, which differs at at least 1 nucleotide, but not more than 5, 10, 20 or 30% of its nucleotides, from a corresponding sequence in: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, said Cas9 molecule and said second Cas9 molecule both mediate single stranded breaks.

In an embodiment, said Cas9 molecule and said second Cas9 molecule are specific for different PAMs, e.g., one is specific for NGG and the other is specific for another PAM, e.g., another PAM described herein. In an embodiment, said first and second break flank a target position.

In an embodiment, one of said first and second single stranded breaks, or both are independently, within 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150 or 200 nucleotides of a nucleotide of the target position.

In an embodiment, the composition further comprises a template nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide that corresponds to a nucleotide of the target position.

In an embodiment, said template nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide that corresponds to a nucleotide of the target position from a sequence of: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is or comprises a fragment of 10 to 500, 10 to 400, 10 to 300, 10 to 200 nucleotides in length from a sequence in: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is or comprises a fragment of 10 to 500, 10 to 400, 10 to 300, 10 to 200 nucleotides in length, which differs at at least 1 nucleotide, but not more than 5, 10, 20 or 30% of its nucleotides, from a corresponding sequence in: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, said gRNA molecule, said second gRNA molecule are configured such that a first and second break are in the same strand.

In an embodiment, said Cas9 molecule and said second Cas9 molecule are specific for different PAMs, e.g., one is specific for NGG and the other is specific for another PAM, e.g., another PAM described herein. In an embodiment, said gRNA molecule, said second gRNA molecule are configured such that a first and second break flank a target position. In an embodiment, one of said first and second single stranded breaks, or both are independently, within 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150 or 200 nucleotides of a nucleotide of the target position.

In an embodiment, the composition further comprises a template nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide that corresponds to a nucleotide of the target position.

In an embodiment, said template nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide that corresponds to a nucleotide of the target position from a sequence of: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is or comprises a fragment of 10 to 500, 10 to 400, 10 to 300, 10 to 200 nucleotides in length from a sequence in: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is or comprises a fragment of 10 to 500, 10 to 400, 10 to 300, 10 to 200 nucleotides in length, which differs at at least 1 nucleotide, but not more than 5, 10, 20 or 30% of its nucleotides, from a corresponding sequence in: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, said first and second break are on the different strands.

In an embodiment, said Cas9 molecule and said second Cas9 molecule are specific for different PAMs, e.g., one is specific for NGG and the other is specific for another PAM, e.g., another PAM described herein. In an embodiment, said gRNA molecule, said second gRNA molecule are configured such that a first and second break are on different strands.

In an embodiment, said gRNA molecule, said second gRNA molecule are configured such that a first and second break flank a target position. In an embodiment, said first and second break flank a target position.

In an embodiment, one of said first and second single stranded breaks, or both are independently, within 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150 or 200 nucleotides of a nucleotide of the target position.

In an embodiment, the composition further comprises a template nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide that corresponds to a nucleotide of the target position.

In an embodiment, said template nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide that corresponds to a nucleotide of the target position from a sequence of: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is or comprises a fragment of 10 to 500, 10 to 400, 10 to 300, 10 to 200 nucleotides in length from a sequence in: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is or comprises a fragment of 10 to 500, 10 to 400, 10 to 300, 10 to 200 nucleotides in length, which differs at at least 1 nucleotide, but not more than 5, 10, 20 or 30% of its nucleotides, from a corresponding sequence in: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or Section VIII.

In yet another aspect, the disclosure features a composition, e.g., a pharmaceutical composition, comprising governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule or a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule, a gRNA molecule and a second gRNA molecule described herein.

In an embodiment, the composition further comprises a nucleic acid, e.g., a DNA or mRNA, that encodes a Cas9 molecule described herein. In an embodiment, the composition further comprises a nucleic acid, e.g., a DNA or RNA, that encodes a second Cas9 molecule described herein. In an embodiment, the composition further comprises a template nucleic acid described herein.

In one aspect, the disclosure features a composition, e.g., a pharmaceutical composition, comprising, nucleic acid sequence, e.g., a DNA, that encodes a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule or a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule, and one or more gRNA molecules described herein.

In an embodiment, said nucleic acid comprises a promoter operably linked to the sequence that encodes a gRNA molecule, e.g., a promoter described herein.

In an embodiment, said nucleic acid comprises a second promoter operably linked to the sequence that encodes a second gRNA molecule, e.g., a promoter described herein. In an embodiment, the promoter and second promoter are different promoters. In an embodiment, the promoter and second promoter are the same.

In an embodiment, the nucleic acid further encodes a Cas9 molecule described herein. In an embodiment, the nucleic acid further encodes a second Cas9 molecule described herein.

In an embodiment, said nucleic acid comprises a promoter operably linked to the sequence that encodes a Cas9 molecule, e.g., a promoter described herein.

In an embodiment, said nucleic acid comprises a second promoter operably linked to the sequence that encodes a second Cas9 molecule, e.g., a promoter described herein. In an embodiment, the promoter and second promoter are different promoters. In an embodiment, the promoter and second promoter are the same.

In an embodiment, the composition further comprises a template nucleic acid e.g., a template nucleic acid described herein, e.g., in Section IV.

In another aspect, the disclosure features a composition, e.g., a pharmaceutical composition, comprising nucleic acid sequence that encodes one or more of: a) a Cas9 molecule, b) a second Cas9 molecule, c) a gRNA molecule, d) a second gRNA molecule, and e) a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule or a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule.

In an embodiment, each of a), b), c) d) and e) present are encoded on the same nucleic acid molecule.

In an embodiment, a first sequence selected from of a), b), c), d) and e) is encoded on a first nucleic acid molecule and a second sequence selected from a), b), c), d) and e) is encoded on a second nucleic acid molecule.

In an embodiment, said nucleic acid encodes: a), c) and e); a), c), d) and e); or a), b), c), d) and e).

In an embodiment, the composition further comprises a Cas9 molecule, e.g., comprising one or more of the Cas9 molecules wherein said nucleic acid does not encode a Cas9 molecule.

In an embodiment, the composition further comprises an mRNA encoding Cas9 molecule, e.g., comprising one or more mRNAs encoding one or more of the Cas9 molecules wherein said nucleic acid does not encode a Cas9 molecule.

In an embodiment, the composition further comprises a template nucleic acid e.g., a template nucleic acid described herein, e.g., in Section IV.

In yet another aspect, the disclosure features a nucleic acid described herein.

In one aspect, the disclosure features a composition comprising: a) a gRNA molecule (or combination of gRNA molecules, e.g., a gRNA molecule and a second gRNA molecule); b) an eaCas9 molecule (or combination of eaCas9 molecules, e.g., an eaCas9 molecule; and a second eaCas9 molecule); and c) optionally, a template nucleic acid e.g., a template nucleic acid described herein, e.g., in Section IV.

In another aspect, the disclosure features a composition comprising: a) a gRNA molecule (or combination of gRNA molecules, e.g., a gRNA molecule and a second gRNA molecule); b) a nucleic acid, e.g. a DNA or mRNA encoding an eaCas9 molecule (or combination of eaCas9 molecules, e.g., an eaCas9 molecule and a second eaCas9 molecule); c) optionally, a template nucleic acid, e.g., a template nucleic acid described herein, e.g., in Section IV; and d) a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule.

In yet another aspect, the disclosure features a composition comprising: a) a nucleic acid, e.g., a DNA, which encodes a gRNA molecule (or combination of gRNA molecules, e.g., a gRNA molecule and a second gRNA molecule); b) an eaCas9 molecule (or combination of eaCas9 molecules, e.g., an eaCas9 molecule and a second eaCas9 molecule); c) optionally, a template nucleic acid, e.g., a template nucleic acid described herein, e.g., in Section IV; and d) a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule.

In still another aspect, the disclosure features a composition comprising: a) nucleic acid, e.g., a DNA, which encodes a gRNA molecule or (or combination of gRNA molecules, e.g., a gRNA molecule and a second gRNA molecule); b) nucleic acid, e.g. a DNA or mRNA encoding eaCas9 molecule or (or combination of eaCas9 molecules, e.g., an eaCas9 molecule and a second eaCas9 molecule) (wherein the gRNA molecule encoding nucleic acid and the eaCas9 molecule encoding nucleic acid can be on the same or different molecules); c) optionally, a template nucleic acid, e.g., a template nucleic acid described herein, e.g., in Section IV; and d) a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule or a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule.

In one aspect, the disclosure features a method of altering a cell, e.g., altering the structure, e.g., sequence, of a target nucleic acid of a cell, comprising contacting said cell with:

1) a composition comprising:

• • a) a gRNA molecule (or combination of gRNA molecules, e.g., a gRNA molecule and a second gRNA molecule);
  • b) an eaCas9 molecule (or combination of eaCas9 molecules, e.g., an eaCas9 molecule; and a second eaCas9 molecule); and
  • c) optionally, a template nucleic acid, e.g., a template nucleic acid described herein, e.g., in Section IV;

2) a composition comprising:

• • a) a gRNA molecule (or combination of gRNA molecules, e.g., a gRNA molecule and a second gRNA molecule);
  • b) a nucleic acid, e.g. a DNA or mRNA encoding an eaCas9 molecule (or combination of eaCas9 molecules, e.g., an eaCas9 molecule and a second eaCas9 molecule); and
  • c) optionally, a template nucleic acid, e.g., a template nucleic acid described herein, e.g., in Section IV; and
  • d) a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule;

3) a composition comprising:

• • a) a nucleic acid, e.g., a DNA, which encodes a gRNA molecule (or combination of gRNA molecules, e.g., a gRNA molecule and a second gRNA molecule);
  • b) an eaCas9 molecule (or combination of eaCas9 molecules, e.g., an eaCas9 molecule and a second eaCas9 molecule); and
  • c) optionally, a template nucleic acid, e.g., a template nucleic acid described herein, e.g., in Section IV; and
  • d) a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule or a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule; and/or

4) a composition comprising:

• • a) nucleic acid, e.g., a DNA, which encodes a gRNA molecule (or combination of gRNA molecules, e.g., a gRNA molecule and a second gRNA molecule);
  • b) nucleic acid, e.g. a DNA or mRNA encoding eaCas9 molecule (or combination of eaCas9 molecules, e.g., an eaCas9 molecule and a second eaCas9 molecule), (wherein the gRNA molecule encoding nucleic acid and the eaCas9 molecule encoding nucleic acid can be on the same or different molecules); and
  • c) optionally, a template nucleic acid, e.g., a template nucleic acid described herein, e.g., in Section IV; and
  • d) a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule or a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule.

In an embodiment, a gRNA molecule or nucleic acid encoding a gRNA molecule, and an eaCas9 molecule, or nucleic acid encoding an eaCas9 molecule, are delivered in or by, one dosage form, mode of delivery, or formulation.

In an embodiment, a) a gRNA molecule or nucleic acid encoding a gRNA molecule is delivered in or by, a first dosage form, a first mode of delivery, or a first formulation; and b) an eaCas9 molecule, or nucleic acid encoding an eaCas9 molecule, is delivered in or by a second dosage form, second mode of delivery, or second formulation. In an embodiment, a governing gRNA molecule (or a nucleic acide that encodes it), e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule or a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule, is provided in the dosage form that contains the component it inactivates, or in another dosage form, mode of delivery, or formulation.

In an embodiment, the cell is an animal or plant cell. In an embodiment, the cell is a mammalian, primate, or human cell. In an embodiment, the cell is a human cell, e.g., a cell from described herein, e.g., in Section VIIA. In an embodiment, the cell is: a somatic cell, germ cell, prenatal cell, e.g., zygotic, blastocyst or embryonic, blastocyst cell, a stem cell, a mitotically competent cell, a meiotically competent cell. In an embodiment, the cell is a human cell, e.g., a cancer cell or other cell characterized by a disease or disorder.

In an embodiment, the target nucleic acid is a chromosomal nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the target nucleic acid is an organellar nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the target nucleic acid is a mitochondrial nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the target nucleic acid is a chloroplast nucleic acid.

In an embodiment, the cell is a cell of a disease causing organism, e.g., a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or parasite.

In an embodiment, the target nucleic acid is the nucleic acid of a disease causing organism, e.g., of a disease causing organism, e.g., a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or parasite.

In an embodiment, said method comprises: modulating the expression of a gene or inactivating a disease organism.

In an embodiment, said cell is a cell characterized by unwanted proliferation, e.g., a cancer cell. In an embodiment, said cell is a cell characterized by an unwanted genomic component, e.g., a viral genomic component. In an embodiment, the cell is a cell described herein, e.g., in Section IIA. In an embodiment, a control or structural sequence of at least, 2 3, 4, 5 or 6 or more genes is altered.

In an embodiment, the target nucleic acid is a rearrangement, a rearrangement that comprises a kinase gene, or a rearrangement that comprises a tumor suppressor gene. In an embodiment, the targent nucleic acid comprises a kinase gene or a tumor suppressor gene.

In an embodiment, the method comprises cleaving a target nucleic acid within 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150 or 200 nucleotides of a nucleotide of the target position. In an embodiment, said composition comprises a template nucleic acid.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide that corresponds to a nucleotide of the target position.

In an embodiment, said template nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide that corresponds to a nucleotide of the target position from a sequence of: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is or comprises a fragment of 10 to 500, 10 to 400, 10 to 300, 10 to 200 nucleotides in length from a sequence in: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is or comprises a fragment of 10 to 500, 10 to 400, 10 to 300, 10 to 200 nucleotides in length, which differs at at least 1 nucleotide, but not more than 5, 10, 20 or 30% of its nucleotides, from a corresponding sequence in: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment,

a) a control region, e.g., a cis-acting or tans-acting control region, of a gene is cleaved;

b) the sequence of a control region, e.g., a cis-acting or trans-acting control region, of a gene is altered, e.g., by an alteration that modulates, e.g., increases or decreases, expression a gene under control of the control region, e.g., a control sequence is disrupted or a new control sequence is inserted;

c) the coding sequence of a gene is cleaved;

d) the sequence of a transcribed region, e.g., a coding sequence of a gene is altered, e.g., a mutation is corrected or introduced, an alteration that increases expression of or activity of the gene product is effected, e.g., a mutation is corrected; and/or

e) the sequence of a transcribed region, e.g., the coding sequence of a gene is altered, e.g., a mutation is corrected or introduced, an alteration that decreases expression of or activity of the gene product is effected, e.g., a mutation is inserted, e.g., the sequence of one or more nucleotides is altered so as to insert a stop codon.

In an embodiment, a control region or transcribed region, e.g., a coding sequence, of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 or more genes are altered.

In another aspect, the disclosure features a method of treating a subject, e.g., by altering the structure, e.g., altering the sequence, of a target nucleic acid, comprising administering to the subject, an effective amount of:

1) a composition comprising:

• • a) a gRNA molecule (or combination of gRNA molecules, e.g., a gRNA molecule and a second gRNA molecule);
  • b) an eaCas9 molecule (or combination of eaCas9 molecules, e.g., an eaCas9 molecule; and a second eaCas9 molecule); and
  • c) optionally, a template nucleic acid, e.g., a template nucleic acid described herein, e.g., in Section IV;

2) a composition comprising:

• • a) a gRNA molecule (or combination of gRNA molecules, e.g., a gRNA molecule and a second gRNA molecule);
  • b) a nucleic acid, e.g. a DNA or mRNA encoding an eaCas9 molecule (or combination of eaCas9 molecules, e.g., an eaCas9 molecule and a second eaCas9 molecule); and
  • c) optionally, a template nucleic acid, e.g., a template nucleic acid described herein, e.g., in Section IV; and
  • d) a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule;

3) a composition comprising:

• • a) a nucleic acid, e.g., a DNA, which encodes a gRNA molecule (or combination of gRNA molecules, e.g., a gRNA molecule and a second gRNA molecule);
  • b) an eaCas9 molecule (or combination of eaCas9 molecules, e.g., an eaCas9 molecule and a second eaCas9 molecule); and
  • c) optionally, a template nucleic acid, e.g., a template nucleic acid described herein, e.g., in Section IV; and
  • d) a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule;
  • and/or

4) a composition comprising:

• • a) nucleic acid, e.g., a DNA, which encodes a gRNA molecule or (or combination of gRNA molecules, e.g., a gRNA molecule and a second gRNA molecule);
  • b) nucleic acid, e.g. a DNA or mRNA encoding eaCas9 molecule or (or combination of eaCas9 molecules, e.g., an eaCas9 molecule and a second eaCas9 molecule), (wherein the gRNA molecule encoding nucleic acid and the eaCas9 molecule encoding nucleic acid can be on the same or different molecules); and
  • c) optionally, a template nucleic acid, e.g., a template nucleic acid described herein, e.g., in Section IV; and
  • d) a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule or a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule.

In an embodiment, a gRNA molecule or nucleic acid encoding a gRNA molecule, and an eaCas9 molecule, or nucleic acid encoding an eaCas9 molecule, are delivered in or by one dosage form, mode of delivery, or formulation. In an embodiment, a governing gRNA molecule (or a nucleic acide that encodes it), e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule or a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule, is provided in the dosage form that contains the component it inactivates, or in another dosage form, mode of delivery, or formulation.

In an embodiment, a gRNA molecule or nucleic acid encoding a gRNA molecule is delivered in or by a first dosage form, in a first mode of delivery, or first formulation; and an eaCas9 molecule, or nucleic acid encoding an eaCas9 molecule, is delivered in or by a second dosage form, second mode of delivery, or second formulation. In an embodiment a governing gRNA molecule (or a nucleic acide that encodes it), e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule or a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule, can provided in the dosage form that contains the component it inactivates, or in another dosage form, mode of delivery, or formulation.

In an embodiment, the subject is an animal or plant. In an embodiment, the subject is a mammalian, primate, or human.

In an embodiment, the target nucleic acid is the nucleic acid of a human cell, e.g., a cell described herein, e.g., in Section VIIA. In an embodiment, the target nucleic acid is the nucleic acid of: a somatic cell, germ cell, prenatal cell, e.g., zygotic, blastocyst or embryonic, blasotcyst cell, a stem cell, a mitotically competent cell, a meiotically competent cell.

In an embodiment, the target nucleic acid is a chromosomal nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the target nucleic acid is an organellar nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the nucleic acid is a mitochondrial nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the nucleic acid is a chloroplast nucleic acid.

In an embodiment, the target nucleic acid is the nucleic acid of a disease causing organism, e.g., of a disease causing organism, e.g., a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or parasite. In an embodiment, said method comprises modulating expression of a gene or inactivating a disease organism.

In an embodiment, the target nucleic acid is the nucleic acid of a cell characterized by unwanted proliferation, e.g., a cancer cell. In an embodiment, said target nucleic acid comprises an unwanted genomic component, e.g., a viral genomic component. In an embodiment, a control or structural sequence of at least, 2 3, 4, 5 or 6 or more genes is altered. In an embodiment, the target nucleic acid is a rearrangement, a rearrangement that comprises a kinase gene, or a rearrangement that comprises a tumor suppressor gene. In an embodiment, the targent nucleic acid comprises a kinase gene or a tumor suppressor gene.

In an embodiment, the method comprises cleaving a target nucleic acid within 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150 or 200 nucleotides of a nucleotide of the target position.

In an embodiment, said composition comprises a template nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide that corresponds to a nucleotide of the target position.

In an embodiment, said template nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide that corresponds to a nucleotide of the target position from a sequence of: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is or comprises a fragment of 10 to 500, 10 to 400, 10 to 300, 10 to 200 nucleotides in length from a sequence in: a gene, or a gene from a pathway, described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is or comprises a fragment of 10 to 500, 10 to 400, 10 to 300, 10 to 200 nucleotides in length, which differs at at least 1 nucleotide, but not more than 5, 10, 20 or 30% of its nucleotides, from a corresponding sequence in:

In an embodiment,

a) a control region, e.g., a cis-acting or trans-acting control region, of a gene is cleaved;

b) the sequence of a control region, e.g., a cis-acting or trans-acting control region, of a gene is altered, e.g., by an alteration that modulates, e.g., increases or decreases, expression a gene under control of the control region, e.g., a control sequence is disrupted or a new control sequence is inserted;

c) the coding sequence of a gene is cleaved;

d) the sequence of a transcribed region, e.g., a coding sequence of a gene is altered, e.g., a mutation is corrected or introduced, an alteration that increases expression of or activity of the gene product is effected, e.g., a mutation is corrected;

e) the non-coding sequence of a gene or an intergenic region between genes is cleaved; and/or

f) the sequence of a transcribed region, e.g., the coding sequence of a gene is altered, e.g., a mutation is corrected or introduced, an alteration that decreases expression of or activity of the gene product is effected, e.g., a mutation is inserted, e.g., the sequence of one or more nucleotides is altered so as to insert a stop codon.

In an embodiment, a control region or transcribed region, e.g., a coding sequence, of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 or more genes are altered.

In one aspect, the disclosure features a composition comprising: a) a gRNA molecule (or combination of gRNA molecules, e.g., a gRNA molecule and a second gRNA molecule); b) a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule (or combination of Cas9 molecules, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule and a second eiCas9 molecule); and c) a payload coupled, covalently or non-covalently, to a complex of the gRNA molecule and the Cas9 molecule, e.g., coupled to the Cas9 molecule or the gRNA molecule.

In another aspect, the disclosure features a composition comprising: a) a gRNA molecule (or combination of gRNA molecules, e.g., a gRNA molecule and a second gRNA molecule); b) a nucleic acid, e.g. a DNA or mRNA encoding a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule (or combination of Cas9 molecules, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule and a second eiCas9 molecule); and c) a payload which is: coupled, covalently or non-covalently, the gRNA molecule; or a fusion partner with the Cas9 molecule.

In yet another aspect, the disclosure features a composition comprising: a) a nucleic acid, e.g., a DNA, which encodes a gRNA molecule (or combination of gRNA molecules, e.g., a gRNA molecule and a second gRNA molecule); b) a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule (or combination of Cas9 molecules, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule and a second eiCas9 molecule); c) a payload which is coupled, covalently or non-covalently, to the Cas9 molecule; and d) a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule.

In still another aspect, the disclosure features a composition comprising: a) nucleic acid, e.g., a DNA, which encodes a gRNA molecule or (or combination of gRNA molecules, e.g., a gRNA molecule and a second gRNA molecule); b) nucleic acid, e.g. a DNA or mRNA, encoding a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule (or combination of Cas9 molecules, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule and a second eiCas9 molecule), wherein the gRNA molecule encoding nucleic acid and the eaCas9 molecule encoding nucleic acid can be on the same or different molecules; c) a payload which is a fusion partner with the Cas9 molecule; and d) a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule or a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule.

In one aspect, the disclosure features a method of delivering a payload to a cell, e.g., by targeting a payload to target nucleic acid, comprising contacting said cell with:

1) a composition comprising:

• • a) a gRNA molecule (or combination of gRNA molecules, e.g., a gRNA molecule and a second gRNA molecule);
  • b) a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule (or combination of Cas9 molecules, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule and a second eiCas9 molecule); and
  • c) a payload coupled, covalently or non-covalently, to a complex of the gRNA molecule and the Cas9 molecule, e.g., coupled to the Cas9 molecule or the gRNA molecule;

2) a composition comprising:

• • a) a gRNA molecule (or combination of gRNA molecules, e.g., a gRNA molecule and a second gRNA molecule);
  • b) a nucleic acid, e.g. a DNA or mRNA encoding a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule (or combination of Cas9 molecules, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule and a second eiCas9 molecule);
  • c) a payload which is: coupled, covalently or non-covalently, the gRNA molecule; or a fusion partner with the Cas9 molecule;

3) a composition comprising:

• • a) a nucleic acid, e.g., a DNA, which encodes a gRNA molecule (or combination of gRNA molecules, e.g., a gRNA molecule and a second gRNA molecule);
  • b) a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule (or combination of Cas9 molecules, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule and a second eiCas9 molecule);
  • c) a payload which is coupled, covalently or non-covalently, to the Cas9 molecule; and
  • d) a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule;

and/or

4) a composition comprising:

• • a) nucleic acid, e.g., a DNA, which encodes a gRNA molecule or (or combination of gRNA molecules, e.g., a gRNA molecule and a second gRNA molecule);
  • b) nucleic acid, e.g. a DNA or mRNA, encoding a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule (or combination of Cas9 molecules, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule and a second eiCas9 molecule), wherein the gRNA molecule encoding nucleic acid and the eaCas9 molecule encoding nucleic acid can be on the same or different molecules;
  • c) a payload which is a fusion partner with the Cas9 molecule; and
  • d) a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule or a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule.

In an embodiment, a gRNA molecule or nucleic acid encoding a gRNA molecule, and an eaCas9 molecule, or nucleic acid encoding an eaCas9 molecule, are delivered in or by one dosage form, mode of delivery, or formulation. In an embodiment, a governing gRNA molecule (or a nucleic acide that encodes it), e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule or a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule, is provided in the dosage form that contains the component it inactivates, or in another dosage form, mode of delivery, or formulation.

In an embodiment, a gRNA molecule or nucleic acid encoding a gRNA molecule is delivered in or by a first dosage form, first mode of delivery, or first formulation; and a Cas9 molecule, or nucleic acid encoding a Cas9 molecule, is delivered in or by a second dosage form, second mode of delivery, or second formulation. In an embodiment, a governing gRNA molecule (or a nucleic acide that encodes it), e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule or a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule, is provided in the dosage form that contains the component it inactivates, or in another dosage form, mode of delivery, or formulation.

In an embodiment, the cell is an animal or plant cell. In an embodiment, the cell is a mammalian, primate, or human cell. In an embodiment, the cell is a human cell, e.g., a human cell described herein, e.g., in Section VIIA. In an embodiment, the cell is: a somatic cell, germ cell, prenatal cell, e.g., zygotic, blastocyst or embryonic, blasotcyst cell, a stem cell, a mitotically competent cell, a meiotically competent cell. In an embodiment, the cell is a human cell, e.g., a cancer cell, a cell comprising an unwanted genetic element, e.g., all or part of a viral genome.

In an embodiment, the gRNA mediates targeting of a chromosomal nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the gRNA mediates targeting of a selected genomic signature. In an embodiment, the gRNA mediates targeting of an organellar nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the gRNA mediates targeting of a mitochondrial nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the gRNA mediates targeting of a chloroplast nucleic acid.

In an embodiment, the cell is a cell of a disease causing organism, e.g., a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or parasite.

In an embodiment, the gRNA mediates targeting of the nucleic acid of a disease causing organism, e.g., of a disease causing organism, e.g., a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or parasite.

In an embodiment, the payload comprises a payload described herein, e.g., in Section VI.

In an embodiment, said cell is a cell characterized by unwanted proliferation, e.g., a cancer cell. In an embodiment, said cell is characterized by an unwanted genomic component, e.g., a viral genomic component.

In an embodiment, a control or structural sequence of at least 2 3, 4, 5, or 6 or more genes is altered.

In an embodiment, the gRNA targets a selected genomic signature, e.g., a mutation, e.g., a germline or acquired somatic mutation. In an embodiment, the target nucleic acid is a rearrangement, a rearrangement that comprises a kinase gene, or a rearrangement that comprises a tumor suppressor gene. In an embodiment, the targent nucleic acid comprises a kinase gene or a tumor suppressor gene. In an embodiment, the gRNA targets a cancer cell, e.g., a cancer cell disclosed herein, e.g., in Section VIIA. In an embodiment, the gRNA targets a cell which has been infected with a virus.

In another aspect, the disclosure features a method of treating a subject, e.g., by targeting a payload to target nucleic acid, comprising administering to the subject, an effective amount of:

1) a composition comprising:

• • a) a gRNA molecule (or combination of gRNA molecules, e.g., a gRNA molecule and a second gRNA molecule);
  • b) a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule (or combination of Cas9 molecules, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule and a second eiCas9 molecule); and
  • c) a payload coupled, covalently or non-covalently, to a complex of the gRNA molecule and the Cas9 molecule, e.g., coupled to the Cas9 molecule;

2) a composition comprising:

• • a) a gRNA molecule (or combination of gRNA molecules, e.g., a gRNA molecule and a second gRNA molecule);
  • b) a nucleic acid, e.g. a DNA or mRNA encoding a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule (or combination of Cas9 molecules, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule and a second eiCas9 molecule);
  • c) a payload which is:
    • coupled, covalently or non-covalently, the gRNA molecule; or
    • is a fusion partner with the Cas9 molecule; and
  • d) a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule;

3) a composition comprising:

• • a) a nucleic acid, e.g., a DNA, which encodes a gRNA molecule (or combination of gRNA molecules, e.g., a gRNA molecule and a second gRNA molecule);
  • b) a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule (or combination of Cas9 molecules, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule and a second eiCas9 molecule); and
  • c) a payload which is coupled, covalently or non-covalently, to the Cas9 molecule; and
  • d) a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule;

and/or

4) a composition comprising:

• • a) a nucleic acid, e.g., a DNA, which encodes a gRNA molecule or (or combination of gRNA molecules, e.g., a gRNA molecule and a second gRNA molecule);
  • b) a nucleic acid, e.g. a DNA or mRNA, encoding a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule (or combination of Cas9 molecules, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule and a second eiCas9 molecule), (wherein the gRNA molecule encoding nucleic acid and the eaCas9 molecule encoding nucleic acid can be on the same or different molecules);
  • c) a payload which is a fusion partner with the Cas9 molecule; and
  • d) a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule or a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule.

In an embodiment, a gRNA molecule or nucleic acid encoding a gRNA molecule, and an eaCas9 molecule, or nucleic acid encoding an eaCas9 molecule, are delivered in or by one dosage form, mode of delivery, or formulation. In an embodiment a governing gRNA molecule (or a nucleic acide that encodes it), e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule or a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule, can provided in the dosage form that contains the component it inactivates, or in another dosage form, mode of delivery, or formulation.

In an embodiment, a gRNA molecule or nucleic acid encoding a gRNA molecule is delivered in or by a first dosage, mode of delivery form or formulation; and a Cas9 molecule, or nucleic acid encoding a Cas9 molecule, is delivered in or by a second dosage form, mode of delivery, or formulation. In an embodiment a governing gRNA molecule (or a nucleic acide that encodes it), e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule or a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule, can provided in the dosage form that contains the component it inactivates, or in another dosage form, mode of delivery, or formulation.

In an embodiment, the subject is an animal or plant cell. In an embodiment, the subject is a mammalian, primate, or human cell.

In an embodiment, the gRNA mediates targeting of a human cell, e.g., a human cell described herein, e.g., in Section VIIA. In an embodiment, the gRNA mediates targeting of: a somatic cell, germ cell, prenatal cell, e.g., zygotic, blastocyst or embryonic, blasotcyst cell, a stem cell, a mitotically competent cell, a meiotically competent cell. In an embodiment, the gRNA mediates targeting of a cancer cell or a cell comprising an unwanted genomic element, e.g., all or part of a viral genome. In an embodiment, the gRNA mediates targeting of a chromosomal nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the gRNA mediates targeting of a selected genomic signature. In an embodiment, the gRNA mediates targeting of an organellar nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the gRNA mediates targeting of a mitochondrial nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the gRNA mediates targeting of a chloroplast nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the gRNA mediates targeting of the nucleic acid of a disease causing organism, e.g., of a disease causing organism, e.g., a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or parasite. In an embodiment, the gRNA targets a cell characterized by unwanted proliferation, e.g., a cancer cell, e.g., a cancer cell from Section VIIA, e.g., from Table VII-11. In an embodiment, the gRNA targets a cell characterized by an unwanted genomic component, e.g., a viral genomic component.

In an embodiment, a control element, e.g., a promoter or enhancer, is targeted. In an embodiment, the target nucleic acid is a rearrangement, a rearrangement that comprises a kinase gene, or a rearrangement that comprises a tumor suppressor gene. In an embodiment, the targent nucleic acid comprises a kinase gene or a tumor suppressor gene. In an embodiment, the gRNA targets a selected genomic signature, e.g., a mutation, e.g., a germline or acquired somatic mutation.

In an embodiment, the gRNA targets a cancer cell. In an embodiment, the gRNA targets a cell which has been infected with a virus.

In an embodiment, at least one eaCas9 molecule and a payload are administered. In an embodiment, the payload comprises a payload described herein, e.g., in Section VI.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

Headings, including numeric and alphabetical headings and subheadings, are for organization and presentation and are not intended to be limiting.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the detailed description, drawings, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

The Figures described below, that together make up the Drawing, are for illustration purposes only, not for limitation.

FIG. 1A-G are representations of several exemplary gRNAs.

FIG. 1A depicts a modular gRNA molecule derived in part (or modeled on a sequence in part) from Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) as a duplexed structure (SEQ ID NOS 42 and 43, respectively, in order of appearance);

FIG. 1B depicts a unimolecular (or chimeric) gRNA molecule derived in part from S. pyogenes as a duplexed structure (SEQ ID NO: 44);

FIG. 1C depicts a unimolecular gRNA molecule derived in part from S. pyogenes as a duplexed structure (SEQ ID NO: 45);

FIG. 1D depicts a unimolecular gRNA molecule derived in part from S. pyogenes as a duplexed structure (SEQ ID NO: 46);

FIG. 1E depicts a unimolecular gRNA molecule derived in part from S. pyogenes as a duplexed structure (SEQ ID NO: 47);

FIG. 1F depicts a modular gRNA molecule derived in part from Streptococcus thermophilus (S. thermophilus) as a duplexed structure (SEQ ID NOS 48 and 49, respectively, in order of appearance);

FIG. 1G depicts an alignment of modular gRNA molecules of S. pyogenes and S. thermophilus (SEQ ID NOS 50-53, respectively, in order of appearance).

FIG. 2 depicts an alignment of Cas9 sequences from Chylinski et al., RNA BIOL. 2013; 10(5): 726-737. The N-terminal RuvC-like domain is boxed and indicated with a “Y”. The other two RuvC-like domains are boxed and indicated with a “B”. The HNH-like domain is boxed and indicated by a “G”. Sm: S. mutans (SEQ ID NO: 1); Sp: S. pyogenes (SEQ ID NO: 2); St: S. thermophilus (SEQ ID NO: 3); Li: L. innocua (SEQ ID NO: 4). Motif: this is a motif based on the four sequences: residues conserved in all four sequences are indicated by single letter amino acid abbreviation; “*” indicates any amino acid found in the corresponding position of any of the four sequences; and “-” indicates any amino acid, e.g., any of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids.

FIG. 3A shows an alignment of the N-terminal RuvC-like domain from the Cas9 molecules disclosed in Chylinski et al. (SEQ ID NOS 54-103, respectively, in order of appearance). The last line of FIG. 3A identifies 3 highly conserved residues.

FIG. 3B shows an alignment of the N-terminal RuvC-like domain from the Cas9 molecules disclosed in Chylinski et al. with sequence outliers removed (SEQ ID NOS 104-177, respectively, in order of appearance). The last line of FIG. 3B identifies 4 highly conserved residues.

FIG. 4A shows an alignment of the HNH-like domain from the Cas9 molecules disclosed in Chylinski et al. (SEQ ID NOS 178-252, respectively, in order of appearance). The last line of FIG. 4A identifies conserved residues.

FIG. 4B shows an alignment of the HNH-like domain from the Cas9 molecules disclosed in Chylinski et al. with sequence outliers removed (SEQ ID NOS 253-302, respectively, in order of appearance). The last line of FIG. 4B identifies 3 highly conserved residues.

FIG. 5 depicts an alignment of Cas9 sequences from S. pyogenes and Neisseria meningitidis (N. meningitidis). The N-terminal RuvC-like domain is boxed and indicated with a “Y”. The other two RuvC-like domains are boxed and indicated with a “B”. The HNH-like domain is boxed and indicated with a “G”. Sp: S. pyogenes; Nm: N. meningitidis. Motif: this is a motif based on the two sequences: residues conserved in both sequences are indicated by a single amino acid designation; “*” indicates any amino acid found in the corresponding position of any of the two sequences; “-” indicates any amino acid, e.g., any of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids, and “-” indicates any amino acid, e.g., any of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids, or absent.

FIG. 6 shows a nucleic acid sequence encoding Cas9 of N. meningitidis (SEQ ID NO: 303). Sequence indicated by an “R” is an SV40 NLS; sequence indicated as “G” is an HA tag; sequence indicated by an “0” is a synthetic NLS sequence. The remaining (unmarked) sequence is the open reading frame (ORF).

FIG. 7 depicts the levels of Cas9 protein expression in cells transfected with each of the Cas9-targeted governing gRNAs at 1, 2, 3, 6 and 9 days following transfection.

DEFINITIONS

“Governing gRNA molecule”, as used herein, refers to a gRNA molecule that can complex with a Cas9 molecule to inactivate or silence a component of the Cas9 system. In an embodiment, the governing gRNA molecule inactivates or silences a nucleic acid that comprises the sequence encoding the Cas9 molecule. In an embodiment, it inactivates or silences the nucleic acid that comprises the sequence encoding the gRNA molecule. In an embodiment, the governing gRNA, e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule, or a gRNA targeting gRNA molecule, limits the effect of the Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex-mediated gene targeting. In an embodiment, it places temporal, level of expression, or other limits, on activity of the Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex. In an embodiment, it reduces off-target or other unwanted activity. Governing gRNA molecules can act as to inhibit, e.g., entirely or substantially inhibit, the production of a component of the Cas9 system, e.g., the Cas9 molecule, and thereby limit, or govern, its activity.

The governing gRNA molecule can target any region of the nucleic acid that comprises the sequence encoding the component to be negatively regulated, within or outside the transcribed or translated region of the component, as long as production of the component is reduced.

In an embodiment, a governing gRNA molecule comprises a targeting sequence that is complementary with a target sequence on the nuciec acid on which the sequence encoding the component to be negatively regulated resides.

In an embodiment, a governing gRNA molecule comprises a targeting sequence that is complementary with a sequence of the component to be negatively regulated.

In an embodiment, a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule can include a targeting sequence that targets the nucleic acid on which the sequence that encodes the Cas9 molecule resides. In an embodiment, a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule can include a targeting sequence that targets the Cas9 molecule sequence.

In an embodiment, a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule can include a targeting sequence that targets the nucleic acid on which the sequence that encodes the gRNA molecule resides.

In an embodiment, a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule can include a targeting sequence that targets the gRNA molecule sequence.

“Domain”, as used herein, is used to describe segments of a protein or nucleic acid. Unless otherwise indicated, a domain is not required to have any specific functional property.

Calculations of “homology” or “sequence identity” between two sequences (the terms are used interchangeably herein) are performed as follows. The sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-homologous sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes). The optimal alignment is determined as the best score using the GAP program in the GCG software package with a Blossum 62 scoring matrix with a gap penalty of 12, a gap extend penalty of 4, and a frame shift gap penalty of 5. The amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position (as used herein, In an embodiment, amino acid or nucleic acid “identity” is equivalent to amino acid or nucleic acid “homology”). The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences.

“Modulator”, as used herein, refers to an entity, e.g., a drug, that can alter the activity (e.g., enzymatic activity, transcriptional activity, or translational activity), amount, distribution, or structure of a subject molecule or genetic sequence. In an embodiment, modulation comprises cleavage, e.g., breaking of a covalent or non-covalent bond, or the forming of a covalent or non-covalent bond, e.g., the attachment of a moiety, to the subject molecule. In an embodiment, a modulator alters the, three dimensional, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structure, of a subject molecule. A modulator can increase, decrease, initiate, or eliminate a subject activity.

“Large molecule”, as used herein, refers to a molecule having a molecular weight of at least 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 kD. Large molecules include proteins, polypeptides, nucleic acids, biologics, and carbohydrates.

“Polypeptide”, as used herein, refers to a polymer of amino acids having less than 100 amino acid residues. In an embodiment, it has less than 50, 20, or 10 amino acid residues.

“Reference molecule”, e.g., a reference Cas9 molecule or reference gRNA, as used herein, refers to a molecule to which a subject molecule, e.g., a subject Cas9 molecule of subject gRNA molecule, e.g., a modified or candidate Cas9 molecule is compared. For example, a Cas9 molecule can be characterized as having no more than 10% of the nuclease activity of a reference Cas9 molecule. Examples of reference Cas9 molecules include naturally occurring unmodified Cas9 molecules, e.g., a naturally occurring Cas9 molecule such as a Cas9 molecule of S. pyogenes, or S. thermophilus. In an embodiment, the reference Cas9 molecule is the naturally occurring Cas9 molecule having the closest sequence identity or homology with the Cas9 molecule to which it is being compared. In an embodiment, the reference Cas9 molecule is a sequence, e.g., a naturally occurring or known sequence, which is the parental form on which a change, e.g., a mutation has been made.

“Replacement”, or “replaced”, as used herein with reference to a modification of a molecule does not require a process limitation but merely indicates that the replacement entity is present.

“Small molecule”, as used herein, refers to a compound having a molecular weight less than about 2 kD, e.g., less than about 2 kD, less than about 1.5 kD, less than about 1 kD, or less than about 0.75 kD.

“Subject”, as used herein, may mean either a human or non-human animal. The term includes, but is not limited to, mammals (e.g., humans, other primates, pigs, rodents (e.g., mice and rats or hamsters), rabbits, guinea pigs, cows, horses, cats, dogs, sheep, and goats). In an embodiment, the subject is a human. In an embodiment, the subject is poultry.

“Treat”, “treating” and “treatment”, as used herein, mean the treatment of a disease in a mammal, e.g., in a human, including (a) inhibiting the disease, i.e., arresting or preventing its development; (b) relieving the disease, i.e., causing regression of the disease state; or (c) curing the disease.

“X” as used herein in the context of an amino acid sequence, refers to any amino acid (e.g., any of the twenty natural amino acids) unless otherwise specified.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

I. gRNA Molecules

A gRNA molecule, as that term is used herein, refers to a nucleic acid that promotes the specific targeting or homing of a gRNA molecule/Cas9 molecule complex to a target nucleic acid. gRNA molecules can be unimolecular (having a single RNA molecule), sometimes referred to herein as “chimeric” gRNAs, or modular (comprising more than one, and typically two, separate RNA molecules). A gRNA molecule comprises a number of domains. The gRNA molecule domains are described in more detail below. Typically, gRNA will incorporate the functions or structure of both crRNA and tracrRNA, e.g., the functions of processed or mature crRNA and of processed or mature tracrRNA. Chimieric or unimolecular gRNA molecules can have a single RNA molecule, e.g., which incorporates both crRNA function or structure and the tracrRNA function or structure. A modular gRNA molecule can comprise a RNA molecule that incorporates the crRNA function or structure another that incorporates the tracrRNA function or structure. Several exemplary gRNA structures, with domains indicated thereon, are provided in FIG. 1. While not wishing to be bound by theory with regard to the three dimensional form, or intra- or inter-strand interactions of an active form of a gRNA, regions of high complementarity are sometimes shown as duplexes in FIG. 1 and other depictions provided herein.

In an embodiment, a unimolecular, or chimeric, gRNA comprises, preferably from 5′ to 3′:

• • a targeting domain, e.g., comprising 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides (which is complementary to a target nucleic acid);
  • a first complementarity domain;
  • a linking domain;
  • a second complementarity domain (which is complementary to the first complementarity domain);
  • a proximal domain; and
  • optionally, a tail domain.

In an embodiment, a modular gRNA comprises:

• • a first strand comprising, preferably from 5′ to 3′;
    • a targeting domain (which is complementary with a target sequence from a target nucleic acid disclosed herein, e.g., a sequence from: a gene or pathway described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII); and
    • a first complementarity domain; and
      • a second strand, comprising, preferably from 5′ to 3′:
    • optionally, a 5′ extension domain;
    • a second complementarity domain; and
    • a proximal domain; and
    • optionally, a tail domain.

The domains are discussed briefly below:

1) The Targeting Domain:

FIGS. 1A-1G provide examples of the placement of targeting domains.

The targeting domain comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary, e.g., at least 80, 85, 90, or 95% complementary, e.g., fully complementary, to the target sequence on the target nucleic acid. The targeting domain is part of an RNA molecule and will therefore comprise the base uracil (U), while any DNA encoding the gRNA molecule will comprise the base thymine (T). While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the complementarity of the targeting domain with the target sequence contributes to specificity of the interaction of the gRNA molecule/Cas9 molecule complex with a target nucleic acid. It is understood that in a targeting domain and target sequence pair, the uracil bases in the targeting domain will pair with the adenine bases in the target sequence. In an embodiment, the target domain itself comprises, in the 5′ to 3′ direction, an optional secondary domain, and a core domain. In an embodiment, the core domain is fully complementary with the target sequence. In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 5 to 50, e.g., 10 to 40, e.g., 10 to 30, e.g., 15 to 30, e.g., 15 to 25 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, or 26 nucleotides in length. The strand of the target nucleic acid with which the targeting domain is complementary is referred to herein as the complementary strand. Some or all of the nucleotides of the domain can have a modification, e.g., modification found in Section X herein.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 15 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 16 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 17 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 18 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 19 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 20 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 21 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 22 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 23 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 24 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 25 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 26 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises 15 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises 16 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises 17 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises 18 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises 19 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises 20 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises 21 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises 22 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises 23 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises 24 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises 25 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises 26 nucleotides.

Targeting domains are discussed in more detail below.

2) The First Complementarity Domain:

FIGS. 1A-1G provide examples of first complementarity domains.

The first complementarity domain is complementary with the second complementarity domain, and in an embodiment, has sufficient complementarity to the second complementarity domain to form a duplexed region under at least some physiological conditions. In an embodiment, the first complementarity domain is 5 to 30 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment, the first complementarity domain is 5 to 25 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment, the first complementary domain is 7 to 25 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment, the first complementary domain is 7 to 22 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment, the first complementary domain is 7 to 18 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment, the first complementary domain is 7 to 15 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment, the first complementary domain is 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the first complementarity domain comprises 3 subdomains, which, in the 5′ to 3′ direction are: a 5′ subdomain, a central subdomain, and a 3′ subdomain. In an embodiment, the 5′ subdomain is 4-9, e.g., 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment, the central subdomain is 1, 2, or 3, e.g., 1, nucleotide in length. In an embodiment, the 3′ subdomain is 3 to 25, e.g., 4-22, 4-18, or 4 to 10, or 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25, nucleotides in length.

The first complementarity domain can share homology with, or be derived from, a naturally occurring first complementarity domain. In an embodiment, it has at least 50% homology with a first complementarity domain disclosed herein, e.g., an S. pyogenes, or S. thermophilus, first complementarity domain.

Some or all of the nucleotides of the domain can have a modification, e.g., modification found in Section X herein.

First complementarity domains are discussed in more detail below.

3) The Linking Domain

FIGS. 1B-1E provide examples of linking domains.

A linking domain serves to link the first complementarity domain with the second complementarity domain of a unimolecular gRNA. The linking domain can link the first and second complementarity domains covalently or non-covalently. In an embodiment, the linkage is covalent. In an embodiment, the linking domain covalently couples the first and second complementarity domains, see, e.g., FIGS. 1B-1E. In an embodiment, the linking domain is, or comprises, a covalent bond interposed between the first complementarity domain and the second complementarity domain. Typically, the linking domain comprises one or more, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 nucleotides.

In modular gRNA molecules the two molecules can be associated by virtue of the hybridization of the complementarity domains, see e.g., FIG. 1A.

A wide variety of linking domains are suitable for use in unimolecular gRNA molecules. Linking domains can consist of a covalent bond, or be as short as one or a few nucleotides, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, a linking domain is 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, or 25 or more nucleotides in length. In an embodiment, a linking domain is 2 to 50, 2 to 40, 2 to 30, 2 to 20, 2 to 10, or 2 to 5 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment, a linking domain shares homology with, or is derived from, a naturally occurring sequence, e.g., the sequence of a tracrRNA that is 5′ to the second complementarity domain. In an embodiment, the linking domain has at least 50% homology with a linking domain disclosed herein.

Some or all of the nucleotides of the domain can have a modification, e.g., modification found in Section X herein.

Linking domains are discussed in more detail below.

4) The 5′ Extension Domain

In an embodiment, a modular gRNA can comprise additional sequence, 5′ to the second complementarity domain, referred to herein as the 5′ extension domain, see, e.g., FIG. 1A. In an embodiment, the 5′ extension domain is, 2-10, 2-9, 2-8, 2-7, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment, the 5′ extension domain is 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 or more nucleotides in length.

5) The Second Complementarity Domain:

FIGS. 1A-1F provide examples of second complementarity domains.

The second complementarity domain is complementary with the first complementarity domain, and in an embodiment, has sufficient complementarity to the second complementarity domain to form a duplexed region under at least some physiological conditions. In an embodiment, e.g., as shown in FIG. 1A or FIG. 1B, the second complementarity domain can include sequence that lacks complementarity with the first complementarity domain, e.g., sequence that loops out from the duplexed region.

In an embodiment, the second complementarity domain is 5 to 27 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment, it is longer than the first complementarity region.

In an embodiment, the second complementary domain is 7 to 27 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment, the second complementary domain is 7 to 25 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment, the second complementary domain is 7 to 20 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment, the second complementary domain is 7 to 17 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment, the complementary domain is 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the second complementarity domain comprises 3 subdomains, which, in the 5′ to 3′ direction are: a 5′ subdomain, a central subdomain, and a 3′ subdomain. In an embodiment, the 5′ subdomain is 3 to 25, e.g., 4 to 22, 4 to 18, or 4 to 10, or 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment, the central subdomain is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, e.g., 3, nucleotides in length. In an embodiment, the 3′ subdomain is 4 to 9, e.g., 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the 5′ subdomain and the 3′ subdomain of the first complementarity domain, are respectively, complementary, e.g., fully complementary, with the 3′ subdomain and the 5′ subdomain of the second complementarity domain.

The second complementarity domain can share homology with or be derived from a naturally occurring second complementarity domain. In an embodiment, it has at least 50% homology with a second complementarity domain disclosed herein, e.g., an S. pyogenes, or S. thermophilus, first complementarity domain.

Some or all of the nucleotides of the domain can have a modification, e.g., modification found in Section X herein.

6) A Proximal Domain:

FIGS. 1A-1F provide examples of proximal domains.

In an embodiment, the proximal domain is 5 to 20 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment, the proximal domain can share homology with or be derived from a naturally occurring proximal domain. In an embodiment, it has at least 50% homology with a proximal domain disclosed herein, e.g., an S. pyogenes, or S. thermophilus, proximal domain.

Some or all of the nucleotides of the domain can have a modification, e.g., modification found in Section X herein.

7) A Tail Domain:

FIG. 1A and FIGS. 1C-1F provide examples of tail domains.

As can be seen by inspection of the tail domains in FIG. 1A and FIGS. 1C-1F, a broad spectrum of tail domains are suitable for use in gRNA molecules. In an embodiment, the tail domain is 0 (absent), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment, the tail domain nucleotides are from or share homology with sequence from the 5′ end of a naturally occurring tail domain, see e.g., FIG. 1D or FIG. 1E. In an embodiment, the tail domain includes sequences that are complementary to each other and which, under at least some physiological conditions, form a duplexed region.

In an embodiment, the tail domain is absent or is 1 to 50 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment, the tail domain can share homology with or be derived from a naturally occurring proximal tail domain. In an embodiment, it has at least 50% homology with a tail domain disclosed herein, e.g., an S. pyogenes, or S. thermophilus, tail domain.

Some or all of the nucleotides of the domain can have a modification, e.g., modification found in Section X herein.

In an embodiment, the tail domain includes nucleotides at the 3′ end that are related to the method of in vitro or in vivo transcription. When a T7 promoter is used for in vitro transcription of the gRNA, these nucleotides may be any nucleotides present before the 3′ end of the DNA template. When a U6 promoter is used for in vivo transcription, these nucleotides may be the sequence UUUUUU. When alternate pol-III promoters are used, these nucleotides may be various numbers or uracil bases or may include alternate bases.

The domains of gRNA molecules are described in more detail below.

The Targeting Domain

The “targeting domain” of the gRNA is complementary to the “target domain” on the target nucleic acid. The strand of the target nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence complementary to the core domain of the gRNA is referred to herein as the “complementary strand” of the target nucleic acid. Guidance on the selection of targeting domains can be found, e.g., in Fu Y et al., NAT BIOTECUNOL 2014 (doi: 10.1038/nbt.2808) and Sternberg S H et al., NATURE 2014 (doi: 10.1038/nature13011).

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 or 26 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 or 26 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 15 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 16 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 17 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 18 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 19 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 20 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 21 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 22 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 23 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 24 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 25 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 26 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises 15 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises 16 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises 17 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises 18 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises 19 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises 20 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises 21 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises 22 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises 23 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises 24 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises 25 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises 26 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 10+/−5, 20+/−5, 30+/−5, 40+/−5, 50+/−5, 60+/−5, 70+/−5, 80+/−5, 90+/−5, or 100+/−5 nucleotides, in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 20+/−5 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 20+/−10, 30+/−10, 40+/−10, 50+/−10, 60+/−10, 70+/−10, 80+/−10, 90+/−10, or 100+/−10 nucleotides, in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 30+/−10 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 10 to 100, 10 to 90, 10 to 80, 10 to 70, 10 to 60, 10 to 50, 10 to 40, 10 to 30, 10 to 20 or 10 to 15 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 20 to 100, 20 to 90, 20 to 80, 20 to 70, 20 to 60, 20 to 50, 20 to 40, 20 to 30, or 20 to 25 nucleotides in length.

Typically the targeting domain has full complementarity with the target sequence. In an embodiment the targeting domain has or includes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 nucleotides that are not complementary with the corresponding nucleotide of the targeting domain.

In an embodiment, the target domain includes 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 nucleotides that are complementary with the corresponding nucleotide of the targeting domain within 5 nucleotides of its 5′ end. In an embodiment, the target domain includes 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 nucleotides that are complementary with the corresponding nucleotide of the targeting domain within 5 nucleotides of its 3′ end.

In an embodiment, the target domain includes 1, 2, 3, or 4 nucleotides that are not complementary with the corresponding nucleotide of the targeting domain within 5 nucleotides of its 5′ end. In an embodiment, the target domain includes 1, 2, 3, or 4 nucleotides that are not complementary with the corresponding nucleotide of the targeting domain within 5 nucleotides of its 3′ end.

In an embodiment, the degree of complementarity, together with other properties of the gRNA, is sufficient to allow targeting of a Cas9 molecule to the target nucleic acid.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises two consecutive nucleotides that are not complementary to the target domain (“non-complementary nucleotides”), e.g., two consecutive noncomplementary nucleotides that are within 5 nucleotides of the 5′ end of the targeting domain, within 5 nucleotides of the 3′ end of the targeting domain, or more than 5 nucleotides away from one or both ends of the targeting domain.

In an embodiment, no two consecutive nucleotides within 5 nucleotides of the 5′ end of the targeting domain, within 5 nucleotides of the 3′ end of the targeting domain, or within a region that is more than 5 nucleotides away from one or both ends of the targeting domain, are not complementary to the targeting domain.

In an embodiment, there are no noncomplementary nucleotides within 5 nucleotides of the 5′ end of the targeting domain, within 5 nucleotides of the 3′ end of the targeting domain, or within a region that is more than 5 nucleotides away from one or both ends of the targeting domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain nucleotides do not comprise modifications, e.g., modifications of the type provided in Section X. However, in an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises one or more modifications, e.g., modifications that it render it less susceptible to degradation or more bio-compatible, e.g., less immunogenic. By way of example, the backbone of the targeting domain can be modified with a phosphorothioate, or other modification from Section X. In an embodiment, a nucleotide of the targeting domain can comprise a 2′ modification (e.g., a modification at the 2′ position on ribose), e.g., a 2′ acetylation, e.g., a 2′ methylation, or other modification from Section X.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain includes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 or more modifications. In an embodiment, the targeting domain includes 1, 2, 3, or 4 modifications within 5 nucleotides of its 5′ end. In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises as many as 1, 2, 3, or 4 modifications within 5 nucleotides of its 3′ end.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises modifications at two consecutive nucleotides, e.g., two consecutive nucleotides that are within 5 nucleotides of the 5′ end of the targeting domain, within 5 nucleotides of the 3′ end of the targeting domain, or more than 5 nucleotides away from one or both ends of the targeting domain.

In an embodiment, no two consecutive nucleotides are modified within 5 nucleotides of the 5′ end of the targeting domain, within 5 nucleotides of the 3′ end of the targeting domain, or within a region that is more than 5 nucleotides away from one or both ends of the targeting domain. In an embodiment, no nucleotide is modified within 5 nucleotides of the 5′ end of the targeting domain, within 5 nucleotides of the 3′ end of the targeting domain, or within a region that is more than 5 nucleotides away from one or both ends of the targeting domain.

Modifications in the targeting domain can be selected so as to not interfere with targeting efficacy, which can be evaluated by testing a candidate modification in the system described in Section III. gRNA's having a candidate targeting domain having a selected length, sequence, degree of complementarity, or degree of modification, can be evaluated in a system in Section III. The candidate targeting domain can be placed, either alone, or with one or more other candidate changes in a gRNA molecule/Cas9 molecule system known to be functional with a selected target and evaluated.

In an embodiment, all of the modified nucleotides are complementary to and capable of hybridizing to corresponding nucleotides present in the target domain. In an embodiment, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 or more modified nucleotides are not complementary to or capable of hybridizing to corresponding nucleotides present in the target domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, preferably in the 5′→3′ direction: a secondary domain and a core domain. These domains are discussed in more detail below.

The Core Domain and Secondary Domain of the Targeting Domain

The “core domain” of the targeting domain is complementary to the “core domain target” on the target nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the core domain comprises about 8 to about 13 nucleotides from the 3′ end of the targeting domain (e.g., the most 3′ 8 to 13 nucleotides of the targeting domain).

In an embodiment, the core domain is 6+/−2, 7+/−2, 8+/−2, 9+/−2, 10+/−2, 11+/−2, 12+/−2, 13+/−2, 14+/−2, 15+/−2, or 16+/−2 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the core domain is 10+/−2 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the core domain is 10+/−4 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the core domain is 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the core domain is 8 to 13, e.g., 8 to 12, 8 to 11, 8 to 10, 8 to 9, 9 to 13, 9 to 12, 9 to 11, or 9 to 10 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the core domain is 6 to 16, e.g., 6 to 15, 6 to 14, 6 to 13, 7 to 14, 7 to 13, 7 to 12, 7 to 11, 7 to 10, 8 to 14, 8 to 13, 8 to 12, 8 to 11, 8 to 10, or 8 to 9 nucleotides in length.

The core domain is complementary with the core domain target. Typically the core domain has exact complementarity with the core domain target. In an embodiment, the core domain can have 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 nucleotides that are not complementary with the corresponding nucleotide of the core domain. In an embodiment, the degree of complementarity, together with other properties of the gRNA, is sufficient to allow targeting of a Cas9 molecule to the target nucleic acid.

The “secondary domain” of the targeting domain of the gRNA is complementary to the “secondary domain target” of the target nucleic acid.

In an embodiment, the secondary domain is positioned 5′ to the core domain.

In an embodiment, the secondary domain is absent or optional.

In an embodiment, if the targeting domain is, or is at least, 26 nucleotides in length and the core domain (counted from the 3′ end of the targeting domain) is 8 to 13 nucleotides in length, the secondary domain is 12 to 17 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, if the targeting domain is, or is at least, 25 nucleotides in length and the core domain (counted from the 3′ end of the targeting domain) is 8 to 13 nucleotides in length, the secondary domain is 12 to 17 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, if the targeting domain is, or is at least, 24 nucleotides in length and the core domain (counted from the 3′ end of the targeting domain) is 8 to 13 nucleotides in length, the secondary domain is 11 to 16 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, if the targeting domain is, or is at least, 23 nucleotides in length and the core domain (counted from the 3′ end of the targeting domain) is 8 to 13 nucleotides in length, the secondary domain is 10 to 15 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, if the targeting domain is, or is at least, 22 nucleotides in length and the core domain (counted from the 3′ end of the targeting domain) is 8 to 13 nucleotides in length, the secondary domain is 9 to 14 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, if the targeting domain is, or is at least, 21 nucleotides in length and the core domain (counted from the 3′ end of the targeting domain) is 8 to 13 nucleotides in length, the secondary domain is 8 to 13 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, if the targeting domain is, or is at least, 20 nucleotides in length and the core domain (counted from the 3′ end of the targeting domain) is 8 to 13 nucleotides in length, the secondary domain is 7 to 12 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, if the targeting domain is, or is at least, 19 nucleotides in length and the core domain (counted from the 3′ end of the targeting domain) is 8 to 13 nucleotides in length, the secondary domain is 6 to 11 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, if the targeting domain is, or is at least, 18 nucleotides in length and the core domain (counted from the 3′ end of the targeting domain) is 8 to 13 nucleotides in length, the secondary domain is 5 to 10 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, if the targeting domain is, or is at least, 17 nucleotides in length and the core domain (counted from the 3′ end of the targeting domain) is 8 to 13 nucleotides in length, the secondary domain is 4 to 9 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, if the targeting domain is, or is at least, 16 nucleotides in length and the core domain (counted from the 3′ end of the targeting domain) is 8 to 13 nucleotides in length, the secondary domain is 3 to 8 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the secondary domain is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 nucleotides in length.

The secondary domain is complementary with the secondary domain target. Typically the secondary domain has exact complementarity with the secondary domain target. In an embodiment the secondary domain can have 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 nucleotides that are not complementary with the corresponding nucleotide of the secondary domain. In an embodiment, the degree of complementarity, together with other properties of the gRNA, is sufficient to allow targeting of a Cas9 molecule to the target nucleic acid.

In an embodiment, the core domain nucleotides do not comprise modifications, e.g., modifications of the type provided in Section X. However, in an embodiment, the core domain comprises one or more modifications, e.g., modifications that it render it less susceptible to degradation or more bio-compatible, e.g., less immunogenic. By way of example, the backbone of the core domain can be modified with a phosphorothioate, or other modification from Section X. In an embodiment, a nucleotide of the core domain can comprise a 2′ modification (e.g., a modification at the 2′ position on ribose), e.g., a 2′-acetylation, e.g., a 2′ methylation, or other modification from Section X. Typically, a core domain will contain no more than 1, 2, or 3 modifications.

Modifications in the core domain can be selected to not interfere with targeting efficacy, which can be evaluated by testing a candidate modification in the system described in Section III. gRNA's having a candidate core domain having a selected length, sequence, degree of complementarity, or degree of modification, can be evaluated in the system described at Section III. The candidate core domain can be placed, either alone, or with one or more other candidate changes in a gRNA molecule/Cas9 molecule system known to be functional with a selected target and evaluated.

In an embodiment, the secondary domain nucleotides do not comprise modifications, e.g., modifications of the type provided in Section X. However, in an embodiment, the secondary domain comprises one or more modifications, e.g., modifications that render it less susceptible to degradation or more bio-compatible, e.g., less immunogenic. By way of example, the backbone of the secondary domain can be modified with a phosphorothioate, or other modification from Section X. In an embodiment, a nucleotide of the secondary domain can comprise a 2′ modification (e.g., a modification at the 2′ position on ribose), e.g., a 2′-acetylation, e.g., a 2′ methylation, or other modification from Section X. Typically, a secondary domain will contain no more than 1, 2, or 3 modifications.

Modifications in the secondary domain can be selected to not interfere with targeting efficacy, which can be evaluated by testing a candidate modification in the system described in Section III. gRNA's having a candidate secondary domain having a selected length, sequence, degree of complementarity, or degree of modification, can be evaluated in the system described at Section III. The candidate secondary domain can be placed, either alone, or with one or more other candidate changes in a gRNA molecule/Cas9 molecule system known to be functional with a selected target and evaluated.

In an embodiment, (1) the degree of complementarity between the core domain and its target, and (2) the degree of complementarity between the secondary domain and its target, may differ. In an embodiment, (1) may be greater than (2). In an embodiment, (1) may be less than (2). In an embodiment, (1) and (2) may be the same, e.g., each may be completely complementary with its target.

In an embodiment, (1) the number of modifications (e.g., modifications from Section X) of the nucleotides of the core domain and (2) the number of modification (e.g., modifications from Section X) of the nucleotides of the secondary domain, may differ. In an embodiment, (1) may be less than (2). In an embodiment, (1) may be greater than (2). In an embodiment, (1) and (2) may be the same, e.g., each may be free of modifications.

The First and Second Complementarity Domains

The first complementarity domain is complementary with the second complementarity domain.

Typically the first domain does not have exact complementarity with the second complementarity domain target. In an embodiment, the first complementarity domain can have 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 nucleotides that are not complementary with the corresponding nucleotide of the second complementarity domain. In an embodiment, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, e.g., 3 nucleotides, will not pair in the duplex, and, e.g., form a non-duplexed or looped-out region. In an embodiment, an unpaired, or loop-out, region, e.g., a loop-out of 3 nucleotides, is present on the second complementarity domain. In an embodiment, the unpaired region begins 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, e.g., 4, nucleotides from the 5′ end of the second complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the degree of complementarity, together with other properties of the gRNA, is sufficient to allow targeting of a Cas9 molecule to the target nucleic acid.

In an embodiment, the first and second complementarity domains are:

independently, 6+/−2, 7+/−2, 8+/−2, 9+/−2, 10+/−2, 11+/−2, 12+/−2, 13+/−2, 14+/−2, 15+/−2, 16+/−2, 17+/−2, 18+/−2, 19+/−2, or 20+/−2, 21+/−2, 22+/−2, 23+/−2, or 24+/−2 nucleotides in length;

independently, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, or 26 nucleotides in length; or

independently, 5 to 24, 5 to 23, 5 to 22, 5 to 21, 5 to 20, 7 to 18, 9 to 16, or 10 to 14 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the second complementarity domain is longer than the first complementarity domain, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, e.g., 6, nucleotides longer.

In an embodiment, the first and second complementary domains, independently, do not comprise modifications, e.g., modifications of the type provided in Section X.

In an embodiment, the first and second complementary domains, independently, comprise one or more modifications, e.g., modifications that the render the domain less susceptible to degradation or more bio-compatible, e.g., less immunogenic. By way of example, the backbone of the domain can be modified with a phosphorothioate, or other modification from Section X. In an embodiment, a nucleotide of the domain can comprise a 2′ modification (e.g., a modification at the 2′ position on ribose), e.g., a 2′-acetylation, e.g., a 2′ methylation, or other modification from Section X.

In an embodiment, the first and second complementary domains, independently, include 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 or more modifications. In an embodiment, the first and second complementary domains, independently, include 1, 2, 3, or 4 modifications within 5 nucleotides of its 5′ end. In an embodiment, the first and second complementary domains, independently, include as many as 1, 2, 3, or 4 modifications within 5 nucleotides of its 3′ end.

In an embodiment, the first and second complementary domains, independently, include modifications at two consecutive nucleotides, e.g., two consecutive nucleotides that are within 5 nucleotides of the 5′ end of the domain, within 5 nucleotides of the 3′ end of the domain, or more than 5 nucleotides away from one or both ends of the domain. In an embodiment, the first and second complementary domains, independently, include no two consecutive nucleotides that are modified, within 5 nucleotides of the 5′ end of the domain, within 5 nucleotides of the 3′ end of the domain, or within a region that is more than 5 nucleotides away from one or both ends of the domain. In an embodiment, the first and second complementary domains, independently, include no nucleotide that is modified within 5 nucleotides of the 5′ end of the domain, within 5 nucleotides of the 3′ end of the domain, or within a region that is more than 5 nucleotides away from one or both ends of the domain.

Modifications in a complementarity domain can be selected to not interfere with targeting efficacy, which can be evaluated by testing a candidate modification in the system described in Section III. gRNA's having a candidate complementarity domain having a selected length, sequence, degree of complementarity, or degree of modification, can be evaluated in the system described in Section III. The candidate complementarity domain can be placed, either alone, or with one or more other candidate changes in a gRNA molecule/Cas9 molecule system known to be functional with a selected target and evaluated.

In an embodiment, the first complementarity domain has at least 60, 70, 80, 85%, 90%, or 95% homology with, or differs by no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 nucleotides from, a reference first complementarity domain, e.g., a naturally occurring, e.g., an S. pyogenes, or S. thermophilus, first complementarity domain, or a first complementarity domain described herein, e.g., from FIGS. 1A-1F.

In an embodiment, the second complementarity domain has at least 60, 70, 80, 85%, 90%, or 95% homology with, or differs by no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 nucleotides from, a reference second complementarity domain, e.g., a naturally occurring, e.g., an S. pyogenes, or S. thermophilus, second complementarity domain, or a second complementarity domain described herein, e.g., from FIGS. 1A-1F.

The duplexed region formed by first and second complementarity domains is typically 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22 base pairs in length (excluding any looped out or unpaired nucleotides).

In an embodiment, the first and second complementarity domains, when duplexed, comprise 11 paired nucleotides, for example, in the gRNA sequence (one paired strand underlined, one bolded):

(SEQ ID NO: 5)
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAU
AAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGC.

In an embodiment, the first and second complementarity domains, when duplexed, comprise 15 paired nucleotides, for example in the gRNA sequence (one paired strand underlined, one bolded):

(SEQ ID NO: 27)
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNGUUUUAGAGCUAUGCUGAAAAGCAUAGCAA
GUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCG
GUGC.

In an embodiment the first and second complementarity domains, when duplexed, comprise 16 paired nucleotides, for example in the gRNA sequence (one paired strand underlined, one bolded):

(SEQ ID NO: 28)
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNGUUUUAGAGCUAUGCUGGAAACAGCAUAGC
AAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGU
CGGUGC.

In an embodiment the first and second complementarity domains, when duplexed, comprise 21 paired nucleotides, for example in the gRNA sequence (one paired strand underlined, one bolded):

(SEQ ID NO: 29)
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNGUUUUAGAGCUAUGCUGUUUUGGAAACAAA
ACAGCAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGU
GGCACCGAGUCGGUGC.

In an embodiment, nucleotides are exchanged to remove poly-U tracts, for example in the gRNA sequences (exchanged nucleotides underlined):

(SEQ ID NO: 30)
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNGUAUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAUAU
AAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGC;
(SEQ ID NO: 31)
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNGUUUAAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUUAAAU
AAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGC;
and
(SEQ ID NO: 32)
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNGUAUUAGAGCUAUGCUGUAUUGGAAACAAU
ACAGCAUAGCAAGUUAAUAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGU
GGCACCGAGUCGGUGC.

The 5′ Extension Domain

In an embodiment, a modular gRNA can comprise additional sequence, 5′ to the second complementarity domain. In an embodiment, the 5′ extension domain is 2 to 10, 2 to 9, 2 to 8, 2 to 7, 2 to 6, 2 to 5, or 2 to 4 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment, the 5′ extension domain is 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 or more nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the 5′ extension domain nucleotides do not comprise modifications, e.g., modifications of the type provided in Section X. However, in an embodiment, the 5′ extension domain comprises one or more modifications, e.g., modifications that it render it less susceptible to degradation or more bio-compatible, e.g., less immunogenic. By way of example, the backbone of the 5′ extension domain can be modified with a phosphorothioate, or other modification from Section X. In an embodiment, a nucleotide of the 5′ extension domain can comprise a 2′ modification (e.g., a modification at the 2′ position on ribose), e.g., a 2′-acetylation, e.g., a 2′ methylation, or other modification from Section X.

In an embodiment, the 5′ extension domain can comprise as many as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 modifications. In an embodiment, the 5′ extension domain comprises as many as 1, 2, 3, or 4 modifications within 5 nucleotides of its 5′ end, e.g., in a modular gRNA molecule. In an embodiment, the 5′ extension domain comprises as many as 1, 2, 3, or 4 modifications within 5 nucleotides of its 3′ end, e.g., in a modular gRNA molecule.

In an embodiment, the 5′ extension domain comprises modifications at two consecutive nucleotides, e.g., two consecutive nucleotides that are within 5 nucleotides of the 5′ end of the 5′ extension domain, within 5 nucleotides of the 3′ end of the 5′ extension domain, or more than 5 nucleotides away from one or both ends of the 5′ extension domain. In an embodiment, no two consecutive nucleotides are modified within 5 nucleotides of the 5′ end of the 5′ extension domain, within 5 nucleotides of the 3′ end of the 5′ extension domain, or within a region that is more than 5 nucleotides away from one or both ends of the 5′ extension domain. In an embodiment, no nucleotide is modified within 5 nucleotides of the 5′ end of the 5′ extension domain, within 5 nucleotides of the 3′ end of the 5′ extension domain, or within a region that is more than 5 nucleotides away from one or both ends of the 5′ extension domain.

Modifications in the 5′ extension domain can be selected to not interfere with gRNA molecule efficacy, which can be evaluated by testing a candidate modification in the system described in Section III. gRNAs having a candidate 5′ extension domain having a selected length, sequence, degree of complementarity, or degree of modification, can be evaluated in the system described at Section III. The candidate 5′ extension domain can be placed, either alone, or with one or more other candidate changes in a gRNA molecule/Cas9 molecule system known to be functional with a selected target and evaluated.

In an embodiment, the 5′ extension domain has at least 60, 70, 80, 85, 90 or 95% homology with, or differs by no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 nucleotides from, a reference 5′ extension domain, e.g., a naturally occurring, e.g., an S. pyogenes, or S. thermophilus, 5′ extension domain, or a 5′ extension domain described herein, e.g., from FIG. 1A and FIG. 1F.

The Linking Domain

In a unimolecular gRNA molecule the linking domain is disposed between the first and second complementarity domains. In a modular gRNA molecule, the two molecules are associated with one another by the complementarity domains.

In an embodiment, the linking domain is 10+/−5, 20+/−5, 30+/−5, 40+/−5, 50+/−5, 60+/−5, 70+/−5, 80+/−5, 90+/−5, or 100+/−5 nucleotides, in length.

In an embodiment, the linking domain is 20+/−10, 30+/−10, 40+/−10, 50+/−10, 60+/−10, 70+/−10, 80+/−10, 90+/−10, or 100+/−10 nucleotides, in length.

In an embodiment, the linking domain is 10 to 100, 10 to 90, 10 to 80, 10 to 70, 10 to 60, 10 to 50, 10 to 40, 10 to 30, 10 to 20 or 10 to 15 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment, the targeting domain is 20 to 100, 20 to 90, 20 to 80, 20 to 70, 20 to 60, 20 to 50, 20 to 40, 20 to 30, or 20 to 25 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the linking domain is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the linking domain is a covalent bond.

In an embodiment, the linking domain comprises a duplexed region, typically adjacent to or within 1, 2, or 3 nucleotides of the 3′ end of the first complementarity domain and/or the S-end of the second complementarity domain. In an embodiment, the duplexed region can be 20+/−10, 30+/−10, 40, +/−10 or 50+/−10 base pairs in length. In an embodiment, the duplexed region can be 10+/−5, 15+/−5, 20+/−5, or 30+/−5 base pairs in length. In an embodiment, the duplexed region can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 base pairs in length.

Typically the sequences forming the duplexed region have exact complementarity with one another, though in an embodiment as many as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 nucleotides are not complementary with the corresponding nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the linking domain nucleotides do not comprise modifications, e.g., modifications of the type provided in Section X. However, in an embodiment the linking domain comprises one or more modifications, e.g., modifications that it render it less susceptible to degradation or more bio-compatible, e.g., less immunogenic. By way of example, the backbone of the linking domain can be modified with a phosphorothioate, or other modification from Section X. In an embodiment, a nucleotide of the linking domain can comprise a 2′ modification (e.g., a modification at the 2′ position on ribose), e.g., a 2′-acetylation, e.g., a 2′ methylation, or other modification from Section X.

In an embodiment, the linking domain can comprise as many as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 modifications.

Modifications in a linking domain can be selected to not interfere with targeting efficacy, which can be evaluated by testing a candidate modification in the system described in Section III. gRNA's having a candidate linking domain having a selected length, sequence, degree of complementarity, or degree of modification, can be evaluated a system described in Section III. A candidate linking domain can be placed, either alone, or with one or more other candidate changes in a gRNA molecule/Cas9 molecule system known to be functional with a selected target and evaluated.

In an embodiment, the linking domain has at least 60, 70, 80, 85, 90 or 95% homology with, or differs by no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 nucleotides from, a reference linking domain, e.g., a linking domain described herein, e.g., from FIG. 1B-1E.

The proximal domain

In an embodiment, the proximal domain is 6+/−2, 7+/−2, 8+/−2, 9+/−2, 10+/−2, 11+/−2, 12+/−2, 13+/−2, 14+/−2, 14+/−2, 16+/−2, 17+/−2, 18+/−2, 19+/−2, or 20+/−2 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the proximal domain is 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the proximal domain is 5 to 20, 7, to 18, 9 to 16, or 10 to 14 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the proximal domain nucleotides do not comprise modifications, e.g., modifications of the type provided in Section X. However, in an embodiment, the proximal domain comprises one or more modifications, e.g., modifications that it render it less susceptible to degradation or more bio-compatible, e.g., less immunogenic. By way of example, the backbone of the proximal domain can be modified with a phosphorothioate, or other modification from Section X. In an embodiment, a nucleotide of the proximal domain can comprise a 2′ modification (e.g., a modification at the 2′ position on ribose), e.g., a 2′-acetylation, e.g., a 2′ methylation, or other modification from Section X.

In an embodiment, the proximal domain can comprise as many as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 modifications. In an embodiment, the proximal domain comprises as many as 1, 2, 3, or 4 modifications within 5 nucleotides of its 5′ end, e.g., in a modular gRNA molecule. In an embodiment, the target domain comprises as many as 1, 2, 3, or 4 modifications within 5 nucleotides of its 3′ end, e.g., in a modular gRNA molecule.

In an embodiment, the proximal domain comprises modifications at two consecutive nucleotides, e.g., two consecutive nucleotides that are within 5 nucleotides of the 5′ end of the proximal domain, within 5 nucleotides of the 3′ end of the proximal domain, or more than 5 nucleotides away from one or both ends of the proximal domain. In an embodiment, no two consecutive nucleotides are modified within 5 nucleotides of the 5′ end of the proximal domain, within 5 nucleotides of the 3′ end of the proximal domain, or within a region that is more than 5 nucleotides away from one or both ends of the proximal domain. In an embodiment, no nucleotide is modified within 5 nucleotides of the 5′ end of the proximal domain, within 5 nucleotides of the 3′ end of the proximal domain, or within a region that is more than 5 nucleotides away from one or both ends of the proximal domain.

Modifications in the proximal domain can be selected to not interfere with gRNA molecule efficacy, which can be evaluated by testing a candidate modification in the system described in Section III. gRNA's having a candidate proximal domain having a selected length, sequence, degree of complementarity, or degree of modification, can be evaluated in the system described at Section III. The candidate proximal domain can be placed, either alone, or with one or more other candidate changes in a gRNA molecule/Cas9 molecule system known to be functional with a selected target and evaluated.

In an embodiment, the proximal domain has at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% homology with, or differs by no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 nucleotides from, a reference proximal domain, e.g., a naturally occurring, e.g., an S. pyogenes, or S. thermophilus, proximal domain, or a proximal domain described herein, e.g., from FIG. 1A-1F.

The Tail Domain

In an embodiment, the tail domain is 10+/−5, 20+/−5, 30+/−5, 40+/−5, 50+/−5, 60+/−5, 70+/−5, 80+/−5, 90+/−5, or 100+/−5 nucleotides, in length.

In an embodiment, the tail domain is 20+/−5 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the tail domain is 20+/−10, 30+/−10, 40+/−10, 50+/−10, 60+/−10, 70+/−10, 80+/−10, 90+/−10, or 100+/−10 nucleotides, in length.

In an embodiment, the tail domain is 25+/−10 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the tail domain is 10 to 100, 10 to 90, 10 to 80, 10 to 70, 10 to 60, 10 to 50, 10 to 40, 10 to 30, 10 to 20 or 10 to 15 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the tail domain is 20 to 100, 20 to 90, 20 to 80, 20 to 70, 20 to 60, 20 to 50, 20 to 40, 20 to 30, or 20 to 25 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the tail domain is 1 to 20, 1 to 1, 1 to 10, or 1 to 5 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the tail domain nucleotides do not comprise modifications, e.g., modifications of the type provided in Section X. However, in an embodiment, the tail domain comprises one or more modifications, e.g., modifications that it render it less susceptible to degradation or more bio-compatible, e.g., less immunogenic. By way of example, the backbone of the tail domain can be modified with a phosphorothioate, or other modification from Section X. In an embodiment, a nucleotide of the tail domain can comprise a 2′ modification (e.g., a modification at the 2′ position on ribose), e.g., a 2′-acetylation, e.g., a 2′ methylation, or other modification from Section X.

In an embodiment, the tail domain can have as many as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 modifications. In an embodiment, the target domain comprises as many as 1, 2, 3, or 4 modifications within 5 nucleotides of its 5′ end. In an embodiment, the target domain comprises as many as 1, 2, 3, or 4 modifications within 5 nucleotides of its 3′ end.

In an embodiment, the tail domain comprises a tail duplex domain, which can form a tail duplexed region. In an embodiment, the tail duplexed region can be 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 base pairs in length. In an embodiment, a further single stranded domain exists 3′ to the tail duplexed domain. In an embodiment, this domain is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment, it is 4 to 6 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the tail domain has at least 60, 70, 80, or 90% homology with, or differs by no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 nucleotides from, a reference tail domain, e.g., a naturally occurring, e.g., an S. pyogenes, or S. thermophilus, tail domain, or a tail domain described herein, e.g., from FIG. 1A and FIGS. 1C-1F.

In an embodiment, the proximal and tail domain, taken together comprise the following sequences:

(SEQ ID NO: 33)
AAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCU;
(SEQ ID NO: 34)
AAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGGUGC;
(SEQ ID NO: 35)
AAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCGGAU
C;
(SEQ ID NO: 36)
AAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUG;
(SEQ ID NO: 37)
AAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCA;
or
(SEQ ID NO: 38)
AAGGCUAGUCCG.

In an embodiment, the tail domain comprises the 3′ sequence UUUUUU, e.g., if a U6 promoter is used for transcription.

In an embodiment, the tail domain comprises the 3′ sequence UUUU, e.g., if an H1 promoter is used for transcription.

In an embodiment, tail domain comprises variable numbers of 3′ U's depending, e.g., on the termination signal of the pol-III promoter used.

In an embodiment, the tail domain comprises variable 3′ sequence derived from the DNA template if a T7 promoter is used.

In an embodiment, the tail domain comprises variable 3′ sequence derived from the DNA template, e.g., if in vitro transcription is used to generate the RNA molecule.

In an embodiment, the tail domain comprises variable 3′ sequence derived from the DNA template, e.g, if a pol-II promoter is used to drive transcription.

Modifications in the tail domain can be selected to not interfere with targeting efficacy, which can be evaluated by testing a candidate modification in the system described in Section III. gRNA's having a candidate tail domain having a selected length, sequence, degree of complementarity, or degree of modification, can be evaluated in the system described in Section III. The candidate tail domain can be placed, either alone, or with one or more other candidate changes in a gRNA molecule/Cas9 molecule system known to be functional with a selected target and evaluated.

In an embodiment, the tail domain comprises modifications at two consecutive nucleotides, e.g., two consecutive nucleotides that are within 5 nucleotides of the 5′ end of the tail domain, within 5 nucleotides of the 3′ end of the tail domain, or more than 5 nucleotides away from one or both ends of the tail domain. In an embodiment, no two consecutive nucleotides are modified within 5 nucleotides of the 5′ end of the tail domain, within 5 nucleotides of the 3′ end of the tail domain, or within a region that is more than 5 nucleotides away from one or both ends of the tail domain. In an embodiment, no nucleotide is modified within 5 nucleotides of the 5′ end of the tail domain, within 5 nucleotides of the 3′ end of the tail domain, or within a region that is more than 5 nucleotides away from one or both ends of the tail domain.

In an embodiment a gRNA has the following structure:

• • 5′ [targeting domain]-[first complementarity domain]-[linking domain]-[second complementarity domain]-[proximal domain]-[tail domain]-3′
  • wherein,
  • the targeting domain comprises a core domain and optionally a secondary domain, and is 10 to 50 nucleotides in length;
  • the first complementarity domain is 5 to 25 nucleotides in length and, in an embodiment has
    • at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 85, 90, or 95% homology with a reference first complementarity domain disclosed herein;
    • the linking domain is 1 to 5 nucleotides in length;the proximal domain is 5 to 20 nucleotides in length and, in an embodiment has at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 85, 90 or 95% homology with a reference proximal domain disclosed herein;
  • and
  • the tail domain is absent or a nucleotide sequence is 1 to 50 nucleotides in length and, in an embodiment has at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 85, 90 or 95% homology with a reference tail domain disclosed herein.

Exemplary Chimeric gRNAs

In an embodiment, a unimolecular, or chimeric, gRNA comprises, preferably from 5′ to 3′:

• • a targeting domain, e.g., comprsing 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 nucleotides (which is complementary to a target nucleic acid);
  • a first complementarity domain;
  • a linking domain;
  • a second complementarity domain (which is complementary to the first complementarity domain);
  • a proximal domain; and
  • a tail domain,
  • wherein,
  • (a) the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides;
  • (b) there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain; or
  • (c) there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the sequence from (a), (b), or (c), has at least 60, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 99% homology with the corresponding sequence of a naturally occurring gRNA, or with a gRNA described herein.

In an embodiment, the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25 nucleotides (e.g., 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 16 nucleotides (e.g., 16 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 16 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 17 nucleotides (e.g., 17 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 17 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 18 nucleotides (e.g., 18 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 18 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 19 nucleotides (e.g., 19 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 19 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 20 nucleotides (e.g., 20 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 20 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 21 nucleotides (e.g., 21 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 21 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 22 nucleotides (e.g., 22 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 22 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 23 nucleotides (e.g., 23 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 23 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 24 nucleotides (e.g., 24 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 24 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 25 nucleotides (e.g., 25 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 25 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 26 nucleotides (e.g., 26 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 26 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 16 nucleotides (e.g., 16 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 16 nucleotides in length; and the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 16 nucleotides (e.g., 16 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 16 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 16 nucleotides (e.g., 16 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 16 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 17 nucleotides (e.g., 17 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 17 nucleotides in length; and the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 17 nucleotides (e.g., 17 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 17 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 17 nucleotides (e.g., 17 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 17 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 18 nucleotides (e.g., 18 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 18 nucleotides in length; and the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 18 nucleotides (e.g., 18 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 18 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 18 nucleotides (e.g., 18 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 18 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 19 nucleotides (e.g., 19 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 19 nucleotides in length; and the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 19 nucleotides (e.g., 19 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 19 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 19 nucleotides (e.g., 19 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 19 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 20 nucleotides (e.g., 20 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 20 nucleotides in length; and the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 20 nucleotides (e.g., 20 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 20 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 20 nucleotides (e.g., 20 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 20 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 21 nucleotides (e.g., 21 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 21 nucleotides in length; and the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 21 nucleotides (e.g., 21 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 21 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 21 nucleotides (e.g., 21 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 21 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 22 nucleotides (e.g., 22 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 22 nucleotides in length; and the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 22 nucleotides (e.g., 22 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 22 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 22 nucleotides (e.g., 22 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 22 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 23 nucleotides (e.g., 23 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 23 nucleotides in length; and the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 23 nucleotides (e.g., 23 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 23 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 23 nucleotides (e.g., 23 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 23 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 24 nucleotides (e.g., 24 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 24 nucleotides in length; and the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 24 nucleotides (e.g., 24 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 24 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 24 nucleotides (e.g., 24 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 24 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 25 nucleotides (e.g., 25 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 25 nucleotides in length; and the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain has, or consists of, 25 nucleotides (e.g., 25 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 25 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 25 nucleotides (e.g., 25 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 25 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 26 nucleotides (e.g., 26 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 26 nucleotides in length; and the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 26 nucleotides (e.g., 26 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 26 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 26 nucleotides (e.g., 26 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 26 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain.

Exemplary Modular gRNAs

In an embodiment, a modular gRNA comprises:

• • a first strand comprising, preferably from 5′ to 3′;
    • a targeting domain, e.g., comprising 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides;
    • a first complementarity domain; and
    • a second strand, comprising, preferably from 5′ to 3′:
    • optionally a 5′ extension domain;
    • a second complementarity domain;
    • a proximal domain; and
    • a tail domain,
  • wherein:

(a) the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides;

(b) there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain; or

(c) there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the sequence from (a), (b), or (c), has at least 60, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 99% homology with the corresponding sequence of a naturally occurring gRNA, or with a gRNA described herein.

In an embodiment, the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, or 26 nucleotides (e.g., 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, or 26 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, or 26 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 16 nucleotides (e.g., 16 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 16 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 17 nucleotides (e.g., 17 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 17 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 18 nucleotides (e.g., 18 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 18 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 19 nucleotides (e.g., 19 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 19 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 20 nucleotides (e.g., 20 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 20 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 21 nucleotides (e.g., 21 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 21 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 22 nucleotides (e.g., 22 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 22 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 23 nucleotides (e.g., 23 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 23 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain has, or consists of, 24 nucleotides (e.g., 24 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 24 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 25 nucleotides (e.g., 25 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 5 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 26 nucleotides (e.g., 26 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 5 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 16 nucleotides (e.g., 16 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 16 nucleotides in length; and the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 16 nucleotides (e.g., 16 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 16 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, n has, or consists of, 16 nucleotides (e.g., 16 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 16 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 17 nucleotides (e.g., 17 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 17 nucleotides in length; and the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 17 nucleotides (e.g., 17 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 17 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 17 nucleotides (e.g., 17 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 17 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 18 nucleotides (e.g., 18 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 18 nucleotides in length; and the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 18 nucleotides (e.g., 18 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 18 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 18 nucleotides (e.g., 18 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 18 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 19 nucleotides (e.g., 19 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 19 nucleotides in length; and the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 19 nucleotides (e.g., 19 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 19 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 19 nucleotides (e.g., 19 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 19 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 20 nucleotides (e.g., 20 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 20 nucleotides in length; and the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 20 nucleotides (e.g., 20 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 20 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 20 nucleotides (e.g., 20 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 20 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 21 nucleotides (e.g., 21 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 21 nucleotides in length; and the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 21 nucleotides (e.g., 21 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 21 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 21 nucleotides (e.g., 21 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 21 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 22 nucleotides (e.g., 22 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 22 nucleotides in length; and the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 22 nucleotides (e.g., 22 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 22 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 22 nucleotides (e.g., 22 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 22 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 23 nucleotides (e.g., 23 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 23 nucleotides in length; and the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 23 nucleotides (e.g., 23 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 23 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 23 nucleotides (e.g., 23 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 23 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 24 nucleotides (e.g., 24 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 24 nucleotides in length; and the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 24 nucleotides (e.g., 24 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 24 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 24 nucleotides (e.g., 24 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 24 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 25 nucleotides (e.g., 25 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 25 nucleotides in length; and the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 25 nucleotides (e.g., 25 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 25 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 25 nucleotides (e.g., 25 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 25 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 26 nucleotides (e.g., 26 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 26 nucleotides in length; and the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 26 nucleotides (e.g., 26 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 26 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain.

In an embodiment, the targeting domain comprises, has, or consists of, 26 nucleotides (e.g., 26 consecutive nucleotides) having complementarity with the target domain, e.g., the targeting domain is 26 nucleotides in length; and there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain.

Methods for Designing gRNAs

Methods for designing gRNAs are described herein, including methods for selecting, designing and validating target domains. Exemplary targeting domains are also provided herein. Targeting Domains discussed herein can be incorporated into the gRNAs described herein.

Methods for selection and validation of target sequences as well as off-target analyses are described, e.g., in Mali et al., 2013 SCIENCE 339(6121): 823-826; Hsu et al., 2013 NAT BIOTECHNOL, 31(9): 827-32; Fu et al., 2014 NAT BIOTECHNOL, doi: 10.1038/nbt.2808. PubMed PMID: 24463574; Heigwer et al., 2014 NAT METHODS 11(2):122-3. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.2812. PubMed PMID: 24481216; Bae et al., 2014 BIOINFORMATICS PubMed PMID: 24463181; Xiao A et al., 2014 BIOINFORMATICS PubMed PMID: 24389662.

For example, a software tool can be used to optimize the choice of gRNA within a user's target sequence, e.g., to minimize total off-target activity across the genome. Off target activity may be other than cleavage. For each possible gRNA choice e.g., using S. pyogenes Cas9, the tool can identify all off-target sequences (e.g., preceding either NAG or NGG PAMs) across the genome that contain up to certain number (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) of mismatched base-pairs. The cleavage efficiency at each off-target sequence can be predicted, e.g., using an experimentally-derived weighting scheme. Each possible gRNA is then ranked according to its total predicted off-target cleavage; the top-ranked gRNAs represent those that are likely to have the greatest on-target and the least off-target cleavage. Other functions, e.g., automated reagent design for CRISPR construction, primer design for the on-target Surveyor assay, and primer design for high-throughput detection and quantification of off-target cleavage via next-gen sequencing, can also be included in the tool. Candidate gRNA molecules can be evaluated by art-known methods or as described in Section IV herein.

II. Cas9 Molecules

Cas9 molecules of a variety of species can be used in the methods and compositions described herein. While the S. pyogenes and S. thermophilus Cas9 molecules are the subject of much of the disclosure herein, Cas9 molecules of, derived from, or based on the Cas9 proteins of other species listed herein can be used as well. In other words, while the much of the description herein uses S. pyogenes and S. thermophilus Cas9 molecules, Cas9 molecules from the other species can replace them, e.g., Staphylococcus aureus and Neisseria meningitidis Cas9 molecules. Additional Cas9 species include: Acidovorax avenae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Actinobacillus succinogenes, Actinobacillus suis, Actinomyces sp., cycliphilus denitrificans, Aminomonas paucivorans, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus smithii, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacteroides sp., Blastopirellula marina, Bradyrhizobium sp., Brevibacillus laterosporus, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter lari, Candidatus Puniceispirillum, Clostridium cellulolyticum, Clostridium perfringens, Corynebacterium accolens, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Corynebacterium matruchotii, Dinoroseobacter shibae, Eubacterium dolichum, gamma proteobacterium, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Haemophilus sputorum, Helicobacter canadensis, Helicobacter cinaedi, Helicobacter mustelae, Ilyobacter polytropus, Kingella kingae, Lactobacillus crispatus, Listeria ivanovii, Listeria monocytogenes, Listeriaceae bacterium, Methylocystis sp., Methylosinus trichosporium, Mobiluncus mulieris, Neisseria bacilliformis, Neisseria cinerea, Neisseria flavescens, Neisseria lactamica, Neisseria sp., Neisseria wadsworthii, Nitrosomonas sp., Parvibaculum lavamentivorans, Pasteurella multocida, Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens, Ralstonia syzygii, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Rhodovulum sp., Simonsiella muelleri, Sphingomonas sp., Sporolactobacillus vineae, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Streptococcus sp., Subdoligranulum sp., Tistrella mobilis, Treponema sp., or Verminephrobacter eiseniae.

A Cas9 molecule, as that term is used herein, refers to a molecule that can interact with a gRNA molecule and, in concert with the gRNA molecule, localize (e.g., target or home) to a site which comprises a target domain and PAM sequence.

In an embodiment, the Cas9 molecule is capable of cleaving a target nucleic acid molecule. A Cas9 molecule that is capable of cleaving a target nucleic acid molecule is referred to herein as an eaCas9 (an enzymatically active Cas9) molecule. In an embodiment, an eaCas9 molecule, comprises one or more of the following activities:

a nickase activity, i.e., the ability to cleave a single strand, e.g., the non-complementary strand or the complementary strand, of a nucleic acid molecule;

a double stranded nuclease activity, i.e., the ability to cleave both strands of a double stranded nucleic acid and create a double stranded break, which in an embodiment is the presence of two nickase activities;

an endonuclease activity;

an exonuclease activity; and

a helicase activity, i.e., the ability to unwind the helical structure of a double stranded nucleic acid.

In an embodiment, an enzymatically active Cas9 or an eaCas9 molecule cleaves both DNA strands and results in a double stranded break. In an embodiment, an eaCas9 molecule cleaves only one strand, e.g., the strand to which the gRNA hybridizes to, or the strand complementary to the strand the gRNA hybridizes with. In an embodiment, an eaCas9 molecule comprises cleavage activity associated with an HNH-like domain. In an embodiment, an eaCas9 molecule comprises cleavage activity associated with an N-terminal RuvC-like domain. In an embodiment, an eaCas9 molecule comprises cleavage activity associated with an HNH-like domain and cleavage activity associated with an N-terminal RuvC-like domain. In an embodiment, an eaCas9 molecule comprises an active, or cleavage competent, HNH-like domain and an inactive, or cleavage incompetent, N-terminal RuvC-like domain. In an embodiment, an eaCas9 molecule comprises an inactive, or cleavage incompetent, HNH-like domain and an active, or cleavage competent, N-terminal RuvC-like domain.

In an embodiment, the ability of an eaCas9 molecule to interact with and cleave a target nucleic acid is PAM sequence dependent. A PAM sequence is a sequence in the target nucleic acid. In an embodiment, cleavage of the target nucleic acid occurs upstream from the PAM sequence. EaCas9 molecules from different bacterial species can recognize different sequence motifs (e.g., PAM sequences). In an embodiment, an eaCas9 molecule of S. pyogenes recognizes the sequence motif NGG and directs cleavage of a target nucleic acid sequence 1 to 10, e.g., 3 to 5, base pairs upstream from that sequence. See, e.g., Mali et al., SCIENCE 2013; 339(6121): 823-826. In an embodiment, an eaCas9 molecule of S. thermophilus recognizes the sequence motif NGGNG and NNAGAAW (W=A or T) and directs cleavage of a core target nucleic acid sequence 1 to 10, e.g., 3 to 5, base pairs upstream from these sequences. See, e.g., Horvath et al., SCIENCE 2010; 327(5962):167-170, and Deveau et al., J BACTERIOL 2008; 190(4): 1390-1400. In an embodiment, an eaCas9 molecule of S. mutans recognizes the sequence motif NGG or NAAR (R=A or G) and directs cleavage of a core target nucleic acid sequence 1 to 10, e.g., 3 to 5 base pairs, upstream from this sequence. See, e.g., Deveau et al., J BACTERIOL 2008; 190(4): 1390-1400. In an embodiment, an eaCas9 molecule of S. aureus recognizes the sequence motif NNGRR (R=A or G) and directs cleavage of a target nucleic acid sequence 1 to 10, e.g., 3 to 5, base pairs upstream from that sequence. In an embodiment, an eaCas9 molecule of N. meningitidis recognizes the sequence motif NNNNGATT and directs cleavage of a target nucleic acid sequence 1 to 10, e.g., 3 to 5, base pairs upstream from that sequence. See, e.g., Hou et al., PNAS EARLY EDITION 2013, 1-6. The ability of a Cas9 molecule to recognize a PAM sequence can be determined, e.g., using a transformation assay described in Jinek et al., SCIENCE 2012, 337:816.

Some Cas9 molecules have the ability to interact with a gRNA molecule, and in conjunction with the gRNA molecule home (e.g., targeted or localized) to a core target domain, but are incapable of cleaving the target nucleic acid, or incapable of cleaving at efficient rates. Cas9 molecules having no, or no substantial, cleavage activity are referred to herein as an eiCas9 (an enzymatically inactive Cas9) molecule. For example, an eiCas9 molecule can lack cleavage activity or have substantially less, e.g., less than 20, 10, 5, 1 or 0.1% of the cleavage activity of a reference Cas9 molecule, as measured by an assay described herein.

Exemplary naturally occurring Cas9 molecules are described in Chylinski et al., RNA Biology 2013; 10:5, 727-737. Such Cas9 molecules include Cas9 molecules of a cluster 1 bacterial family, cluster 2 bacterial family, cluster 3 bacterial family, cluster 4 bacterial family, cluster 5 bacterial family, cluster 6 bacterial family, a cluster 7 bacterial family, a cluster 8 bacterial family, a cluster 9 bacterial family, a cluster 10 bacterial family, a cluster 11 bacterial family, a cluster 12 bacterial family, a cluster 13 bacterial family, a cluster 14 bacterial family, a cluster 15 bacterial family, a cluster 16 bacterial family, a cluster 17 bacterial family, a cluster 18 bacterial family, a cluster 19 bacterial family, a cluster 20 bacterial family, a cluster 21 bacterial family, a cluster 22 bacterial family, a cluster 23 bacterial family, a cluster 24 bacterial family, a cluster 25 bacterial family, a cluster 26 bacterial family, a cluster 27 bacterial family, a cluster 28 bacterial family, a cluster 29 bacterial family, a cluster 30 bacterial family, a cluster 31 bacterial family, a cluster 32 bacterial family, a cluster 33 bacterial family, a cluster 34 bacterial family, a cluster 35 bacterial family, a cluster 36 bacterial family, a cluster 37 bacterial family, a cluster 38 bacterial family, a cluster 39 bacterial family, a cluster 40 bacterial family, a cluster 41 bacterial family, a cluster 42 bacterial family, a cluster 43 bacterial family, a cluster 44 bacterial family, a cluster 45 bacterial family, a cluster 46 bacterial family, a cluster 47 bacterial family, a cluster 48 bacterial family, a cluster 49 bacterial family, a cluster 50 bacterial family, a cluster 51 bacterial family, a cluster 52 bacterial family, a cluster 53 bacterial family, a cluster 54 bacterial family, a cluster 55 bacterial family, a cluster 56 bacterial family, a cluster 57 bacterial family, a cluster 58 bacterial family, a cluster 59 bacterial family, a cluster 60 bacterial family, a cluster 61 bacterial family, a cluster 62 bacterial family, a cluster 63 bacterial family, a cluster 64 bacterial family, a cluster 65 bacterial family, a cluster 66 bacterial family, a cluster 67 bacterial family, a cluster 68 bacterial family, a cluster 69 bacterial family, a cluster 70 bacterial family, a cluster 71 bacterial family, a cluster 72 bacterial family, a cluster 73 bacterial family, a cluster 74 bacterial family, a cluster 75 bacterial family, a cluster 76 bacterial family, a cluster 77 bacterial family, or a cluster 78 bacterial family.

Exemplary naturally occurring Cas9 molecules include a Cas9 molecule of a cluster 1 bacterial family. Examples include a Cas9 molecule of: S. pyogenes (e.g., strain SF370, MGAS10270, MGAS10750, MGAS2096, MGAS315, MGAS5005, MGAS6180, MGAS9429, NZ131 and SSI-1), S. thermophilus (e.g., strain LMD-9), S. pseudoporcinus (e.g., strain SPIN 20026), S. mutans (e.g., strain UA159, NN2025), S. macacae (e.g., strain NCTC11558), S. gallolyticus (e.g., strain UCN34, ATCC BAA-2069), S. equines (e.g., strain ATCC 9812, MGCS 124), S. dysdalactiae (e.g., strain GGS 124), S. bovis (e.g., strain ATCC 700338), S. anginosus (e.g., strain F0211), S. agalactiae (e.g., strain NEM316, A909), Listeria monocytogenes (e.g., strain F6854), Listeria innocua (L. innocua, e.g., strain Clip11262), Enterococcus italicus (e.g., strain DSM 15952), or Enterococcus faecium (e.g., strain 1,231,408). Additional exemplary Cas9 molecules are a Cas9 molecule of Neisseria meningitidis (Hou et al. PNAS Early Edition 2013, 1-6) and a S. aureus Cas9 molecule.

In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eaCas9 molecule or eiCas9 molecule, comprises an amino acid sequence:

having 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% homology with;

differs at no more than, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, or 40% of the amino acid residues when compared with;

differs by at least 1, 2, 5, 10 or 20 amino acids but by no more than 100, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40 or 30 amino acids from; or

is identical to;

any Cas9 molecule sequence described herein or a naturally occurring Cas9 molecule sequence, e.g., a Cas9 molecule from a species listed herein or described in Chylinski et al., RNA Biology 2013, 10:5, 727-737; Hou et al. PNAS Early Edition 2013, 1-6. In an embodiment, the Cas9 molecule comprises one or more of the following activities: a nickase activity; a double stranded cleavage activity (e.g., an endonuclease and/or exonuclease activity); a helicase activity; or the ability, together with a gRNA molecule, to localize to a target nucleic acid.

In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule comprises the amino acid sequence of the consensus sequence of FIG. 2, wherein “*” indicates any amino acid found in the corresponding position in the amino acid sequence of a Cas9 molecule of S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. mutans and L. innocua, and “-” indicates any amino acid. In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule differs from the sequence of the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2 by at least 1, but no more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid residues. In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7 of FIG. 5, wherein “*” indicates any amino acid found in the corresponding position in the amino acid sequence of a Cas9 molecule of S. pyogenes, or N. meningitidis, “-” indicates any amino acid, and “-” indicates any amino acid or absent. In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule differs from the sequence of SEQ ID NO:6 or 7 by at least 1, but no more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid residues.

A comparison of the sequence of a number of Cas9 molecules indicate that certain regions are conserved. These are identified below as:

region 1 (residues 1 to 180, or in the case of region 1′ residues 120 to 180)

region 2 (residues 360 to 480);

region 3 (residues 660 to 720);

region 4 (residues 817 to 900); and

region 5 (residues 900 to 960).

In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule comprises regions 1-5, together with sufficient additional Cas9 molecule sequence to provide a biologically active molecule, e.g., a Cas9 molecule having at least one activity described herein. In an embodiment, each of regions 1-6, independently, have, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% homology with the corresponding residues of a Cas9 molecule described herein, e.g., a sequence from FIG. 2 or from FIG. 5.

In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eaCas9 molecule or eiCas9 molecule, comprises an amino acid sequence referred to as region 1:

having 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% homology with amino acids 1-180 (the numbering is according to the motif sequence in FIG. 2; 52% of residues in the four Cas9 sequences in FIG. 2 are conserved) of the amino acid sequence of Cas9 of S. pyogenes;

differs by at least 1, 2, 5, 10 or 20 amino acids but by no more than 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40 or 30 amino acids from amino acids 1-180 of the amino acid sequence of Cas9 of S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. mutans, L. innocua, N. meningitidis, or S. aureus; or

is identical to 1-180 of the amino acid sequence of Cas9 of S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. mutans, L. innocua, N. meningitidis, or S. aureus.

In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eaCas9 molecule or eiCas9 molecule, comprises an amino acid sequence referred to as region 1′:

having 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% homology with amino acids 120-180 (55% of residues in the four Cas9 sequences in FIG. 2 are conserved) of the amino acid sequence of Cas9 of S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. mutans or, L. innocua, N. meningitidis, or S. aureus;

differs by at least 1, 2, or 5 amino acids but by no more than 35, 30, 25, 20 or 10 amino acids from amino acids 120-180 of the amino acid sequence of Cas9 of S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. mutans or, L. innocua, N. meningitidis, or S. aureus; or

is identical to 120-180 of the amino acid sequence of Cas9 of S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. mutans or, L. innocua, N. meningitidis, or S. aureus.

In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eaCas9 molecule or eiCas9 molecule, comprises an amino acid sequence referred to as region 2:

having 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% homology with amino acids 360-480 (52% of residues in the four Cas9 sequences in FIG. 2 are conserved) of the amino acid sequence of Cas9 of S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. mutans or, L. innocua, N. meningitidis, or S. aureus;

differs by at least 1, 2, or 5 amino acids but by no more than 35, 30, 25, 20 or 10 amino acids from amino acids 360-480 of the amino acid sequence of Cas9 of S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. mutans or, L. innocua, N. meningitidis, or S. aureus; or

is identical to 360-480 of the amino acid sequence of Cas9 of S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. mutans or, L. innocua, N. meningitidis, or S. aureus.

In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eaCas9 molecule or eiCas9 molecule, comprises an amino acid sequence referred to as region 3:

having 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% homology with amino acids 660-720 (56% of residues in the four Cas9 sequences in FIG. 2 are conserved) of the amino acid sequence of Cas9 of S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. mutans or, L. innocua, N. meningitidis, or S. aureus;

differs by at least 1, 2, or 5 amino acids but by no more than 35, 30, 25, 20 or 10 amino acids from amino acids 660-720 of the amino acid sequence of Cas9 of S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. mutans or, L. innocua, N. meningitidis, or S. aureus; or

is identical to 660-720 of the amino acid sequence of Cas9 of S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. mutans or, L. innocua, N. meningitidis, or S. aureus.

In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eaCas9 molecule or eiCas9 molecule, comprises an amino acid sequence referred to as region 4:

having 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% homology with amino acids 817-900 (55% of residues in the four Cas9 sequences in FIG. 2 are conserved) of the amino acid sequence of Cas9 of S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. mutans or, L. innocua, N. meningitidis, or S. aureus;

differs by at least 1, 2, or 5 amino acids but by no more than 35, 30, 25, 20 or 10 amino acids from amino acids 817-900 of the amino acid sequence of Cas9 of S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. mutans or, L. innocua, N. meningitidis, or S. aureus; or

is identical to 817-900 of the amino acid sequence of Cas9 of S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. mutans or, L. innocua, N. meningitidis, or S. aureus.

In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eaCas9 molecule or eiCas9 molecule, comprises an amino acid sequence referred to as region 5:

having 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% homology with amino acids 900-960 (60% of residues in the four Cas9 sequences in FIG. 2 are conserved) of the amino acid sequence of Cas9 of S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. mutans or, L. innocua, N. meningitidis, or S. aureus;

differs by at least 1, 2, or 5 amino acids but by no more than 35, 30, 25, 20 or 10 amino acids from amino acids 900-960 of the amino acid sequence of Cas9 of S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. mutans or, L. innocua, N. meningitidis, or S. aureus; or

is identical to 900-960 of the amino acid sequence of Cas9 of S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. mutans or, L. innocua, N. meningitidis, or S. aureus.

A RuvC-like domain and an HNH-like domain

In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule comprises an HNH-like domain and an RuvC-like domain. In an embodiment, cleavage activity is dependent on a RuvC-like domain and an HNH-like domain. A Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eaCas9 or eiCas9 molecule, can comprise one or more of the following domains: a RuvC-like domain and an HNH-like domain. In an embodiment, a cas9 molecule is an eaCas9 molecule and the eaCas9 molecule comprises a RuvC-like domain, e.g., a RuvC-like domain described below, and/or an HNH-like domain, e.g., an HNH-like domain described below. In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule is an eiCas9 molecule comprising one or more difference in an RuvC-like domain and/or in an HNH-like domain as compared to a reference Cas9 molecule, and the eiCas9 molecule does not cleave a nucleic acid, or cleaves with significantly less efficiency than does wildype, e.g., when compared with wild type in a cleavage assay, e.g., as described herein, cuts with less than 50, 25, 10, or 1% of the a reference Cas9 molecule, as measured by an assay described herein.

RuvC-like domains

In an embodiment, a RuvC-like domain cleaves, a single strand, e.g., the non-complementary strand of the target nucleic acid molecule. A Cas9 molecule can include more than one RuvC-like domain (e.g., one, two, three or more RuvC-like domains). In an embodiment, an RuvC-like domain is at least 5, 6, 7, 8 amino acids in length but not more than 20, 19, 18, 17, 16 or 15 amino acids in length. In an embodiment, the cas9 molecule comprises an N-terminal RuvC-like domain of about 10 to 20 amino acids, e.g., about 15 amino acids in length.

N-terminal RuvC-like domains

Some naturally occurring Cas9 molecules comprise more than one RuvC-like domain, with cleavage being dependent on the N-terminal RuvC-like domain. Accordingly, Cas9 molecules can comprise an N-terminal RuvC-like domain. Exemplary N-terminal RuvC-like domains are described below.

In an embodiment, an eaCas9 molecule comprises an N-terminal RuvC-like domain comprising an amino acid sequence of formula I:

D-X1-G-X2-X3-X4-X5-G-X6-X7-X8-X9, (SEQ ID NO: 8)

wherein,

X1 is selected from I, V, M, L and T (e.g., selected from I, V, and L);

X2 is selected from T, I, V, S, N, Y, E and L (e.g., selected from T, V, and I);

X3 is selected from N, S, G, A, D, T, R, M and F (e.g., A or N);

X4 is selected from S, Y, N and F (e.g., S);

X5 is selected from V, I, L, C, T and F (e.g., selected from V, I and L);

X6 is selected from W, F, V, Y, S and L (e.g., W);

X7 is selected from A, S, C, V and G (e.g., selected from A and S);

X8 is selected from V, I, L, A, M and H (e.g., selected from V, I, M and L); and

X9 is selected from any amino acid or is absent (e.g., selected from T, V, I, L, Δ, F, S, A, Y, M and R, or, e.g., selected from T, V, I, L and Δ).

In an embodiment, the N-terminal RuvC-like domain differs from a sequence of SEQ ID NO:8, by as many as 1 but no more than 2, 3, 4, or 5 residues.

In embodiment the N-terminal RuvC-like domain is cleavage competent.

In embodiment the N-terminal RuvC-like domain is cleavage incompetent.

In an embodiment, an eaCas9 molecule comprises an N-terminal RuvC-like domain comprising an amino acid sequence of formula II:

D-X1-G-X2-X3-S-X5-G-X6-X7-X8-X9, (SEQ ID NO: 9)

wherein

X1 is selected from I, V, M, L and T (e.g., selected from I, V, and L);

X2 is selected from T, I, V, S, N, Y, E and L (e.g., selected from T, V, and I);

X3 is selected from N, S, G, A, D, T, R, M and F (e.g., A or N);

X5 is selected from V, I, L, C, T and F (e.g., selected from V, I and L);

X6 is selected from W, F, V, Y, S and L (e.g., W);

X7 is selected from A, S, C, V and G (e.g., selected from A and S);

X8 is selected from V, I, L, A, M and H (e.g., selected from V, I, M and L); and

X9 is selected from any amino acid or is absent (e.g., selected from T, V, I, L, Δ, F, S, A, Y, M and R or selected from e.g., T, V, I, L and Δ).

In an embodiment, the N-terminal RuvC-like domain differs from a sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 by as many as 1, but no more than 2, 3, 4, or 5 residues.

In an embodiment, the N-terminal RuvC-like domain comprises an amino acid sequence of formula III:

D-I-G-X2-X3-S-V-G-W-A-X8-X9, (SEQ ID NO: 10)

wherein

X2 is selected from T, I, V, S, N, Y, E and L (e.g., selected from T, V, and I);

X3 is selected from N, S, G, A, D, T, R, M and F (e.g., A or N);

X8 is selected from V, I, L, A, M and H (e.g., selected from V, I, M and L); and

X9 is selected from any amino acid or is absent (e.g., selected from T, V, I, L, Δ, F, S, A, Y, M and R or selected from e.g., T, V, I, L and Δ).

In an embodiment, the N-terminal RuvC-like domain differs from a sequence of SEQ ID NO:10 by as many as 1, but no more than, 2, 3, 4, or 5 residues.

In an embodiment, the N-terminal RuvC-like domain comprises an amino acid sequence of formula III:

D-I-G-T-N-S-V-G-W-A-V-X, (SEQ ID NO: 11)

wherein

X is a non-polar alkyl amino acid or a hydroxyl amino acid, e.g., X is selected from V, I, L and T (e.g., the eaCas9 molecule can comprise an N-terminal RuvC-like domain shown in FIG. 2 (depicted as “Y”)).

In an embodiment, the N-terminal RuvC-like domain differs from a sequence of SEQ ID NO:11 by as many as 1 but no more than, 2, 3, 4, or 5 residues.

In an embodiment, the N-terminal RuvC-like domain differs from a sequence of an N-terminal RuvC-like domain disclosed herein, e.g., in FIG. 3A or FIG. 5, as many as 1, but no more than 2, 3, 4, or 5 residues. In an embodiment, 1, 2, or all 3 of the highly conserved residues identified in FIG. 3A or FIG. 5 are present.

In an embodiment, the N-terminal RuvC-like domain differs from a sequence of an N-terminal RuvC-like domain disclosed herein, e.g., in FIG. 3B, as many as 1, but no more than 2, 3, 4, or 5 residues. In an embodiment, 1, 2, 3 or all 4 of the highly conserved residues identified in FIG. 3B are present.

Additional RuvC-Like Domains

In addition to the N-terminal RuvC-like domain, a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eaCas9 molecule, can comprise one or more additional RuvC-like domains. In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule can comprise two additional RuvC-like domains. Preferably, the additional RuvC-like domain is at least 5 amino acids in length and, e.g., less than 15 amino acids in length, e.g., 5 to 10 amino acids in length, e.g., 8 amino acids in length.

An additional RuvC-like domain can comprise an amino acid sequence:

I-X1-X2-E-X3-A-R-E, (SEQ ID NO: 12)

wherein

X1 is V or H,

X2 is I, L or V (e.g., I or V); and

X3 is M or T.

In an embodiment, the additional RuvC-like domain comprises the amino acid sequence:

I-V-X2-E-M-A-R-E, (SEQ ID NO: 13)

wherein

X2 is I, L or V (e.g., I or V) (e.g., the eaCas9 molecule can comprise an additional RuvC-like domain shown in FIG. 2 or FIG. 5 (depicted as “B”)).

An additional RuvC-like domain can comprise an amino acid sequence:

H-H-A-X1-D-A-X2-X3, (SEQ ID NO: 14)

wherein

X1 is H or L;

X2 is R or V; and

X3 is E or V.

In an embodiment, the additional RuvC-like domain comprises the amino acid sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 15)
H-H-A-H-D-A-Y-L.

In an embodiment, the additional RuvC-like domain differs from a sequence of SEQ ID NO:13, 15, 12 or 14 by as many as 1, but no more than 2, 3, 4, or 5 residues.

In an embodiment, the sequence flanking the N-terminal RuvC-like domain is a sequences of formula V:

(SEQ ID NO: 16)
K-X1′-Y-X2′-X3′-X4′-Z-T-D-X9′-Y,

wherein

X1′ is selected from K and P,

X2′ is selected from V, L, I, and F (e.g., V, I and L);

X3′ is selected from G, A and S (e.g., G),

X4′ is selected from L, I, V and F (e.g., L);

X9′ is selected from D, E, N and Q; and

Z is an N-terminal RuvC-like domain, e.g., as described above.

HNH-like domains

In an embodiment, an HNH-like domain cleaves a single stranded complementary domain, e.g., a complementary strand of a double stranded nucleic acid molecule. In an embodiment, an HNH-like domain is at least 15, 20, 25 amino acids in length but not more than 40, 35 or 30 amino acids in length, e.g., 20 to 35 amino acids in length, e.g., 25 to 30 amino acids in length. Exemplary HNH-like domains are described below.

In an embodiment, an eaCas9 molecule comprises an HNH-like domain having an amino acid sequence of formula VI:

(SEQ ID NO: 17)
X1-X2-X3-H-X4-X5-P-X6-X7-X8-X9-X10-X11-X12-X13-
X14-X15-N-X16-X17-X18-X19-X20-X21-X22-X23-N,

wherein

X1 is selected from D, E, Q and N (e.g., D and E);

X2 is selected from L, I, R, Q, V, M and K;

X3 is selected from D and E;

X4 is selected from I, V, T, A and L (e.g., A, I and V);

X5 is selected from V, Y, I, L, F and W (e.g., V, I and L);

X6 is selected from Q, H, R, K, Y, I, L, F and W;

X7 is selected from S, A, D, T and K (e.g., S and A);

X8 is selected from F, L, V, K, Y, M, I, R, A, E, D and Q (e.g., F);

X9 is selected from L, R, T, I, V, S, C, Y, K, F and G;

X10 is selected from K, Q, Y, T, F, L, W, M, A, E, G, and S;

X11 is selected from D, S, N, R, L and T (e.g., D);

X12 is selected from D, N and S;

X13 is selected from S, A, T, G and R (e.g., S);

X14 is selected from I, L, F, S, R, Y, Q, W, D, K and H (e.g., I, L and F);

X15 is selected from D, S, I, N, E, A, H, F, L, Q, M, G, Y and V;

X16 is selected from K, L, R, M, T and F (e.g., L, R and K);

X17 is selected from V, L, I, A and T;

X18 is selected from L, I, V and A (e.g., L and I);

X19 is selected from T, V, C, E, S and A (e.g., T and V);

X20 is selected from R, F, T, W, E, L, N, C, K, V, S, Q, I, Y, H and A;

X21 is selected from S, P, R, K, N, A, H, Q, G and L;

X22 is selected from D, G, T, N, S, K, A, I, E, L, Q, R and Y; and

X23 is selected from K, V, A, E, Y, I, C, L, S, T, G, K, M, D and F.

In an embodiment, a HNH-like domain differs from a sequence of SEQ ID NO:17 by at least 1, but no more than, 2, 3, 4, or 5 residues.

In an embodiment, the HNH-like domain is cleavage competent.

In an embodiment, the HNH-like domain is cleavage incompetent.

In an embodiment, an eaCas9 molecule comprises an HNH-like domain comprising an amino acid sequence of formula VII:

(SEQ ID NO: 18)
X1-X2-X3-H-X4-X5-P-X6-S-X8-X9-X10-D-D-S-X14-
X15-N-K-V-L-X19-X20-X21-X22-X23-N,

wherein

X1 is selected from D and E;

X2 is selected from L, I, R, Q, V, M and K;

X3 is selected from D and E;

X4 is selected from I, V, T, A and L (e.g., A, I and V);

X5 is selected from V, Y, I, L, F and W (e.g., V, I and L);

X6 is selected from Q, H, R, K, Y, I, L, F and W;

X8 is selected from F, L, V, K, Y, M, I, R, A, E, D and Q (e.g., F);

X9 is selected from L, R, T, I, V, S, C, Y, K, F and G;

X10 is selected from K, Q, Y, T, F, L, W, M, A, E, G, and S;

X14 is selected from I, L, F, S, R, Y, Q, W, D, K and H (e.g., I, L and F);

X15 is selected from D, S, I, N, E, A, H, F, L, Q, M, G, Y and V;

X19 is selected from T, V, C, E, S and A (e.g., T and V);

X20 is selected from R, F, T, W, E, L, N, C, K, V, S, Q, I, Y, H and A;

X21 is selected from S, P, R, K, N, A, H, Q, G and L;

X22 is selected from D, G, T, N, S, K, A, I, E, L, Q, R and Y; and

X23 is selected from K, V, A, E, Y, I, C, L, S, T, G, K, M, D and F.

In an embodiment, the HNH-like domain differs from a sequence of SEQ ID NO:18 by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 residues.

In an embodiment, an eaCas9 molecule comprises an HNH-like domain comprising an amino acid sequence of formula VII:

(SEQ ID NO: 19)
X1-V-X3-H-I-V-P-X6-S-X8-X9-X10-D-D-S-X14-X15-N-K-
V-L-T-X20-X21-X22-X23-N,

wherein

X1 is selected from D and E;

X3 is selected from D and E;

X6 is selected from Q, H, R, K, Y, I, L and W;

X8 is selected from F, L, V, K, Y, M, I, R, A, E, D and Q (e.g., F);

X9 is selected from L, R, T, I, V, S, C, Y, K, F and G;

X10 is selected from K, Q, Y, T, F, L, W, M, A, E, G, and S;

X14 is selected from I, L, F, S, R, Y, Q, W, D, K and H (e.g., I, L and F);

X15 is selected from D, S, I, N, E, A, H, F, L, Q, M, G, Y and V;

X20 is selected from R, F, T, W, E, L, N, C, K, V, S, Q, I, Y, H and A;

X21 is selected from S, P, R, K, N, A, H, Q, G and L;

X22 is selected from D, G, T, N, S, K, A, I, E, L, Q, R and Y; and

X23 is selected from K, V, A, E, Y, I, C, L, S, T, G, K, M, D and F.

In an embodiment, the HNH-like domain differs from a sequence of SEQ ID NO:19 by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 residues.

In an embodiment, an eaCas9 molecule comprises an HNH-like domain having an amino acid sequence of formula VIII:

(SEQ ID NO: 20)
D-X2-D-H-I-X5-P-Q-X7-F-X9-X10-D-X12-S-I-D-N-X16-
V-L-X19-X20-S-X22-X23-N,

wherein

X2 is selected from I and V;

X5 is selected from I and V;

X7 is selected from A and S;

X9 is selected from I and L;

X10 is selected from K and T;

X12 is selected from D and N;

X16 is selected from R, K and L; X19 is selected from T and V;

X20 is selected from S and R;

X22 is selected from K, D and A; and

X23 is selected from E, K, G and N (e.g., the eaCas9 molecule can comprise an HNH-like domain as described herein).

In an embodiment, the HNH-like domain differs from a sequence of SEQ ID NO:20 by as many as 1, but no more than 2, 3, 4, or 5 residues.

In an embodiment, an eaCas9 molecule comprises the amino acid sequence of formula IX:

(SEQ ID NO: 21)
L-Y-Y-L-Q-N-G-X1′-D-M-Y-X2′-X3′-X4′-X5′-L-D-I-
X6′-X7′-L-S-X8′-Y-Z-N-R-X9′-K-X10′-D-X11′-V-P,

wherein

X1′ is selected from K and R;

X2′ is selected from V and T;

X3′ is selected from G and D;

X4′ is selected from E, Q and D;

X5′ is selected from E and D;

X6′ is selected from D, N and H;

X7′ is selected from Y, R and N;

X8′ is selected from Q, D and N; X9′ is selected from G and E;

X10′ is selected from S and G;

X11′ is selected from D and N; and

Z is an HNH-like domain, e.g., as described above.

In an embodiment, the eaCas9 molecule comprises an amino acid sequence that differs from a sequence of SEQ ID NO:21 by as many as 1, but no more than 2, 3, 4, or 5 residues.

In an embodiment, the HNH-like domain differs from a sequence of an HNH-like domain disclosed herein, e.g., in FIG. 4A or FIG. 5, as many as 1, but no more than 2, 3, 4, or 5 residues.

In an embodiment, the HNH-like domain differs from a sequence of an HNH-like domain disclosed herein, e.g., in FIG. 4B, by as many as 1, but no more than 2, 3, 4, or 5 residues. In an embodiment, 1, 2, all 3 of the highly conserved residues identified in FIG. 4B are present.

Altered Cas9 Molecules

Naturally occurring Cas9 molecules possess a number of properties, including: nickase activity, nuclease activity (e.g., endonuclease and/or exonuclease activity); helicase activity; the ability to associate functionally with a gRNA molecule; and the ability to target (or localize to) a site on a nucleic acid (e.g., PAM recognition and specificity). In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecules can include all or a subset of these properties. In a typical embodiment, Cas9 molecules have the ability to interact with a gRNA molecule and, in concert with the gRNA molecule, localize to a site in a nucleic acid. Other activities, e.g., PAM specificity, cleavage activity, or helicase activity can vary more widely in Cas9 molecules.

Cas9 molecules with desired properties can be made in a number of ways, e.g., by alteration of a parental, e.g., naturally occurring Cas9 molecules to provide an altered Cas9 molecule having a desired property. For example, one or more mutations or differences relative to a parental Cas9 molecule can be introduced. Such mutations and differences comprise: substitutions (e.g., conservative substitutions or substitutions of non-essential amino acids); insertions; or deletions. In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule can comprises one or more mutations or differences, e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 or 50 mutations but less than 200, 100, or 80 mutations relative to a reference Cas9 molecule.

In an embodiment, a mutation or mutations do not have a substantial effect on a Cas9 activity, e.g. a Cas9 activity described herein. In an embodiment, a mutation or mutations have a substantial effect on a Cas9 activity, e.g. a Cas9 activity described herein. In an embodiment, exemplary activities comprise one or more of PAM specificity, cleavage activity, and helicase activity. A mutation(s) can be present, e.g., in: one or more RuvC-like domain, e.g., an N-terminal RuvC-like domain; an HNH-like domain; a region outside the RuvC-like domains and the HNH-like domain. In an embodiment, a mutation(s) is present in an N-terminal RuvC-like domain. In an embodiment, a mutation(s) is present in an HNH-like domain. In an embodiment, mutations are present in both an N-terminal RuvC-like domain and an HNH-like domain.

Whether or not a particular sequence, e.g., a substitution, may affect one or more activity, such as targeting activity, cleavage activity, etc, can be evaluated or predicted, e.g., by evaluating whether the mutation is conservative or by the method described in Section III. In an embodiment, a “non-essential” amino acid residue, as used in the context of a Cas9 molecule, is a residue that can be altered from the wild-type sequence of a Cas9 molecule, e.g., a naturally occurring Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eaCas9 molecule, without abolishing or more preferably, without substantially altering a Cas9 activity (e.g., cleavage activity), whereas changing an “essential” amino acid residue results in a substantial loss of activity (e.g., cleavage activity).

In an embodiment, the altered Cas9 molecule is an eaCas9 molecule comprising the fixed amino acid residues of S. pyogenes shown in the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2, and has one or more amino acids that differ from the amino acid sequence of S. pyogenes (e.g., has a substitution) at one or more residue (e.g., 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200 amino acid residues) represented by an “-” in the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2 or SEQ ID NO:7. In an embodiment, the altered Cas9 molecule is an eiCas9 molecule wherein one or more of the fixed amino acid residues of S. pyogenes shown in the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2 (e.g., 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200 amino acid residues) is mutated.

In an embodiment, the altered Cas9 molecule comprises a sequence in which:

the sequence corresponding to the fixed sequence of the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2 differs at no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, or 20% of the fixed residues in the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2;

the sequence corresponding to the residues identified by “*” in the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2 differ at no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40% of the “*” residues from the corresponding sequence of naturally occurring Cas9 molecule, e.g., an S. pyogenes Cas9 molecule; and,

the sequence corresponding to the residues identified by “-” in the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2 differ at no more than 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 55, or 60% of the “-” residues from the corresponding sequence of naturally occurring Cas9 molecule, e.g., an S. pyogenes Cas9 molecule.

In an embodiment, the altered Cas9 molecule is an eaCas9 molecule comprising the fixed amino acid residues of S. thermophilus shown in the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2, and has one or more amino acids that differ from the amino acid sequence of S. thermophilus (e.g., has a substitution) at one or more residue (e.g., 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200 amino acid residues) represented by an “-” in the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2. In an embodiment, the altered Cas9 molecule is an eiCas9 molecule wherein one or more of the fixed amino acid residues of S. thermophilus shown in the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2 (e.g., 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200 amino acid residues) is mutated.

In an embodiment the altered Cas9 molecule comprises a sequence in which:

the sequence corresponding to the fixed sequence of the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2 differs at no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, or 20% of the fixed residues in the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2;

the sequence corresponding to the residues identified by “*” in the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2 differ at no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40% of the “*” residues from the corresponding sequence of naturally occurring Cas9 molecule, e.g., an S. thermophilus Cas9 molecule; and,

the sequence corresponding to the residues identified by “-” in the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2 differ at no more than 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 55, or 60% of the “-” residues from the corresponding sequence of naturally occurring Cas9 molecule, e.g., an S. thermophilus Cas9 molecule.

In an embodiment, the altered Cas9 molecule is an eaCas9 molecule comprising the fixed amino acid residues of S. mutans shown in the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2, and has one or more amino acids that differ from the amino acid sequence of S. mutans (e.g., has a substitution) at one or more residue (e.g., 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200 amino acid residues) represented by an “-” in the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2. In an embodiment, the altered Cas9 molecule is an eiCas9 molecule wherein one or more of the fixed amino acid residues of S. mutans shown in the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2 (e.g., 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200 amino acid residues) is mutated.

In an embodiment the altered Cas9 molecule comprises a sequence in which:

the sequence corresponding to the fixed sequence of the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2 differs at no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, or 20% of the fixed residues in the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2;

the sequence corresponding to the residues identified by “*” in the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2 differ at no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40% of the “*” residues from the corresponding sequence of naturally occurring Cas9 molecule, e.g., an S. mutans Cas9 molecule; and,

the sequence corresponding to the residues identified by “-” in the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2 differ at no more than 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 55, or 60% of the “-” residues from the corresponding sequence of naturally occurring Cas9 molecule, e.g., an S. mutans Cas9 molecule.

In an embodiment, the altered Cas9 molecule is an eaCas9 molecule comprising the fixed amino acid residues of L. innocula shown in the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2, and has one or more amino acids that differ from the amino acid sequence of L. innocula (e.g., has a substitution) at one or more residue (e.g., 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200 amino acid residues) represented by an “-” in the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2. In an embodiment, the altered Cas9 molecule is an eiCas9 molecule wherein one or more of the fixed amino acid residues of L. innocula shown in the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2 (e.g., 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200 amino acid residues) is mutated.

In an embodiment the altered Cas9 molecule comprises a sequence in which:

the sequence corresponding to the fixed sequence of the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2 differs at no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, or 20% of the fixed residues in the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2;

the sequence corresponding to the residues identified by “*” in the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2 differ at no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40% of the “*” residues from the corresponding sequence of naturally occurring Cas9 molecule, e.g., an L. innocula Cas9 molecule; and,

the sequence corresponding to the residues identified by “-” in the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2 differ at no more than 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 55, or 60% of the “-” residues from the corresponding sequence of naturally occurring Cas9 molecule, e.g., an L. innocula Cas9 molecule.

In an embodiment, the altered Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eaCas9 molecule or an eiCas9 molecule, can be a fusion, e.g., of two of more different Cas9 molecules, e.g., of two or more naturally occurring Cas9 molecules of different species. For example, a fragment of a naturally occurring Cas9 molecule of one species can be fused to a fragment of a Cas9 molecule of a second species. As an example, a fragment of Cas9 of S. pyogenes comprising an N-terminal RuvC-like domain can be fused to a fragment of Cas9 of a species other than S. pyogenes (e.g., S. thermophilus) comprising an HNH-like domain.

Cas9 Molecules with Altered PAM Recognition or No PAM Recognition

Naturally occurring Cas9 molecules can recognize specific PAM sequences, for example the PAM recognition sequences described above for S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. mutans, S. aureus and N. meningitidis.

In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule has the same PAM specificities as a naturally occurring Cas9 molecule. In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule has a PAM specificity not associated with a naturally occurring Cas9 molecule, or a PAM specificity not associated with the naturally occurring Cas9 molecule to which it has the closest sequence homology. For example, a naturally occurring Cas9 molecule can be altered, e.g., to alter PAM recognition, e.g., to alter the PAM sequence that the Cas9 molecule recognizes to decrease off target sites and/or improve specificity; or eliminate a PAM recognition requirement. In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule can be altered, e.g., to increase length of PAM recognition sequence and/or improve Cas9 specificity to high level of identity to decrease off target sites and increase specificity. In an embodiment, the length of the PAM recognition sequence is at least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 15 amino acids in length. Cas9 molecules that recognize different PAM sequences and/or have reduced off-target activity can be generated using directed evolution. Exemplary methods and systems that can be used for directed evolution of Cas9 molecules are described, e.g., in Esvelt et al., NATURE 2011, 472(7344): 499-503. Candidate Cas9 molecules can be evaluated, e.g., by methods described in Section III.

Non-Cleaving and Modified-Cleavage Cas9 Molecules

In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule comprises a cleavage property that differs from naturally occurring Cas9 molecules, e.g., that differs from the naturally occurring Cas9 molecule having the closest homology. For example, a Cas9 molecule can differ from naturally occurring Cas9 molecules, e.g., a Cas9 molecule of S. pyogenes, as follows: its ability to modulate, e.g., decreased or increased, cleavage of a double stranded break (endonuclease and/or exonuclease activity), e.g., as compared to a naturally occurring Cas9 molecule (e.g., a Cas9 molecule of S. pyogenes); its ability to modulate, e.g., decreased or increased, cleavage of a single strand of a nucleic acid, e.g., a non-complimentary strand of a nucleic acid molecule or a complementary strand of a nucleic acid molecule (nickase activity), e.g., as compared to a naturally occurring Cas9 molecule (e.g., a Cas9 molecule of S. pyogenes); or the ability to cleave a nucleic acid molecule, e.g., a double stranded or single stranded nucleic acid molecule, can be eliminated.

Modified Cleavage eaCas9 Molecules

In an embodiment, an eaCas9 molecule comprises one or more of the following activities: cleavage activity associated with an N-terminal RuvC-like domain; cleavage activity associated with an HNH-like domain; cleavage activity associated with an HNH domain and cleavage activity associated with an N-terminal RuvC-like domain.

In an embodiment an eaCas9 molecule comprises an active, or cleavage competent, HNH-like domain (e.g., an HNH-like domain described herein, e.g., SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20 or SEQ ID NO:21) and an inactive, or cleavage incompetent, N-terminal RuvC-like domain. An exemplary inactive, or cleavage incompetent N-terminal RuvC-like domain can have a mutation of an aspartic acid in an N-terminal RuvC-like domain, e.g., an aspartic acid at position 9 of the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2 or an aspartic acid at position 10 of SEQ ID NO:7, e.g., can be substituted with an alanine. In an embodiment, the eaCas9 differs from wild type in the N-terminal RuvC-like domain and does not cleave the target nucleic acid, or cleaves with significantly less efficiency, e.g., less than 20, 10, 5, 1 or 0.1% of the cleavage activity of a reference Cas9 molecule, e.g., as measured by an assay described herein. The reference Cas9 molecule can by a naturally occurring unmodified Cas9 molecule, e.g., a naturally occurring Cas9 molecule such as a Cas9 molecule of S. pyogenes, or S. thermophilus. In an embodiment, the reference Cas9 molecule is the naturally occurring Cas9 molecule having the closest sequence identity or homology.

In an embodiment, an eaCas9 molecule comprises an inactive, or cleavage incompetent, HNH domain and an active, or cleavage competent, N-terminal RuvC-like domain (e.g., an HNH-like domain described herein, e.g., SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14 or SEQ ID NO:15). Exemplary inactive, or cleavage incompetent HNH-like domains can have a mutation at one or more of: a histidine in an HNH-like domain, e.g., a histidine at position 856 of the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2, e.g., can be substituted with an alanine; and one or more asparagines in an HNH-like domain, e.g., an asparagine at position 870 of the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2 and/or at position 879 of the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2, e.g., can be substituted with an alanine. In an embodiment, the eaCas9 differs from wild type in the HNH-like domain and does not cleave the target nucleic acid, or cleaves with significantly less efficiency, e.g., less than 20, 10, 5, 1 or 0.1% of the cleavage activity of a reference Cas9 molecule, e.g., as measured by an assay described herein. The reference Cas9 molecule can by a naturally occurring unmodified Cas9 molecule, e.g., a naturally occurring Cas9 molecule such as a Cas9 molecule of S. pyogenes, or S. thermophilus. In an embodiment, the reference Cas9 molecule is the naturally occurring Cas9 molecule having the closest sequence identity or homology.

Non-Cleaving eiCas9 Molecules

In an embodiment, the altered Cas9 molecule is an eiCas9 molecule which does not cleave a nucleic acid molecule (either double stranded or single stranded nucleic acid molecules) or cleaves a nucleic acid molecule with significantly less efficiency, e.g., less than 20, 10, 5, 1 or 0.1% of the cleavage activity of a reference Cas9 molecule, e.g., as measured by an assay described herein. The reference Cas9 molecule can by a naturally occurring unmodified Cas9 molecule, e.g., a naturally occurring Cas9 molecule such as a Cas9 molecule of S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. aureus or N. meningitidis. In an embodiment, the reference Cas9 molecule is the naturally occurring Cas9 molecule having the closest sequence identity or homology. In an embodiment, the eiCas9 molecule lacks substantial cleavage activity associated with an N-terminal RuvC-like domain and cleavage activity associated with an HNH-like domain.

In an embodiment, an eiCas9 molecule comprises an inactive, or cleavage incompetent, N-terminal RuvC-like domain. An exemplary inactive, or cleavage incompetent N-terminal RuvC-like domain can have a mutation of an aspartic acid in an N-terminal RuvC-like domain, e.g., an aspartic acid at position 9 of the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2 or an aspartic acid at position 10 of SEQ ID NO:7, e.g., can be substituted with an alanine.

In an embodiment an eiCas9 molecule comprises an inactive, or cleavage incompetent, HNH domain (e.g., an HNH-like domain described herein, e.g., SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14 or SEQ ID NO:15). Exemplary inactive, or cleavage incompetent HNH-like domains can have a mutation at one or more of: a histidine in an HNH-like domain, e.g., a histidine at position 856 of the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2, e.g., can be substituted with an alanine; and one or more asparagines in an HNH-like domain, e.g., an asparagine at position 870 of the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2 and/or at position 879 of the consensus sequence disclosed in FIG. 2, e.g., can be substituted with an alanine.

A catalytically inactive Cas9 molecule may be fused with a transcription repressor. An eiCas9 fusion protein complexes with a gRNA and localizes to a DNA sequence specified by gRNA's targeting domain, but, unlike an eaCas9, it will not cleave the target DNA. Fusion of an effector domain, such as a transcriptional repression domain, to an eiCas9 enables recruitment of the effector to any DNA site specified by the gRNA. Site specific targeting of an eiCas9 or an eiCas9 fusion protein to a promoter region of a gene can block RNA polymerase binding to the promoter region, a transcription factor (e.g., a transcription activator) and/or a transcriptional enhancer to inhibit transcription activation. Alternatively, site specific targeting of an eiCas9-fusion to a transcription repressor to a promoter region of a gene can be used to decrease transcription activation.

Transcription repressors or transcription repressor domains that may be fused to an eiCas9 molecule can include Krüppel associated box (KRAB or SKD), the Mad mSIN3 interaction domain (SID) or the ERF repressor domain (ERD).

In another embodiment, an eiCas9 molecule may be fused with a protein that modifies chromatin. For example, an eiCas9 molecule may be fused to heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1), a histone lysine methyltransferase (e.g., SUV39H1, SUV39H2, G9A, ESET/SETDB1, Pr-SET7/8, SUV4-20H1, RIZ1), a histone lysine demethylates (e.g., LSD1/BHC110, SpLsd1/Sw,1/Saf110, Su(var)3-3, JMJD2A/JHDM3A, JMJD2B, JMJD2C/GASC1, JMJD2D, Rphl, JARID1A/RBP2, JAR1D1B/PLU-1, JAR1D1C/SMCX, JARID1D/SMCY, Lid, Jhn2, Jmj2), a histone lysine deacetylases (e.g., HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC8, Rpd3, Hos1, Cir6, HDAC4, HDAC5, HDAC7, HDAC9, Hda1, Cir3, SIRT1, SIRT2, Sir2, Hst1, Hst2, Hst3, Hst4, HDAC11) and a DNA methylases (DNMT1, DNMT2a/DMNT3b, MET1). An eiCas9-chomatin modifying molecule fusion protein can be used to alter chromatin status to reduce expression a target gene.

The heterologous sequence (e.g., the transcription repressor domain) may be fused to the N- or C-terminus of the eiCas9 protein. In an alternative embodiment, the heterologous sequence (e.g., the transcription repressor domain) may be fused to an internal portion (i.e., a portion other than the N-terminus or C-terminus) of the eiCas9 protein.

The ability of a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex to bind to and cleave a target nucleic acid can be evaluated, e.g., by the methods described herein in Section III. The activity of a Cas9 molecule, either an eaCas9 or a eiCas9, alone or in a complex with a gRNA molecule may also be evaluated by methods well-known in the art, including, gene expression assays and chromatin-based assays, e.g., chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChiP) and chromatin in vivo assay (CiA).

Nucleic Acids Encoding Cas9 Molecules

Nucleic acids encoding the Cas9 molecules, e.g., an eaCas9 molecule or an eiCas9 molecule are provided herein.

Exemplary nucleic acids encoding Cas9 molecules are described in Cong et al., SCIENCE 2013, 399(6121):819-823; Wang et al., CELL 2013, 153(4):910-918; Mali et al., SCIENCE 2013, 399(6121):823-826; Jinek et al., SCIENCE 2012, 337(6096):816-821. Another exemplary nucleic acid encoding a Cas9 molecule of N. meningitidis is shown in FIG. 6.

In an embodiment, a nucleic acid encoding a Cas9 molecule can be a synthetic nucleic acid sequence. For example, the synthetic nucleic acid molecule can be chemically modified, e.g., as described in Section X. In an embodiment, the Cas9 mRNA has one or more of, e.g., all of the following properties: it is capped, polyadenylated, substituted with 5-methylcytidine and/or pseudouridine.

In addition or alternatively, the synthetic nucleic acid sequence can be codon optimized, e.g., at least one non-common codon or less-common codon has been replaced by a common codon. For example, the synthetic nucleic acid can direct the synthesis of an optimized messenger mRNA, e.g., optimized for expression in a mammalian expression system, e.g., described herein.

In addition, or alternatively, a nucleic acid encoding a Cas9 molecule may comprise a nuclear localization sequence (NLS). Nuclear localization sequences are known in the art.

Provided below is an exemplary codon optimized nucleic acid sequence encoding a Cas9 molecule of S. pyogenes.

(SEQ ID NO: 22)
ATGGATAAAA AGTACAGCAT CGGGCTGGAC ATCGGTACAA
ACTCAGTGGG GTGGGCCGTG ATTACGGACG AGTACAAGGT
ACCCTCCAAA AAATTTAAAG TGCTGGGTAA CACGGACAGA
CACTCTATAA AGAAAAATCT TATTGGAGCC TTGCTGTTCG
ACTCAGGCGA GACAGCCGAA GCCACAAGGT TGAAGCGGAC
CGCCAGGAGG CGGTATACCA GGAGAAAGAA CCGCATATGC
TACCTGCAAG AAATCTTCAG TAACGAGATG GCAAAGGTTG
ACGATAGCTT TTTCCATCGC CTGGAAGAAT CCTTTCTTGT
TGAGGAAGAC AAGAAGCACG AACGGCACCC CATCTTTGGC
AATATTGTCG ACGAAGTGGC ATATCACGAA AAGTACCCGA
CTATCTACCA CCTCAGGAAG AAGCTGGTGG ACTCTACCGA
TAAGGCGGAC CTCAGACTTA TTTATTTGGC ACTCGCCCAC
ATGATTAAAT TTAGAGGACA TTTCTTGATC GAGGGCGACC
TGAACCCGGA CAACAGTGAC GTCGATAAGC TGTTCATCCA
ACTTGTGCAG ACCTACAATC AACTGTTCGA AGAAAACCCT
ATAAATGCTT CAGGAGTCGA CGCTAAAGCA ATCCTGTCCG
CGCGCCTCTC AAAATCTAGA AGACTTGAGA ATCTGATTGC
TCAGTTGCCC GGGGAAAAGA AAAATGGATT GTTTGGCAAC
CTGATCGCCC TCAGTCTCGG ACTGACCCCA AATTTCAAAA
GTAACTTCGA CCTGGCCGAA GACGCTAAGC TCCAGCTGTC
CAAGGACACA TACGATGACG ACCTCGACAA TCTGCTGGCC
CAGATTGGGG ATCAGTACGC CGATCTCTTT TTGGCAGCAA
AGAACCTGTC CGACGCCATC CTGTTGAGCG ATATCTTGAG
AGTGAACACC GAAATTACTA AAGCACCCCT TAGCGCATCT
ATGATCAAGC GGTACGACGA GCATCATCAG GATCTGACCC
TGCTGAAGGC TCTTGTGAGG CAACAGCTCC CCGAAAAATA
CAAGGAAATC TTCTTTGACC AGAGCAAAAA CGGCTACGCT
GGCTATATAG ATGGTGGGGC CAGTCAGGAG GAATTCTATA
AATTCATCAA GCCCATTCTC GAGAAAATGG ACGGCACAGA
GGAGTTGCTG GTCAAACTTA ACAGGGAGGA CCTGCTGCGG
AAGCAGCGGA CCTTTGACAA CGGGTCTATC CCCCACCAGA
TTCATCTGGG CGAACTGCAC GCAATCCTGA GGAGGCAGGA
GGATTTTTAT CCTTTTCTTA AAGATAACCG CGAGAAAATA
GAAAAGATTC TTACATTCAG GATCCCGTAC TACGTGGGAC
CTCTCGCCCG GGGCAATTCA CGGTTTGCCT GGATGACAAG
GAAGTCAGAG GAGACTATTA CACCTTGGAA CTTCGAAGAA
GTGGTGGACA AGGGTGCATC TGCCCAGTCT TTCATCGAGC
GGATGACAAA TTTTGACAAG AACCTCCCTA ATGAGAAGGT
GCTGCCCAAA CATTCTCTGC TCTACGAGTA CTTTACCGTC
TACAATGAAC TGACTAAAGT CAAGTACGTC ACCGAGGGAA
TGAGGAAGCC GGCATTCCTT AGTGGAGAAC AGAAGAAGGC
GATTGTAGAC CTGTTGTTCA AGACCAACAG GAAGGTGACT
GTGAAGCAAC TTAAAGAAGA CTACTTTAAG AAGATCGAAT
GTTTTGACAG TGTGGAAATT TCAGGGGTTG AAGACCGCTT
CAATGCGTCA TTGGGGACTT ACCATGATCT TCTCAAGATC
ATAAAGGACA AAGACTTCCT GGACAACGAA GAAAATGAGG
ATATTCTCGA AGACATCGTC CTCACCCTGA CCCTGTTCGA
AGACAGGGAA ATGATAGAAG AGCGCTTGAA AACCTATGCC
CACCTCTTCG ACGATAAAGT TATGAAGCAG CTGAAGCGCA
GGAGATACAC AGGATGGGGA AGATTGTCAA GGAAGCTGAT
CAATGGAATT AGGGATAAAC AGAGTGGCAA GACCATACTG
GATTTCCTCA AATCTGATGG CTTCGCCAAT AGGAACTTCA
TGCAACTGAT TCACGATGAC TCTCTTACCT TCAAGGAGGA
CATTCAAAAG GCTCAGGTGA GCGGGCAGGG AGACTCCCTT
CATGAACACA TCGCGAATTT GGCAGGTTCC CCCGCTATTA
AAAAGGGCAT CCTTCAAACT GTCAAGGTGG TGGATGAATT
GGTCAAGGTA ATGGGCAGAC ATAAGCCAGA AAATATTGTG
ATCGAGATGG CCCGCGAAAA CCAGACCACA CAGAAGGGCC
AGAAAAATAG TAGAGAGCGG ATGAAGAGGA TCGAGGAGGG
CATCAAAGAG CTGGGATCTC AGATTCTCAA AGAACACCCC
GTAGAAAACA CACAGCTGCA GAACGAAAAA TTGTACTTGT
ACTATCTGCA GAACGGCAGA GACATGTACG TCGACCAAGA
ACTTGATATT AATAGACTGT CCGACTATGA CGTAGACCAT
ATCGTGCCCC AGTCCTTCCT GAAGGACGAC TCCATTGATA
ACAAAGTCTT GACAAGAAGC GACAAGAACA GGGGTAAAAG
TGATAATGTG CCTAGCGAGG AGGTGGTGAA AAAAATGAAG
AACTACTGGC GACAGCTGCT TAATGCAAAG CTCATTACAC
AACGGAAGTT CGATAATCTG ACGAAAGCAG AGAGAGGTGG
CTTGTCTGAG TTGGACAAGG CAGGGTTTAT TAAGCGGCAG
CTGGTGGAAA CTAGGCAGAT CACAAAGCAC GTGGCGCAGA
TTTTGGACAG CCGGATGAAC ACAAAATACG ACGAAAATGA
TAAACTGATA CGAGAGGTCA AAGTTATCAC GCTGAAAAGC
AAGCTGGTGT CCGATTTTCG GAAAGACTTC CAGTTCTACA
AAGTTCGCGA GATTAATAAC TACCATCATG CTCACGATGC
GTACCTGAAC GCTGTTGTCG GGACCGCCTT GATAAAGAAG
TACCCAAAGC TGGAATCCGA GTTCGTATAC GGGGATTACA
AAGTGTACGA TGTGAGGAAA ATGATAGCCA AGTCCGAGCA
GGAGATTGGA AAGGCCACAG CTAAGTACTT CTTTTATTCT
AACATCATGA ATTTTTTTAA GACGGAAATT ACCCTGGCCA
ACGGAGAGAT CAGAAAGCGG CCCCTTATAG AGACAAATGG
TGAAACAGGT GAAATCGTCT GGGATAAGGG CAGGGATTTC
GCTACTGTGA GGAAGGTGCT GAGTATGCCA CAGGTAAATA
TCGTGAAAAA AACCGAAGTA CAGACCGGAG GATTTTCCAA
GGAAAGCATT TTGCCTAAAA GAAACTCAGA CAAGCTCATC
GCCCGCAAGA AAGATTGGGA CCCTAAGAAA TACGGGGGAT
TTGACTCACC CACCGTAGCC TATTCTGTGC TGGTGGTAGC
TAAGGTGGAA AAAGGAAAGT CTAAGAAGCT GAAGTCCGTG
AAGGAACTCT TGGGAATCAC TATCATGGAA AGATCATCCT
TTGAAAAGAA CCCTATCGAT TTCCTGGAGG CTAAGGGTTA
CAAGGAGGTC AAGAAAGACC TCATCATTAA ACTGCCAAAA
TACTCTCTCT TCGAGCTGGA AAATGGCAGG AAGAGAATGT
TGGCCAGCGC CGGAGAGCTG CAAAAGGGAA ACGAGCTTGC
TCTGCCCTCC AAATATGTTA ATTTTCTCTA TCTCGCTTCC
CACTATGAAA AGCTGAAAGG GTCTCCCGAA GATAACGAGC
AGAAGCAGCT GTTCGTCGAA CAGCACAAGC ACTATCTGGA
TGAAATAATC GAACAAATAA GCGAGTTCAG CAAAAGGGTT
ATCCTGGCGG ATGCTAATTT GGACAAAGTA CTGTCTGCTT
ATAACAAGCA CCGGGATAAG CCTATTAGGG AACAAGCCGA
GAATATAATT CACCTCTTTA CACTCACGAA TCTCGGAGCC
CCCGCCGCCT TCAAATACTT TGATACGACT ATCGACCGGA
AACGGTATAC CAGTACCAAA GAGGTCCTCG ATGCCACCCT
CATCCACCAG TCAATTACTG GCCTGTACGA AACACGGATC
GACCTCTCTC AACTGGGCGG CGACTAG

Provided below is the corresponding amino acid sequence of a S. pyogenes Cas9 molecule.

(SEQ ID NO: 23)
MDKKYSIGLDIGTNSVGWAVITDEYKVPSKKFKVLGNTDRHSIKKNLIGA
LLFDSGETAEATRLKRTARRRYTRRKNRICYLQEIFSNEMAKVDDSFFHR
LEESFLVEEDKKHERHPIFGNIVDEVAYHEKYPTIYHLRKKLVDSTDKAD
LRLIYLALAHMIKFRGHFLIEGDLNPDNSDVDKLFIQLVQTYNQLFEENP
INASGVDAKAILSARLSKSRRLENLIAQLPGEKKNGLFGNLIALSLGLTP
NFKSNFDLAEDAKLQLSKDTYDDDLDNLLAQIGDQYADLFLAAKNLSDAI
LLSDILRVNTEITKAPLSASMIKRYDEHHQDLTLLKALVRQQLPEKYKEI
FFDQSKNGYAGYIDGGASQEEFYKFIKPILEKMDGTEELLVKLNREDLLR
KQRTFDNGSIPHQIHLGELHAILRRQEDFYPFLKDNREKIEKILTFRIPY
YVGPLARGNSRFAWMTRKSEETITPWNFEEVVDKGASAQSFIERMTNFDK
NLPNEKVLPKHSLLYEYFTVYNELTKVKYVTEGMRKPAFLSGEQKKAIVD
LLFKTNRKVTVKQLKEDYFKKIECFDSVEISGVEDRFNASLGTYHDLLKI
IKDKDFLDNEENEDILEDIVLTLTLFEDREMIEERLKTYAHLFDDKVMKQ
LKRRRYTGWGRLSRKLINGIRDKQSGKTILDFLKSDGFANRNFMQLIHDD
SLTFKEDIQKAQVSGQGDSLHEHIANLAGSPAIKKGILQTVKVVDELVKV
MGRHKPENIVIEMARENQTTQKGQKNSRERMKRIEEGIKELGSQILKEHP
VENTQLQNEKLYLYYLQNGRDMYVDQELDINRLSDYDVDHIVPQSFLKDD
SIDNKVLTRSDKNRGKSDNVPSEEVVKKMKNYWRQLLNAKLITQRKFDNL
TKAERGGLSELDKAGFIKRQLVETRQITKHVAQILDSRMNTKYDENDKLI
REVKVITLKSKLVSDFRKDFQFYKVREINNYHHAHDAYLNAVVGTALIKK
YPKLESEFVYGDYKVYDVRKMIAKSEQEIGKATAKYFFYSNIMNFFKTEI
TLANGEIRKRPLIETNGETGEIVWDKGRDFATVRKVLSMPQVNIVKKTEV
QTGGFSKESILPKRNSDKLIARKKDWDPKKYGGFDSPTVAYSVLVVAKVE
KGKSKKLKSVKELLGITIMERSSFEKNPIDFLEAKGYKEVKKDLIIKLPK
YSLFELENGRKRMLASAGELQKGNELALPSKYVNFLYLASHYEKLKGSPE
DNEQKQLFVEQHKHYLDEIIEQISEFSKRVILADANLDKVLSAYNKHRDK
PIREQAENIIHLFTLTNLGAPAAFKYFDTTIDRKRYTSTKEVLDATLIHQ
SITGLYETRIDLSQLGGD*

Provided below is an exemplary codon optimized nucleic acid sequence encoding a Cas9 molecule of N. meningitidis.

(SEQ ID NO: 24)
ATGGCCGCCTTCAAGCCCAACCCCATCAACTACATCCTGGGCCTGGACAT
CGGCATCGCCAGCGTGGGCTGGGCCATGGTGGAGATCGACGAGGACGAGA
ACCCCATCTGCCTGATCGACCTGGGTGTGCGCGTGTTCGAGCGCGCTGAG
GTGCCCAAGACTGGTGACAGTCTGGCTATGGCTCGCCGGCTTGCTCGCTC
TGTTCGGCGCCTTACTCGCCGGCGCGCTCACCGCCTTCTGCGCGCTCGCC
GCCTGCTGAAGCGCGAGGGTGTGCTGCAGGCTGCCGACTTCGACGAGAAC
GGCCTGATCAAGAGCCTGCCCAACACTCCTTGGCAGCTGCGCGCTGCCGC
TCTGGACCGCAAGCTGACTCCTCTGGAGTGGAGCGCCGTGCTGCTGCACC
TGATCAAGCACCGCGGCTACCTGAGCCAGCGCAAGAACGAGGGCGAGACC
GCCGACAAGGAGCTGGGTGCTCTGCTGAAGGGCGTGGCCGACAACGCCCA
CGCCCTGCAGACTGGTGACTTCCGCACTCCTGCTGAGCTGGCCCTGAACA
AGTTCGAGAAGGAGAGCGGCCACATCCGCAACCAGCGCGGCGACTACAGC
CACACCTTCAGCCGCAAGGACCTGCAGGCCGAGCTGATCCTGCTGTTCGA
GAAGCAGAAGGAGTTCGGCAACCCCCACGTGAGCGGCGGCCTGAAGGAGG
GCATCGAGACCCTGCTGATGACCCAGCGCCCCGCCCTGAGCGGCGACGCC
GTGCAGAAGATGCTGGGCCACTGCACCTTCGAGCCAGCCGAGCCCAAGGC
CGCCAAGAACACCTACACCGCCGAGCGCTTCATCTGGCTGACCAAGCTGA
ACAACCTGCGCATCCTGGAGCAGGGCAGCGAGCGCCCCCTGACCGACACC
GAGCGCGCCACCCTGATGGACGAGCCCTACCGCAAGAGCAAGCTGACCTA
CGCCCAGGCCCGCAAGCTGCTGGGTCTGGAGGACACCGCCTTCTTCAAGG
GCCTGCGCTACGGCAAGGACAACGCCGAGGCCAGCACCCTGATGGAGATG
AAGGCCTACCACGCCATCAGCCGCGCCCTGGAGAAGGAGGGCCTGAAGGA
CAAGAAGAGTCCTCTGAACCTGAGCCCCGAGCTGCAGGACGAGATCGGCA
CCGCCTTCAGCCTGTTCAAGACCGACGAGGACATCACCGGCCGCCTGAAG
GACCGCATCCAGCCCGAGATCCTGGAGGCCCTGCTGAAGCACATCAGCTT
CGACAAGTTCGTGCAGATCAGCCTGAAGGCCCTGCGCCGCATCGTGCCCC
TGATGGAGCAGGGCAAGCGCTACGACGAGGCCTGCGCCGAGATCTACGGC
GACCACTACGGCAAGAAGAACACCGAGGAGAAGATCTACCTGCCTCCTAT
CCCCGCCGACGAGATCCGCAACCCCGTGGTGCTGCGCGCCCTGAGCCAGG
CCCGCAAGGTGATCAACGGCGTGGTGCGCCGCTACGGCAGCCCCGCCCGC
ATCCACATCGAGACCGCCCGCGAGGTGGGCAAGAGCTTCAAGGACCGCAA
GGAGATCGAGAAGCGCCAGGAGGAGAACCGCAAGGACCGCGAGAAGGCCG
CCGCCAAGTTCCGCGAGTACTTCCCCAACTTCGTGGGCGAGCCCAAGAGC
AAGGACATCCTGAAGCTGCGCCTGTACGAGCAGCAGCACGGCAAGTGCCT
GTACAGCGGCAAGGAGATCAACCTGGGCCGCCTGAACGAGAAGGGCTACG
TGGAGATCGACCACGCCCTGCCCTTCAGCCGCACCTGGGACGACAGCTTC
AACAACAAGGTGCTGGTGCTGGGCAGCGAGAACCAGAACAAGGGCAACCA
GACCCCCTACGAGTACTTCAACGGCAAGGACAACAGCCGCGAGTGGCAGG
AGTTCAAGGCCCGCGTGGAGACCAGCCGCTTCCCCCGCAGCAAGAAGCAG
CGCATCCTGCTGCAGAAGTTCGACGAGGACGGCTTCAAGGAGCGCAACCT
GAACGACACCCGCTACGTGAACCGCTTCCTGTGCCAGTTCGTGGCCGACC
GCATGCGCCTGACCGGCAAGGGCAAGAAGCGCGTGTTCGCCAGCAACGGC
CAGATCACCAACCTGCTGCGCGGCTTCTGGGGCCTGCGCAAGGTGCGCGC
CGAGAACGACCGCCACCACGCCCTGGACGCCGTGGTGGTGGCCTGCAGCA
CCGTGGCCATGCAGCAGAAGATCACCCGCTTCGTGCGCTACAAGGAGATG
AACGCCTTCGACGGTAAAACCATCGACAAGGAGACCGGCGAGGTGCTGCA
CCAGAAGACCCACTTCCCCCAGCCCTGGGAGTTCTTCGCCCAGGAGGTGA
TGATCCGCGTGTTCGGCAAGCCCGACGGCAAGCCCGAGTTCGAGGAGGCC
GACACCCCCGAGAAGCTGCGCACCCTGCTGGCCGAGAAGCTGAGCAGCCG
CCCTGAGGCCGTGCACGAGTACGTGACTCCTCTGTTCGTGAGCCGCGCCC
CCAACCGCAAGATGAGCGGTCAGGGTCACATGGAGACCGTGAAGAGCGCC
AAGCGCCTGGACGAGGGCGTGAGCGTGCTGCGCGTGCCCCTGACCCAGCT
GAAGCTGAAGGACCTGGAGAAGATGGTGAACCGCGAGCGCGAGCCCAAGC
TGTACGAGGCCCTGAAGGCCCGCCTGGAGGCCCACAAGGACGACCCCGCC
AAGGCCTTCGCCGAGCCCTTCTACAAGTACGACAAGGCCGGCAACCGCAC
CCAGCAGGTGAAGGCCGTGCGCGTGGAGCAGGTGCAGAAGACCGGCGTGT
GGGTGCGCAACCACAACGGCATCGCCGACAACGCCACCATGGTGCGCGTG
GACGTGTTCGAGAAGGGCGACAAGTACTACCTGGTGCCCATCTACAGCTG
GCAGGTGGCCAAGGGCATCCTGCCCGACCGCGCCGTGGTGCAGGGCAAGG
ACGAGGAGGACTGGCAGCTGATCGACGACAGCTTCAACTTCAAGTTCAGC
CTGCACCCCAACGACCTGGTGGAGGTGATCACCAAGAAGGCCCGCATGTT
CGGCTACTTCGCCAGCTGCCACCGCGGCACCGGCAACATCAACATCCGCA
TCCACGACCTGGACCACAAGATCGGCAAGAACGGCATCCTGGAGGGCATC
GGCGTGAAGACCGCCCTGAGCTTCCAGAAGTACCAGATCGACGAGCTGGG
CAAGGAGATCCGCCCCTGCCGCCTGAAGAAGCGCCCTCCTGTGCGCTAA

Provided below is the corresponding amino acid sequence of a N. meningitidis Cas9 molecule.

(SEQ ID NO: 25)
MAAFKPNPINYILGLDIGIASVGWAMVEIDEDENPICLIDLGVRVFERAE
VPKTGDSLAMARRLARSVRRLTRRRAHRLLRARRLLKREGVLQAADFDEN
GLIKSLPNTPWQLRAAALDRKLTPLEWSAVLLHLIKHRGYLSQRKNEGET
ADKELGALLKGVADNAHALQTGDFRTPAELALNKFEKESGHIRNQRGDYS
HTFSRKDLQAELILLFEKQKEFGNPHVSGGLKEGIETLLMTQRPALSGDA
VQKMLGHCTFEPAEPKAAKNTYTAERFIWLTKLNNLRILEQGSERPLTDT
ERATLMDEPYRKSKLTYAQARKLLGLEDTAFFKGLRYGKDNAEASTLMEM
KAYHAISRALEKEGLKDKKSPLNLSPELQDEIGTAFSLFKTDEDITGRLK
DRIQPEILEALLKHISFDKFVQISLKALRRIVPLMEQGKRYDEACAEIYG
DHYGKKNTEEKIYLPPIPADEIRNPVVLRALSQARKVINGVVRRYGSPAR
IHIETAREVGKSFKDRKEIEKRQEENRKDREKAAAKFREYFPNFVGEPKS
KDILKLRLYEQQHGKCLYSGKEINLGRLNEKGYVEIDHALPFSRTWDDSF
NNKVLVLGSENQNKGNQTPYEYFNGKDNSREWQEFKARVETSRFPRSKKQ
RILLQKFDEDGFKERNLNDTRYVNRFLCQFVADRMRLTGKGKKRVFASNG
QITNLLRGFWGLRKVRAENDRHHALDAVVVACSTVAMQQKITRFVRYKEM
NAFDGKTIDKETGEVLHQKTHFPQPWEFFAQEVMIRVFGKPDGKPEFEEA
DTPEKLRTLLAEKLSSRPEAVHEYVTPLFVSRAPNRKMSGQGHMETVKSA
KRLDEGVSVLRVPLTQLKLKDLEKMVNREREPKLYEALKARLEAHKDDPA
KAFAEPFYKYDKAGNRTQQVKAVRVEQVQKTGVWVRNHNGIADNATMVRV
DVFEKGDKYYLVPIYSWQVAKGILPDRAVVQGKDEEDWQLIDDSFNFKFS
LHPNDLVEVITKKARMFGYFASCHRGTGNINIRIHDLDHKIGKNGILEGI
GVKTALSFQKYQIDELGKEIRPCRLKKRPPVR*

Provided below is an amino acid sequence of a S. aureus Cas9 molecule.

(SEQ ID NO: 26)
MKRNYILGLDIGITSVGYGIIDYETRDVIDAGVRLFKEANVENNEGRRSK
RGARRLKRRRRHRIQRVKKLLFDYNLLTDHSELSGINPYEARVKGLSQKL
SEEEFSAALLHLAKRRGVHNVNEVEEDTGNELSTKEQISRNSKALEEKYV
AELQLERLKKDGEVRGSINRFKTSDYVKEAKQLLKVQKAYHQLDQSFIDT
YIDLLETRRTYYEGPGEGSPFGWKDIKEWYEMLMGHCTYFPEELRSVKYA
YNADLYNALNDLNNLVITRDENEKLEYYEKFQIIENVFKQKKKPTLKQIA
KEILVNEEDIKGYRVTSTGKPEFTNLKVYHDIKDITARKEIIENAELLDQ
IAKILTIYQSSEDIQEELTNLNSELTQEEIEQISNLKGYTGTHNLSLKAI
NLILDELWHTNDNQIAIFNRLKLVPKKVDLSQQKEIPTTLVDDFILSPVV
KRSFIQSIKVINAIIKKYGLPNDIIIELAREKNSKDAQKMINEMQKRNRQ
TNERIEEIIRTTGKENAKYLIEKIKLHDMQEGKCLYSLEAIPLEDLLNNP
FNYEVDHIIPRSVSFDNSFNNKVLVKQEENSKKGNRTPFQYLSSSDSKIS
YETFKKHILNLAKGKGRISKTKKEYLLEERDINRFSVQKDFINRNLVDTR
YATRGLMNLLRSYFRVNNLDVKVKSINGGFTSFLRRKWKFKKERNKGYKH
HAEDALIIANADFIFKEWKKLDKAKKVMENQMFEEKQAESMPEIETEQEY
KEIFITPHQIKHIKDFKDYKYSHRVDKKPNRELINDTLYSTRKDDKGNTL
IVNNLNGLYDKDNDKLKKLINKSPEKLLMYHHDPQTYQKLKLIMEQYGDE
KNPLYKYYEETGNYLTKYSKKDNGPVIKKIKYYGNKLNAHLDITDDYPNS
RNKVVKLSLKPYRFDVYLDNGVYKFVTVKNLDVIKKENYYEVNSKCYEEA
KKLKKISNQAEFIASFYNNDLIKINGELYRVIGVNNDLLNRIEVNMIDIT
YREYLENMNDKRPPRIIKTIASKTQSIKKYSTDILGNLYEVKSKKHPQII
KKG*

If any of the above Cas9 sequences are fused with a peptide or polypeptide at the C-terminus (e.g., an eiCas9 fused with a transcripon repressor at the C-terminus), it is understood that the stop codon will be removed.

Other Cas Molecules

Various types of Cas molecules can be used to practice the inventions disclosed herein. In an embodiment, Cas molecules of Type II Cas systems are used. In an embodiment, Cas molecules of other Cas systems are used. For example, Type I or Type III Cas molecules may be used. Exemplary Cas molecules (and Cas systems) are described, e.g., in Haft et al., PLoS COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY 2005, 1(6): e60 and Makarova et al., NATURE REVIEW MICROBIOLOGY 2011, 9:467-477, the contents of both references are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Exemplary Cas molecules (and Cas systems) are also shown in Table II-1.

TABLE II-1
Cas Systems
				Families (and
			Structure of	superfamily) of
Gene	System type	Name from	encoded protein	encoded
name‡	or subtype	Haft et al.§	(PDB accessions)¶	protein#**	Representatives
cas1	Type I	cas1	3GOD, 3LFX	COG1518	SERP2463, SPy1047
	Type II		and 2YZS		and ygbT
	Type III
cas2	Type I	cas2	2IVY, 2I8E and	COG1343 and	SERP2462, SPy1048,
	Type II		3EXC	COG3512	SPy1723 (N-terminal
	Type III				domain) and ygbF
cas3′	Type I‡‡	cas3	NA	COG1203	APE1232 and ygcB
cas3″	Subtype I-A	NA	NA	COG2254	APE1231 and BH0336
	Subtype I-B
cas4	Subtype I-A	cas4 and csa1	NA	COG1468	APE1239 and BH0340
	Subtype I-B
	Subtype I-C
	Subtype I-D
	Subtype II-B
cas5	Subtype I-A	cas5a, cas5d,	3KG4	COG1688	APE1234, BH0337,
	Subtype I-B	cas5e, cas5h,		(RAMP)	devS and ygcI
	Subtype I-C	cas5p, cas5t
	Subtype I-E	and cmx5
cas6	Subtype I-A	cas6 and cmx6	3I4H	COG1583 and	PF1131 and slr7014
	Subtype I-B			COG5551
	Subtype I-D			(RAMP)
	Subtype III-A
	Subtype III-B
cas6e	Subtype I-E	cse3	1WJ9	(RAMP)	ygcH
cas6f	Subtype I-F	csy4	2XLJ	(RAMP)	y1727
cas7	Subtype I-A	csa2, csd2,	NA	COG1857 and	devR and ygcJ
	Subtype I-B	cse4, csh2,		COG3649
	Subtype I-C	csp1 and		(RAMP)
	Subtype I-E	cst2
cas8a1	Subtype I-A‡‡	cmx1, cst1, csx8,
		csx13 and	NA	BH0338-like	LA3191§§ and
		CXXC-CXXC			PG2018§§
cas8a2	Subtype I-A‡‡	csa4 and csx9	NA	PH0918	AF0070, AF1873,
					MJ0385, PF0637,
					PH0918 and SSO1401
cas8b	Subtype I-B‡‡	csh1 and	NA	BH0338-like	MTH1090 and
		TM1802			TM1802
cas8c	Subtype I-C‡‡	csd1 and csp2	NA	BH0338-like	BH0338
cas9	Type II‡‡	csn1 and csx12	NA	COG3513	FTN_0757 and
					SPy1046
cas10	Type III‡‡	cmr2, csm1	NA	COG1353	MTH326, Rv2823c§§
		and csx11			and TM1794§§
cas10d	Subtype I-D‡‡	csc3	NA	COG1353	slr7011
csy1	Subtype I-F‡‡	csy1	NA	y1724-like	y1724
csy2	Subtype I-F	csy2	NA	(RAMP)	y1725
csy3	Subtype I-F	csy3	NA	(RAMP)	y1726
cse1	Subtype I-E‡‡	cse1	NA	YgcL-like	ygcL
cse2	Subtype I-E	cse2	2ZCA	YgcK-like	ygcK
csc1	Subtype I-D	csc1	NA	alr1563-like	alr1563
				(RAMP)
csc2	Subtype I-D	csc1 and csc2	NA	COG1337	slr7012
				(RAMP)
csa5	Subtype I-A	csa5	NA	AF1870	AF1870, MJ0380,
					PF0643 and SSO1398
csn2	Subtype II-A	csn2	NA	SPy1049-like	SPyl049
csm2	Subtype III-A‡‡	csm2	NA	COG1421	MTH1081 and
					SERP2460
csm3	Subtype III-A	csc2 and csm3	NA	COG1337	MTH1080 and
				(RAMP)	SERP2459
csm4	Subtype III-A	csm4	NA	COG1567	MTH1079 and
				(RAMP)	SERP2458
csm5	Subtype III-A	csm5	NA	COG1332	MTH1078 and
				(RAMP)	SERP2457
csm6	Subtype III-A	APE2256 and	2WTE	COG1517	APE2256 and
		csm6			SSO1445
cmr1	Subtype III-B	cmr1	NA	COG1367	PF1130
				(RAMP)
cmr3	Subtype III-B	cmr3	NA	COG1769	PF1128
				(RAMP)
cmr4	Subtype III-B	cmr4	NA	COG1336	PF1126
				(RAMP)
cmr5	Subtype III-B‡‡	cmr5	2ZOP and 2OEB	COG3337	MTH324 and PF1125
cmr6	Subtype III-B	cmr6	NA	COG1604	PF1124
				(RAMP)
csb1	Subtype I-U	GSU0053	NA	(RAMP)	Balac_1306 and
					GSU0053
csb2	Subtype I-U§§	NA	NA	(RAMP)	Balac_1305 and
					GSU0054
csb3	Subtype I-U	NA	NA	(RAMP)	Balac_1303§§
csx17	Subtype I-U	NA	NA	NA	Btus_2683
csx14	Subtype I-U	NA	NA	NA	GSU0052
csx10	Subtype I-U	csx10	NA	(RAMP)	Caur_2274
csx16	Subtype III-U	VVA1548	NA	NA	VVA1548
csaX	Subtype III-U	csaX	NA	NA	SSO1438
csx3	Subtype III-U	csx3	NA	NA	AF1864
csx1	Subtype III-U	csa3, csx1, csx2,	1XMX and 2I71	COG1517 and	MJ1666, NE0113,
		DXTHG,		COG4006	PF1127 and TM1812
		NE0113 and
		TIGR02710
csx15	Unknown	NA	NA	TTE2665	TTE2665
csf1	Type U	csf1	NA	NA	AFE_1038
csf2	Type U	csf2	NA	(RAMP)	AFE_1039
csf3	Type U	csf3	NA	(RAMP)	AFE_1040
csf4	Type U	csf4	NA	NA	AFE_1037

III. Functional Analysis of Candidate Molecules

Candidate Cas9 molecules, candidate gRNA molecules, candidate Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complexes, can be evaluated by art-known methods or as described herein. For example, exemplary methods for evaluating the endonuclease activity of Cas9 molecule are described, e.g., in Jinek et al., SCIENCE 2012; 337(6096):816-821.

Binding and Cleavage Assay: Testing the Endonuclease Activity of Cas9 Molecule

The ability of a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex to bind to and cleave a target nucleic acid can be evaluated in a plasmid cleavage assay. In this assay, synthetic or in vitro-transcribed gRNA molecule is pre-annealed prior to the reaction by heating to 95° C. and slowly cooling down to room temperature. Native or restriction digest-linearized plasmid DNA (300 ng (˜8 nM)) is incubated for 60 min at 37° C. with purified Cas9 protein molecule (50-500 nM) and gRNA (50-500 nM, 1:1) in a Cas9 plasmid cleavage buffer (20 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 150 mM KCl, 0.5 mM DTT, 0.1 mM EDTA) with or without 10 mM MgCl₂. The reactions are stopped with 5×DNA loading buffer (30% glycerol, 1.2% SDS, 250 mM EDTA), resolved by a 0.8 or 1% agarose gel electrophoresis and visualized by ethidium bromide staining. The resulting cleavage products indicate whether the Cas9 molecule cleaves both DNA strands, or only one of the two strands. For example, linear DNA products indicate the cleavage of both DNA strands. Nicked open circular products indicate that only one of the two strands is cleaved.

Alternatively, the ability of a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex to bind to and cleave a target nucleic acid can be evaluated in an oligonucleotide DNA cleavage assay. In this assay, DNA oligonucleotides (10 pmol) are radiolabeled by incubating with 5 units T4 polynucleotide kinase and ˜3-6 pmol (˜20-40 mCi) [γ-32P]-ATP in 1× T4 polynucleotide kinase reaction buffer at 37° C. for 30 min, in a 50 μL reaction. After heat inactivation (65° C. for 20 min), reactions are purified through a column to remove unincorporated label. Duplex substrates (100 nM) are generated by annealing labeled oligonucleotides with equimolar amounts of unlabeled complementary oligonucleotide at 95° C. for 3 min, followed by slow cooling to room temperature. For cleavage assays, gRNA molecules are annealed by heating to 95° C. for 30 s, followed by slow cooling to room temperature. Cas9 (500 nM final concentration) is pre-incubated with the annealed gRNA molecules (500 nM) in cleavage assay buffer (20 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 100 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 1 mM DTT, 5% glycerol) in a total volume of 9 μl. Reactions are initiated by the addition of 1 μl target DNA (10 nM) and incubated for 1 h at 37° C. Reactions are quenched by the addition of 20 μl of loading dye (5 mM EDTA, 0.025% SDS, 5% glycerol in formamide) and heated to 95° C. for 5 min. Cleavage products are resolved on 12% denaturing polyacrylamide gels containing 7 M urea and visualized by phosphorimaging. The resulting cleavage products indicate that whether the complementary strand, the non-complementary strand, or both, are cleaved.

One or both of these assays can be used to evaluate the suitability of a candidate gRNA molecule or candidate Cas9 molecule.

Binding Assay: Testing the Binding of Cas9 Molecule to Target DNA

Exemplary methods for evaluating the binding of Cas9 molecule to target DNA are described, e.g., in Jinek et al., SCIENCE 2012; 337(6096):816-821.

For example, in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay, target DNA duplexes are formed by mixing of each strand (10 nmol) in deionized water, heating to 95° C. for 3 min and slow cooling to room temperature. All DNAs are purified on 8% native gels containing 1×TBE. DNA bands are visualized by UV shadowing, excised, and eluted by soaking gel pieces in DEPC-treated H₂O. Eluted DNA is ethanol precipitated and dissolved in DEPC-treated H₂O. DNA samples are 5′ end labeled with [γ-32P]-ATP using T4 polynucleotide kinase for 30 min at 37° C. Polynucleotide kinase is heat denatured at 65° C. for 20 min, and unincorporated radiolabel is removed using a column. Binding assays are performed in buffer containing 20 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 100 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM DTT and 10% glycerol in a total volume of 10 μl. Cas9 protein molecule is programmed with equimolar amounts of pre-annealed gRNA molecule and titrated from 100 pM to 1 μM. Radiolabeled DNA is added to a final concentration of 20 pM. Samples are incubated for 1 h at 37° C. and resolved at 4° C. on an 8% native polyacrylamide gel containing 1×TBE and 5 mM MgCl₂. Gels are dried and DNA visualized by phosphorimaging.

IV. Template Nucleic Acids (Genome Editing Approaches)

The terms “template nucleic acid” and “swap nucleic acid” are used interchangeably and have identical meaning in this document and its priority documents.

Mutations in a gene or pathway described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII, may be corrected using one of the approaches discussed herein. In an embodiment, a mutation in a gene or pathway described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII, is corrected by homology directed repair (HDR) using a template nucleic acid (see Section IV.1). In an embodiment, a mutation in a gene or pathway described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII, is corrected by Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) repair using a template nucleic acid (see Section IV.2).

IV.1 HDR Repair and Template Nucleic Acids

As described herein, nuclease-induced homology directed repair (HDR) can be used to alter a target sequence and correct (e.g., repair or edit) a mutation in the genome. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that alteration of the target sequence occurs by homology-directed repair (HDR) with a donor template or template nucleic acid. For example, the donor template or the template nucleic acid provides for alteration of the target sequence. It is contemplated that a plasmid donor can be used as a template for homologous recombination. It is further contemplated that a single stranded donor template can be used as a template for alteration of the target sequence by alternate methods of homology directed repair (e.g., single strand annealing) between the target sequence and the donor template. Donor template-effected alteration of a target sequence depends on cleavage by a Cas9 molecule. Cleavage by Cas9 can comprise a double strand break or two single strand breaks.

In an embodiment, a mutation can be corrected by either a single double-strand break or two single strand breaks. In an embodiment, a mutation can be corrected by (1) a single double-strand break, (2) two single strand breaks, (3) two double stranded breaks with a break occurring on each side of the target sequence, (4) one double stranded breaks and two single strand breaks with the double strand break and two single strand breaks occurring on each side of the target sequence or (5) four single stranded breaks with a pair of single stranded breaks occurring on each side of the target sequence.

Double strand break mediated correction

In an embodiment, double strand cleavage is effected by a Cas9 molecule having cleavage activity associated with an HNH-like domain and cleavage activity associated with a RuvC-like domain, e.g., an N-terminal RuvC-like domain, e.g., a wild type Cas9. Such an embodiment requires only a single gRNA.

Single strand break mediated correction

In an embodiment, two single strand breaks, or nicks, are effected by a Cas9 molecule having nickase activity, e.g., cleavage activity associated with an HNH-like domain or cleavage activity associated with an N-terminal RuvC-like domain. Such an embodiment requires two gRNAs, one for placement of each single strand break. In an embodiment, the Cas9 molecule having nickase activity cleaves the strand to which the gRNA hybridizes, but not the strand that is complementary to the strand to which the gRNA hybridizes. In an embodiment, the Cas9 molecule having nickase activity does not cleave the strand to which the gRNA hybridizes, but rather cleaves the strand that is complementary to the strand to which the gRNA hybridizes.

In an embodiment, the nickase has HNH activity, e.g., a Cas9 molecule having the RuvC activity inactivated, e.g., a Cas9 molecule having a mutation at D10, e.g., the D10A mutation. D10A inactivates RuvC; therefore, the Cas9 nickase has (only) HNH activity and will cut on the strand to which the gRNA hybridizes (e.g., the complementary strand, which does not have the NGG PAM on it). In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule having an H840, e.g., an H840A, mutation can be used as a nickase. H840A inactivates HNH; therefore, the Cas9 nickase has (only) RuvC activity and cuts on the non-complementary strand (e.g., the strand that has the NGG PAM and whose sequence is identical to the gRNA).

In an embodiment, in which a nickase and two gRNAs are used to position two single strand nicks, one nick is on the + strand and one nick is on the − strand of the target nucleic acid. The PAMs are outwardly facing. The gRNAs can be selected such that the gRNAs are separated by, from about 0-50, 0-100, or 0-200 nucleotides. In an embodiment, there is no overlap between the target sequence that is complementary to the targeting domains of the two gRNAs. In an embodiment, the gRNAs do not overlap and are separated by as much as 50, 100, or 200 nucleotides. In an embodiment, the use of two gRNAs can increase specificity, e.g., by decreasing off-target binding (Ran et al., CELL 2013).

In an embodiment, a single nick can be used to induce HDR. It is contemplated herein that a single nick can be used to increase the ratio of HR to NHEJ at a given cleavage site.

Placement of the Double Strand Break or a Single Strand Break Relative to Target Position

The double strand break or single strand break in one of the strands should be sufficiently close to target position such that correction occurs. In an embodiment, the distance is not more than 50, 100, 200, 300, 350 or 400 nucleotides. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the break should be sufficiently close to target position such that the break is within the region that is subject to exonuclease-mediated removal during end resection. If the distance between the target position and a break is too great, the mutation may not be included in the end resection and, therefore, may not be corrected, as donor sequence may only be used to correct sequence within the end resection region.

In an embodiment, in which a gRNA (unimolecular (or chimeric) or modular gRNA) and Cas9 nuclease induce a double strand break for the purpose of inducing HDR-mediated correction, the cleavage site is between 0-200 bp (e.g., 0 to 175, 0 to 150, 0 to 125, 0 to 100, 0 to 75, 0 to 50, 0 to 25, 25 to 200, 25 to 175, 25 to 150, 25 to 125, 25 to 100, 25 to 75, 25 to 50, 50 to 200, 50 to 175, 50 to 150, 50 to 125, 50 to 100, 50 to 75, 75 to 200, 75 to 175, 75 to 150, 75 to 125, 75 to 100 bp) away from the target position. In an embodiment, the cleavage site is between 0-100 bp (e.g., 0 to 75, 0 to 50, 0 to 25, 25 to 100, 25 to 75, 25 to 50, 50 to 100, 50 to 75 or 75 to 100 bp) away from the target position.

In an embodiment, in which two gRNAs (independently, unimolecular (or chimeric) or modular gRNA) complexing with Cas9 nickases induce two single strand breaks for the purpose of inducing HDR-mediated correction, the closer nick is between 0-200 bp (e.g., 0 to 175, 0 to 150, 0 to 125, 0 to 100, 0 to 75, 0 to 50, 0 to 25, 25 to 200, 25 to 175, 25 to 150, 25 to 125, 25 to 100, 25 to 75, 25 to 50, 50 to 200, 50 to 175, 50 to 150, 50 to 125, 50 to 100, 50 to 75, 75 to 200, 75 to 175, 75 to 150, 75 to 125, 75 to 100 bp) away from the target position and the two nicks will ideally be within 25-55 bp of each other (e.g., 25 to 50, 25 to 45, 25 to 40, 25 to 35, 25 to 30, 30 to 55, 30 to 50, 30 to 45, 30 to 40, 30 to 35, 35 to 55, 35 to 50, 35 to 45, 35 to 40, 40 to 55, 40 to 50, 40 to 45 bp) and no more than 100 bp away from each other (e.g., no more than 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10 or 5 by away from each other). In an embodiment, the cleavage site is between 0-100 bp (e.g., 0 to 75, 0 to 50, 0 to 25, 25 to 100, 25 to 75, 25 to 50, 50 to 100, 50 to 75 or 75 to 100 bp) away from the target position.

In one embodiment, two gRNAs, e.g., independently, unimolecular (or chimeric) or modular gRNA, are configured to position a double-strand break on both sides of a target position. In an alternate embodiment, three gRNAs, e.g., independently, unimolecular (or chimeric) or modular gRNA, are configured to position a double strand break (i.e., one gRNA complexes with a cas9 nuclease) and two single strand breaks or paired single stranded breaks (i.e., two gRNAs complex with Cas9 nickases) on either side of the target position (e.g., the first gRNA is used to target upstream (i.e., 5′) of the target position and the second gRNA is used to target downstream (i.e., 3′) of the target position). In another embodiment, four gRNAs, e.g., independently, unimolecular (or chimeric) or modular gRNA, are configured to generate two pairs of single stranded breaks (i.e., two pairs of two gRNAs complex with Cas9 nickases) on either side of the target position (e.g., the first gRNA is used to target upstream (i.e., 5′) of the target position and the second gRNA is used to target downstream (i.e., 3′) of the target position). The double strand break(s) or the closer of the two single strand nicks in a pair will ideally be within 0-500 bp of the target position (e.g., no more than 450, 400, 350, 300, 250, 200, 150, 100, 50 or 25 bp from the target position). When nickases are used, the two nicks in a pair are within 25-55 bp of each other (e.g., between 25 to 50, 25 to 45, 25 to 40, 25 to 35, 25 to 30, 50 to 55, 45 to 55, 40 to 55, 35 to 55, 30 to 55, 30 to 50, 35 to 50, 40 to 50, 45 to 50, 35 to 45, or 40 to 45 bp) and no more than 100 bp away from each other (e.g., no more than 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20 or 10 bp).

In one embodiment, two gRNAs, e.g., independently, unimolecular (or chimeric) or modular gRNA, are configured to position a double-strand break on both sides of a target position. In an alternate embodiment, three gRNAs, e.g., independently, unimolecular (or chimeric) or modular gRNA, are configured to position a double strand break (i.e., one gRNA complexes with a cas9 nuclease) and two single strand breaks or paired single stranded breaks (i.e., two gRNAs complex with Cas9 nickases) on either side of the target position (e.g., the first gRNA is used to target upstream (i.e., 5′) of the mutation in a gene or pathway described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII and the second gRNA is used to target downstream (i.e., 3′) of the mutation in a gene or pathway described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII). In another embodiment, four gRNAs, e.g., independently, unimolecular (or chimeric) or modular gRNA, are configured to generate two pairs of single stranded breaks (i.e., two pairs of two gRNAs complex with Cas9 nickases) on either side of the target position (e.g., the first gRNA is used to target upstream (i.e., 5′) of the mutation in a gene or pathway described herein, and the second gRNA is used to target downstream (i.e., 3′) of the mutation in a gene or pathway described herein). The double strand break(s) or the closer of the two single strand nicks in a pair will ideally be within 0-500 bp of the target position (e.g., no more than 450, 400, 350, 300, 250, 200, 150, 100, 50 or 25 bp from the target position). When nickases are used, the two nicks in a pair are within 25-55 bp of each other (e.g., between 25 to 50, 25 to 45, 25 to 40, 25 to 35, 25 to 30, 50 to 55, 45 to 55, 40 to 55, 35 to 55, 30 to 55, 30 to 50, 35 to 50, 40 to 50, 45 to 50, 35 to 45, or 40 to 45 bp) and no more than 100 bp away from each other (e.g., no more than 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20 or 10 bp).

Length of the Homology Arms

The homology arm should extend at least as far as the region in which end resection may occur, e.g., in order to allow the resected single stranded overhang to find a complementary region within the donor template. The overall length could be limited by parameters such as plasmid size or viral packaging limits. In an embodiment, a homology arm does not extend into repeated elements, e.g., ALU repeats, LINE repeats.

Exemplary homology arm lengths include a least 50, 100, 250, 500, 750 or 1000 nucleotides.

Target position, as used herein, refers to a site on a target nucleic acid (e.g., the chromosome) that is modified by a Cas9 molecule-dependent process. For example, the target position can be a modified Cas9 molecule cleavage of the target nucleic acid and template nucleic acid directed modification, e.g., correction, of the target position. In an embodiment, a target position can be a site between two nucleotides, e.g., adjacent nucleotides, on the target nucleic acid into which one or more nucleotides is added. The target position may comprise one or more nucleotides that are altered, e.g., corrected, by a template nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the target position is within a target sequence (e.g., the sequence to which the gRNA binds). In an embodiment, a target position is upstream or downstream of a target sequence (e.g., the sequence to which the gRNA binds).

A template nucleic acid, as that term is used herein, refers to a nucleic acid sequence which can be used in conjunction with a Cas9 molecule and a gRNA molecule to alter the structure of a target position. The term “template nucleic acid” is synonymous with the term “swap nucleic acid” used in the priority document and herein. The terms “template nucleic acid” and “swap nucleic acid” have exactly the same meaning and can be used interchangeably. In an embodiment, the target nucleic acid is modified to have some or all of the sequence of the template nucleic acid, typically at or near cleavage site(s). In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is single stranded. In an alternate embodiment, the tempolate nuceic acid is double stranded. In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is DNA, e.g., double stranded DNA. In an alternate embodiment, the template nucleic acid is single stranded DNA.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid alters the structure of the target position by participating in a homology directed repair event. In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid alters the sequence of the target position. In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid results in the incorporation of a modified, or non-naturally occurring, nucleotide into the target nucleic acid.

Typically, the template sequence undergoes a breakage mediated or catalyzed recombination with the target sequence. In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid includes sequence that corresponds to a site on the target sequence that is cleaved by an eaCas9 mediated cleavage event. In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid includes sequence that corresponds to both, a first site on the target sequence that is cleaved in a first Cas9 mediated event, and a second site on the target sequence that is cleaved in a second Cas9 mediated event.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid can include sequence which results in an alteration in the coding sequence of a translated sequence, e.g., one which results in the substitution of one amino acid for another in a protein product, e.g., transforming a mutant allele into a wild type allele, transforming a wild type allele into a mutant allele, and/or introducing a stop codon, insertion of an amino acid residue, deletion of an amino acid residue, or a nonsense mutation.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid can include sequence which results in an alteration in a non-coding sequence, e.g., an alteration in an exon or in a 5′ or 3′ non-translated or non-transcribed region. Such alterations include an alteration in a control element, e.g., a promoter, enhancer, and an alteration in a cis-acting or trans-acting control element.

A template nucleic acid having homology with a target position in a gene or pathway described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII, can be used to alter the structure of a target sequence. The template sequence can be used to alter an unwanted structure, e.g., an unwanted or mutant nucleotide.

The template nucleic acid can include sequence which, when integrated, results in:

• • decreasing the activity of a positive control element;
  • increasing the activity of a positive control element;
  • decreasing the activity of a negative control element;
  • increasing the activity of a negative control element;
  • decreasing the expression of a gene;
  • increasing the expression of a gene;
  • increasing resistance to a disorder or disease;
  • increasing resistance to viral entry;
  • correcting a mutation or altering an unwanted amino acid residue
  • conferring, increasing, abolishing or decreasing a biological property of a gene product, e.g., increasing the enzymatic activity of an enzyme, or increasing the ability of a gene product to interact with another molecule.

The template nucleic acid can include sequence which results in:

• • a change in sequence of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 or more nucleotides of the target sequence.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is 20+/−10, 30+/−10, 40+/−10, 50+/−10, 60+/−10, 70+/−10, 80+/−10, 90+/−10, 100+/−10, 110+/−10, 120+/−10, 130+/−10, 140+/−10, 150+/−10, 160+/−10, 170+/−10, 180+/−10, 190+/−10, 200+/−10, 210+/−10, of 220+/−10 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is 30+/−20, 40+/−20, 50+/−20, 60+/−20, 70+/−20, 80+/−20, 90+/−20, 100+/−20, 110+/−20, 120+/−20, 130+/−20, 140+/−20, 150+/−20, 160+/−20, 170+/−20, 180+/−20, 190+/−20, 200+/−20, 210+/−20, of 220+/−20 nucleotides in length.

In an embodiment, the template nucleic acid is 10 to 1,000, 20 to 900, 30 to 800, 40 to 700, 50 to 600, 50 to 500, 50 to 400, 50 to 300, 50 to 200, or 50 to 100 nucleotides in length.

A template nucleic acid comprises the following components:

[5′ homology arm]-[replacement sequence]-[3′ homology arm].

The homology arms provide for recombination into the chromosome, thus replacing the undesired element, e.g., a mutation or signature, with the replacement sequence. In an embodiment, the homology arms flank the most distal cleavage sites.

In an embodiment, the 3′ end of the 5′ homology arm is the position next to the 5′ end of the replacement sequence. In an embodiment, the 5′ homology arm can extend at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, or 2000 nucleotides 5′ from the 5′ end of the replacement sequence.

In an embodiment, the 5′ end of the 3′ homology arm is the position next to the 3′ end of the replacement sequence. In an embodiment, the 3′ homology arm can extend at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, or 2000 nucleotides 3′ from the 3′ end of the replacement sequence.

It is contemplated herein that one or both homology arms may be shortened to avoid including certain sequence repeat elements, e.g., Alu repeats, LINE elements. For example, a 5′ homology arm may be shortened to avoid a sequence repeat element. In an embodiment, a 3′ homology arm may be shortened to avoid a sequence repeat element. In an embodiment, both the 5′ and the 3′ homology arms may be shortened to avoid including certain sequence repeat elements.

It is contemplated herein that template nucleic acids for correcting a mutation may designed for use as a single-stranded oligonucleotide (ssODN). When using a ssODN, 5′ and 3′ homology arms may range up to about 200 base pairs (bp) in length, e.g., at least 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, or 200 bp in length. Longer homology arms are also contemplated for ssODNs as improvements in oligonucleotide synthesis continue to be made.

In an embodiment, an ssODN may be used to correct a mutation in a gene or pathway described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII.

IV.2 NHEJ Approaches for Gene Targeting

As described herein, nuclease-induced non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) can be used to target gene-specific knockouts. Nuclease-induced NHEJ can also be used to remove (e.g., delete) sequence in a gene of interest.

While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that, in an embodiment, the genomic alterations associated with the methods described herein rely on nuclease-induced NHEJ and the error-prone nature of the NHEJ repair pathway. NHEJ repairs a double-strand break in the DNA by joining together the two ends; however, generally, the original sequence is restored only if two compatible ends, exactly as they were formed by the double-strand break, are perfectly ligated. The DNA ends of the double-strand break are frequently the subject of enzymatic processing, resulting in the addition or removal of nucleotides, at one or both strands, prior to rejoining of the ends. This results in the presence of insertion and/or deletion (indel) mutations in the DNA sequence at the site of the NHEJ repair. Two-thirds of these mutations typically alter the reading frame and, therefore, produce a non-functional protein. Additionally, mutations that maintain the reading frame, but which insert or delete a significant amount of sequence, can destroy functionality of the protein. This is locus dependent as mutations in critical functional domains are likely less tolerable than mutations in non-critical regions of the protein.

The indel mutations generated by NHEJ are unpredictable in nature; however, at a given break site certain indel sequences are favored and are over represented in the population, likely due to small regions of microhomology. The lengths of deletions can vary widely; most commonly in the 1-50 bp range, but they can easily reach greater than 100-200 bp. Insertions tend to be shorter and often include short duplications of the sequence immediately surrounding the break site. However, it is possible to obtain large insertions, and in these cases, the inserted sequence has often been traced to other regions of the genome or to plasmid DNA present in the cells.

Because NHEJ is a mutagenic process, it can also be used to delete small sequence motifs as long as the generation of a specific final sequence is not required. If a double-strand break is targeted near to a short target sequence, the deletion mutations caused by the NHEJ repair often span, and therefore remove, the unwanted nucleotides. For the deletion of larger DNA segments, introducing two double-strand breaks, one on each side of the sequence, can result in NHEJ between the ends with removal of the entire intervening sequence. Both of these approaches can be used to delete specific DNA sequences; however, the error-prone nature of NHEJ may still produce indel mutations at the site of repair.

Both double strand cleaving eaCas9 molecules and single strand, or nickase, eaCas9 molecules can be used in the methods and compositions described herein to generate NHEJ-mediated indels. NHEJ-mediated indels targeted to the gene, e.g., a coding region, e.g., an early coding region of a gene of interest can be used to knockout (i.e., eliminate expression of) a gene of interest. For example, early coding region of a gene of interest includes sequence immediately following a transcription start site, within a first exon of the coding sequence, or within 500 bp of the transcription start site (e.g., less than 500, 450, 400, 350, 300, 250, 200, 150, 100 or 50 bp).

Placement of double strand or single strand breaks relative to the target position

In an embodiment, in which a gRNA and Cas9 nuclease generate a double strand break for the purpose of inducing NHEJ-mediated indels, a gRNA, e.g., a unimolecular (or chimeric) or modular gRNA molecule, is configured to position one double-strand break in close proximity to a nucleotide of the target position. In an embodiment, the cleavage site is between 0-500 bp away from the target position (e.g., less than 500, 400, 300, 200, 100, 50, 40, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 bp from the target position).

In an embodiment, in which two gRNAs complexing with Cas9 nickases induce two single strand breaks for the purpose of inducing NHEJ-mediated indels, two gRNAs, e.g., independently, unimolecular (or chimeric) or modular gRNA, are configured to position two single-strand breaks to provide for NHEJ repair a nucleotide of the target position. In an embodiment, the gRNAs are configured to position cuts at the same position, or within a few nucleotides of one another, on different strands, essentially mimicking a double strand break. In an embodiment, the closer nick is between 0-30 bp away from the target position (e.g., less than 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 bp from the target position), and the two nicks are within 25-55 bp of each other (e.g., between 25 to 50, 25 to 45, 25 to 40, 25 to 35, 25 to 30, 50 to 55, 45 to 55, 40 to 55, 35 to 55, 30 to 55, 30 to 50, 35 to 50, 40 to 50, 45 to 50, 35 to 45, or 40 to 45 bp) and no more than 100 bp away from each other (e.g., no more than 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20 or 10 bp). In an embodiment, the gRNAs are configured to place a single strand break on either side of a nucleotide of the target position.

Both double strand cleaving eaCas9 molecules and single strand, or nickase, eaCas9 molecules can be used in the methods and compositions described herein to generate breaks both sides of a target position. Double strand or paired single strand breaks may be generated on both sides of a target position (e.g., of a gene or pathway described herein, e.g., in Section VIIB, e.g., in Table VII-13, VII-14, VII-15, VII-16, VII-17, VII-18, VII-19, VII-20, VII-21, VII-22, VII-23, VII-24, IX-1, IX-1A, IX-3, or XII-1, or in Section VIII, to remove the nucleic acid sequence between the two cuts (e.g., the region between the two breaks is deleted). In one embodiment, two gRNAs, e.g., independently, unimolecular (or chimeric) or modular gRNA, are configured to position a double-strand break on both sides of a target position (e.g., the first gRNA is used to target upstream (i.e., 5′) of the mutation in a gene or pathway described herein, and the second gRNA is used to target downstream (i.e., 3′) of the mutation in a gene or pathway described herein). In an alternate embodiment, three gRNAs, e.g., independently, unimolecular (or chimeric) or modular gRNA, are configured to position a double strand break (i.e., one gRNA complexes with a cas9 nuclease) and two single strand breaks or paired single stranded breaks (i.e., two gRNAs complex with Cas9 nickases) on either side of a target position (e.g., the first gRNA is used to target upstream (i.e., 5′) of the mutation in a gene or pathway described herein, and the second gRNA is used to target downstream (i.e., 3′) of the mutation in a gene or pathway described herein). In another embodiment, four gRNAs, e.g., independently, unimolecular (or chimeric) or modular gRNA, are configured to generate two pairs of single stranded breaks (i.e., two pairs of two gRNAs complex with Cas9 nickases) on either side of the target position (e.g., the first gRNA is used to target upstream (i.e., 5′) of the mutation in a gene or pathway described herein, and the second gRNA is used to target downstream (i.e., 3′) of the mutation in a gene or pathway described herein). The double strand break(s) or the closer of the two single strand nicks in a pair will ideally be within 0-500 bp of the target position (e.g., no more than 450, 400, 350, 300, 250, 200, 150, 100, 50 or 25 bp from the target position). When nickases are used, the two nicks in a pair are within 25-55 bp of each other (e.g., between 25 to 50, 25 to 45, 25 to 40, 25 to 35, 25 to 30, 50 to 55, 45 to 55, 40 to 55, 35 to 55, 30 to 55, 30 to 50, 35 to 50, 40 to 50, 45 to 50, 35 to 45, or 40 to 45 bp) and no more than 100 bp away from each other (e.g., no more than 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20 or 10 bp).

IV.3 Targeted Knockdown

Unlike CRISPR/Cas-mediated gene knockout, which permanently eliminates expression by mutating the gene at the DNA level, CRISPR/Cas knockdown allows for temporary reduction of gene expression through the use of artificial transcription factors. Mutating key residues in both DNA cleavage domains of the Cas9 protein (e.g. the D10A and H840A mutations) results in the generation of a catalytically inactive Cas9 (eiCas9 which is also known as dead Cas9 or dCas9). A catalytically inactive Cas9 complexes with a gRNA and localizes to the DNA sequence specified by that gRNA's targeting domain, however, it does not cleave the target DNA. Fusion of the dCas9 to an effector domain, e.g., a transcription repression domain, enables recruitment of the effector to any DNA site specified by the gRNA. While it has been show that the eiCas9 itself can block transcription when recruited to early regions in the coding sequence, more robust repression can be achieved by fusing a transcriptional repression domain (for example KRAB, SID or ERD) to the Cas9 and recruiting it to the promoter region of a gene. It is likely that targeting DNAseI hypersensitive regions of the promoter may yield more efficient gene repression or activation because these regions are more likely to be accessible to the Cas9 protein and are also more likely to harbor sites for endogenous transcription factors. Especially for gene repression, it is contemplated herein that blocking the binding site of an endogenous transcription factor would aid in downregulating gene expression. In another embodiment, an eiCas9 can be fused to a chromatin modifying protein. Altering chromatin status can result in decreased expression of the target gene.

In an embodiment, a gRNA molecule can be targeted to a known transcription response elements (e.g., promoters, enhancers, etc.), a known upstream activating sequences (UAS), and/or sequences of unknown or known function that are suspected of being able to control expression of the target DNA.

CRISPR/Cas-mediated gene knockdown can be used to reduce expression of an unwanted allele or transcript. Contemplated herein are scenarios wherein permanent destruction of the gene is not ideal. In these scenarios, site-specific repression may be used to temporarily reduce or eliminate expression. It is also contemplated herein that the off-target effects of a Cas-repressor may be less severe than those of a Cas-nuclease as a nuclease can cleave any DNA sequence and cause mutations whereas a Cas-repressor may only have an effect if it targets the promoter region of an actively transcribed gene. However, while nuclease-mediated knockout is permanent, repression may only persist as long as the Cas-repressor is present in the cells. Once the repressor is no longer present, it is likely that endogenous transcription factors and gene regulatory elements would restore expression to its natural state.

IV.4 Examples of gRNAs in Genome Editing Methods

gRNA molecules as described herein can be used with Cas9 molecules that generate a double strand break or a single strand break to alter the sequence of a target nucleic acid, e.g., a target position or target genetic signature. gRNA molecules useful in these methods are described below.

In an embodiment, the gRNA, e.g., a chimeric gRNA, is configured such that it comprises one or more of the following properties;

a) it can position, e.g., when targeting a Cas9 molecule that makes double strand breaks, a double strand break (i) within 50, 100, 150 or 200 nucleotides of a target position, or (ii) sufficiently close that the target position is within the region of end resection;

b) it has a targeting domain of at least 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20, nucleotides, e.g., a targeting domain of (i) 17, (ii) 18, or (iii) 20 nucleotides; and

c)

• • (i) the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides, e.g., at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides from a naturally occurring S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. aureus, or N. meningitidis tail and proximal domain, or a sequence that differs by no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 nucleotides therefrom;
  • (ii) there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain, e.g., at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides from the corresponding sequence of a naturally occurring S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. aureus, or N. meningitidis gRNA, or a sequence that differs by no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 nucleotides therefrom;
  • (iii) there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain, e.g., at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides from the corresponding sequence of a naturally occurring S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. aureus, or N. meningitidis gRNA, or a sequence that differs by no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 nucleotides therefrom;

iv) the tail domain is at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 or 40 nucleotides in length, e.g., it comprises at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 or 40 nucleotides from a naturally occurring S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. aureus, or N. meningitidis tail domain; or, or a sequence that differs by no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 nucleotides therefrom; or

• • (v) the tail domain comprises 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 nucleotides or all of the corresponding portions of a naturally occurring tail domain, e.g., a naturally occurring S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. aureus, or N. meningitidis tail domain.

In an embodiment, the gRNA is configured such that it comprises properties: a and b(i).

In an embodiment, the gRNA is configured such that it comprises properties: a and b(ii).

In an embodiment, the gRNA is configured such that it comprises properties: a and b(iii).

In an embodiment, the gRNA is configured such that it comprises properties: a and c.

In an embodiment, the gRNA is configured such that in comprises properties: a, b, and c.

In an embodiment, the gRNA is configured such that in comprises properties: a(i), b(i), and c(i).

In an embodiment, the gRNA is configured such that in comprises properties: a(i), b(i), and c(ii).

In an embodiment, the gRNA is configured such that in comprises properties: a(i), b(iii), and c(i).

In an embodiment, the gRNA is configured such that in comprises properties: a(i), b(iii), and c(ii).

In an embodiment, the gRNA, e.g., a chimeric gRNA, is configured such that it comprises one or more of the following properties;

a) it can position, e.g., when targeting a Cas9 molecule that makes single strand breaks, a single strand break (i) within 50, 100, 150 or 200 nucleotides of a target position, or (ii) sufficiently close that the target position is within the region of end resection;

b) it has a targeting domain of at least 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20, nucleotides, e.g., a targeting domain of (i) 17, (ii) 18, or (iii) 20 nucleotides; and

c)

• • (i) the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides, e.g., at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides from a naturally occurring S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. aureus, or N. meningitidis tail and proximal domain, or a sequence that differs by no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 nucleotides therefrom;
  • (ii) there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain, e.g., at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides from the corresponding sequence of a naturally occurring S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. aureus, or N. meningitidis gRNA, or a sequence that differs by no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 nucleotides therefrom;
  • (iii) there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain, e.g., at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides from the corresponding sequence of a naturally occurring S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. aureus, or N. meningitidis gRNA, or a sequence that differs by no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 nucleotides therefrom;
  • iv) the tail domain is at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 or 40 nucleotides in length, e.g., it comprises at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 or 40 nucleotides from a naturally occurring S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. aureus, or N. meningitidis tail domain; or, a sequence that differs by no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 nucleotides therefrom; or
  • (v) the tail domain comprises 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 nucleotides or all of the corresponding portions of a naturally occurring tail domain, e.g., a naturally occurring S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. aureus, or N. meningitidis tail domain.

In an embodiment, the gRNA is configured such that it comprises properties: a and b(i).

In an embodiment, the gRNA is configured such that it comprises properties: a and b(ii).

In an embodiment, the gRNA is configured such that it comprises properties: a and b(iii).

In an embodiment, the gRNA is configured such that it comprises properties: a and c.

In an embodiment, the gRNA is configured such that in comprises properties: a, b, and c.

In an embodiment, the gRNA is configured such that in comprises properties: a(i), b(i), and c(i).

In an embodiment, the gRNA is configured such that in comprises properties: a(i), b(i), and c(ii).

In an embodiment, the gRNA is configured such that in comprises properties: a(i), b(iii), and c(i).

In an embodiment, the gRNA is configured such that in comprises properties: a(i), b(iii), and c(ii).

In an embodiment, the gRNA is used with a Cas9 nickase molecule having HNH activity, e.g., a Cas9 molecule having the RuvC activity inactivated, e.g., a Cas9 molecule having a mutation at D10, e.g., the D10A mutation.

In an embodiment, the gRNA is used with a Cas9 nickase molecule having RuvC activity, e.g., a Cas9 molecule having the HNH activity inactivated, e.g., a Cas9 molecule having a mutation at H840, e.g., a H840A.

In an embodiment, a pair of gRNAs, e.g., a pair of chimeric gRNAs, comprising a first and a second gRNA, is configured such that they comprises one or more of the following properties;

a) one or both of the gRNAs can position, e.g., when targeting a Cas9 molecule that makes single strand breaks, a single strand break within (i) 50, 100, 150 or 200 nucleotides of a target position, or (ii) sufficiently close that the target position is within the region of end resection;

b) one or both have a targeting domain of at least 17 nucleotides, e.g., a targeting domain of (i) 17 or (ii) 18 nucleotides;

c) one or both:

• • (i) the proximal and tail domain, when taken together, comprise at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides, e.g., at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides from a naturally occurring S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. aureus, or N. meningitidis tail and proximal domain, or a sequence that differs by no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 nucleotides therefrom;
  • (ii) there are at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain, e.g., at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 49, 50, or 53 nucleotides from the corresponding sequence of a naturally occurring S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. aureus, or N. meningitidis gRNA, or a sequence that differs by no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 nucleotides therefrom;
  • (iii) there are at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides 3′ to the last nucleotide of the second complementarity domain that is complementary to its corresponding nucleotide of the first complementarity domain, e.g., at least 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32, 36, 41, 46, 50, 51, or 54 nucleotides from the corresponding sequence of a naturally occurring S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. aureus, or N. meningitidis gRNA, or a sequence that differs by no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 nucleotides therefrom;
  • iv) the tail domain is at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 or 40 nucleotides in length, e.g., it comprises at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 or 40 nucleotides from a naturally occurring S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. aureus, or N. meningitidis tail domain; or, or a sequence that differs by no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 nucleotides therefrom; or
  • (v) the tail domain comprises 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 nucleotides or all of the corresponding portions of a naturally occurring tail domain, e.g., a naturally occurring S. pyogenes, S. thermophilus, S. aureus, or N. meningitidis tail domain;

d) the gRNAs are configured such that, when hybridized to target nucleic acid, they are separated by 0-50, 0-100, 0-200, at least 10, at least 20, at least 30 or at least 50 nucleotides;

e) the breaks made by the first gRNA and second gRNA are on different strands; and

f) the PAMs are facing outwards.

In an embodiment, one or both of the gRNAs is configured such that it comprises properties: a and b(i).

In an embodiment, one or both of the gRNAs is configured such that it comprises properties: a and b(ii).

In an embodiment, one or both of the gRNAs is configured such that it comprises properties: a and b(iii).

In an embodiment, one or both of the gRNAs configured such that it comprises properties: a and c.

In an embodiment, one or both of the gRNAs is configured such that in comprises properties: a, b, and c.

In an embodiment, one or both of the gRNAs is configured such that in comprises properties: a(i), b(i), and c(i).

In an embodiment, one or both of the gRNAs is configured such that in comprises properties: a(i), b(i), and c(ii).

In an embodiment, one or both of the gRNAs is configured such that in comprises properties: a(i), b(i), c, and d.

In an embodiment, one or both of the gRNAs is configured such that in comprises properties: a(i), b(i), c, and e.

In an embodiment, one or both of the gRNAs is configured such that in comprises properties: a(i), b(i), c, d, and e.

In an embodiment, one or both of the gRNAs is configured such that in comprises properties: a(i), b(iii), and c(i).

In an embodiment, one or both of the gRNAs is configured such that in comprises properties: a(i), b(iii), and c(ii).

In an embodiment, one or both of the gRNAs is configured such that in comprises properties: a(i), b(iii), c, and d.

In an embodiment, one or both of the gRNAs is configured such that in comprises properties: a(i), b(iii), c, and e.

In an embodiment, one or both of the gRNAs is configured such that in comprises properties: a(i), b(iii), c, d, and e.

In an embodiment, the gRNAs are used with a Cas9 nickase molecule having HNH activity, e.g., a Cas9 molecule having the RuvC activity inactivated, e.g., a Cas9 molecule having a mutation at D10, e.g., the D10A mutation.

In an embodiment, the gRNAs are used with a Cas9 nickase molecule having RuvC activity, e.g., a Cas9 molecule having the HNH activity inactivated, e.g., a Cas9 molecule having a mutation at H840, e.g., a H840A.

V. Constructs/Components

The components, e.g., a Cas9 molecule or gRNA molecule, or both, can be delivered, formulated, or administered in a variety of forms, see, e.g., Table V-la and Table V-1b. When a component is delivered encoded in DNA the DNA will typically include a control region, e.g., comprising a promoter, to effect expression. Useful promoters for Cas9 molecule sequences include CMV, EF-1a, MSCV, PGK, CAG control promoters. Useful promoters for gRNAs include H1, EF-1a and U6 promoters. Promoters with similar or dissimilar strengths can be selected to tune the expression of components. Sequences encoding a Cas9 molecule can comprise a nuclear localization signal (NLS), e.g., an SV40 NLS. In an embodiment, a promoter for a Cas9 molecule or a gRNA molecule can be, independently, inducible, tissue specific, or cell specific.

Table V-1a and Table V-1b provide examples of how the components can be formulated, delivered, or administered.

TABLE V-1a
Element
Cas9	gRNA	Template
Molecule(s)	molecule(s)	Nucleic Acid	Comments
DNA	DNA	DNA	In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule, typically an
			eaCas9 molecule, and a gRNA are transcribed
			from DNA. In this embodiment, they are
			encoded on separate molecules. In an
			embodiment, the donor template is provided as a
			separate DNA molecule. A governing gRNA
			molecule can also be present. It can be encoded
			on the molecule that encodes the Cas9 molecule
			or the gRNA molecule or can be on a third
			nucleic acid molecule. The governing gRNA
			molecule can be a Cas9-targeting gRNA
			molecule or a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule.
			In an embodiment, both are present. In an
			embodiment, the governing gRNA molecule is a
			Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule which targets, by
			binding and/or cleavage, the sequence that
			encodes the Cas9 molecule and results in
			substantial reduction of the production of Cas9
			molecule. In an embodiment, the governing
			gRNA molecule is a gRNA-targeting gRNA
			molecule which targets, by binding and/or
			cleavage, the sequence that encodes the gRNA
			molecule and results in substantial reduction of
			the production of gRNA molecule.
DNA	DNA	In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule, typically an
	eaCas9 molecule, and a gRNA are transcribed
	from DNA. In this embodiment, they are
	encoded on separate molecules. In this
	embodiment, the donor template is provided on
	the same DNA molecule that encodes the gRNA.
	A governing gRNA molecule can also be
	present. It can be encoded on the molecule that
	encodes the Cas9 molecule and the gRNA
	molecule or can be on a second nucleic acid
	molecule. The governing gRNA molecule can
	be a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule or a gRNA-
	targeting gRNA molecule. In an embodiment,
	both are present. In an embodiment, the
	governing gRNA molecule is a Cas9-targeting
	gRNA molecule which targets, by binding and/or
	cleavage, the sequence that encodes the Cas9
	molecule and results in substantial reduction of
	the production of Cas9 molecule. In an
	embodiment, the governing gRNA molecule is a
	gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule which targets,
	by binding and/or cleavage, the sequence that
	encodes the gRNA molecule and results in
	substantial reduction of the production of gRNA
	molecule.
DNA	DNA	In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule, typically an
			eaCas9 molecule, and a gRNA are transcribed
			from DNA, here from a single molecule. In this
			embodiment, the donor template is provided as a
			separate DNA molecule. A governing gRNA
			molecule can also be present. It can be encoded
			on the molecule that encodes the Cas9 molecule
			and the gRNA molecule or can be on a second
			nucleic acid molecule. The governing gRNA
			molecule can be a Cas9-targeting gRNA
			molecule or a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule.
			In an embodiment, both are present. In an
			embodiment, the governing gRNA molecule is a
			Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule which targets, by
			binding and/or cleavage, the sequence that
			encodes the Cas9 molecule and results in
			substantial reduction of the production of Cas9
			molecule. In an embodiment, the governing
			gRNA molecule is a gRNA-targeting gRNA
			molecule which targets, by binding and/or
			cleavage, the sequence that encodes the gRNA
			molecule and results in substantial reduction of
			the production of gRNA molecule.
DNA	DNA	DNA	In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule, typically an
			eaCas9 molecule, and a gRNA are transcribed
			from DNA. In this embodiment, they are
			encoded on separate molecules. In this
			embodiment, the donor template is provided on
			the same DNA molecule that encodes the Cas9.
			A governing gRNA molecule can also be
			present. It can be encoded on the molecule that
			encodes the Cas9 molecule or the gRNA
			molecule or can be on a third nucleic acid
			molecule. The governing gRNA molecule can
			be a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule or a gRNA-
			targeting gRNA molecule. In an embodiment,
			both are present. In an embodiment, the
			governing gRNA molecule is a Cas9-targeting
			gRNA molecule which targets, by binding and/or
			cleavage, the sequence that encodes the Cas9
			molecule and results in substantial reduction of
			the production of Cas9 molecule. In an
			embodiment, the governing gRNA molecule is a
			gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule which targets,
			by binding and/or cleavage, the sequence that
			encodes the gRNA molecule and results in
			substantial reduction of the production of gRNA
			molecule.
DNA	RNA	DNA	In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule, typically an
			eaCas9 molecule, is transcribed from DNA, and
			a gRNA is provided as in vitro transcribed or
			synthesized RNA. In this embodiment, the
			donor template is provided as a separate DNA
			molecule. In an embodiment, the gRNA
			comprises one or more modifications, e.g., as
			described in Section X. A governing gRNA
			molecule can also be present. It can be encoded
			on the molecule that encodes the Cas9 molecule
			or can be on a second nucleic acid molecule. In
			an embodiment, the governing gRNA molecule
			is a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule which
			targets, by binding and/or cleavage, the sequence
			that encodes the Cas9 molecule and results in
			substantial reduction of the production of Cas9
			molecule.
DNA	RNA	DNA	In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule, typically an
			eaCas9 molecule, is transcribed from DNA, and
			a gRNA is provided as in vitro transcribed or
			synthesized RNA. In this embodiment, the
			donor template is provided on the same DNA
			molecule that encodes the Cas9. In an
			embodiment, the gRNA comprises one or more
			modifications, e.g., as described in Section X. A
			governing gRNA molecule can also be present.
			It can be encoded on the molecule that encodes
			the Cas9 molecule or can be on a second nucleic
			acid molecule. In an embodiment, the governing
			gRNA molecule is a Cas9-targeting gRNA
			molecule which targets, by binding and/or
			cleavage, the sequence that encodes the Cas9
			molecule and results in substantial reduction of
			the production of Cas9 molecule.
mRNA	RNA	DNA	In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule, typically an
			eaCas9 molecule, is translated from in vitro
			transcribed mRNA, and a gRNA is provided as
			in vitro transcribed or synthesized RNA. In this
			embodiment, the donor template is provided as a
			DNA molecule. In an embodiment, the gRNA
			comprises one or more modifications, e.g., as
			described in Section X. In an embodiment, the
			mRNA comprises one or more modifications,
			e.g., as described in Section X.
mRNA	DNA	DNA	In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule, typically an
			eaCas9 molecule, is translated from in vitro
			transcribed mRNA, and a gRNA is transcribed
			from DNA. In this embodiment, the donor
			template is provided as a separate DNA
			molecule. In an embodiment, the mRNA
			comprises one or more modifications, e.g., as
			described in Section X. A governing gRNA
			molecule can also be present. It can be encoded
			on the molecule that encodes the gRNA
			molecule or can be on a second nucleic acid
			molecule. In an embodiment, the governing
			gRNA molecule is a gRNA-targeting gRNA
			molecule which targets, by binding and/or
			cleavage, the sequence that encodes the gRNA
			molecule and results in substantial reduction of
			the production of gRNA molecule.
mRNA	DNA	In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule, typically an
			eaCas9 molecule, is translated from in vitro
			transcribed mRNA, and a gRNA is transcribed
			from DNA. In this embodiment, the donor
			template is provided on the same DNA molecule
			that encodes the gRNA. In an embodiment, the
			mRNA comprises one or more modifications,
			e.g., as described in Section X. A governing
			gRNA molecule can also be present. It can be
			encoded on the molecule that encodes the gRNA
			molecule or can be on a second nucleic acid
			molecule. In an embodiment, the governing
			gRNA molecule is a gRNA-targeting gRNA
			molecule which targets, by binding and/or
			cleavage, the sequence that encodes the gRNA
			molecule and results in substantial reduction of
			the production of gRNA molecule.
Protein	DNA	DNA	In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule, typically an
			eaCas9 molecule, is provided as a protein, and a
			gRNA is transcribed from DNA. In this
			embodiment, the donor template is provided as a
			separate DNA molecule. A governing gRNA
			molecule can also be present. It can be encoded
			on the molecule that encodes the gRNA
			molecule or can be on a second nucleic acid
			molecule. In an embodiment the governing
			gRNA molecule is a gRNA-targeting gRNA
			molecule which targets, by binding and/or
			cleavage, the sequence that encodes the gRNA
			molecule and results in substantial reduction of
			the production of gRNA molecule.
Protein	DNA	In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule, typically an
			eaCas9 molecule, is provided as a protein, and a
			gRNA is transcribed from DNA. In this
			embodiment, the donor template is provided on
			the same DNA molecule that encodes the gRNA.
			A governing gRNA molecule can also be
			present. It can be encoded on the molecule that
			encodes the gRNA molecule or can be on a
			second nucleic acid molecule. In an embodiment
			the governing gRNA molecule is a gRNA-
			targeting gRNA molecule which targets, by
			binding and/or cleavage, the sequence that
			encodes the gRNA molecule and results in
			substantial reduction of the production of gRNA
			molecule.
Protein	RNA	DNA	In an embodiment, an eaCas9 molecule is
			provided as a protein, and a gRNA is provided as
			transcribed or synthesized RNA. In this
			embodiment, the donor template is provided as a
			DNA molecule. In an embodiment, the gRNA
			comprises one or more modifications, e.g., as
			described in Section X.

TABLE V-1b
Element
Cas9	gRNA
Molecule(s)	molecule(s)	Payload	Comments
DNA	DNA	Yes	In this embodiment, a Cas9 molecule, typically
			an eiCas9 molecule, and a gRNA are transcribed
			from DNA. Here they are provided on separate
			molecules. A governing gRNA molecule can
			also be present. It can be encoded on the
			molecule that encodes the Cas9 molecule or the
			gRNA molecule or can be on a third nucleic acid
			molecule. The governing gRNA molecule can
			be a Cas9-targeting gRNA or molecule or a
			gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule. In an
			embodiment, both are present. In an
			embodiment, the governing gRNA molecule is a
			Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule which targets,
			by binding and/or cleavage, the sequence that
			encodes the Cas9 molecule and results in
			substantial reduction of the production of Cas9
			molecule. In an embodiment, the governing
			gRNA molecule is a gRNA-targeting gRNA
			molecule which targets, by binding and/or
			cleavage, the sequence that encodes the gRNA
			molecule and results in substantial reduction of
			the production of gRNA molecule.
DNA	Yes	Similar to above, but in this embodiment, a Cas9
			molecule, typically an eiCas9 molecule, and a
			gRNA are transcribed from a single molecule. A
			governing gRNA molecule can also be present.
			It can be encoded on the molecule that encodes
			the Cas9 molecule or the gRNA molecule or can
			be on a second nucleic acid molecule. The
			governing gRNA molecule can be a Cas9-
			targeting gRNA molecule or a gRNA-targeting
			gRNA molecule. In an embodiment, both are
			present. In an embodiment, the governing
			gRNA molecule is a Cas9-targeting gRNA
			molecule which targets, by binding and/or
			cleavage, the sequence that encodes the Cas9
			molecule and results in substantial reduction of
			the production of Cas9 molecule. In an
			embodiment, the governing gRNA molecule is a
			gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule which targets,
			by binding and/or cleavage, the sequence that
			encodes the gRNA molecule and results in
			substantial reduction of the production of gRNA
			molecule.
DNA	RNA	Yes	In this embodiment, a Cas9 molecule, typically
			an eiCas9 molecule, is transcribed from DNA.
			A gRNA is provided as RNA. In an
			embodiment, the gRNA comprises one or more
			modifications, e.g., as described in Section X.
			A governing gRNA molecule can also be
			present. It can be encoded on the molecule that
			encodes the Cas9 molecule or can be on a
			second nucleic acid molecule. In an
			embodiment the governing gRNA molecule is a
			Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule which targets,
			by binding and/or cleavage, the sequence that
			encodes the Cas9 molecule and results in
			substantial reduction of the production of Cas9
			molecule.
mRNA	RNA	Yes	In this embodiment, a Cas9 molecule, typically
			an eiCas9 molecule, is provided as encoded in
			mRNA. A gRNA is provided as RNA. In an
			embodiment, the gRNA comprises one or more
			modifications, e.g., as described in Section X.
			In an embodiment, the mRNA comprises one or
			more modifications, e.g., as described in section
			X.
Protein	DNA	Yes	In this embodiment a Cas9 molecule, typically
			an eiCas9 molecule, is provided as a protein. A
			gRNA is provided encoded in DNA. A
			governing gRNA molecule can also be present.
			It can be encoded on the molecule that encodes
			the gRNA molecule or can be on a second
			nucleic acid molecule. In an embodiment the
			governing gRNA molecule is a gRNA-targeting
			gRNA molecule which targets, by binding
			and/or cleavage, the sequence that encodes the
			gRNA molecule and results in substantial
			reduction of the production of the gRNA
			molecule.
Protein	RNA	Yes	In this embodiment, a Cas9 molecule, typically
			an eiCas9 molecule, is provided as a protein. A
			gRNA is provided as RNA. In an embodiment,
			the gRNA comprises one or more modifications,
			e.g., as described in Section X.

In an embodiment, the components of a Cas system are delivered in vivo, e.g., using a method describe herein. In another embodiment, the components a Cas system are delivered ex vivo, e.g., using a method described herein.

Table V-2 summarizes various delivery methods the components of a Cas system, e.g., the Cas9 molecule component and the gRNA molecule component are described herein, e.g., in Table V-2.

TABLE V-2
	Delivery into			Type of
	Non-Dividing	Duration of	Genome	Molecule
Delivery Vector/Mode	Cells	Expression	Integration	Delivered
Physical (eg, electroporation,	YES	Transient	NO	Nucleic Acids
particle gun, Calcium				and Proteins
Phosphate transfection)
Viral	Retrovirus	NO	Stable	YES	RNA
	Lentivirus	YES	Stable	YES/NO with	RNA
				modifications
	Adenovirus	YES	Transient	NO	DNA
	Adeno-	YES	Stable	NO	DNA
	Associated
	Virus (AAV)
	Vaccinia Virus	YES	Very	NO	DNA
			Transient
	Herpes Simplex	YES	Stable	NO	DNA
	Virus
Non-Viral	Cationic	YES	Transient	Depends on	Nucleic Acids
	Liposomes			what is	and Proteins
				delivered
	Polymeric	YES	Transient	Depends on	Nucleic Acids
	Nanoparticles			what is	and Proteins
				delivered
Biological	Attenuated	YES	Transient	NO	Nucleic Acids
Non-Viral	Bacteria
Delivery	Engineered	YES	Transient	NO	Nucleic Acids
Vehicles	Bacteriophages
	Mammalian	YES	Transient	NO	Nucleic Acids
	Virus-like
	Particles
	Biological	YES	Transient	NO	Nucleic Acids
	liposomes:
	Erythrocyte
	Ghosts and
	Exosomes

DNA-Based Delivery of a Cas9 Molecule and or a gRNA Molecule

DNA encoding Cas9 molecules (e.g., eaCas9 molecules or eiCas9 molecules), gRNA molecules, and/or template nucleic acids, can be administered to subjects or delivered into cells by art-known methods or as described herein. For example, Cas9-encoding and/or gRNA-encoding DNA can be delivered, e.g., by vectors (e.g., viral or non-viral vectors), non-vector based methods (e.g., using naked DNA or DNA complexes), or a combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the DNA includes a nucleic acid that encodes a governing gRNA molecule. The governing gRNA molecule can complex with the Cas9 molecule to inactivate or silence a component of the system, e.g., the nucleic acid that encodes the Cas9 molecule or the nucleic acid that encodes the gRNA molecule. In either case, the governing gRNA, e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule, or a gRNA targeting gRNA molecule, limits the effect of the Cas9/gRNA complex mediated gene targeting, and can place temporal limits on activity or reduce off-target activity.

In an embodiment, the Cas9- and/or gRNA-encoding DNA is delivered by a vector (e.g., viral vector/virus or plasmid).

A vector can comprise a sequence that encodes a Cas9 molecule and/or a gRNA molecule. A vector can also comprise a sequence encoding a signal peptide (e.g., for nuclear localization, nucleolar localization, mitochondrial localization), fused, e.g., to a Cas9 molecule sequence. For example, a vector can comprise a nuclear localization sequence (e.g., from SV40) fused to the sequence encoding the Cas9 molecule.

One or more regulatory/control elements, e.g., a promoter, an enhancer, an intron, a polyadenylation signal, a Kozak consensus sequence, internal ribosome entry sites (IRES), a 2A sequence, and a splice acceptor or donor can be included in the vectors. In an embodiment, the promoter is recognized by RNA polymerase II (e.g., a CMV promoter). In an embodiment, the promoter is recognized by RNA polymerase III (e.g., a U6 promoter). In an embodiment, the promoter is a regulated promoter (e.g., inducible promoter). In an embodiment, the promoter is a constitutive promoter. In an embodiment, the promoter is a tissue specific promoter. In an embodiment, the promoter is a viral promoter. In an embodiment, the promoter is a non-viral promoter.

In an embodiment, the vector or delivery vehicle is a viral vector (e.g., for generation of recombinant viruses). In an embodiment, the virus is a DNA virus (e.g., dsDNA or ssDNA virus). In an embodiment, the virus is an RNA virus (e.g., an ssRNA virus). Exemplary viral vectors/viruses include, e.g., retroviruses, lentiviruses, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus (AAV), vaccinia viruses, poxviruses, and herpes simplex viruses. In an embodiment, the viral vector, e.g., an AAV, comprises a sequence that encodes a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule or a gRNA-targeting gRNA molecule.

In an embodiment, the viral vector has the ability of cell type and/or tissue type recognition. For example, the viral vectors can be pseudotyped with different/alternative viral envelope glycoproteins; engineered with cell type-specific receptors (e.g., genetically modification of viral envelope glycoproteins to incorporate targeting ligands such as peptide ligands, single chain antibodies, growth factors); and/or engineered to have a molecular bridge with dual specificities with one end recognizing viral glycoproteins and the other end recognizing a moiety of the target cell surface (e.g., ligand-receptor, monoclonal antibodies, avidin-biotin and chemical conjugation).

In an embodiment, the viral vector achieves cell type specific expression. For example, tissue-specific promoter can be constructed to restrict expression of the transgene (Cas 9 and gRNA) in only the target cells. The specificity of the vectors can also be mediated by microRNA-dependent control of transgene expression. In an embodiment, the viral vector has increased efficiency of fusion of viral vector and target cell membrane. For example, fusion proteins such as fusion-competent hemagglutin (HA) can be incorporated to increase viral uptake into cells. In an embodiment, the viral vector has the ability of nuclear localization. For example, certain viruses that require the breakdown of the cell wall (during cell division) will not infect non-diving cell. Incorporated nuclear localization peptides into the matrix proteins of the virus allow transduction into non-proliferating cells.

In an embodiment, the virus infects dividing cells. In an embodiment, the virus infects non-dividing cells. In an embodiment, the virus infects both dividing and non-dividing cells. In an embodiment, the virus can integrate into the host genome. In an embodiment, the virus is engineered to have reduced immunity, e.g., in human. In an embodiment, the virus is replication-competent. In an embodiment, the virus is replication-defective, e.g., having one or more coding regions for the genes necessary for additional rounds of virion replication and/or packaging replaced with other genes or deleted. In an embodiment, the virus causes transient expression of the Cas9 molecule and/or the gRNA molecule. In an embodiment, the virus causes long-lasting, e.g., at least 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 1 year, 2 years, or permanent expression, of the Cas9 molecule and/or the gRNA molecule. The packaging capacity of the viruses may vary, e.g., from at least about 4 kb to at least about 30 kb, e.g., at least about 5 kb, 10 kb, 15 kb, 20 kb, 25 kb, 30 kb, 35 kb, 40 kb, 45 kb, or 50 kb.

In an embodiment, the Cas9- and/or gRNA-encoding DNA is delivered by a recombinant retrovirus. In an embodiment, the retrovirus (e.g., Moloney murine leukemia virus) comprises a reverse transcriptase, e.g., that allows integration into the host genome. In an embodiment, the retrovirus is replication-competent. In an embodiment, the retrovirus is replication-defective, e.g., having one of more coding regions for the genes necessary for additional rounds of virion replication and packaging replaced with other genes, or deleted.

In an embodiment, the Cas9- and/or gRNA-encoding DNA is delivered by a recombinant lentivirus. For example, the lentivirus is replication-defective, e.g., does not comprise one or more genes required for viral replication.

In an embodiment, the Cas9- and/or gRNA-encoding DNA is delivered by a recombinant adenovirus. In an embodiment, the adenovirus is engineered to have reduced immunity in human.

In an embodiment, the Cas9- and/or gRNA-encoding DNA is delivered by a recombinant AAV. In an embodiment, the AAV can incorporate its genome into that of a host cell, e.g., a target cell as described herein. In an embodiment, the AAV is a self-complementary adeno-associated virus (scAAV), e.g., a scAAV that packages both strands which anneal together to form double stranded DNA. AAV serotypes that may be used in the disclosed methods include, e.g., AAV1, AAV2, modified AAV2 (e.g., modifications at Y444F, Y500F, Y730F and/or S662V), AAV3, modified AAV3 (e.g., modifications at Y705F, Y731F and/or T492V), AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, modified AAV6 (e.g., modifications at S663V and/or T492V), AAV8, AAV 8.2, AAV9, AAV rh 10, and pseudotyped AAV, such as AAV2/8, AAV2/5 and AAV2/6 can also be used in the disclosed methods.

In an embodiment, the Cas9- and/or gRNA-encoding DNA is delivered by a hybrid virus, e.g., a hybrid of one or more of the viruses described herein.

A packaging cell is used to form a virus particle that is capable of infecting a host or target cell. Such a cell includes a 293 cell, which can package adenovirus, and a w2 cell or a PA317 cell, which can package retrovirus. A viral vector used in gene therapy is usually generated by a producer cell line that packages a nucleic acid vector into a viral particle. The vector typically contains the minimal viral sequences required for packaging and subsequent integration into a host or target cell (if applicable), with other viral sequences being replaced by an expression cassette encoding the protein to be expressed. For example, an AAV vector used in gene therapy typically only possesses inverted terminal repeat (ITR) sequences from the AAV genome which are required for packaging and gene expression in the host or target cell. The missing viral functions are supplied in trans by the packaging cell line. Henceforth, the viral DNA is packaged in a cell line, which contains a helper plasmid encoding the other AAV genes, namely rep and cap, but lacking ITR sequences. The cell line is also infected with adenovirus as a helper. The helper virus promotes replication of the AAV vector and expression of AAV genes from the helper plasmid. The helper plasmid is not packaged in significant amounts due to a lack of ITR sequences. Contamination with adenovirus can be reduced by, e.g., heat treatment to which adenovirus is more sensitive than AAV.

In an embodiment, the viral vector has the ability of cell type and/or tissue type recognition. For example, the viral vector can be pseudotyped with a different/alternative viral envelope glycoprotein; engineered with a cell type-specific receptor (e.g., geneticmodification of the viral envelope glycoproteins to incorporate targeting ligands such as a peptide ligand, a single chain antibodie, a growth factor); and/or engineered to have a molecular bridge with dual specificities with one end recognizing a viral glycoprotein and the other end recognizing a moiety of the target cell surface (e.g., ligand-receptor, monoclonal antibody, avidin-biotin and chemical conjugation).

In an embodiment, the viral vector achieves cell type specific expression. For example, a tissue-specific promoter can be constructed to restrict expression of the transgene (Cas 9 and gRNA) in only the target cell. The specificity of the vector can also be mediated by microRNA-dependent control of transgene expression. In an embodiment, the viral vector has increased efficiency of fusion of the viral vector and a target cell membrane. For example, a fusion protein such as fusion-competent hemagglutin (HA) can be incorporated to increase viral uptake into cells. In an embodiment, the viral vector has the ability of nuclear localization. For example, aviruse that requires the breakdown of the cell wall (during cell division) and therefore will not infect a non-diving cell can be altered to incorporate a nuclear localization peptide in the matrix protein of the virus thereby enabling the transduction of non-proliferating cells. In an embodiment, the Cas9- and/or gRNA-encoding DNA is delivered by a non-viral vector or non-vector based method (e.g., using naked DNA or DNA complexes). For example, the DNA can be delivered, e.g., by organically modified silica or silicate (Ormosil), electroporation, gene gun, sonoporation, magnetofection, lipid-mediated transfection, dendrimers, inorganic nanoparticles, calcium phosphates, or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, the DNA is delivered by an inorganic nanoparticle (e.g., attached to the payload to the surface of the nanoparticle). Exemplary inorganic nanoparticles include, e.g., magnetic nanoparticles (e.g., Fe3MnO2), silica (e.g., can integrate multi-functionality, e.g., conjugate the outer surface of the nanoparticle with a positively charged polymer (e.g., polyethylenimine, polylysine, polyserine) which allows for attachment (e.g., conjugation or entrapment) of payload and internal magnetic component, mesaporous silica nanoparticles with a positive charged polymer loaded with chloroquine to enhance transfection of the non-viral vector in vitro, high density lipoproteins and gold nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles coated with payload which gets released when nanoparticles are exposed to increased temperature by exposure to near infrared light, gold, iron or silver nanoparticles with surface modified with polylysine or another charge polymer to capture the nucleic acid cargo. In an embodiment, the DNA is delivered by an organic nanoparticle (e.g., entrapment of the payload inside the nanoparticle). Exemplary organic nanoparticles include, e.g., SNALP liposomes that contain cationic lipids together with neutral helper lipids which are coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and protamine and nucleic acid complex coated with lipid coating.

In an embodiment, the delivery vehicle is a physical vehicle. In an embodiment, the vehicle is low density ultrasound. For example, microbubbles containing payload (e.g., made of biocompatible material such protein, surfactant, or biocompatible polymer or lipid shell) can be used and the microbubbles can be destructed by a focused ultrasound bean during microvascular transit. In an embodiment, the vehicle is electroporation. For example, naked nucleic acids or proteins can be delivered by electroporation, e.g., into cell suspensions or tissue environment, such as retina and embryonic tissue. In an embodiment, the vehicle is needle or jet injection. For example, naked nucleic acids or protein can be injected into, e.g., muscular, liver, skin, brain or heart tissue.

In an embodiment, the Cas9- and/or gRNA-encoding DNA is delivered by a combination of a vector and a non-vector based method. For example, a virosome comprises a liposome combined with an inactivated virus (e.g., HIV or influenza virus), which can result in more efficient gene transfer, e.g., in a respiratory epithelial cell than either a viral or a liposomal method alone.

In an embodiment, the delivery vehicle is a non-viral vector. In an embodiment, the non-viral vector is an inorganic nanoparticle (e.g., attached to the payload to the surface of the nanoparticle). Exemplary inorganic nanoparticles include, e.g., magnetic nanoparticles (e.g., Fe₃MnO₂), or silica. The outer surface of the nanoparticle can be conjugated with a positively charged polymer (e.g., polyethylenimine, polylysine, polyserine) which allows for attachment (e.g., conjugation or entrapment) of payload. In an embodiment, the non-viral vector is an organic nanoparticle (e.g., entrapment of the payload inside the nanoparticle). Exemplary organic nanoparticles include, e.g., SNALP liposomes that contain cationic lipids together with neutral helper lipids which are coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and protamine and nucleic acid complex coated with lipid coating.

Exemplary lipids for gene transfer are shown in Table V-3.

TABLE V-3
Lipids Used for Gene Transfer
Lipid	Abbreviation	Feature
1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine	DOPC	Helper
1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine	DOPE	Helper
Cholesterol		Helper
N-[1-(2,3-Dioleyloxy)prophyl]N,N,N-trimethylammonium	DOTMA	Cationic
chloride
1,2-Dioleoyloxy-3-trimethylammonium-propane	DOTAP	Cationic
Dioctadecylamidoglycylspermine	DOGS	Cationic
N-(3-Aminopropyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2,3-bis(dodecyloxy)-1-	GAP-DLRIE	Cationic
propanaminium bromide
Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide	CTAB	Cationic
6-Lauroxyhexyl ornithinate	LHON	Cationic
1-(2,3-Dioleoyloxypropyl)-2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium	2Oc	Cationic
2,3-Dioleyloxy-N-[2(sperminecarboxamido-ethyl]-N,N-dimethyl-	DOSPA	Cationic
1-propanaminium trifluoroacetate
1,2-Dioleyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane	DOPA	Cationic
N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2,3-bis(tetradecyloxy)-1-	MDRIE	Cationic
propanaminium bromide
Dimyristooxypropyl dimethyl hydroxyethyl ammonium bromide	DMRI	Cationic
3β-[N-(N′,N′-Dimethylaminoethane)-carbamoyl]cholesterol	DC-Chol	Cationic
Bis-guanidium-tren-cholesterol	BGTC	Cationic
1,3-Diodeoxy-2-(6-carboxy-spermyl)-propylamide	DOSPER	Cationic
Dimethyloctadecylammonium bromide	DDAB	Cationic
Dioctadecylamidoglicylspermidin	DSL	Cationic
rac-[(2,3-Dioctadecyloxypropyl)(2-hydroxyethyl)]-	CLIP-1	Cationic
dimethylammonium chloride
rac-[2(2,3-Dihexadecyloxypropyl-	CLIP-6	Cationic
oxymethyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium bromide
Ethyldimyristoylphosphatidylcholine	EDMPC	Cationic
1,2-Distearyloxy-N,N-dimethyl-3-aminopropane	DSDMA	Cationic
1,2-Dimyristoyl-trimethylammonium propane	DMTAP	Cationic
O,O′-Dimyristyl-N-lysyl aspartate	DMKE	Cationic
1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine	DSEPC	Cationic
N-Palmitoyl D-erythro-sphingosyl carbamoyl-spermine	CCS	Cationic
N-t-Butyl-N0-tetradecyl-3-tetradecylaminopropionamidine	diC14-amidine	Cationic
Octadecenolyoxy[ethyl-2-heptadecenyl-3 hydroxyethyl]	DOTIM	Cationic
imidazolinium chloride
N1-Cholesteryloxycarbonyl-3,7-diazanonane-1,9-diamine	CDAN	Cationic
2-(3-[Bis(3-amino-propyl)-amino]propylamino)-N-	RPR209120	Cationic
ditetradecylcarbamoylme-ethyl-acetamide
1,2-dilinoleyloxy-3-dimethylaminopropane	DLinDMA	Cationic
2,2-dilinoleyl-4-dimethylaminoethyl-[1,3]-dioxolane	DLin-KC2-	Cationic
	DMA
dilinoleyl-methyl-4-dimethylaminobutyrate	DLin-MC3-	Cationic
	DMA

Exemplary polymers for gene transfer are shown below in Table V-4.

TABLE V-4
Polymers Used for Gene Transfer
Polymer                          Abbreviation
Poly(ethylene)glycol             PEG
Polyethylenimine                 PEI
Dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate) DSP
Dimethyl-3,3′-dithiobispropionimidate DTBP
Poly(ethylene imine)biscarbamate PEIC
Poly(L-lysine)                   PLL
Histidine modified PLL
Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)         PVP
Poly(propylenimine)              PPI
Poly(amidoamine)                 PAMAM
Poly(amidoethylenimine)          SS-PAEI
Triethylenetetramine             TETA
Poly(β-aminoester)
Poly(4-hydroxy-L-proline ester)  PHP
Poly(allylamine)
Poly(α-[4-aminobutyl]-L-glycolic acid) PAGA
Poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) PLGA
Poly(N-ethyl-4-vinylpyridinium bromide)
Poly(phosphazene)s               PPZ
Poly(phosphoester)s              PPE
Poly(phosphoramidate)s           PPA
Poly(N-2-hydroxypropylmethacrylamide) pHPMA
Poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) pDMAEMA
Poly(2-aminoethyl propylene phosphate) PPE-EA
Chitosan
Galactosylated chitosan
N-Dodacylated chitosan
Histone
Collagen
Dextran-spermine                 D-SPM

In an embodiment, the vehicle has targeting modifications to increase target cell uptake of nanoparticles and liposomes, e.g., cell specific antigens, monoclonal antibodies, single chain antibodies, aptamers, polymers, sugars, and cell penetrating peptides. In an embodiment, the vehicle uses fusogenic and endosome-destabilizing peptides/polymers. In an embodiment, the vehicle undergoes acid-triggered conformational changes (e.g., to accelerate endosomal escape of the cargo). In an embodiment, a stimuli-cleavable polymer is used, e.g., for release in a cellular compartment. For example, disulfide-based cationic polymers that are cleaved in the reducing cellular environment can be used.

In an embodiment, liposomes are used for delivery, e.g., to blood or bone marrow, e.g., as a way of targeting hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and progenitors. For example, long-term treatment can be enabled by direct delivery using liposomes for conditions where obtaining HSCs is difficult (e.g., HSCs are not stable or HSCs are rare). These conditions can include, e.g., sickle cell anemia, Fanconi anemia, and aplastic anemia. In an embodiment, liposomes are used for delivery to localized specific tissues, e.g., to liver or lung, via intravenous delivery or via localized injection to target organ or its blood flow. For example, long-term treatment can be enable to concentrate effect in that specific organ or tissue type. These conditions can include urea cycle disorders, alpha-1-anti-trypsin or cystic fibrosis.

In an embodiment, the delivery vehicle is a biological non-viral delivery vehicle. In an embodiment, the vehicle is an attenuated bacterium (e.g., naturally or artificially engineered to be invasive but attenuated to prevent pathogenesis and expressing the transgene (e.g., Listeria monocytogenes, certain Salmonella strains, Bifidobacterium longum, and modified Escherichia coli), bacteria having nutritional and tissue-specific tropism to target specific tissues, bacteria having modified surface proteins to alter target tissue specificity). In an embodiment, the vehicle is a genetically modified bacteriophage (e.g., engineered phages having large packaging capacity, less immunogenic, containing mammalian plasmid maintenance sequences and having incorporated targeting ligands). In an embodiment, the vehicle is a mammalian virus-like particle. For example, modified viral particles can be generated (e.g., by purification of the “empty” particles followed by ex vivo assembly of the virus with the desired cargo). The vehicle can also be engineered to incorporate targeting ligands to alter target tissue specificity. In an embodiment, the vehicle is a biological liposome. For example, the biological liposome is a phospholipid-based particle derived from human cells (e.g., erythrocyte ghosts, which are red blood cells broken down into spherical structures derived from the subject (e.g., tissue targeting can be achieved by attachment of various tissue or cell-specific ligands), or secretory exosomes—subject (i.e., patient) derived membrane-bound nanovescicle (30-100 nm) of endocytic origin (e.g., can be produced from various cell types and can therefore be taken up by cells without the need of for targeting ligands).

In an embodiment, delivery of Cas components by nanoparticles in the bone marrow is an in vivo approach to curing blood and immune diseases.

In an embodiment, the components of a Cas system, e.g., the Cas9 molecule component and the gRNA molecule component described herein is delivered by nucleofection. For example, Nucleofector™ (Lonza Cologne AG) is a transfection technology that can be used for delivery to primary cells and difficult-to-transfect cell lines. It is a non-viral method based on a combination of electrical parameters and cell-type specific solutions. It allows transfected nucleic acids to directly enter the nucleus (e.g., without relying on cell division for the transfer of nucleic acids into the nucleus), providing the ability to transfect non-dividing cells, such as neurons and resting blood cells. In an embodiment, nucleofection is used as an ex vivo delivery method.

In an embodiment, the components of a Cas system, e.g., the Cas9 molecule component and the gRNA molecule component described herein is delivered by methods utilizing endogenous receptor-mediate transporters, e.g., antibody-based molecular Trojan Horses (ArmaGen). Such methods can allow for non-invasive delivery of therapeutics to locations that are otherwise difficult to reach, e.g., brain (e.g., to cross blood brain barrier (BBB), e.g., via endogenous receptor-mediated transport processes).

In an embodiment, one or more nucleic acid molecules (e.g., DNA molecules) other than the components of a Cas system, e.g., the Cas9 molecule component and/or the gRNA molecule component described herein, are delivered. In an embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule is delivered at the same time as one or more of the components of the Cas system are delivered. In an embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule is delivered before or after (e.g., less than about 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 6 hours, 9 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, or 4 weeks) one or more of the components of the Cas system are delivered. In an embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule is delivered by a different means than one or more of the components of the Cas system, e.g., the Cas9 molecule component and/or the gRNA molecule component, are delivered. The nucleic acid molecule can be delivered by any of the delivery methods described herein. For example, the nucleic acid molecule can be delivered by a viral vector, e.g., an integration-deficient lentivirus, and the Cas9 molecule component and/or the gRNA molecule component can be delivered by electroporation, e.g., such that the toxicity caused by nucleic acids (e.g., DNAs) can be reduced. In an embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule encodes a therapeutic protein, e.g., a protein described herein. In an embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule encodes an RNA molecule, e.g., an RNA molecule described herein.

Delivery of RNA Encoding a Cas9 Molecule

RNA encoding Cas9 molecules (e.g., eaCas9 molecules, eiCas9 molecules or eiCas9 fusion proteins) and/or gRNA molecules, can be delivered into cells, e.g., target cells described herein, by art-known methods or as described herein. For example, Cas9-encoding and/or gRNA-encoding RNA can be delivered, e.g., by microinjection, electroporation, lipid-mediated transfection, peptide-mediated delivery, or a combination thereof.

Delivery Cas9 Molecule Protein

Cas9 molecules (e.g., eaCas9 molecules, eiCas9 molecules or eiCas9 fusion proteins) can be delivered into cells by art-known methods or as described herein. For example, Cas9 protein molecules can be delivered, e.g., by microinjection, electroporation, lipid-mediated transfection, peptide-mediated delivery, or a combination thereof. Delivery can be accompanied by DNA encoding a gRNA or by a gRNA.

Route of Administration

Systemic modes of administration include oral and parenteral routes. Parenteral routes include, by way of example, intravenous, intrarterial, intraosseous, intramuscular, intradermal, subcutaneous, intranasal and intraperitoneal routes. Components administered systemically may be modified or formulated to target the components to a specific organ or cell type.

Local modes of administration include, by way of example, intrathecal, intracerebroventricular, intraparenchymal (e.g., localized intraparenchymal delivery to the striatum (e.g., into the caudate or into the putamen)), cerebral cortex, precentral gyrus, hippocampus (e.g., into the dentate gyrus or CA3 region), temporal cortex, amygdala, frontal cortex, thalamus, cerebellum, medulla, hypothalamus, tectum, tegmentum or substantia nigra intraocular, intraorbital, subconjuctival, intravitreal, subretinal or transscleral routes. In an embodiment, significantly smaller amounts of the components (compared with systemic approaches) may exert an effect when administered locally (for example, intraparenchymal or intravitreal) compared to when administered systemically (for example, intravenously). Local modes of administration can reduce or eliminate the incidence of potentially toxic side effects that may occur when therapeutically effective amounts of a component are administered systemically.

In an embodiment, components described herein are delivered by intraparenchymal injection into discrete regions of the brain, including, e.g., regions comprising medium spiny neurons, or regions comprising cortical neurons. Injections may be made directly into more than one region of the brain.

In an embodiment, components described herein are delivered by subretinally, e.g., by subretinal injection. Subretinal injections may be made directly into the macular, e.g., submacular injection.

In an embodiment, components described herein are delivered by intravitreal injection. Intravitreal injection has a relatively low risk of retinal detachment risk. In an embodiment, a nanoparticle or viral vector, e.g., AAV vector, e.g., an AAV2 vector, e.g., a modified AAV2 vector, is delivered intravitreally.

In an embodiment, a nanoparticle or viral vector, e.g., AAV vector, delivery is via intraparenchymal injection.

Methods for administration of agents to the eye are known in the medical arts and can be used to administer components described herein. Exemplary methods include intraocular injection (e.g., retrobulbar, subretinal, submacular, intravitreal and intrachoridal), iontophoresis, eye drops, and intraocular implantation (e.g., intravitreal, sub-Tenons and sub-conjunctival).

Administration may be provided as a periodic bolus (for example, subretinally, intravenously or intravitreally) or as continuous infusion from an internal reservoir (for example, from an implant disposed at an intra- or extra-ocular location (see, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,443,505 and 5,766,242)) or from an external reservoir (for example, from an intravenous bag). Components may be administered locally, for example, by continuous release from a sustained release drug delivery device immobilized to an inner wall of the eye or via targeted transscleral controlled release into the choroid (see, for example, PCT/US00/00207, PCT/US02/14279, Ambati et al., (2000) INVEST. OPHTHALMOL. VIS. SCI. 41:1181-1185, and Ambati et al., (2000) INVEST. OPHTHALMOL. VIS. SCI. 41:1186-1191). A variety of devices suitable for administering components locally to the inside of the eye are known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,251,090, 6,299,895, 6,416,777, 6,413,540, and PCT/US00/28187.

In addition, components may be formulated to permit release over a prolonged period of time. A release system can include a matrix of a biodegradable material or a material which releases the incorporated components by diffusion. The components can be homogeneously or heterogeneously distributed within the release system. A variety of release systems may be useful, however, the choice of the appropriate system will depend upon rate of release required by a particular application. Both non-degradable and degradable release systems can be used. Suitable release systems include polymers and polymeric matrices, non-polymeric matrices, or inorganic and organic excipients and diluents such as, but not limited to, calcium carbonate and sugar (for example, trehalose). Release systems may be natural or synthetic. However, synthetic release systems are preferred because generally they are more reliable, more reproducible and produce more defined release profiles. The release system material can be selected so that components having different molecular weights are released by diffusion through or degradation of the material.

Representative synthetic, biodegradable polymers include, for example: polyamides such as poly(amino acids) and poly(peptides); polyesters such as poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), and poly(caprolactone); poly(anhydrides); polyorthoesters; polycarbonates; and chemical derivatives thereof (substitutions, additions of chemical groups, for example, alkyl, alkylene, hydroxylations, oxidations, and other modifications routinely made by those skilled in the art), copolymers and mixtures thereof. Representative synthetic, non-degradable polymers include, for example: polyethers such as poly(ethylene oxide), poly(ethylene glycol), and poly(tetramethylene oxide); vinyl polymers-polyacrylates and polymethacrylates such as methyl, ethyl, other alkyl, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, acrylic and methacrylic acids, and others such as poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl pyrolidone), and poly(vinyl acetate); poly(urethanes); cellulose and its derivatives such as alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, ethers, esters, nitrocellulose, and various cellulose acetates; polysiloxanes; and any chemical derivatives thereof (substitutions, additions of chemical groups, for example, alkyl, alkylene, hydroxylations, oxidations, and other modifications routinely made by those skilled in the art), copolymers and mixtures thereof.

Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microsphere can also be used for intraocular injection. Typically the microspheres are composed of a polymer of lactic acid and glycolic acid, which are structured to form hollow spheres. The spheres can be approximately 15-30 microns in diameter and can be loaded with components described herein.

Bi-Modal or Differential Delivery of Components

Separate delivery of the components of a Cas system, e.g., the Cas9 molecule component and the gRNA molecule component, and more particularly, delivery of the components by differing modes, can enhance performance, e.g., by improving tissue specificity and safety.

In an embodiment, the Cas9 molecule and the gRNA molecule are delivered by different modes, or as sometimes referred to herein as differential modes. Different or differential modes, as used herein, refer modes of delivery that confer different pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic properties on the subject component molecule, e.g., a Cas9 molecule, gRNA molecule, or template nucleic acid. For example, the modes of delivery can result in different tissue distribution, different half-life, or different temporal distribution, e.g., in a selected compartment, tissue, or organ.

Some modes of delivery, e.g., delivery by a nucleic acid vector that persists in a cell, or in progeny of a cell, e.g., by autonomous replication or insertion into cellular nucleic acid, result in more persistent expression of and presence of a component. Examples include viral, e.g., adeno associated virus or lentivirus, delivery.

By way of example, the components, e.g., a Cas9 molecule and a gRNA molecule, can be delivered by modes that differ in terms of resulting half life or persistent of the delivered component the body, or in a particular compartment, tissue or organ. In an embodiment, a gRNA molecule can be delivered by such modes. The Cas9 molecule component can be delivered by a mode which results in less persistence or less exposure of its to the body or a particular compartment or tissue or organ.

More generally, in an embodiment, a first mode of delivery is used to deliver a first component and a second mode of delivery is used to deliver a second component. The first mode of delivery confers a first pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic property. The first pharmacodynamic property can be, e.g., distribution, persistence, or exposure, of the component, or of a nucleic acid that encodes the component, in the body, a compartment, tissue or organ. The second mode of delivery confers a second pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic property. The second pharmacodynamic property can be, e.g., distribution, persistence, or exposure, of the component, or of a nucleic acid that encodes the component, in the body, a compartment, tissue or organ.

In an embodiment, the first pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic property, e.g., distribution, persistence or exposure, is more limited than the second pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic property.

In an embodiment, the first mode of delivery is selected to optimize, e.g., minimize, a pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic property, e.g., distribution, persistence or exposure.

In an embodiment, the second mode of delivery is selected to optimize, e.g., maximize, a pharmacodynamic or pharmcokinetic property, e.g., distribution, persistence or exposure.

In an embodiment, the first mode of delivery comprises the use of a relatively persistent element, e.g., a nucleic acid, e.g., a plasmid or viral vector, e.g., an AAV or lentivirus. As such vectors are relatively persistent product transcribed from them would be relatively persistent.

In an embodiment, the second mode of delivery comprises a relatively transient element, e.g., an RNA or protein.

In an embodiment, the first component comprises gRNA, and the delivery mode is relatively persistent, e.g., the gRNA is transcribed from a plasmid or viral vector, e.g., an AAV or lentivirus. Transcription of these genes would be of little physiological consequence because the genes do not encode for a protein product, and the gRNAs are incapable of acting in isolation. The second component, a Cas9 molecule, is delivered in a transient manner, for example as mRNA or as protein, ensuring that the full Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex is only present and active for a short period of time.

Furthermore, the components can be delivered in different molecular form or with different delivery vectors that complement one another to enhance safety and tissue specificity.

Use of differential delivery modes can enhance performance, safety and efficacy. For example, the likelihood of an eventual off-target modification can be reduced. Delivery of immunogenic components, e.g., Cas9 molecules, by less persistent modes can reduce immunogenicity, as peptides from the bacterially-derived Cas enzyme are displayed on the surface of the cell by MHC molecules. A two-part delivery system can alleviate these drawbacks.

Differential delivery modes can be used to deliver components to different, but overlapping target regions. The formation active complex is minimized outside the overlap of the target regions. Thus, in an embodiment, a first component, e.g., a gRNA molecule is delivered by a first delivery mode that results in a first spatial, e.g., tissue, distribution. A second component, e.g., a Cas9 molecule is delivered by a second delivery mode that results in a second spatial, e.g., tissue, distribution. In an embodiment, the first mode comprises a first element selected from a liposome, nanoparticle, e.g., polymeric nanoparticle, and a nucleic acid, e.g., viral vector. The second mode comprises a second element selected from the group. In an embodiment, the first mode of delivery comprises a first targeting element, e.g., a cell specific receptor or an antibody, and the second mode of delivery does not include that element. In an embodiment, the second mode of delivery comprises a second targeting element, e.g., a second cell specific receptor or second antibody.

When the Cas9 molecule is delivered in a virus delivery vector, a liposome, or polymeric nanoparticle, there is the potential for delivery to and therapeutic activity in multiple tissues, when it may be desirable to only target a single tissue. A two-part delivery system can resolve this challenge and enhance tissue specificity. If the gRNA molecule and the Cas9 molecule are packaged in separated delivery vehicles with distinct but overlapping tissue tropism, the fully functional complex is only be formed in the tissue that is targeted by both vectors.

VI. Payloads

Cas9 molecules, typically eiCas9 molecules and gRNA molecules, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex, can be used to deliver a wide variety of payloads. In an embodiment, the payload is delivered to target nucleic acids or to chromatin, or other components, near or associated with a target nucleic acid.

While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the sequence specificity of the gRNA molecule of an eiCas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex contributes to a specific interaction with the target sequence, thereby effecting the delivery of a payload associated with, e.g., covalently or noncovalently coupled to, the Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex.

In an embodiment, the payload is covalently or non-covalently coupled to a Cas9, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule. In an embodiment, the payload is covalently or non-covalently coupled to a gRNA molecule. In an embodiment, the payload is linked to a Cas9 molecule, or gRNA molecule, by a linker, e.g., a linker which comprises a bond cleavable under physiological conditions. In an embodiment the bond is not cleavable or is only poorly cleavable, under physiological conditions. In an embodiment, “covalently coupled” means as part of a fusion protein containing a Cas9 molecule.

Delivery of Multiple Payloads

In an embodiment, a first payload molecule is delivered by a first Cas9 molecule and a second payload molecule is delivered by a second Cas9 molecule. In an embodiment, the first and second payloads are the same. In an embodiment, first and second Cas9 molecules are the same, e.g. are from the same species, have the same PAM, and/or have the same sequence. In an embodiment, first and second Cas9 molecules are different, e.g. are from different species, have the different PAMs, and/or have different sequences. Examples of configurations are provided in Table VI-1. Typically the Cas9 molecules of Table VI-1 are eiCas9 molecules. In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule is selected such that payload delivery and cleavage are both effected. In an embodiment, multiple payloads, e.g., two payloads, is delivered with a single Cas9 molecule.

TABLE VI-1
Configurations for delivery of payloads by more
than one Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex
First Cas9	Second Cas9	First	Second
molecule	molecule	Payload	Payload	Comments
C1	C1	P1	P1	In this embodiment, both Cas9 molecules are
				the same, as are both payloads. In an
				embodiment, the first and second Cas9
				molecule are guided by different gRNA
				molecules.
C1	C1	P1	P2	In this embodiment, both Cas9 molecules are
				the same but each delivers a different
				Payloads. In an embodiment, the first and
				second Cas9 molecule are guided by different
				gRNA molecules.
C1	C2	P1	P1	In this embodiment, the Cas9 molecules are
				different but each delivers the same payload.
				In an embodiment, the first and second Cas9
				molecule are guided by different gRNA
				molecules.
C1	C2	P1	P2	In this embodiment, the Cas9 molecules are
				different as are the payloads. In an
				embodiment, the first and second Cas9
				molecule are guided by different gRNA
				molecules.

In an embodiment, two different drugs are delivered. In an embodiment, a first payload, e.g., a drug, coupled by a first linker to a first Cas9 molecule and a second payload, e.g., a drug, coupled by a second linker to a second Cas9 molecule are delivered. In an embodiment, the first and second payloads are the same, and, in an embodiment, are coupled to the respective Cas9 molecule by different linkers, e.g., having different release kinetics. In an embodiment, the first and second payloads are different, and, in an embodiment, are coupled to the respective Cas9 molecule by the same linker. In an embodiment, the first and second payload interact. E.g., the first and second payloads form a complex, e.g., a dimeric or multimeric complex, e.g., a dimeric protein. In an embodiment, the first payload can activate the second payload, e.g., the first payload can modify, e.g., cleave or phosphorylate, the second payload. In an embodiment the first payload interacts with the second payload to modify, e.g., increase or decrease, an activity of the second payload.

A payload can be delivered in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo.

Classes of Payloads

A payload can comprise a large molecule or biologics (e.g., antibody molecules), a fusion protein, an amino acid sequence fused, as a fusion partner, to a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule, an enzyme, a small molecules (e.g., HDAC and other chromatin modifiers/inhibitors, exon skipping molecules, transcription inhibitors), a microsatellite extension inhibitor, a carbohydrate, and DNA degraders (e.g., in an infectious disease or “foreign” DNA setting), a nucleic acid, e.g., a DNA, RNA, mRNA, siRNA, RNAi, or an antisense oligonucleotide.

Table VI-2 provides exemplary classes of payloads.

TABLE VI-2
Exemplary Classes of Payloads
Large Molecules
Small Molecules
Polymers
Biologies
Proteins and polypeptides, e.g., antibodies,
enzymes, structural peptides, ligands, receptors,
fusion proteins, fusion partners (as a fusion protein
with a Cas9, e.g., and eiCas9)
Carbohydrates
HDAC and other chromatin modifiers/inhibitors
Exon skipping molecules,
Transcription inhibitors
Microsatellite extension inhibitors
Entities that degrade DNA

Large Molecules

In an embodiment a payload comprises a polymer, e.g., a biological polymer, e.g., a protein, nucleic acid, or carbohydrate.

In an embodiment the payload comprises a protein, biologic, or other large molecule (i.e., a molecule having a molecular weight of at least, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 kD). In an embodiment a payload comprises a polymer, e.g., a biological polymer, e.g., a protein, nucleic acid, or carbohydrate. The polymer can be a naturally occurring or non-naturally occurring polymer. In an embodiment, the payload is a natural product. For example, the natural product can be a large molecule or a small molecule.

Polypeptides, Proteins

In an embodiment the payload comprises a protein or polypeptide, e.g., a protein or polypeptide covalently or non-covalently coupled to a Cas9 molecule.

In an embodiment, the protein or polypeptide is dimeric or multimeric, and each subunit is delivered by a Cas9 molecule. In an embodiment, a first protein and second protein are delivered by one or more Cas9 molecules, e.g., each by a separate Cas9 molecule or both by the same Cas9 molecule.

In an embodiment, the protein or polypeptide is linked to a Cas9 molecule by a linker, e.g., a linker which comprises a bond cleavable under physiological conditions. In an embodiment, a linker is a linker from Section XI herein. In an embodiment, the bond is not cleavable under physiological conditions.

Specific Binding Ligands, Antibodies

In an embodiment the payload comprises a ligand, e.g., a protein, having specific affinity for a counter ligand. In an embodiment, the ligand can be a receptor (or the ligand for a receptor), or an antibody.

In an embodiment a payload comprises an antibody molecule. Exemplary antibody molecules include, e.g., proteins or polypeptides that include at least one immunoglobulin variable domain. For example, an antibody can include a heavy (H) chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VH), and a light (L) chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VL). In another example, an antibody includes two heavy (H) chain variable regions and two light (L) chain variable regions. The term “antibody” encompasses antigen-binding fragments of antibodies (e.g., single chain antibodies, Fab and sFab fragments, F(ab′)2, Fd fragments, Fv fragments, scFv, and domain antibodies (dAb) fragments (de Wildt et al., EUR J IMUNOL. 1996; 26(3):629-639)). For example, antigen-binding fragments of antibodies can include, e.g., (i) a Fab fragment, a monovalent fragment consisting of the VL, VH, CL and CH1 domains; (ii) a F(ab′)₂ fragment, a bivalent fragment including two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH1 domains; (iv) a Fv fragment consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody, (v) a dAb fragment (Ward et al., (1989) NATURE 341:544-546), which consists of a VH domain; and (vi) an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR) that retains functionality. Furthermore, although the two domains of the Fv fragment, VL and VH, are coded for by separate genes, they can be joined, using recombinant methods, by a synthetic linker that enables them to be made as a single protein chain in which the VL and VH regions pair to form monovalent molecules known as single chain Fv (scFv). See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,260,203, 4,946,778, and 4,881,175; Bird et al., (1988) SCIENCE 242:423-426; and Huston et al., (1988) PROC. NATL. ACAD. SCI. USA 85:5879-5883. An antibody can have the structural features of IgA, IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM (as well as subtypes thereof). Antibodies may be from any source, but primate (human and non-human primate) and primatized are preferred. In an embodiment, the antibody is a human antibody or humanized antibody.

In an embodiment, the antibody molecule is a single-domain antibody (e.g., an sdAb, e.g., a nanobody), e.g., an antibody fragment consisting of a single monomeric variable antibody domain. In an embodiment, the molecular weight of the single-domain antibody is about 12-15 kDa. For example, the single-domain antibody can be engineered from heavy-chain antibodies found in camelids (e.g., VHH fragments). Cartilaginous fishes also have heavy-chain antibodies (IgNAR, ‘immunoglobulin new antigen receptor’), from which single-domain antibodies called VNAR fragments can be obtained. An alternative approach is to split the dimeric variable domains from common immunoglobulin G (IgG), e.g., from humans or mice, into monomers. Single-domain antibodies derived from either heavy or light chain can be obtained to bind specifically to target epitopes. For example, a single-domain antibody can be a peptide chain of about 110 amino acids long, comprising one variable domain (VH) of a heavy-chain antibody, or of a common IgG.

Single-domain antibodies can have similar affinity to antigens as whole antibodies. They can also be more heat-resistant and/or stable towards detergents and high concentrations of urea. Those, e.g., derived from camelid and fish antibodies can be less lipophilic and more soluble in water, owing to their complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3), which forms an extended loop covering the lipophilic site that normally binds to a light chain. In an embodiment, the single-domain antibody does not show complement system triggered cytotoxicity, e.g., because they lack an Fc region. Single-domain antibodies, e.g., camelid and fish derived sdAbs, can bind to hidden antigens that may not be accessible to whole antibodies, for example to the active sites of enzymes. This property can result from their extended CDR3 loop, which is able to penetrate such sites.

A single-domain antibody can be obtained by immunization of, e.g., dromedaries, camels, llamas, alpacas or sharks with the desired antigen and subsequent isolation of the mRNA coding for heavy-chain antibodies. By reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction, a gene library of single-domain antibodies containing several million clones is produced. Screening techniques like phage display and ribosome display help to identify the clones binding the antigen.

A different method uses gene libraries from animals that have not been immunized beforehand. Such naïve libraries usually contain only antibodies with low affinity to the desired antigen, making it necessary to apply affinity maturation by random mutagenesis as an additional step.

When the most potent clones have been identified, their DNA sequence can be optimized, for example to improve their stability towards enzymes. Another goal is humanization to prevent immunological reactions of the human organism against the antibody. The final step is the translation of the optimized single-domain antibody in E. coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae or other suitable organisms.

Alternatively, single-domain antibodies can be made from common murine or human IgG with four chains. The process is similar, comprising gene libraries from immunized or naïve donors and display techniques for identification of the most specific antigens. Monomerization is usually accomplished by replacing lipophilic by hydrophilic amino acids. If affinity can be retained, the single-domain antibodies can likewise be produced in E. coli, S. cerevisiae or other organisms.

In an embodiment, a payload comprises a transcription activator protein or domain, e.g., a VP16 protein or domain, or a transcription repressor protein or domain.

Fusion Proteins and Fusion Partners

In an embodiment the payload comprises a fusion protein. Exemplary fusion proteins include a first and second fusion partner, which can possess different functional properties or which can be derived from different proteins. In an embodiment, the fusion protein can comprise a first fusion partner that binds a nucleic acid and a second fusion partner that that comprises an enzymatic activity or that promotes or inhibits gene expression. In an embodiment, the payload itself is a fusion protein. In an embodiment, the payload is fused to a Cas9 molecule.

For example, the fusion protein can contain a segment that adds stability and/or deliverability to the fused protein. In an embodiment, the fusion protein can be a protein described herein (e.g., a receptor) fused to an immunoglobulin fragment (e.g., Fc fragment), transferring, or a plasma protein, e.g., albumin. The fusion protein can also contain a segment that adds toxicity to the fused protein (e.g. conveyed by toxins, enzymes or cytokines). Fusion proteins can also be used to enable delivery and/or targeting routes (e.g., by HIV-1 TAT protein). Other examples include, e.g., fusions that allow for mutivalency, such as streptavidin fusions, or fusions of two active components (e.g., with or without a cleavable linker in between).

In an embodiment, the protein or polypeptide is a fusion partner with a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule.

In an embodiment, a payload comprises fusion partner with a Cas9 molecule comprising a transcription activator protein or domain, e.g., a VP16 protein or domain, or a transcription repressor protein or domain.

Enzymes

In an embodiment a payload comprises an enzyme. Exemplary enzymes include, e.g., oxidoreductases (e.g., catalyze oxidation/reduction reactions), transferases (e.g., transfer a functional group (e.g. a methyl or phosphate group)), hydrolases (e.g., catalyze the hydrolysis of various bonds), lyases (e.g., cleave various bonds by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation), isomerases (catalyze isomerization changes within a single molecule), and ligases (e.g., join two molecules with covalent bonds). In an embodiment an enzymes mediates or is associated with one or more functions in the cell nucleus, e.g., DNA synthesis, transcription, epigenetic modification of DNA and histones, RNA post-transcriptional modification, cell cycle control, DNA damage repair, or genomic instability.

Small Molecules

In an embodiment a payload comprises a small molecule compounds.

In an embodiment a small molecule is a regulator of a biological process. For example, a small molecule can bind to a second molecule, e.g., biopolymer, e.g., a carbohydrate, protein, polypeptide, or a nucleic acid, and in an embodiment, alter one or more of the structure, distribution, activity, or function of the second molecule. In an embodiment, the size of the small molecule is on the order of 10⁻⁹ m. In an embodiment, the molecular weight of the small molecule is, e.g., between 200 amu and 500 amu, between 300 amu and 700 amu, between 500 amu and 700 amu, between 700 amu and 900 amu, or between 500 amu and 900 amu.

Exemplary small molecules include histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (e.g., suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), or romidepsin), histone methyltransferase inhibitors (, DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (e.g., azacitidine (or 5-azacitidine), decitabine (or 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine), or DNA replication inhibitors. Small molecules can also include, e.g., small nucleic acid molecules (1-4 bases depending upon the base, e.g., that would be under 2 kD) and peptides.

Microsatellite extension inhibitors

In an embodiment a payload comprises a microsatellite extension inhibitor. In an embodiment, the microsatellite extension inhibitor is a DNA mismatch repair protein. Exemplary DNA mismatch repair proteins that can be delivered by the molecules and methods described herein include, e.g., MSH2, MSH3, MSH6, MLH1, MLH3, PMS1, PMS2.

Signal generators, radionuclides, reporter molecules, diagnostic probes

In an embodiment a payload comprises a molecule that generates a signal. Such payloads are useful, e.g., in research, therapeutic (e.g., cancer therapy) and diagnostic applications. In an embodiment, the signal comprises: an electromagnetic emission, e.g., in the infrared, visible, or ultraviolet range; a particle, e.g., a product of radioactive decay, e.g., an alpha, beta, or gamma particle; a detectable substrate, e.g., a colored substrate; a reaction product, e.g., the product of an enzymatic reaction; or a ligand detectable by a specific binding agent, e.g., an antibody; or a dye. In an embodiment the signal comprises a fluorescent emission, e.g., by a fluorescent protein. Exemplary fluorescent proteins include, Blue/UV Proteins (e.g., TagBFP, mTagBFP, Azurite, EBFP2, mKalama1, Sirius, Sapphire, T-Sapphire), Cyan Proteins (e.g., ECFP, Cerulean, SCFP3A, mTurquoise, mTurquoise2, monomeric Midoriishi-Cyan, TagCFP, mTFP1), Green Proteins (e.g., EGFP, Emerald, Superfolder GFP, Monomeric Azami Green, TagGFP2, mUKG, mWasabi, Clover, mNeonGreen), Yellow Proteins (e.g., EYFP, Citrine, Venus, SYFP2, TagYFP), Orange Proteins (e.g., Monomeric Kusabira-Orange, mKOκ, mKO2, mOrange, mOrange2), Red Proteins (mRaspberry, mCherry, mStrawberry, mTangerine, tdTomato, TagRFP, TagRFP-T, mApple, mRuby, mRuby2), Far-Red Proteins (e.g., mPlum, HcRed-Tandem, mKate2, mNeptune, NirFP, TagRFP657, IFP1.4, iRFP), Long Stokes Shift Proteins (e.g., mKeima Red, LSS-mKate1, LSS-mKate2, mBeRFP), Photoactivatible Proteins (e.g., PA-GFP, PAmCherryl, PATagRFP), Photoconvertible Proteins (e.g., Kaede (green), Kaede (red), KikGR1 (green), KikGR1 (red), PS-CFP2, mEos2 (green), mEos2 (red), mEos3.2 (green), mEos3.2 (red), PSmOrange), Photoswitchable Proteins (e.g., Dronpa).

In an embodiment, a signal producing moiety is provided as the fusion partner of a Cas9 molecule, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule.

Signal generators or reporters, useful, e.g., for labelingr polypeptides include, but are not (limited to, the following: radioisotopes or radionuclides (e.g., indium ¹¹¹In) iodine (¹³¹I or ¹²⁵I), yttrium (⁹⁰Y), lutetium (¹⁷⁷Lu), actinium (²²⁵Ac), bismuth (²¹²Bi or ²¹³Bi), sulfur (³⁵S), carbon (¹⁴C), tritium (³H), rhodium (¹⁸⁸Rh), technetium (⁹⁹mTc), praseodymium, or phosphorous (³²P) or a positron-emitting radionuclide, e.g., carbon-11 (¹¹C), potassium-40 (⁴⁰K), nitrogen-13 (¹³N), oxygen-15 (¹⁵O), fluorine-18 (¹⁸F), and iodine-121 (¹²¹I),) fluorescent labels (e.g., FITC, rhodamine, lanthanide phosphors), enzymatic labels (e.g., horseradish peroxidase, beta-galactosidase, luciferase, alkaline phosphatase), chemiluminescent, biotinyl groups (which can be detected by a marked avidin, e.g., a molecule containing a streptavidin moiety and a fluorescent marker or an enzymatic activity that can be detected by optical or calorimetric methods), and predetermined polypeptide epitopes recognized by a secondary reporter (e.g., leucine zipper pair sequences, binding sites for secondary antibodies, metal binding domains, epitope tags). In an embodiment, labels are attached by spacer arms of various lengths to reduce potential steric hindrance.

In an embodiment, a payload comprises a radionuclide. The radionuclide can be incorporated into the gRNA molecule, the Cas9 molecule, or into a payload molecule. Exemplary radionuclides include, e.g., beta emitters, alpha emitters or gamma emitters. In an embodiment the radionuclide is iodine, e.g., ¹³¹I or ¹²⁵I, yttrium, e.g., ⁹⁰Y, lutetium, e.g., ¹⁷⁷Lu, Actinium, e.g., ²²⁵Ac, bismuth, e.g., ²¹²Bi or ²¹³Bi), sulfur, e.g., ³⁵S), carbon, e.g., ¹⁴C tritium, ³H), rhodium, e.g., ¹⁸⁸Rh, technetium, e.g., ⁹⁹Tc, praseodymium, or phosphorous, e.g., ³²P.

Modulators of DNA and Chromatin Structure

In an embodiment, a payload comprises an endogenous or exogenous modulator of DNA structure. A modulator, as is typical of payloads, can be delivered in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo.

In an embodiment, the payload comprises a modulator of an epigenetic state or characteristic of DNA. In an embodiment an epigenetic state or characteristic can be altered to treat a disorder, or to influence the developmental or other state of a cell.

In an embodiment, the epigenetic state or characteristic comprises DNA methylation. For example, the payloads described herein can modulate the addition of methyl groups to DNA, e.g., to convert cytosine to 5-methylcytosine, e.g., at CpG sites.

Aberrant DNA methylation patterns (e.g., hypermethylation and hypomethylation compared to normal tissue) are associated with various diseases and conditions, e.g., cancer. The modulators described herein can be used to reactivate transcriptionally silenced genes or to inhibit transcriptionally hyperactive genes, e.g., to treat diseases, e.g., cancer.

DNA methylation can affect gene transcription. Genes with high levels of 5-methylcytosine, e.g., in their promoter region, can be transcriptionally less active or silent. Thus, methods described herein can be used to target and suppress transcriptional activity, e.g., of genes described herein.

In an embodiment, the modulator promotes maintenance of DNA methylation. For example, the modulators can have DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity or modulate DNMT activity, e.g., to maintain DNA methylation or reduce passive DNA demethylation, e.g., after DNA replication.

In an embodiment, the modulator promotes de novo DNA methylation. For example, the modulators described herein can have de novo DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) (e.g., DNMT3a, DNMT3b, DNMT3L) activity or modulate de novo DNMT (e.g., DNMT3a, DNMT3b, DNMT3L) activity, e.g., to produce DNA methylation patterns, e.g., early in development.

Epigenetic changes in DNA (e.g., methylation), can be evaluated by art-known methods or as described herein. Exemplary methods for detecting DNA methylation include, e.g., Methylation-Specific PCR (MSP), whole genome bisulfite sequencing (BS-Seq), HELP (HpaII tiny fragment Enrichment by Ligation-mediated PCR) assay, ChIP-on-chip assays, restriction landmark genomic scanning, Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP), pyrosequencing of bisulfite treated DNA, molecular break light assay for DNA adenine methyltransferase activity, methyl sensitive Southern Blotting, separation of native DNA into methylated and unmethylated fractions using MethylCpG Binding Proteins (MBPs) and fusion proteins containing just the Methyl Binding Domain (MBD).

In an embodiment, the modulator cleaves DNA. For example, a modulator can catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of phosphodiester linkages in the DNA backbone. In an embodiment, the modulator (e.g., DNase I) cleaves DNA preferentially at phosphodiester linkages adjacent to a pyrimidine nucleotide, yielding 5′-phosphate-terminated polynucleotides with a free hydroxyl group on position 3′. In an embodiment, the modulator (e.g., DNase II) hydrolyzes deoxyribonucleotide linkages in DNA, yielding products with 3′-phosphates. In an embodiment, the modulator comprises endodeoxyribonuclease activity. In an embodiment, the modulator comprises exodeoxyribonuclease activity (e.g., having 3′ to 5′ or 5′ to 3′ exodeoxyribonuclease activity). In an embodiment, the modulator recognizes a specific DNA sequence (e.g., a restriction enzyme). In an embodiment, the modulator does not cleave DNA in a sequence-specific manner. A modulator can cleave single-stranded DNA (e.g., having nickase activity), double-stranded DNA, or both.

In an embodiment, modulator affects, e.g., alters or preserves, tertiary or quaternary DNA structure. For example, the modulators described herein can modulate tertiary structure, e.g., handedness (right or left), length of the helix turn, number of base pairs per turn, and/or difference in size between the major and minor grooves. In an embodiment, the modulator mediates the formation of B-DNA, A-DNA, and/or Z-DNA. The modulators described herein can also modulate quaternary structure, e.g., the interaction of DNA with other molecules (DNA or non-DNA molecules, e.g., histones), e.g., in the form of chromatin. In an embodiment, the modulator that mediate or modify tertiary or quaternary DNA structure comprises DNA helicases activity or modulates DNA helicase activity.

In an embodiment, the modulator promotes or inhibits DNA damage response and/or repair. For example, a modulator can promote one or more DNA damage response and repair mechanisms, e.g., direct reversal, base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER) (e.g., global genomic repair (GG-NER), transcription-coupled repair (TC-NER)), mismatch repair (MMR), non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ), homologous recombination, and/or translesion synthesis (TLS). In an embodiment, a modulator promotes the step of damage recognition. In an embodiment, a modulator promotes the step of DNA repair.

Aberrant DNA damage repair is associated with various diseases and conditions, e.g., aging, hereditary DNA repair disorders, and cancer. For example, DNA repair gene mutations that can increase cancer risk include, e.g., BRCA1 and BRCA2 (e.g., involved in homologous recombination repair (HRR) of double-strand breaks and daughter strand gaps, e.g., in breast and ovarian cancer); ATM (e.g., different mutations reduce HRR, single strand annealing (SSA), NHEJ or homology-directed DSBR (HDR), e.g., in leukemia, lymphoma, and breast cancer), NBS (e.g., involved in NHEJ, e.g., in lymphoid malignancies); MRE11 (e.g., involved in HRR, e.g., in breast cancer); BLM (e.g., involved in HRR, e.g., in leukemia, lymphoma, colon, breast, skin, auditory canal, tongue, esophagus, stomach, tonsil, larynx, lung, and uterus cancer); WRN (e.g., involved in HRR, NHEJ, long-patch BER, e.g., in soft tissue sarcomas, colorectal, skin, thyroid, and pancreatic cancer); RECQ4 (RECQL4) (e.g., involved in HRR, e.g., causing Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS), RAPADILINO syndrome or Baller Gerold syndrome, cutaneous carcinomas, including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and Bowen's disease); FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, FANCI, FANCJ, FANCL, FANCM, and FANCN (e.g., involved in HRR and TLS, e.g., in leukemia, liver tumors, solid tumors in many locations), XPC and XPE(DDB2) (e.g., involved in NER(GGR type), e.g., in skin cancer (melanoma and non-melanoma)); XPA, XPB, XPD, XPF, and XPG (e.g., involved in NER (both GGR type and TCR type), e.g., in skin cancer (melanoma and non-melanoma) and central nervous system); XPV(POLH) (e.g., involved in TLS, e.g., in skin cancer (melanoma and non-melanoma)); hMSH2, hMSH6, hMLH1, and hPMS2 (involved in MMR, e.g., in colorectal, endometrial and ovarian cancer); MUTYH (e.g., involved in BER of A mispaired with 80H-dG, as well as mispairs with G, FapydG and C, e.g., in colon cancer)

Modulators can be used to treat a disease or condition associated with aberrant DNA damage repair, e.g., by modulating one or more DNA damage repair mechanisms described herein.

In an embodiment, the modulator is selected from, or modulates, one or more proteins involved in direct reversal, e.g., methyl guanine methyl transferase (MGMT).

In an embodiment, the modulator is selected from, or modulates, one or more proteins involved in BER, e.g., DNA glycosylase, AP endonuclease, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase.

In an embodiment, the modulator is selected from, or modulates, one or more proteins involved in GG-NER, e.g., XPC, HR23b, CAK, TFIIH, XPA, RPA, XPG, XPF, ERCC1, TFIIH, PCNA, RFC, ADN Pol, and Ligase I.

In an embodiment, the modulator is selected from, or modulates, one or more proteins involved in TC-NER, e.g., CSB, XPA, RPA, XPG, XPF, ERCC1, CSA-CNS, TFIIH, CAK, PCNA, RFC, Ligase I, and RNA Polymerase II.

In an embodiment, the modulator is selected from, or modulates, one or more DNA mismatch repair proteins.

In an embodiment, the modulator is selected from, or modulates, one or more proteins involved in NHEJ, e.g., Ku70/80, DNA-PKcs, DNA Ligase IV, XRCC4, XLF, Artemis, DNA polymerase mu, DNA polymerase lambda, PNKP, Aprataxin, and APLF.

In an embodiment, the modulator is selected from, or modulates, one or more proteins involved in homologous recombination, e.g., as described herein.

In an embodiment, the modulator is selected from, or modulates, one or more proteins involved in TLS, e.g., DNA polymerase eta, iota, kappa, zeta, and PCNA.

In an embodiment, a modulator can modulate global response to DNA damage, e.g., DNA damage checkpoints and/or transcriptional responses to DNA damage. For example, DNA damage checkpoints can occur at the G1/S and G2/M boundaries. An intra-S checkpoint can also exist. Checkpoint activation can be modulated by two master kinases, ATM and ATR. ATM can respond to DNA double-strand breaks and disruptions in chromatin structure and ATR can respond to stalled replication forks. These kinases can phosphorylate downstream targets in a signal transduction cascade, e.g., leading to cell cycle arrest. A class of checkpoint mediator proteins (e.g., BRCA1, MDC1, and 53BP1), which transmit the checkpoint activation signal to downstream proteins, can be modulated. Exemplary downstream proteins that can be modulated include, e.g., p53, p21, and cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase complexes.

In an embodiment, the modulator modulates nuclear DNA damage response and repair. In an embodiment, the modulator modulates mitochondrial DNA damage response and repair.

In an embodiment, the modulator promotes or inhibits DNA replication. For example, a modulator can promote or inhibit one or more stages of DNA replication, e.g., initiation (e.g., assembly of pre-replicative complex and/or initiation complex), elongation (e.g., formation of replication fork), and termination (e.g., formation of replication fork barrier). In an embodiment, the modulator is selected from, or modulates, one or more proteins involved in initiation, e.g., the origin recognition complex (ORC), CDC6, CDT1, minichromosome maintenance proteins (e.g., MCM2, MCM3, MCM4, MCM5, MCM6, MCM7, and MCM10), CDC45, CDK, DDK, CDC101, CDC102, CDC103, and CDC105. In an embodiment, the modulator is selected from, or modulates, one or more proteins involved in elongation, e.g., DNA helicases, DNA polymerase, PCNA, CDC45-MCM-GINS helicase complex, and Replication Factor C complex.

In an embodiment, the modulator is selected, from or modulates, one or more proteins involved in termination, e.g., type II topoisomerase and telomerase. In an embodiment, the modulator is selected from, or modulates, one or more replication checkpoint proteins, e.g., ATM, ATR, ATRIP, TOPBP1, RAD9, HUS1, Rad1, and CHK1.

In an embodiment, the payload comprises a modulator of nuclear DNA replication. In an embodiment, the modulator promotes or inhibits mitochondrial DNA replication.

Defects in DNA replication can be associated with various diseases and conditions, e.g., cancer and neurological diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease). Defects in mitochondrial DNA replication can also be associated with diseases and conditions, e.g., mtDNA depletion syndromes (e.g., Alpers or early infantile hepatocerebral syndromes) and mtDNA deletion disorders (e.g., progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO), ataxia-neuropathy, or mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE)). A modulator can be used to treat a disease or condition associated with aberrant DNA replication, e.g., by modulating DNA replication as described herein.

Exemplary endogenous or exogenous modulators of DNA structure are described herein, e.g., in Table VI-3.

TABLE VI-3
DNA2          DNA replication helicase/nuclease 2
DNAAF1        dynein, axonemal, assembly factor 1
DNAAF2        dynein, axonemal, assembly factor 2
DNAAF3        dynein, axonemal, assembly factor 3
DNAH1         dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 1
DNAH2         dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 2
DNAH3         dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 3
DNAH5         dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 5
DNAH6         dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 6
DNAH7         dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 7
DNAH8         dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 8
DNAH9         dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 9
DNAH10        dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 10
DNAH10OS      dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 10 opposite strand
DNAH11        dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 11
DNAH12        dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 12
DNAH14        dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 14
DNAH17        dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 17
DNAH17-AS1    DNAH17 antisense RNA 1
DNAI1         dynein, axonemal, intermediate chain 1
DNAI2         dynein, axonemal, intermediate chain 2
DNAJB8-AS1    DNAJB8 antisense RNA 1
DNAJC3-AS1    DNAJC3 antisense RNA 1 (head to head)
DNAJC9-AS1    DNAJC9 antisense RNA 1
DNAJC25-GNG10 DNAJC25-GNG10 readthrough
DNAJC27-AS1   DNAJC27 antisense RNA 1
DNAL1         dynein, axonemal, light chain 1
DNAL4         dynein, axonemal, light chain 4
DNALI1        dynein, axonemal, light intermediate chain 1
DNASE1        deoxyribonuclease I
DNASE1L1      deoxyribonuclease I-like 1
DNASE1L2      deoxyribonuclease I-like 2
DNASE1L3      deoxyribonuclease I-like 3
DNASE2        deoxyribonuclease II, lysosomal
DNASE2B       deoxyribonuclease II beta
CD226         CD226 molecule
FAM120A       family with sequence similarity 120A
GAK           cyclin G associated kinase
GCFC2         GC-rich sequence DNA-binding factor 2
MCM10         minichromosome maintenance complex component 10
PRKDC         protein kinase, DNA-activated, catalytic polypeptide
SACS          spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (sacsin)
SCNN1D        sodium channel, non-voltage-gated 1, delta subunit
SPATS2L       spermatogenesis associated, serine-rich 2-like
MT7SDNA       mitochondrially encoded 7S DNA
DCLRE1A       DNA cross-link repair 1A
DCLRE1B       DNA cross-link repair 1B
DCLRE1C       DNA cross-link repair 1C
DDIT3         DNA-damage-inducible transcript 3
DDIT4         DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4
DDIT4L        DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4-like
DFFA          DNA fragmentation factor, 45 kDa, alpha polypeptide
DFFB          DNA fragmentation factor, 40 kDa, beta polypeptide (caspase-activated DNase)
DMAP1         DNA methyltransferase 1 associated protein 1
DMC1          DNA meiotic recombinase 1
DNMT1         DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 1
DNMT3A        DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 3 alpha
DNMT3B        DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 3 beta
DNMT3L        DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 3-like
DNTT          DNA nucleotidylexotransferase
DRAM1         DNA-damage regulated autophagy modulator 1
DRAM2         DNA-damage regulated autophagy modulator 2
DSCC1         DNA replication and sister chromatid cohesion 1
ZBP1          Z-DNA binding protein 1
SON           SON DNA binding protein
TARDBP        TAR DNA binding protein
BMF           Bcl2 modifying factor
CENPBD1       CENPB DNA-binding domains containing 1
UNG           uracil-DNA glycosylase
PDRG1         p53 and DNA-damage regulated 1
TDG           thymine-DNA glycosylase
TDP1          tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1
TDP2          tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2
AHDC1         AT hook, DNA binding motif, containing 1
GMNN          geminin, DNA replication inhibitor
PRIM1         primase, DNA, polypeptide 1 (49 kDa)
PRIM2         primase, DNA, polypeptide 2 (58 kDa)
HELB          helicase (DNA) B
LIG1          ligase I, DNA, ATP-dependent
SUMF1         sulfatase modifying factor 1
SUMF2         sulfatase modifying factor 2
LIG4          ligase IV, DNA, ATP-dependent
LIG3          ligase III, DNA, ATP-dependent
MDC1          mediator of DNA-damage checkpoint 1
MMS22L        MMS22-like, DNA repair protein
POLA1         polymerase (DNA directed), alpha 1, catalytic subunit
POLA2         polymerase (DNA directed), alpha 2, accessory subunit
POLB          polymerase (DNA directed), beta
POLD1         polymerase (DNA directed), delta 1, catalytic subunit
POLD2         polymerase (DNA directed), delta 2, accessory subunit
POLD3         polymerase (DNA-directed), delta 3, accessory subunit
POLD4         polymerase (DNA-directed), delta 4, accessory subunit
POLDIP2       polymerase (DNA-directed), delta interacting protein 2
POLDIP3       polymerase (DNA-directed), delta interacting protein 3
POLE          polymerase (DNA directed), epsilon, catalytic subunit
POLE2         polymerase (DNA directed), epsilon 2, accessory subunit
POLE3         polymerase (DNA directed), epsilon 3, accessory subunit
POLE4         polymerase (DNA-directed), epsilon 4, accessory subunit
POLG          polymerase (DNA directed), gamma
POLG2         polymerase (DNA directed), gamma 2, accessory subunit
POLH          polymerase (DNA directed), eta
POLI          polymerase (DNA directed) iota
POLK          polymerase (DNA directed) kappa
POLL          polymerase (DNA directed), lambda
POLM          polymerase (DNA directed), mu
POLN          polymerase (DNA directed) nu
POLQ          polymerase (DNA directed), theta
ID1           inhibitor of DNA binding 1, dominant negative helix-loop-helix protein
ID2           inhibitor of DNA binding 2, dominant negative helix-loop-helix protein
ID3           inhibitor of DNA binding 3, dominant negative helix-loop-helix protein
ID4           inhibitor of DNA binding 4, dominant negative helix-loop-helix protein
OGG1          8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase
MSANTD1       Myb/SANT-like DNA-binding domain containing 1
MSANTD2       Myb/SANT-like DNA-binding domain containing 2
MSANTD3       Myb/SANT-like DNA-binding domain containing 3
MSANTD4       Myb/SANT-like DNA-binding domain containing 4 with coiled-coils
PIF1          PIF1 5′-to-3′ DNA helicase
TONSL         tonsoku-like, DNA repair protein
MPG           N-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase
TOP1          topoisomerase (DNA) I
TOP1MT        topoisomerase (DNA) I, mitochondrial
TOP2A         topoisomerase (DNA) II alpha 170 kDa
TOP2B         topoisomerase (DNA) II beta 180 kDa
TOP3A         topoisomerase (DNA) III alpha
TOP3B         topoisomerase (DNA) III beta
TOPBP1        topoisomerase (DNA) II binding protein 1
DDB1          damage-specific DNA binding protein 1, 127 kDa
DDB2          damage-specific DNA binding protein 2, 48 kDa
SSBP1         single-stranded DNA binding protein 1, mitochondrial
SSBP2         single-stranded DNA binding protein 2
SSBP3         single stranded DNA binding protein 3
SSBP4         single stranded DNA binding protein 4
GADD45A       growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, alpha
GADD45B       growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, beta
GADD45G       growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, gamma
GADD45GIP1    growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, gamma interacting protein 1
MGMT          O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase
REV1          REV1, polymerase (DNA directed)
RECQL         RecQ protein-like (DNA helicase Q1-like)
CCDC6         coiled-coil domain containing 6
KLRK1         killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily K, member 1
N6AMT1        N-6 adenine-specific DNA methyltransferase 1 (putative)
N6AMT2        N-6 adenine-specific DNA methyltransferase 2 (putative)
POLR2A        polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide A, 220 kDa
POLR2B        polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide B, 140 kDa
POLR2C        polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide C, 33 kDa
POLR2D        polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide D
POLR2E        polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide E, 25 kDa
POLR2F        polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide F
POLR2G        polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide G
POLR2H        polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide H
POLR2I        polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide I, 14.5 kDa
POLR2J        polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide J, 13.3 kDa
POLR2J2       polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide J2
POLR2J3       polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide J3
POLR2K        polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide K, 7.0 kDa
POLR2L        polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide L, 7.6 kDa
POLR2M        polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide M
TRDMT1        tRNA aspartic acid methyltransferase 1
CHD1          chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 1
CHD1L         chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 1-like
CHD2          chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 2
CHD3          chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 3
CHD4          chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 4
CHD5          chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 5
CHD6          chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 6
CHD7          chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 7
CHD8          chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 8
CHD9          chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 9
KLLN          killin, p53-regulated DNA replication inhibitor
POLR3A        polymerase (RNA) III (DNA directed) polypeptide A, 155 kDa
POLR3B        polymerase (RNA) III (DNA directed) polypeptide B
POLR3C        polymerase (RNA) III (DNA directed) polypeptide C (62 kD)
POLR3D        polymerase (RNA) III (DNA directed) polypeptide D, 44 kDa
POLR3E        polymerase (RNA) III (DNA directed) polypeptide E (80 kD)
POLR3F        polymerase (RNA) III (DNA directed) polypeptide F, 39 kDa
POLR3G        polymerase (RNA) III (DNA directed) polypeptide G (32 kD)
POLR3GL       polymerase (RNA) III (DNA directed) polypeptide G (32 kD)-like
POLR3H        polymerase (RNA) III (DNA directed) polypeptide H (22.9 kD)
POLR3K        polymerase (RNA) III (DNA directed) polypeptide K, 12.3 kDa
WDHD1         WD repeat and HMG-box DNA binding protein 1
PGAP1         post-GPI attachment to proteins 1
PGAP2         post-GPI attachment to proteins 2
PGAP3         post-GPI attachment to proteins 3
REV3L         REV3-like, polymerase (DNA directed), zeta, catalytic subunit
CDT1          chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1
PANDAR        promoter of CDKN1A antisense DNA damage activated RNA
APEX1         APEX nuclease (multifunctional DNA repair enzyme) 1
CHMP1A        charged multivesicular body protein 1A
CHMP1B        charged multivesicular body protein 1B
CHMP2A        charged multivesicular body protein 2A
CHMP2B        charged multivesicular body protein 2B
CHMP4A        charged multivesicular body protein 4A
CHMP4B        charged multivesicular body protein 4B
CHMP4C        charged multivesicular body protein 4C
CHMP5         charged multivesicular body protein 5
CHMP6         charged multivesicular body protein 6
POLRMT        polymerase (RNA) mitochondrial (DNA directed)
SPIDR         scaffolding protein involved in DNA repair
MCIDAS        multiciliate differentiation and DNA synthesis associated cell cycle protein
PAPD7         PAP associated domain containing 7
RFX8          RFX family member 8, lacking RFX DNA binding domain
DEK           DEK oncogene
NUB1          negative regulator of ubiquitin-like proteins 1
PAXBP1        PAX3 and PAX7 binding protein 1
RAMP1         receptor (G protein-coupled) activity modifying protein 1
RAMP2         receptor (G protein-coupled) activity modifying protein 2
RAMP3         receptor (G protein-coupled) activity modifying protein 3
RC3H2         ring finger and CCCH-type domains 2
ARHGAP35      Rho GTPase activating protein 35
SMUG1         single-strand-selective monofunctional uracil-DNA glycosylase 1
CXXC1         CXXC finger protein 1
FAM50A        family with sequence similarity 50, member A
FANCG         Fanconi anemia, complementation group G
GLI3          GLI family zinc finger 3
GTF2H5        general transcription factor IIH, polypeptide 5
LAGE3         L antigen family, member 3
MYCNOS        MYCN opposite strand/antisense RNA
NFRKB         nuclear factor related to kappaB binding protein
RAD51D        RAD51 paralog D
RFX2          regulatory factor X, 2 (influences HLA class II expression)
RFXANK        regulatory factor X-associated ankyrin-containing protein
RRP1          ribosomal RNA processing 1
SPRTN         SprT-like N-terminal domain
XRCC4         X-ray repair complementing defective repair in Chinese hamster cells 4
CDK11A        cyclin-dependent kinase 11A
CDK11B        cyclin-dependent kinase 11B
LURAP1L       leucine rich adaptor protein 1-like
MAD2L2        MAD2 mitotic arrest deficient-like 2 (yeast)
PRDM2         PR domain containing 2, with ZNF domain
NABP2         nucleic acid binding protein 2
NABP1         nucleic acid binding protein 1
PPP1R15A      protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 15A
TATDN1        TatD DNase domain containing 1
TATDN2        TatD DNase domain containing 2
TATDN3        TatD DNase domain containing 3
CEBPB         CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), beta
INIP          INTS3 and NABP interacting protein
INTS3         integrator complex subunit 3
SDIM1         stress responsive DNAJB4 interacting membrane protein 1
DHX9          DEAH (Asp-Glu-Ala-His) (SEQ ID NO: 39) box helicase 9
SATB1         SATB homeobox 1
FEN1          flap structure-specific endonuclease 1
HCST          hematopoietic cell signal transducer
TYROBP        TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein
AFA           ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum
C9orf169      chromosome 9 open reading frame 169
TSPO2         translocator protein 2
TCIRG1        T-cell, immune regulator 1, ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V0 subunit A3
C1orf61       chromosome 1 open reading frame 61
HLA-DOA       major histocompatibility complex, class II, DO alpha
SPINK13       serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type 13 (putative)

In an embodiment, the payload comprises a modulator of an epigenetic state or characteristic of a component of chromatin, e.g., a chromatin associated protein, e.g., a histone. For example, the epigenetic state or characteristic can comprise histone acetylation, deacetylation, methylation (e.g., mono, di, or tri-methylation), demethylation, phosphorylation, dephosphorylation, ubiquitination (e.g., mono or polyubiquitination), deubiquitination, sumoylation, ADP-ribosylation, deimination, or a combination thereof.

In an embodiment, the modulator is selected from, or modulates, one or more histone modifying enzymes. In an embodiment, the histone modifying enzyme is a histone methyltransferase (HMT). In an embodiment, the histone modifying enzyme is a histone demethyltransferase (HDMT). In an embodiment, the histone modification enzyme is a histone acetyltransferase (HAT). In an embodiment, the histone modifying enzyme is a histone deacetylase (HDAC). In an embodiment, the histone modification enzyme is a kinase. In an embodiment, the histone modifying enzyme is a phosphatase. In an embodiment, the histone modifying enzyme is ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1s), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s), or ubiquitin ligases (E3s). In an embodiment, the histone modifying enzyme is a deubiquitinating (DUB) enzyme.

In an embodiment, histone modifications involved in regulation of gene transcription are modulated. For example, mono-methylation of H3K4, H3K9, H3K27, H3K79, H4K20, H2BK5, di-methylation of H3K79, tri-methylation of H3K4, H3K79, H3K36, and acetylation of H3K9, H3K14, H3K27, can be associated with transcription activation. As another example, di-methylation of H3K9, H3K27, and tri-methylation of H3K9, H3K27, H3K79, H2BK5 can be associated with transcription repression. In an embodiment, the modulator modulates trimethylation of H3 lysine 4 (H3K4Me3) and/or trimethylation of H3 lysine 36 (H3K36Me3), e.g., in active genes. In an embodiment, the modulator modulates trimethylation of H3 lysine 27 (H3K27Me3), di- and tri-methylation of H3 lysine 9 (H3K9Me2/3), and/or trimethylation of H4 lysine 20 (H4K20Me3), e.g., in repressed genes. In an embodiment, the modulator modulates both activating (e.g., H3K4Me3) and repressing (e.g., H3K27Me3) marks, e.g., in stem cells.

In an embodiment, histone modifications involved in DNA damage response and repair are modulated. For example, the modulators described herein can modulate phosphorylation of H2AX at Serine 139 and/or acetylation of H3 lysine 56 (H3K56Ac).

Aberrant histone modifications are associated with various diseases and conditions, e.g., cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorder. The modulators described herein can be used to treat a disease or condition described herein, e.g., by modulating one or more histone modifications, as described herein.

Epigenetic changes in histones can be evaluated by art-known methods or as described herein. Exemplary methods for detecting histone modifications include, e.g., chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) using antibodies against modified histones, e.g., followed by quantitative PCR.

Exemplary endogenous or exogenous modulators of chromatin structure are described herein, e.g., in Table VI-4.

TABLE VI-4
Approved
Symbol	Approved Name	Synonyms	Ref Seq IDs
SUV39H1	suppressor of variegation 3-9	KMT1A	NM_003173
	homolog 1 (Drosophila)
SUV39H2	suppressor of variegation 3-9	FLJ23414, KMT1B	NM_024670
	homolog 2 (Drosophila)
EHMT2	euchromatic histone-lysine N-	G9A, Em:AF134726.3,	NM_006709
	methyltransferase 2	NG36/G9a, KMT1C
EHMT1	euchromatic histone-lysine N-	Eu-HMTase1,	NM_024757
	methyltransferase 1	FLJ12879, KIAA1876,
		bA188C12.1, KMT1D
SETDB1	SET domain, bifurcated 1	KG1T, KIAA0067,
		ESET, KMT1E,
		TDRD21
SETDB2	SET domain, bifurcated 2	CLLD8, CLLL8,	NM_031915
		KMT1F
KMT2A	lysine (K)-specific methyltransferase	TRX1, HRX, ALL-1,	NM_005933
	2A	HTRX1, CXXC7,
		MLL1A
KMT2B	lysine (K)-specific methyltransferase	KIAA0304, MLL2,	NM_014727
	2B	TRX2, HRX2, WBP7,
		MLL1B, MLL4
KMT2C	lysine (K)-specific methyltransferase	KIAA1506, HALR
	2C
KMT2D	lysine (K)-specific methyltransferase	ALR, MLL4,
	2D	CAGL114
KMT2E	lysine (K)-specific methyltransferase	HDCMC04P
	2E
SETD1A	SET domain containing 1A	KIAA0339, Set1,	NM_014712
		KMT2F
SETD1B	SET domain containing 1B	KIAA1076, Set1B,	XM_037523
		KMT2G
ASH1L	ash1 (absent, small, or homeotic)-like	huASH1, ASH1,	NM_018489
	(Drosophila)	ASH1L1, KMT2H
SETD2	SET domain containing 2	HYPB, HIF-1,	NM_014159
		KIAA1732, FLJ23184,
		KMT3A
NSD1	nuclear receptor binding SET domain	ARA267, FLJ22263,	NM_172349
	protein 1	KMT3B
SMYD2	SET and MYND domain containing	HSKM-B, ZMYND14,	NM_020197
	2	KMT3C
SMYD1	SET and MYND domain containing	BOP, ZMYND22,	XM_097915
	1	KMT3D
SMYD3	SET and MYND domain containing	KMT3E	NM_022743
	3
DOT1L	DOT1-like histone H3K79	KIAA1814, DOT1,	NM_032482
	methyltransferase	KMT4
SETD8	SET domain containing (lysine	SET8, SET07, PR-	NM_020382
	methyltransferase) 8	Set7, KMT5A
SUV420H1	suppressor of variegation 4-20	CGI-85, KMT5B	NM_017635
	homolog 1 (Drosophila)
SUV420H2	suppressor of variegation 4-20	MGC2705, KMT5C	NM_032701
	homolog 2 (Drosophila)
EZH2	enhancer of zeste homolog 2	EZH1, ENX-1, KMT6,
	(Drosophila)	KMT6A
EZH1	enhancer of zeste homolog 1	KIAA0388, KMT6B	NM_001991
	(Drosophila)
SETD7	SET domain containing (lysine	KIAA1717, SET7,	NM_030648
	methyltransferase) 7	SET7/9, Set9, KMT7
PRDM2	PR domain containing 2, with ZNF	RIZ, RIZ1, RIZ2,	NM_012231
	domain	KMT8, MTB-ZF,
		HUMHOXY1
HAT1	histone acetyltransferase 1	KAT1	NM_003642
KAT2A	K(lysine) acetyltransferase 2A	GCN5, PCAF-b	NM_021078
KAT2B	K(lysine) acetyltransferase 2B	P/CAF, GCN5,	NM_003884
		GCN5L
CREBBP	CREB binding protein	RTS, CBP, KAT3A	NM_004380
EP300	E1A binding protein p300	p300, KAT3B	NM_001429
TAF1	TAF1 RNA polymerase II, TATA	NSCL2, TAFII250,	NM_004606
	box binding protein (TBP)-associated	KAT4, DYT3/TAF1
	factor, 250 kDa
KAT5	K(lysine) acetyltransferase 5	TIP60, PLIP, cPLA2,	NM_006388
		HTATIP1, ESA1,
		ZC2HC5
KAT6A	K(lysine) acetyltransferase 6A	MOZ, ZC2HC6A	NM_006766
KAT6B	K(lysine) acetyltransferase 6B	querkopf, qkf, Morf,	NM_012330
		MOZ2, ZC2HC6B
KAT7	K(lysine) acetyltransferase 7	HBOA, HBO1,	NM_007067
		ZC2HC7
KAT8	K(lysine) acetyltransferase 8	MOF, FLJ14040,	NM_032188
		hMOF, ZC2HC8
ELP3	elongator acetyltransferase complex	FLJ10422, KAT9	NM_018091
	subunit 3
GTF3C4	general transcription factor IIIC,	TFIIIC90, KAT12
	polypeptide 4, 90 kDa
NCOA1	nuclear receptor coactivator 1	SRC1, F-SRC-1,	NM_147223
		NCoA-1, KAT13A,
		RIP160, bHLHe74
NCOA3	nuclear receptor coactivator 3	RAC3, AIB1, ACTR,	NM_006534
		p/CIP, TRAM-1,
		CAGH16, TNRC16,
		KAT13B, bHLHe42,
		SRC-3, SRC3
NCOA2	nuclear receptor coactivator 2	TIF2, GRIP1, NCoA-2,
		KAT13C, bHLHe75
CLOCK	clock circadian regulator	KIAA0334, KAT13D,	NM_004898
		bHLHe8
KDM1A	lysine (K)-specific demethylase 1A	KIAA0601, BHC110,	NM_015013
		LSD1
KDM1B	lysine (K)-specific demethylase 1B	FLJ34109, FLJ33898,	NM_153042
		dJ298J15.2,
		bA204B7.3, FLJ43328,
		LSD2
KDM2A	lysine (K)-specific demethylase 2A	KIAA1004, FBL11,	NM_012308
		LILINA,
		DKFZP434M1735,
		FBL7, FLJ00115,
		CXXC8, JHDM1A
KDM2B	lysine (K)-specific demethylase 2B	PCCX2, CXXC2,	NM_032590
		Fbl10, JHDM1B
KDM3A	lysine (K)-specific demethylase 3A	TSGA, KIAA0742,	NM_018433
		JHMD2A
KDM3B	lysine (K)-specific demethylase 3B	KIAA1082, NET22	NM_016604
KDM4A	lysine (K)-specific demethylase 4A	KIAA0677, JHDM3A,	NM_014663
		TDRD14A
KDM4B	lysine (K)-specific demethylase 4B	KIAA0876, TDRD14B	NM_015015
KDM4C	lysine (K)-specific demethylase 4C	GASC1, KIAA0780,	NM_015061
		TDRD14C
KDM4D	lysine (K)-specific demethylase 4D	FLJ10251	NM_018039
KDM4E	lysine (K)-specific demethylase 4E	JMJD2E	NM_001161630
KDM5A	lysine (K)-specific demethylase 5A		NM_005056
KDM5B	lysine (K)-specific demethylase 5B	RBBP2H1A, PLU-1,	NM_006618
		CT31
KDM5C	lysine (K)-specific demethylase 5C	DXS1272E, XE169	NM_004187
KDM5D	lysine (K)-specific demethylase 5D	KIAA0234	NM_004653
KDM6A	lysine (K)-specific demethylase 6A		NM_021140
KDM6B	lysine (K)-specific demethylase 6B	KIAA0346	XM_043272
JHDM1D	jumonji C domain containing histone	KIAA1718	NM_030647
	demethylase 1 homolog D (S. cerevisiae)
PHF8	PHD finger protein 8	ZNF422, KIAA1111,	NM_015107
		JHDM1F
PHF2	PHD finger protein 2	KIAA0662, JHDM1E,	NM_005392
		CENP-35
KDM8	lysine (K)-specific demethylase 8	FLJ13798	NM_024773

Modulators of Gene Expression

In an embodiment a payload comprises a modulator of gene expression. A modulator of gene expression can be delivered in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo.

In an embodiment, the payload comprises a transcription factor. Transcription factors can bind to specific DNA sequences (e.g., an enhancer or promoter region) adjacent to the genes that they regulate. For example, transcription factors can stabilize or inhibit the binding of RNA polymerase to DNA, catalyze the acetylation or deacetylation of histone proteins (e.g., directly or by recruiting other proteins with such catalytic activity), or recruit coactivator or corepressor proteins to the transcription factor/DNA complex. Modulators of gene expression also include, e.g., any proteins that interact with transcription factors directly or indirectly.

In an embodiment, the transcription factor is a general transcription factor, e.g., is ubiquitous and interacts with the core promoter region surrounding the transcription start site(s) of many, most or all class II genes. Exemplary general transcription factors include, e.g., TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH. In an embodiment, the transcription factor is an upstream transcription factor, e.g., binds upstream of the initiation site to stimulate or repress transcription. In an embodiment, the transcription factor is a specific transcription factor, e.g., a transcription factor dependent on a recognition sequence present in the proximity of the gene. Exemplary specific transcription factors include, e.g., SP1, AP-1, C/EBP, heat shock factor, ATF/CREB, -Myc, OCT-1, and NF-1.

In an embodiment, the transcription factor is constitutively active, e.g., a general transcription factor, SP1, NF-1, or CCAAT. In an embodiment, the transcription factor is conditionally active, e.g. it requires activation, e.g., developmental (e.g., GATA, HNF, PIT-1, MyoD, MyfS, Hox, Winged Helix), signal-dependent (e.g., extracellular ligand (endocrine or paracrine)-dependent, intracellular ligand (autocrine)-dependent (e.g., SREBP, p53, orphan nuclear receptors), cell membrane receptor-dependent (e.g., resident nuclear factors (e.g., CREB, AP-1, Mef2) or latent cytoplasmic factors (e.g., STAT, R-SMAD, NF-κB, Notch, TUBBY, NFAT).

Other exemplary transcription factors are described herein, e.g., in Table VI-5.

TABLE VI-5
Selected Transcription Factors with Anotations
Transcription
factor family
(# genes/family) Comments
AF-4(4)          Exemplary diseases include acute lymphoblastic leukemia (AF4 and
                 AFF3) and mental retardation (FMR2).
CBF(1)           Exemplary functions include regulator of hematopoiesis. For
                 example, CBF is also involved in the chondrocyte differentiation and
                 ossification.
CSL(2)           Exemplary functions include universal transcriptional effector of
                 Notch signaling. For example, Notch signaling is dysregulated in
                 many cancers and faulty notch signaling is implicated in many
                 diseases. Exemplary disease include T-ALL (T-cell acute
                 lymphoblastic leukemia), CADASIL (Cerebral Autosomal-Dominant
                 Arteriopathy with Sub-cortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy),
                 MS (Multiple Sclerosis), Tetralogy of Fallot, Alagille syndrome.
ETS(29)          Exemplary functions include regulation of cellular differentiation, cell
                 cycle control, cell migration, cell proliferation, apoptosis
                 (programmed cell death) and angiogenesis. Exemplary diseases
                 include dieases associated with cancer, such as through gene fusion,
                 e.g., prostate cancer.
HMGI/HMGY(2)     Overexpression in certain cancers
MH1(8)           Exemplary diseases include cancer, fibrosis and autoimmune
                 diseases.
Nuclear orphan   Exemplary functions include superfamily of transcription regulators
receptor(3)      that are involved in widely diverse physiological functions, including
                 control of embryonic development, cell differentiation and
                 homeostasis. Exemplary diseases include inflammation, cancer, and
                 metabolic disorders.
PC4(1)           Exemplary functions include replication, DNA repair and
                 transcription.
RFX(8)           Exemplary functions include regulation of development and function
                 of cilia. Exemplary diseases include Bardet-Biedl syndrome.
STAT(7)          Exemplary functions include regulation of many aspects of growth,
                 survival and differentiation in cells. Exemplary diseases include
                 angiogenesis, enhanced survival of tumors and immunosuppression.
Thyroid hormone  Involved in widely diverse physiological functions, including control
receptor(25)     of embryonic development, cell differentiation and homeostasis
zf-C2HC(6)       Highly transcribed in the developing nervous system. Exemplary
                 diseases include Duane Radial Ray Syndrome.
Androgen         Exemplary functions include diverse physiological functions,
receptor(1)      including control of embryonic development, cell differentiation and
                 homeostasis. Exemplary diseases include X-linked spinal, bulbar
                 muscular atrophy and prostate cancer.
CG-1(2)          Exemplary functions include calcium signaling by direct binding of
                 calmodulin.
CTF/NFI(4)       Exemplary functions include both viral DNA replication and
                 regulation of gene expression. Exemplary diseases include leukemia,
                 juvenile myelomonocytic.
Fork head(49)    Involvement in early developmental decisions of cell fates during
                 embryogenesis. Exemplary diseases include lymphedema-distichiasis,
                 developmental verbal dyspraxia, autoimmune diseases.
Homeobox(205)    Exemplary functions include involvement in a wide range of critical
                 activities during development. Exemplary diseases include limb
                 malformations, eye disorders, and abnormal head, face, and tooth
                 development. Additionally, increased or decreased activity of certain
                 homeobox genes has been associated with several forms of cancer.
MYB(25)          Exemplary functions include regulator of proliferation, differentiation
                 and cell fate. Exemplary diseases include cancer (e.g., oncogenic
                 disease).
Oestrogen        Control of embryonic development, cell differentiation and
receptor(l)      homeostasis. Exemplary diseases include estrogen resistance, familial
                 breast cancer, migrane, myocardial infaction.
POU(21)          Wide variety of functions, related to the function of the
                 neuroendocrine system and the development of an organism.
                 Exemplary diseases include non-syndromic deafness.
RHD(10)          Exemplary diseases include autoimmune arthritis, asthma, septic
                 shock, lung fibrosis, glomerulonephritis, atherosclerosis, and AIDS.
T-box(17)
TSC22(4)
zf-GATA(14)
AP-2(5)
COE(4)
CUT(7)
GCM(2)
HSF(8)
NDT80/PhoG(1)
Other nuclear
receptor(2)
PPARreceptor(3)
ROR receptor(4)
TEA(4)
Tub(5)
zf-LITAF-like(2)
ARID(15)
COUP(3)
DM(7)
GCR(1)
HTH(2)
NF-YA(1)
Others(3)
Progesterone
receptor(l)
Runt(3)
TF_bZIP(46)
ZBTB(48)
zf-MIZ(7)
bHLH(106)
CP2(7)
E2F(11)
GTF2I(5)
IRF(9)
NF-YB/C(2)
P53(3)
Prox1(2)
SAND(8)
TF_Otx(3)
zf-BED(5)
zf-NF-X1(2)
C/EBP(10)
CSD(8)
Ecdystd
receptor(2)
HMG(50)
MBD(9)
Nrf1(1)
PAX(9)
Retinoic acid
receptor(7)
SRF(6)
THAP(12)
zf-C2H2(634)
CRX              Exemplary diseases include dominant cone-rod dystrophy. Repair
                 mutation.
FOCX2            Exemplary diseases include lymphedema-distichiasis. Repair
                 mutation.
FOXP2            Exemplary diseases include developmental verbal dyspraxia. Repair
                 mutation.
FOXP3            Exemplary diseases include autoimmune diseases. Repair mutation.
GAT4             Exemplary diseases include congenital heart defects. Repair mutation.
HNF1 through     Exemplary diseases include mature onset diabetes of the young
HNF6             (MODY), hepatic adenomas and renal cysts. Repair mutation.
LHX3             Exemplary diseases include Pituitary disease. Repair mutation.
MECP2            Exemplary diseases include Rett syndrome. Repair mutation.
MEF2A            Exemplary diseases include Coronary artery disease. Repair mutation.
NARA2            Exemplary diseases include Parkinson disease. Repair mutation.
NF-κB            Exemplary diseases include autoimmune arthritis, asthma, septic
Activation       shock, lung fibrosis, glomerulonephritis, atherosclerosis, and AIDS.
                 Repair mutation.
NF-κB            Exemplary diseases include apoptosis, inappropriate immune cell
Inhibition       development, and delayed cell growth. Repair mutation.
NIKX2-5          Exemplary diseases include cardiac malformations and
                 atrioventricular conduction abnormalities.
NOTCH1           Exemplary diseases include aortic valve abnormalities.

Modulators of alternative splicing

In an embodiment, the modulator of gene expression modulates splicing. For example, a modulator can modulate exon skipping or cassette exon, mutually exclusive exons, alternative donor site, alternative acceptor site, intron retention, or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, the modulator is selected from or modulates one or more general or alternative splicing factors, e.g., ASF1. In an embodiment, the modulator modulates alternative splicing (e.g., influences splice site selection) in a concentration-dependent manner.

Modulators of post-transcriptional modification

In an embodiment, the modulator of gene expression modulates post-transcriptional modification. For example, the modulators described herein can promote or inhibit 5′ capping, 3′ polyadenylation, and RNA splicing. In an embodiment, the modulator is selected from, or modulates, one or more factors involved in 5′ capping, e.g., phosphatase and guanosyl transferase. In an embodiment, the modulator is selected from, or modulates, one or more factors involved in 3′ polyadenylation, e.g., polyadenylate polymerase, cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF), and poly(A) binding proteins. In an embodiment, the modulator is selected from, or modulates, one or more factors involved in RNA splicing, e.g., general or alternative splicing factors.

Exemplary endogenous or exogenous modulators of post-transcriptional modification are described herein, e.g., in Table VI-6.

TABLE VI-6
POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL MODULATORS
mRNA processing
Polyadenylation
PARN: polyadenylation specific ribonuclease
PAN: PolyA nuclease
CPSF: cleavage/polyadenylation specificity factor
CstF: cleavage stimulation factor
PAP: polyadenylate polymerase
PABP: polyadenylate binding protein
PAB2: polyadenylate binding protein 2
CFI: cleavage factor I
CFII: cleavage factor II
Capping/Methylation of 5′ end
RNA triposphatase
RNA gluanyltransferase
RNA mehyltransferase
SAM synthase
ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2R1
Splicing
SR proteins SFRS1 - SFR11 which, when bound to
exons, tend to promote
hnRNP proteins: coded by the following
genes: HNRNPA0, HNRNPA1, HNRNPA1L1,
HNRNPA1L2, HNRNPA3, HNRNPA2B1,
HNRNPAB, HNRNPB1, HNRNPC, HNRNPCL1,
HNRNPD, HNRPDL, HNRNPF, HNRNPH1,
HNRNPH2, HNRNPH3, HNRNPK, HNRNPL,
HNRPLL, HNRNPM, HNRNPR, HNRNPU,
HNRNPUL1, HNRNPUL2, HNRNPUL3
Editing protein
ADAR
Nuclear export proteins
Mex67
Mtr2
Nab2
DEAD-box helicase (“DEAD” disclosed as SEQ ID
NO: 40)
TRANSLATION
Initiation
eIF4A, eIF4B, eIF4E, and eIF4G: Eukaryotic initiation
factors
GEF: Guanine exchange factor
GCN2, PKR, HRI and PERK: Kinases involved in
phosphorylating some of the initiation factors
Elongation
eEF1 and eEF2: elongation factors
GCN: kinase
Termination
eRF3: translation termination factor
POST-TRANSLATIONAL CONTROL
mRNA Degradation
ARE-specific binding proteins
EXRN1: exonuclease
DCP1, DCP2: Decapping enzymes
RCK/p54, CPEB, eIF4E: Translation repression
microRNAs and siRNAs: Probably regulate 30% of all
genes
DICER
Ago proteins
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay proteins
UPF3A
UPF3B
eIF4A3
MLN51
Y14/MAGOH
MG-1
SMG-5
SMG-6
SMG-7
mRNA Modification
Enzymes carry the following functions
Phosphorylation
N-linked glycosylation
Acetylation
Amidation
Hydroxylation
Methylation
O-linked glycosylation
Ubiquitylation

Inhibitors

In an embodiment a payload comprises an inhibitor of a payload described above, e.g., an inhibitor of an enzyme transcription factor. In an embodiment a payload comprises an inhibitor of any of the aforementioned payload molecules, processes, activities or mechanisms. In an embodiment, the inhibitor is an antibody molecule (e.g., a full antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof) specific for one of the payload molecules described herein. In an embodiment the inhibitor is a small molecule compound. In an embodiment, the inhibitor is a nucleic acid (e.g., siRNA, shRNA, ribozyme, antisense-oligonucleotide, and aptamer). For example, the payload is an inhibitor of a target, e.g., a trasnscription factor, a post-translational modification enzyme, a post-transcriptional modification enzyme, etc., or a nucleic acid sequence encoding any of the foregoing.

Orthologs

If a non-human gene or protein is recited herein it is understood that the invention also comprises the human counterpart or ortholog and uses thereof.

VIIA. Targets: Cells

Cas9 molecules and gRNA molecules, e.g., a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex, can be used to manipulate a cell (e.g., an animal cell or a plant cell), e.g., to deliver a payload, or edit a target nucleic acid, in a wide variety of cells. Typically an eiCas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex is used to deliver a payload and an eaCas9 molecule/gRNA complex is used to edit or alter the structure of a target nucleic acid. Delivery or editing can be performed in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo.

In an embodiment, a cell is manipulated by editing (e.g., introducing a mutation or correcting) one or more target genes, e.g., as described herein. In an embodiment, a cell is manipulated by delivering a payload comprising one or more modulators (e.g., as described herein) to the cell, e.g., to a target sequence in the genome of the cell. In an embodiment, the expression of one or more target genes (e.g., one or more target genes described herein) is modulated, e.g., in vivo. In an embodiment, the expression of one or more target genes (e.g., one or more target genes described herein) is modulated, e.g., ex vivo.

In an embodiment, the cells are manipulated (e.g., converted or differentiated) from one cell type to another. In an embodiment, a pancreatic cell is manipulated into a beta islet cell. In an embodiment, a fibroblast is manipulated into an iPS cell. In an embodiment, a preadipocyte is manipulated into a brown fat cell. Other exemplary cells include, e.g., muscle cells, neural cells, leukocytes, and lymphocytes.

In an embodiment, the cell is a diseased or mutant-bearing cell. Such cells can be manipulated to treat the disease, e.g., to correct a mutation, or to alter the phenotyope of the cell, e.g., to inhibit the growth of a cancer cell. For examples, a cell is associated with one or more diseases or conditions describe herein. In an embodiment, the cell is a cancer stem cell. For example, cancer stem cells can be manipulated by modulating the expression of one or more genes selected from: TWIST (TF), HIF-1α, HER2/neu, Snail (TF), or Wnt.

In an embodiment, the manipulated cell is a normal cell.

In an embodiment, the manipulated cell is a stem cell or progenitor cell (e.g., iPS, embryonic, hematopoietic, adipose, germline, lung, or neural stem or progenitor cells).

In an embodiment, the manipulated cells are suitable for producing a recombinant biological product. For example, the cells can be CHO cells or fibroblasts. In an embodiment, a manipulated cell is a cell that has been engineered to express a protein.

In an embodiment, the cell being manipulated is selected from fibroblasts, monocytic precursors, B cells, exocrine cells, pancreatic progenitors, endocrine progenitors, hepatoblasts, myoblasts, or preadipocytes. In an embodiment, the cell is manipulated (e.g., converted or differentiated) into muscle cells, erythroid-megakaryocytic cells, eosinophils, iPS cells, macrophages, T cells, islet beta-cells, neurons, cardiomyocytes, blood cells, endocrine progenitors, exocrine progenitors, ductal cells, acinar cells, alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells, PP cells, hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, or brown adipocytes.

In an embodiment, the cell is a muscle cell, erythroid-megakaryocytic cell, eosinophil, iPS cell, macrophage, T cell, islet beta-cell, neuron, cardiomyocyte, blood cell, endocrine progenitor, exocrine progenitor, ductal cell, acinar cell, alpha cell, beta cell, delta cell, PP cell, hepatocyte, cholangiocyte, or white or brown adipocyte.

The Cas9 and gRNA molecules described herein can be delivered to a target cell. In an embodiment, the target cell is a normal cell.

In an embodiment, the target cell is a stem cell or progenitor cell (e.g., iPS, embryonic, hematopoietic, adipose, germline, lung, or neural stem or progenitor cells).

In an embodiment, the target cell is a CHO cell.

In an embodiment, the target cell is a fibroblast, monocytic precursor, B cells exocrine cell, pancreatic progenitor, endocrine progenitor, hepatoblast, myoblast, or preadipocyte.

In an embodiment, the target cell is a muscle cell, erythroid-megakaryocytic cell, eosinophil, iPS cell, macrophage, T cell, islet beta-cell, neurons (e.g., a neuron in the brain, e.g., a neuron in the striatum (e.g., a medium spiny neuron), cerebral cortex, precentral gyrus, hippocampus (e.g., a neuron in the dentate gyrus or the CA3 region of the hippocampus), temporal cortex, amygdala, frontal cortex, thalamus, cerebellum, medulla, putamen, hypothalamus, tectum, tegmentum or substantia nigra), cardiomyocyte, blood cell, endocrine progenitor, exocrine progenitor, ductal cell, acinar cell, alpha cell, beta cell, delta cell, PP cell, hepatocyte, cholangiocyte, or brown adipocyte.

In an embodiment, the target cell is manipulated ex vivo by editing (e.g., introducing a mutation or correcting) one or more target genes and/or modulating the expression of one or more target genes, and administered to the subject.

Exemplary cells that can be manipulated and exemplary genes that can be modulated are described in Table VII-8.

TABLE VII-8
Cell starting	Differentiated		Exemplary gene(s) to
point	state	Exemplary payload manipulation	modify expression of
fibroblasts	Muscle cells	Deliver Cas9-activators to target	MyoD
		activation of transcription factors
		required for differentiation in vivo.
Monocytic	Erythroid-	Deliver Cas9-activators to target	GATA1
precursors	megakaryocytic	activation of transcription factors
	cells,	required for differentiation in vivo.
	eosinophils
fibroblasts	iPS cells	Deliver Cas9-activators to target	Oct4
		activation of transcription factors	Sox2
		required for differentiation in vivo.	Klf4
		Multiplex.	Myc
B cells	Macrophages	Deliver Cas9-activators to target	C/EBPα
		activation of transcription factors
		required for differentiation in vivo.
B cells	T cells,	Delivery Cas9-repressors OR	Pax5
	macrophages	deliver Cas9 endonuclease to
		ablate Pax5
Exocrine	Islet β-cells	Deliver Cas9-activators to target	Pdx1
cells		activation of transcription factors	Ngn3
		required for differentiation in vivo.	MafA
		Multiplex.
Fibroblasts	Neurons	Deliver Cas9-activators to target	Ascl1
		activation of transcription factors	Brn2
		required for differentiation in vivo.	Myt1l
		Multiplex.
fibroblasts	cardiomyocytes	Deliver Cas9-activators to target	Gata4
		activation of transcription factors	Mef2c
		required for differentiation in vivo.	Tbx5
		Multiplex.
Fibroblasts	Blood cells	Deliver Cas9-activators to target	Oct4
		activation of transcription factors
		required for differentiation in vivo.
Fibroblasts	cardiomyocytes	Deliver Cas9-activators to target	Oct4
		activation of transcription factors	Sox2
		required for differentiation in vivo.	Klf4
		Multiplex.
Pancreatic	Endocrine	Deliver Cas9-activators to target	Ngn3
progenitor	progenitor	activation of transcription factors
		required for differentiation in vivo.
Pancreatic	Exocrine	Deliver Cas9-activators to target	P48
progenitor	progenitor	activation of transcription factors
		required for differentiation in vivo.
Pancreatic	Duct	Deliver Cas9-activators to target	Hnf6/OC-1
progenitor		activation of transcription factors
		required for differentiation in vivo.
Pancreatic	acinar	Deliver Cas9-activators to target	Ptf1a
progenitor		activation of transcription factors	Rpbjl
		required for differentiation in vivo.
		Multiplex.
Endocrine	α cell	Deliver Cas9-activators to target	Foxa2
progenitor		activation of transcription factors	Nkx2.2
(to make		required for differentiation in vivo.	Pax6
glucagon)		Multiplex.	Arx
Endocrine	β cell	Deliver Cas9-activators to target	Mafa
progenitor		activation of transcription factors	Pdx1
(to make		required for differentiation in vivo.	Hlxb9
insulin)		Multiplex.	Pax4
			Pax6
			Isl1
			Nkx2.2
			Nkx6.1
Endocrine	δ cell	Deliver Cas9-activators to target	Pax4
progenitor		activation of transcription factors	Pax6
(to make		required for differentiation in vivo.
somatostatin)		Multiplex.
Endocrine	PP cell	Deliver Cas9-activators to target	Nkx2.2
progenitor		activation of transcription factors
(to make		required for differentiation in vivo.
pancreatic
polypeptide)
Hepatoblast	hepatocyte	Deliver Cas9-activators to target	Hnf4
		activation of transcription factors
		required for differentiation in vivo.
Hepatoblast	Cholangiocyte	Deliver Cas9-activators to target	Hnf6/OC-1
		activation of transcription factors
		required for differentiation in vivo.
Myoblasts	Brown	Deliver Cas9-activators to target	PRDM16
	adipocyte	activation of transcription factors	C/EBP
		required for differentiation in vivo.	PGC1α
		Multiplex.	PPARγ
preadipocytes	Brown	Deliver Cas9-activators to target	PRDM16
	adipocyte	activation of transcription factors	C/EBP
		required for differentiation in vivo.
		Multiplex.

TABLE VII-9
Exemplary cells for manipulation
Pancreatic cells, e.g., beta cells
Muscle cells
Adipocytes
Pre-adipocytes
Neural cells
Blood cells
Leukocytes
Lymphocyes
B cells
T cells

TABLE VII-10
Exemplary stem cells for manipulation
embryonic stem cells
non-embryonic stem cells
hematopoietic stem cells
adipose stem cells
germline stem cells
lung stem cells
neural stem cells

TABLE VII-11
Exemplary cancer cells for manipulation
lung cancer cells
breast cancer cells
skin cancer cells
brain cancer cells,
pancreatic cancer cells
hematopoietic cancer cells
liver cancer cells
kidney cancer cells
ovarian cancer cells

TABLE VII-12
Exemplary non-human cells for manipulation
Plant cells, e.g., crop cells, e.g., corn, wheat,
soybean, citrus or vegetable cells
Animal cells, e.g., a cow, pig, horse, goat, dog or cat
cell

Exemplary endogenous or exogenous modulators of cancer stem cells (CSCs) are described herein, e.g., in Table VII-13.

TABLE VII-13
TWIST 1 (TF)
HIF-1α (TF)
HER2/neu
Snail (TF)
Wnt
TGFβ
FGF
EGF
HGF
STAT3 (TF)
Notch
P63 (TF)
PI3K)/AKT
Hedgehog
NF-κB (TF)
ATF2 (TF)
miR-200 and miR-34
P53 (TF)
E-cadherin
Transcription factors that inhibit E-cadherin directly
ZEB1
ZEB2
E47
KLF8
Transcription factors that inhibit E-cadherin directly
TCF4
SIX1
FOXC2
G-CSF and CD34 in AML
PML and FOXO in CML
CD133 in glioblastoma multiforme, osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma,
endometrial, hepatocellular, colon and lung carcinomas and ovarian
and pancreatic adenocarcinoma
CD44 in head and neck cancer, prostate, gastric and colorectal
carcinoma stem cells
CD34 in leukemia
CD38 in leukemia
IL3Rα in leukemia
EpCAM in colon carcinoma and pancreatic adenocarcinoma stem
cells
ALDH in melanoma, colorectal, breast, prostate and squamous cell
carcinomas, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and osteosarcoma
MAP2 in melanoma
α6-integrin in glioblastoma
SSEA-1 in gliobalstoma
CD24 in breast cancer and other tumors

Cas9 molecules and gRNA molecules, e.g., a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex, can be used to manipulate a cell (e.g., a cell described herein), e.g., to deliver a payload, or edit a target nucleic acid, e.g., to increase cell engraftment, e.g., to achieve stable engraftment of cells into a native microenvironment. The engrafting cells, the cells in the native microenvironment, or both, can be manipulated. Typically an eiCas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex is used to deliver a payload and an eaCas9 molecule/gRNA complex is used to edit or alter the structure of a target nucleic acid.

For example, increased efficiency of engraftment of cells can be achieved by: increasing the expression of one or more of the genes described herein, e.g., homing genes, adhesion genes, survival genes, proliferative genes, immune evasion genes, and/or cell protection genes, and/or decreasing the expression of one or more of the genes described herein, e.g., quiescence genes, death/apoptosis genes, and/or immune recognition genes.

In an embodiment, the gene encodes a homing receptor or an adhesion molecule, e.g., that is involved in directing cell migration towards a tissue in association with a tissue-expressed ligand or region rich in soluble cytokine. In an embodiment, the homing receptor or adhesion molecule is expressed on leukocytes, e.g., lymphocytes or hematopoietic stem cells. In an embodiment, the tissue is bone marrow, e.g., extracellular matrix or stromal cells. In an embodiment, the homing receptor or adhesion molecule is C—X—C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4, also known as fusin or CD184). For example, the expression of CXCR4 on hematopoietic stem cells is upregulated. In an embodiment, the ligand is stromal-derived-factor-1 (SDF-1, also known as CXCL12). In an embodiment, the homing receptor or adhesion molecule is CD34. In an embodiment, the ligand is addressin (also known as mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1)).

In an embodiment, the gene encodes a receptor, e.g., expressed on a stem cell or progenitor cell, that binds to a ligand, e.g., a chemokine or cytokine. For example, the receptor can be associated with stemness of the cell and/or attracting the cell to a desired microenvironment. In an embodiment, the receptor is expressed on a hematopoietic stem cell. In an embodiment, the receptor is expressed on a neural stem cell. In an embodiment, the receptor is mast/stem cell growth factor receptor (SCFR, also known as proto-oncogene c-Kit or tyrosine-protein kinase Kit or CD117). In an embodiment, the ligand is stem cell factor (SCF, also known as steel factor or c-kit ligand). In an embodiment, the receptor is myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene (MPL, also known as CD110). In an embodiment, the ligand is thrombopoietin (TPO).

In an embodiment, the gene encodes a marker, e.g., that promotes survival or proliferation of the cells expressing that marker, or allows the cells expressing that marker to evade an immune response or to be protected from an adverse environment, e.g., that leads to cell death. For example, cells expressing CD47 (also known as integrin associated protein (IAP) can avoid phagocytosis, e.g., during cell migration. As another example, cells that express BCL2 can be protected from apoptosis. In an embodiment, the cell is a blood cell, e.g., an erythrocyte or leukocyte. In an embodiment, the cell is a hematopoietic stem cell or progenitor cell.

In an embodiment, the expression of one or more of CXCR4, SDF1, CD117, MPL, CD47, or BCL2, in a stem cell or progenitor cell, e.g., a hematopoietic stem cell or progenitor cell, is upregulated.

Cas9 molecules and gRNA molecules, e.g., a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex, can be used to manipulate a cell (e.g., a cell described herein), e.g., to deliver a payload, or edit a target nucleic acid, e.g., to manipulate (e.g., dictate) the fate of a targeted cell, e.g., to better target specific cell type of interest and/or as a suicide mechanism. Typically an eiCas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex is used to deliver a payload and/or an eaCas9 molecule/gRNA complex is used to edit or alter the structure of a target nucleic acid. Exemplary genes that can be modulated include, e.g., one or more of chemotherapy resistance genes, chemotherapy sensitivity genes, antibiotic resistance genes, antibiotic sensitivity genes, and cell surface receptor genes, e.g., as described herein.

In an embodiment, a chemotherapy resistance gene, a chemotherapy sensitivity gene, an antibiotic resistance gene, and/or an antibiotic sensitivity gene is modulated, e.g., such that modified or undesirable cells (e.g., modified or undesirable hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), e.g., in bone marrow) can be reduced or removed, e.g., by chemotherapeutic or antibiotic treatment.

For example, genes or gene products that modulate (e.g., increase) chemotherapy resistance or antibiotic resistance can be delivered into the cells. Cells modified by the chemotherapy or antibiotic resistance gene or gene product can have a higher (e.g., at least about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 25, 50, 75, or 100 fold higher) survival rate than cells without such modification after chemotherapeutic or antibiotic treatment. In an embodiment, the chemotherapeutic or antibiotic treatment is performed in vivo. In an embodiment, the chemotherapeutic or antibiotic treatment is performed in vitro or ex vivo. In an embodiment, the chemotherapy resistance gene is a gene encoding O⁶-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase (MGMT). In an embodiment, the chemotherapy comprises temozolomide.

As another example, genes or gene products that modulate (e.g., increase) chemotherapy sensitivity or antibiotic sensitivity can be delivered into the cells. The genes or gene products that confer chemotherapy sensitivity or antibiotic sensitivity can be used as suicide signals, e.g., causing apoptosis of the cells. Cells modified by the chemotherapy or antibiotic sensitivity gene or gene product can have a lower (e.g., at least about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 25, 50, 75, or 100 fold lower) survival rate than cells without such modification after chemotherapeutic or antibiotic treatment. In an embodiment, the chemotherapeutic or antibiotic treatment is performed in vivo. In an embodiment, the chemotherapeutic or antibiotic treatment is performed in vitro or ex vivo.

The method described herein can be used to select or enrich cells that have a modified or desired phenotype, e.g., chemotherapy resistance and/or antibiotic resistance. The method described herein can also be used to remove or reduce the number of cells that have a modified or undesired phenotype, e.g., chemotherapy sensitivity and/or antibiotic sensitivity. For example, cells that exhibit an undesired effect, e.g., an off-target effect or a cancer phenotype, e.g., caused by editing of a nucleic acid in an undesired genomic location or cell type, can be removed.

In an embodiment, a cell surface receptor gene is modulated (e.g., the expression of the cell surface receptor is increased or decreased), such that a therapeutic agent (e.g., a therapeutic antibody) can be used to target a cell (e.g., to kill the cell) that has increased or decreased expression of the cell surface receptor. In an embodiment, the cell surface receptor is CD20. In an embodiment, the therapeutic antibody is Rituximab.

In an embodiment, the cell surface receptor is selected from, e.g., CD52, VEGFR, CD30, EGFR, CD33, or ErbB2. In an embodiment, the therapeutic antibody is selected from, e.g., Alemtuzumab, Rituximab, Cetuximab, Panitumumab, Gentuzaumab, and Trastuzumab. In an embodiment, the cell surface receptor is CD52 and the therapeutic antibody is Alemtuzumab. In an embodiment, the gene encodes VEGF and the therapeutic antibody is Rituximab. In an embodiment, the cell surface receptor is EGFR and the therapeutic antibody is Cetuximab or Panitumumab. In an embodiment, the cell surface receptor is CD33 and the therapeutic antibody is Gentuzaumab. In an embodiment, the cell surface receptor is ErbB2 and the therapeutic antibody is Trastuzumab.

In an embodiment, the expression or activity of the Cas9 molecule and/or the gRNA molecule is induced or repressed, e.g., when the cell is treated with a drug, e.g., an antibiotic, e.g., in vivo. For example, the induction or repression of the expression or activity of the Cas9 molecule and/or the gRNA molecule can be used to reduce toxicity and/or off-target effects, e.g., in certain tissues. In an embodiment, the expression of the Cas9 molecule, the gRNA molecule, or both, is driven by an inducible promoter. In an embodiment, binding of a drug (e.g., an antibiotic) to the Cas9 molecule and/or the gRNA molecule activates or inhibits the activity of the Cas9 molecule and/or the gRNA molecule. In an embodiment, the drug (e.g., antibiotic) is administered locally. In an embodiment, the cell treated with the drug (e.g., antibiotic) is located in the eye, ear, nose, mouth, or skin.

Cas9 molecules and gRNA molecules, e.g., a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex, can be used to manipulate a cell (e.g., a cell described herein), e.g., to deliver a payload, or edit a target nucleic acid, e.g., in directed enzyme prodrug therapy (DEPT). Typically an eiCas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex is used to deliver a payload and an eaCas9 molecule/gRNA complex is used to edit or alter the structure of a target nucleic acid.

Directed enzyme prodrug therapy (DEPT) uses enzymes artificially introduced into the body to convert prodrugs, which have no or poor biological activity, to the active form in the desired location within the body. For example, directed enzyme prodrug therapy can be used to reduce the systemic toxicity of a drug, by achieving high levels of the active drug only at the desired site.

In an embodiment, an enzyme required for prodrug conversion or a gene encoding such an enzyme is delivered to a target cell, e.g., a cancer cell. For example, the enzymes or genes can be delivered by a method described herein. In an embodiment, the gene encoding the enzyme required for prodrug conversion is delivered by a viral vector.

Cas9 molecules and gRNA molecules, e.g., a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex, can be used to manipulate a cell (e.g., a cell described herein), e.g., to deliver a payload, or edit a target nucleic acid, e.g., to improve immunotherapy, e.g. cancer immunotherapy. Typically an eiCas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex is used to deliver a payload and an eaCas9 molecule/gRNA complex is used to edit or alter the structure of a target nucleic acid. Exemplary genes that can be modulated include, e.g., one or more genes described herein, e.g., PD-L1 and/or PD-L2 genes.

VIIB. Targets: Pathways and Genes

Cas9 molecules and gRNA molecules, e.g., a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex, can be used to manipulate one, two, three or more, elements or a pathway, e.g., by targeting sequences that encode an RNA or protein of a pathway, or sequences that control the expression of an RNA or protein of a pathway. In an embodiment, an element of a first pathway and an element of a second pathway are manipulated. In an embodiment, manipulation comprises delivery of a payload to, or editing, a target nucleic acid. Typically an eiCas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex is used to deliver a payload and an eaCas9 molecule/gRNA complex is used to edit or alter the structure of a target nucleic acid. Delivery or editing can be performed in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo.

An element of a pathway can be up or down regulated, e.g., the expression of a gene encoding a protein of a pathway can be increased or decreased. The increase or decrease can be effected by delivery of a payload (e.g., a transcription factor or inhibitor of a transcription factor) or by editing a target nucleic acid (e.g., the use of a template nucleic acid to alter a sequence, e.g., correct or introduce a mutation, in e.g., a control or coding region).

Exemplary pathways comprise pathways associated with: cell proliferation; cell cycle; carbon metabolism; energy metabolism; glycolysis, anerobic respiration, anerobic respiration; transmembrane signal transduction, angiogenesis, DNA replication or repair, or pain.

Exemplary pathways and genes are discussed herein. It will be understood that a pathway or gene can be associated with one or more aspect of cell or organismal function, e.g., a pathway or gene can be involved in both cancer and energy metabolism. Manipulation of a pathway or gene is not limited to the exemplary cell or organismal function listed below. In an embodiment a pathway is associated with one or more diseases or conditions.

In an embodiment, the pathway is associated with cancer, e.g., associated with proliferation (e.g., RAF pathway), evading growth repressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality/aging, inducing angiogenesis, activating invasion and metastasis, energy metabolism and evading, cancer stem cells, cytokine-receptor interactions, or tumor suppressors. In an embodiment, the pathway is associated with cell cycle control. In an embodiment, the pathway is associated with angiogenesis.

Pathways and genes associated with cancer are described herein, e.g., include the following:

TABLE VII-14
Target Genes from Selected Pathways
			CRISPR
Protein/Gene	Pathway	Disease	Regulation
Cancer
PI3K	Proliferation		Down
B-Raf	Proliferation	66% of all melanoma cancers have a	Down
		single substitution in codon 599
AKT	Proliferation		Down
PTEN	Proliferation	Germline mutations leading to a	Down
		predisposition to breast and
		thyroid cancer
		Mutations found in sporadic
		brain, breast and prostate
mTOR	Proliferation		Down
JUN	Proliferation		Down
FOS	Proliferation		Down
ERK	Proliferation		Down
MEK	Proliferation		Down
TGF-b	Proliferation		Down
Myc	Proliferation		Down
K-Ras	Proliferation	Mutated in lung cancer (10% of all	Down
		Asians and 30% of all Caucasians)
Src	Proliferation		Down
PYK2	Proliferation		Down
PAK	Proliferation		Down
FAK	Proliferation		Down
PKA	Proliferation		Down
RAC	Proliferation		Down
ALK	Proliferation	Mutated in a subset (2-7%) of lung
		cancers
Rb	Evading growth		Up
	suppressors/pro-
	apoptotic
P53	Evading growth	Mutation in colon, lung, esophagus,	Up
	suppressors/pro-	breast, liver, brain reticuloendothelial
	apoptotic	tissues, and hemopoietic tissues
APC	Evading growth	Mutations found in colon and intestine
	suppressors/pro-
	apoptotic
CDK4/6	Evading growth		Up
	suppressors/pro-
	apoptotic
INK4B	Evading growth		Up
	suppressors/pro-
	apoptotic
CDK2	Evading growth		Up
	suppressors/pro-
	apoptotic
WNT	Evading growth		Up
	suppressors/pro-
	apoptotic
WAF1	Evading growth		Up
	suppressors/pro-
	apoptotic
Frizzled	Evading growth		Up
	suppressors/pro-
	apoptotic
VHL	Evading growth	Mutated in all clear cell renal	Up
	suppressors/pro-	carcinomas
	apoptotic
Fas ligand	Resisting cell death/		Down
	anti-apoptotic
Fas receptor	Resisting cell death/		Down
	anti-apoptotic
Caspase 8	Resisting cell death/		Down
	anti-apoptotic
Caspase 9	Resisting cell death/		Down
	anti-apoptotic
Bcl-2	Resisting cell death/	Correct mutation large deletion in	Down
	anti-apoptotic	follicular lymphoma, breast prostate
		CLL, melanoma
Bcl-xL	Resisting cell death/		Down
	anti-apoptotic
Bcl-w	Resisting cell death/		Down
	anti-apoptotic
Mcl-1	Resisting cell death/		Down
	anti-apoptotic
Bax	Resisting cell death/		Down
	anti-apoptotic
Bak	Resisting cell death/		Down
	anti-apoptotic
IGF-1	Resisting cell death/		Down
	anti-apoptotic
Puma	Resisting cell death/		Down
	anti-apoptotic
Bim	Resisting cell death/		Down
	anti-apoptotic
Beclin-1	Resisting cell death/		Down
	anti-apoptotic
TGF-b	Enabling replicative
	immortality/aging
Telomerase/TERT	Enabling replicative		Down
	immortality/aging
ATAD2	Enabling replicative
	immortality/aging
DAF-2	Enabling replicative
	immortality/aging
SRT	Enabling replicative
	immortality/aging
Eph-A/B	Inducing angiogenesis		Down
Robo	Inducing angiogenesis		Down
Neuropilin	Inducing angiogenesis		Down
Notch	Inducing angiogenesis		Down
Endostatin	Inducing angiogenesis		Down
Angiostatin	Inducing angiogenesis		Down
FGF family	Inducing angiogenesis		Down
Extracellular	Inducing angiogenesis		Down
matrix-degrading
proteases (e.g.,
MMP-2 & MMP-
9)
VEGF-A	Inducing angiogenesis		Down
TSP-1	Inducing angiogenesis		Down
VEGFR-1	Inducing angiogenesis		Down
VEGFR-2	Inducing angiogenesis		Down
VEGFR-3	Inducing angiogenesis		Down
NF2	Activating invasion and		Down
	metastasis
LKB1	Activating invasion and	Up- regulated in multiple cancer,	Down
	metastasis	including intestine
Snail	Activating invasion and		Down
	metastasis
Slug	Activating invasion and		Down
	metastasis
Twist	Activating invasion and		Down
	metastasis
Zeb1/2	Activating invasion and		Down
	metastasis
CCLR5	Activating invasion and		Down
	metastasis
cysteine cathepsin	Activating invasion and		Down
protease family	metastasis
Extracellular	Activating invasion and		Down
matrix-degrading	metastasis
proteases (e.g.,
MMP-2 & MMP-
9)
EGF	Activating invasion and		Down
	metastasis
CSF-1	Activating invasion and
	metastasis
PP2	Energy metabolism		Down
eIF4E	Energy metabolism		Down
RSK	Energy metabolism		Down
PIK3CA	Energy metabolism	Mutated in many breast, bladder	Down
		cancers and hepatocellular carcinoma
BAP1	Energy metabolism	Mutated in renal cell carcinoma	Down
TWIST (TF)	Cancer Stem Cells		Down
HIF-1α	Cancer Stem Cells	Over expressed in renal cell carcinoma	Down
HER2/neu	Cancer Stem Cells		Down
Snail (TF)	Cancer Stem Cells		Down
Wnt	Cancer Stem Cells		Down
EPCAM	Cancer Stem Cells	Overexpressed in breast, colon, uterus	Down
		and other cancers
EGF	Cytokine-receptor		Down
	interactions
TGFa	Cytokine-receptor		Down
	interactions
PDGF	Cytokine-receptor		Down
IGF-1	interactions
KILTLG
FLT3LG	Cytokine-receptor		Down
	interactions
HGF	Cytokine-receptor		Down
	interactions
FGF	Cytokine-receptor		Down
	interactions
EGFR	Cytokine-receptor	Mutated in lung cancer (40% of all	Down
	interactions	Asians and 10-15% of all Caucasians)
ERBB2	Cytokine-receptor		Down
	interactions
PDGFR	Cytokine-receptor		Down
	interactions
IGFR	Cytokine-receptor		Down
	interactions
c-KIT	Cytokine-receptor		Down
	interactions
FLT3	Cytokine-receptor		Down
	interactions
MET	Cytokine-receptor		Down
	interactions
FGFR	Cytokine-receptor	Mutations in bladder cancer	Down
	interactions
DNA damage and genomic instability
DNMT1	Methyl transferases
DNMT2	Methyl transferases
DNMT3a	Methyl transferases
DNMT3b	Methyl transferases
H3K9Me3	Histone methylation
H3K27Me	Histone methylation
Lsh	Helicase activity
BLM	Helicase activity	Bloom's syndrome > Cancer	Correct
WRN	Helicase activity	Werner's syndrome > Cancer	Correct
RTS	Helicase activity	Rothmund-Thompson > Cancer	Correct
XPA through XPG	Nucleotide excision	Xeroderma pigmentosa
	repair
XPB	Nucleotide excision	Cockayne's syndrome
	repair
XAB2	Nucleotide excision
	repair
XPD	Nucleotide excision	Cockayne's syndrome
	repair
TFIIH	Nucleotide excision
	repair
RFC	Nucleotide excision
	repair
PCNA	Nucleotide excision
	repair
LIG 1	Nucleotide excision
	repair
Flap	Nucleotide excision
endonueclease 1	repair
MNAT	Nucleotide excision
	repair
MMS19	Nucleotide excision
	repair
RAD23A	Nucleotide excision
	repair
RAD23B	Nucleotide excision
	repair
RPA1	Nucleotide excision
	repair
RPA2	Nucleotide excision
	repair
CCNH	Nucleotide excision
	repair
CDK7	Nucleotide excision
	repair
CETN2	Nucleotide excision
	repair
DDB1	Nucleotide excision
	repair
DDB2	Nucleotide excision
	repair
ERCC1	Nucleotide excision
	repair
ATM	Recombinational repair
NBN	Recombinational repair
BRCA1	Recombinational repair	Breast, ovarian and pancreatic cancer	Correct
		susceptibility	or Up
BRCA2	Recombinational repair	Breast cancer and ovarian	Correct
		susceptibility	or UP
RAD51	Recombinational repair
RAD52	Recombinational repair
WRN	Recombinational repair
BLM	Recombinational repair
FANCB	Recombinational repair
MLH1	Mismatch repair	Multiple (including colon and uterus)
MLH2	Mismatch repair	Multiple (including colon and uterus)
MSH2	Mismatch repair
MSH3	Mismatch repair
MSH4	Mismatch repair
MSH5	Mismatch repair
MSH6	Mismatch repair	Multiple (including colon and uterus)
PMS1	Mismatch repair
PMS2	Mismatch repair	Multiple (including colon and uterus)
PMS2L3	Mismatch repair
Aging
DAF-2
IGF-1
SRT1

TABLE VII-15
Genes Mutated in Common Cancers
Bladder                  FGFR3, RB1, HRAS, KRAS, TP53, TSC1, FGFR3
Breast and Ovarian       BRCA, BRCA 2, BARD1, BRIP1, CHEK2, MRE11A, NBN,
                         PALB2, PTEN, RAD50, RAD50, RAD51C, RAD51D, PPMID,
                         TP53, BRIP1, RAD54L, SLC22A1L, PIK3CA, RB1CC1,
Cervical                 FGFR3
Colon and Rectal         PT53, STK11, PTEN, BMPR1A, SMAD, MLH1, MSH2,
                         MSH6, PMS, EPCAM, AKT1, APC, MYH, PTPRJ, AXIN2
Endometrial/Uterine      MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS, EPCAM
Esophageal               DLEC1, TGFBR2, RNF6, LZT1S1, WWOX
Hepatocellular carcinoma PDGFRL, CTNNB1, TP53, MET, CASP8, PIK3CA
Renal                    VHL, PBRMQ, BAP1, SETD2, HIF1-α
Lung                     KRAS, EGFR, ALK, BRAF, ERBB2, FLCN, DIRC2, RNF139,
                         OGG1, PRCC, TFE, MET, PPP2R1B, RASSF1, SLC22A1L
Melanoma                 BRAF, CDKA, CDKN2A, CDKN2B, CDKND, MC1R, TERT,
                         ATF1, CREB1, EWSR1
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma     CASP10, EGFR, IRF1, PIK3CA
Osteosarcoma             CKEK2, LOJ18CR1, RB1
Ovarian                  PRKN, AKT1
Pancreatic               KRAS, BRCA2, CDKN2A, MANF, PALB2, SMAD4, TP53,
                         IPF1
Prostate                 MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2, BRCA 1, HOXB13, CHEK2,
                         ELAC2, EPHB2, SDR5A2, PRKAR1A, PMC1
Papillary and Follicular BRAF, NARAS, ERC1, FOXE1, GOLGA5, NCOA4, NKX2-1,
Thyroid                  PMC1, RET, TFG, TPR, TRIM24, TRIM27, TRIM33
Erwing Sarcoma           ERG, ETV1, ETV4, EWSR1, FLI1
Leukemia                 BRC, AMCR2, GMPS, JAK2, AF10, ARFGEF12, CEBPA,
                         FLT3, KIT, LPP, MLF1, NPM1, NSD1, NUP214, PICALM,
                         RUNX1, SH3GL1, WHSC1L1, ETV6, RARA, BCR,
                         ARHGAP26, NF1, PTPN11, GATA1

Any of the following cancer associated genes provided in Table VII-16 can be targeted.

TABLE VII-16
Exemplary Target Genes Associated With Cancer
ABL1, ABL2, ACSL3, AF15Q14, AF1Q, AF3p21, AF5q31, AKAP9, AKT1, AKT2, ALDH2, ALK,
ALO17, APC, ARHGEF12, ARHH, ARID1A, ARID2, ARNT, ASPSCR1, ASXL1, ATF1, ATIC,
ATM, ATRX, AXIN1, BAP1, BCL10, BCL11A, BCL11B, BCL2, BCL3, BCL5, BCL6, BCL7A,
BCL9, BCOR, BCR, BHD, BIRC3, BLM, BMPR1A, BRAF, BRCA1, BRCA2, BRD3, BRD4, BRIP1,
BTG1, BUB1B, C12orf9, C15orf21, C15orf55, C16orf75, C2orf44, CAMTA1, CANT1, CARD11,
CARS, CBFA2T1, CBFA2T3, CBFB, CBL, CBLB, CBLC, CCDC6, CCNB1IP1, CCND1, CCND2,
CCND3, CCNE1, CD273, CD274, CD74, CD79A, CD79B, CDH1, CDH11, CDK12, CDK4, CDK6,
CDKN2A, CDKN2a(p14), CDKN2C, CDX2, CEBPA, CEP1, CHCHD7, CHEK2, CHIC2, CHN1, CIC,
CIITA, CLTC, CLTCL1, CMKOR1, CNOT3, COL1A1, COPEB, COX6C, CREB1, CREB3L1,
CREB3L2, CREBBP, CRLF2, CRTC3, CTNNB1, CYLD, D10S170, DAXX, DDB2, DDIT3, DDX10,
DDX5, DDX6, DEK, DICER1, DNM2, DNMT3A, DUX4, EBF1, ECT2L, EGFR, EIF4A2, ELF4,
ELK4, ELKS, ELL, ELN, EML4, EP300, EPS15, ERBB2, ERCC2, ERCC3, ERCC4, ERCC5, ERG,
ETV1, ETV4, ETV5, ETV6, EVI1, EWSR1, EXT1, EXT2, EZH2, EZR, FACL6, FAM22A, FAM22B,
FAM46C, FANCA, FANCC, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, FBXO11, FBXW7, FCGR2B,
FEV, FGFR1, FGFR1OP, FGFR2, FGFR3, FH, FHIT, FIP1L1, FLI1, FLJ27352, FLT3, FNBP1,
FOXL2, FOXO1A, FOXO3A, FOXP1, FSTL3, FUBP1, FUS, FVT1, GAS7, GATA1, GATA2,
GATA3, GMPS, GNA11, GNAQ, GNAS, GOLGA5, GOPC, GPC3, GPHN, GRAF, H3F3A,
HCMOGT-1, HEAB, HERPUD1, HEY1, HIP1, HIST1H3B, HIST1H4I, HLF, HLXB9, HMGA1,
HMGA2, HNRNPA2B1, HOOK3, HOXA11, HOXA13, HOXA9, HOXC11, HOXC13, HOXD11,
HOXD13, HRAS, HRPT2, HSPCA, HSPCB, IDH1, IDH2, IGH@, IGK@, IGL@, IKZF1, IL2, IL21R,
IL6ST, IL7R, IRF4, IRTA1, ITK, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, JAZF1, JUN, KCNJ5, KDM5A, KDM5C,
KDM6A, KDR, KIAA1549, KIF5B, KIT, KLF4, KLK2, KRAS, KTN1, LAF4, LASP1, LCK, LCP1,
LCX, LHFP, LIFR, LMO1, LMO2, LPP, LRIG3, LYL1, MADH4, MAF, MAFB, MALT1, MAML2,
MAP2K1, MAP2K2, MAP2K4, MAX, MDM2, MDM4, MDS1, MDS2, MECT1, MED12, MEN1,
MET, MITF, MKL1, MLF1, MLH1, MLL, MLL2, MLL3, MLLT1, MLLT10, MLLT2, MLLT3,
MLLT4, MLLT6, MLLT7, MN1, MPL, MSF, MSH2, MSH6, MSI2, MSN, MTCP1, MUC1, MUTYH,
MYB, MYC, MYCL1, MYCN, MYD88, MYH11, MYH9, MYST4, NACA, NBS1, NCOA1, NCOA2,
NCOA4, NDRG1, NF1, NF2, NFE2L2, NFIB, NFKB2, NIN, NKX2-1, NONO, NOTCH1, NOTCH2,
NPM1, NR4A3, NRAS, NSD1, NT5C2, NTRK1, NTRK3, NUMA1, NUP214, NUP98, OLIG2, OMD,
P2RY8, PAFAH1B2, PALB2, PAX3, PAX5, PAX7, PAX8, PBRM1, PBX1, PCM1, PCSK7,
PDE4DIP, PDGFB, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, PER1, PHF6, PHOX2B, PICALM, PIK3CA, PIK3R1, PIM1,
PLAG1, PML, PMS1, PMS2, PMX1, PNUTL1, POT1, POU2AF1, POU5F1, PPARG, PPP2R1A,
PRCC, PRDM1, PRDM16, PRF1, PRKAR1A, PRO1073, PSIP2, PTCH, PTEN, PTPN11, RAB5EP,
RAC1, RAD51L1, RAF1, RALGDS, RANBP17, RAP1GDS1, RARA, RB1, RBM15, RECQL4, REL,
RET, RNF43, ROS1, RPL10, RPL22, RPL5, RPN1, RUNDC2A, RUNX1, RUNXBP2, SBDS, SDC4,
SDH5, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD, SEPT6, SET, SETBP1, SETD2, SF3B1, SFPQ, SFRS3, SH2B3,
SH3GL1, SIL, SLC34A2, SLC45A3, SMARCA4, SMARCB1, SMARCE1, SMO, SOCS1, SOX2,
SRGAP3, SRSF2, SS18, SS18L1, SSH3BP1, SSX1, SSX2, SSX4, STAT3, STK11, STL, SUFU,
SUZ12, SYK, TAF15, TAL1, TAL2, TCEA1, TCF1, TCF12, TCF3, TCF7L2, TCL1A, TCL6, TERT,
TET2, TFE3, TFEB, TFG, TFPT, TFRC, THRAP3, TIF1, TLX1, TLX3, TMPRSS2, TNFAIP3,
TNFRSF14, TNFRSF17, TNFRSF6, TOP1, TP53, TPM3, TPM4, TPR, TRA@, TRAF7, TRB@,
TRD@, TRIM27, TRIM33, TRIP11, TSC1, TSC2, TSHR, TTL, U2AF1, USP6, VHL, VTI1A, WAS,
WHSC1, WHSC1L1, WIF1, WRN, WT1, WTX, WWTR1, XPA, XPC, XPO1, YWHAE, ZNF145,
ZNF198, ZNF278, ZNF331, ZNF384, ZNF521, ZNF9, or ZRSR2

Exemplary pathways and genes associated with energy metabolism are provided in Table VII-17. Exemplary metabolic targets disclosed herein may be modulated using CRISPR/Cas9 as described herein. Modulation may be used to knockdown a gene of interest, correct a defect or mutation in the gene, or to activate a gene of interest.

TABLE VII-17
Exemplary Metabolic Target List
Target                           How to Modulate
ACAT, acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase Knock down
AGPAT2, 1-acyl-glcero-3-phosphate acyltransferase 2 Knock down
DGAT, diacylglycerol acyltransferase Knock down
GL, gastric lipase               Knock down
PL, pancreatic lipase            Knock down
sPLA2, secretory phospholipase A2 Knock down
ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase      Knock down
CPT, carnitine palmitoyl transferase Knock down
FAS, fatty-acid synthase         Knock down
MTP, microsomal triglyceride-transfer protein Knock down
Insulin receptor                 Correct defects or activate
SU receptor/K+ ATP channel       Activate with mutation
a-glucosidase                    Knock down
PPARy                            Activate with mutation
Glycogen phosphorylase           Knock down
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase      Knock down
glucose-6-phosphatase            Knock down
PTP-1B                           Knock down
SHIP-2                           Knock down
GSK-3                            Knock down
lkB kinase                       Knock down
PKCq                             Knock down
GLP1R                            Correct mutation
GIPR                             Correct mutation
GPR40                            Correct mutation
GPR119                           Correct mutation
GPR41                            Correct mutation
GPR43                            Correct mutation
GPR120                           Correct mutation
GCGR                             Correct mutation
PAC1                             Correct mutation
VPAC2                            Correct mutation
Y1                               Knock down
GHSR                             Knock down
CCKAR                            Correct mutation
b2                               Correct mutation
a2                               Knock down
MT1                              Knock down
M3                               Correct mutation
CB1                              Knock down
P2Y                              Correct mutation
H3                               Inhibit
MCH-R1                           Correct mutation
MCH-R2                           Correct mutation
Ghrelin R                        Inhibit
FASN                             Inhibit
Bombesin-R3                      Inhibit
CCK-A Receptor                   Correct mutation
Seratonin System                 Correct mutation
CBI Cannabinoid Receptors        Inhibit
Dopaminergic System              Correct mutation
Enterostatin                     Mutate to super agonist
CNTF                             Mutate to super agonist
CNTF-R                           Correct mutation
SOCS-3                           Knock down
46a                              Knock down
PrPP Receptors                   Correct mutation
Amylin                           Mutate to super agonist
CRH System                       Mutate to super agonist
Galanin Receptors                Knock down
Orexin Receptors                 Knock down
Noradrenalin System              Mutate to super agonist
CART                             Mutate to super agonist
FATP4                            Knock down
Pancreatic Lipase                Knock down
ACRP30                           Super agonist mutations
Thyroid Hormone                  Correct mutation
B-3 Adrenergic Receptor          Correct mutation
UCPs                             Upregulate
PTP-1B                           Knock down
MC3                              Correct mutation
ACC2                             Knock down
Perilipin                        Knock down
HMGIC                            Knock down
11BHSD-1                         Knock down
Glucagon R                       Knock down
Glucocoricoid R                  Knock down
11beta-HSD I                     Knock down
PGC-1                            Correct mutation
DPPP-IV                          Knock down
GLP                              Mutate to super agonist
GIP                              Mutate to super agonist
GLP-IR                           Correct mutation
AMP Kinase                       Correct mutation
IKK-b                            Knock down
PPARa/g                          Knock down
INS-R                            Knock down
SGLT                             Knock down
a-glucosidase                    Knock down
HMGCR                            Knock down
PCSK9                            Knock down
ApoB-100                         Knock down
Leptin                           Mutate to super agonist
Leptin Receptor                  Mutate to constitutively active
                                 receptor
MC4R                             Mutate to constitutively active
                                 receptor
VOMC                             Mutate MSH region to super
                                 agonist
AGRP                             Knock down
IVPY Receptors                   Introduce constitutively active
                                 mutations
5HT2C                            Introduce constitutively active
                                 mutations
GLP-1                            Mutate to super agonist
GLP-1 Receptor                   Mutate to constitutively active
                                 receptor

In an embodiment, the pathways and genes described herein, e.g., in Table VII-17, are also associated with diabetes, obesity, and/or cholesterol and lipids.

Exemplary pathways and genes associated with the cell cycle are provided in Table VII-18.

TABLE VII-18
CELL CYCLE PATHWAYS and REPRESENTATIVE GENES
DNA Damage	Mismatch repair	Apoptosis
ATM			PMS2	Fas-L
MRE11			MLH1	FasR
NBS1			MSH6	Trail-L
RAD50			MSH2	Trail-R
53BP1			RFC	TNF-α
P53			PCNA	TNF-R1
CHKE			MSH3	FADD
E2F1			MutS homolog	TRADD
PML			MutL homolog	RIPI
FANCD2			Exonuclease	MyD88
SMC1			DNA Polymerase delta	IRAK
BLM1			(POLD1, POLD2, POLD3,	NIL
BRCA1			and POLD4 -genes	IKK
H2AX			encoding subunits)	NF-Kβ
ATR			Topoisomerase 1	IκBα
RPA			Topoisomerase 2	IAP
ATRIP			RNAseH1	Caspase 3
RAD9			Ligase 1	Caspase 6
RAD1			DNA polymerase 1	Caspase 7
HUS			DNA polymerase 3	Caspase 8
RAD17			Primase	Caspase 10
RFC			Helicase	HDAC1
CHK1			Single-strand binding	HDAC2
TLK1			proteins	Cytochrome C
CDC25				Bxl-xL
				STAT3
				STAT5
				DFF45
				Vcl-2
				ENDO-G
				PI3K
				Akt
				Calpain
				Bad
				Bax
Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis	Hypoxia	Cell Proliferation
E1	HERC1	TRAF6	HIF-1α	MAPK
E2	UBE2Q	MEKK1	HIF-1β	MAPKK
E3	UBE2R	COP1	Ref1	MAPKKK
UBLE1A	UBE2S	PIFH2	HSP90	c-Met
UBLE1B	UBE2U	cIAP	VEGF	HGF
UBLE1C	UBE2W	PIAS	PAS	ERKS1/2
UBE2A	UBE2Z	SYVN	ARNT	ATK
UBE2B	AFCLLCN	NHLRC1	VHL	PKCs
UBE2C	UBE1	AIRE	HLF	Paxilin
UBE2A	E6AP	MGRN1	EPF	FAK
UBE2E	UBE3B	BRCA1	VDU2	Adducin
UBE2F	Smurf	FANCL	SUMORESUME	PYK1
UBE2G1	Itch	MID1	SENP1	RB
UBE2G2	HERC2	Cdc20	Calcineurin A	RB1
UBE2I	HERC3	Cdh1	RACK1	Raf-1
UBE2J1	HERC4	Apc1	PTB	A-Raf
UBE2J2	UBE4A	Apc2	Hur	B-raf
UBE2L3	UBE4B	Apc3	PHD2	MEK1/2
UBE2L6	CHIP	Apc4	SSAT2	ERK1/2
UBE2M	CYC4	Apc5	SSAT1	Ets
UBE2N	PPR19	Apc6	GSK3β	Elk1
UBE2O	UIP5	Apc7	CBP	SAP1
WWPI	Mdm2	Apc8	FOXO4	cPLA2
WWP2	Parkin	Apc9	FIH-1
TRIP12	Trim32	Apc10
NEED4	Trim37	Apc11
ARF-BP1	SIAH-1	Apc12
EDD1	PML
Cell survival	Cell cycle arrest
SMAD1			P21
SMAD5			BAX
SAMD8			MDR
LEF1			DRAIL IGFBP3
TCF3			GADD45
TCF4
P300
HAT1
PI3K
Akt
GF1

Exemplary cell cycle genes characterized by their function are provided in Table VII-19.

TABLE VII-19
CELL CYCLE GENES
Translation		Cyclin-
initiation		dependent Kinases
factors	Cyclins	(DKs)
E2F1	CCNA1, CCNA2, CCNB1,	CDK1, CDK2, CDK3, CDK5,
E2F2	CCNB2, CCNB3, CCNC,	CDK6, CDK7, CDK8, CDK9,
E2F3	CCND1, CCND2, CCND3,	CDK11,
E2F4	CCNE1, CCNE2, CCNF,
E2F5	CCNG1, CCNG2, CCNH,
E2F6	CCNI, CCNI2, , CCNO,
E2F8	CCNT1, CCNT2, CCNY,
	CCNYL1, CCNYL2,
	CCNYL3
Cyclin	CDK inhibitory	CDK regulators (both
regulators	proteins (CDKIs)	positive and negative)
c-Jun	INK4 family	RINGO/Speedy family
c-Fos	P15	P53
	P16	MDM2
	P18	RB
	P19	CHK1
	CIP/KIP family	CHk2
	P21	ATM
	P27	ATR
	P57	CDC2
		HDAC1
		HDAC2

Exemplary pathways and genes associated with the angiogenesis are described provided in Table VII-20.

TABLE VII-20
ANGIOGENESIS PATHWAY GENES
	Cell surface		Transcription
Extracellular ligands	receptors	Signal transduction	factors
PLGF	VEGFR1	PLCγ	c-FOS
VEGF	VEGFR2	SHC	E2F7
VEGFB	VEGFR3	PI3K
VEGFC	Nrp1	PIP3
VEGFD		IP3
		DAG
		GRB2
		SOS
		Akt
		PKB
		PKC
		Ras
		RAF1
		DAG
		eNOS
		NO
		ERK1
		ERK2
		cPLA2
		MEK1
		MEK2

Exemplary pathways and genes associated with the mitochondrial function are provided in Table VII-24.

TABLE VII-24
Pathways and genes associated with mitochondrial function
		Mitochondrial	Valine oxidation
B-oxidation	TCA Cycle	apoptosis	pathway
acyl CoA	Citrate synthase		Transaminase
dehydrogenase	Aconitase		BCKADH complex
enoyl CoA hydratase	Isocitrate dehydrogenase		ACAD-8
3-hydroxyacyl-CoA	Alpha-ketoglutarate		Crotonoase
dehydrogenase	dehydrogenase		HIBCH
β-ketothiolase	Succinyl-CoA synthetase		HIBADH
	Succinate dehydrogenase		MMSDH
	Fumarase		Aminotransferase
	Malate dehydrogenase		Hydratase
			Deacylase
			Dehydrogenase
			Carboxylase
			Mutase
	Fatty acid oxidation
	disorders (enzyme	Leucine Oxidation	Isoleucine
	deficiencies)	Pathway	oxidation pathway
	OCTN2	Aminotransferase	Aminotransferase
	FATP1-6	Branched chain	Branched chain
	CPT-1	aminotransferase 2,	aminotransferase 2,
	CACT	mitochondrial	mitochondrial
	CPT-II	Isobutytyl-CoA	2-methylbutytyl-CoA
	SCAD	dehydrogenase	Dehydrogenase
	MCAD	(Branched Chain	(Branched Chain
	VLCAD	Keto Acid	Keto Acid
	ETF-DH	Dehydrogase	Dehydrogenase
	Alpha-ETF	Complex)	Complex)
	Beta-ETF	Hydratase	Hydratase
	SCHAD	HMG-CoA lyase	2-methyl-3-OH-
	LCHAD		butyryl-CoA
	MTP		dehydrogenase
	LKAT		3-Oxothiolase
	DECR1
	HMGCS2
	HMGCL
Additional mitochondrial genes and related diseases caused by mutations
	Mt-ND1	Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
	Mt-ND4	Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
	Mt-ND6	Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
	OPA1	Autosomal dominant optic atrophy
	CMT2A	Charcot-Marie-Toothhereditary neuropathy type 2A
	mt-TK	Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibres
Mitochondrial
Respiratory chain
genes	Related diseases
NADH CoQ	Alpers, Alzheimer's, Parkinsonism, Cardiomyopathy, Deficiency (Barth
Reductase	and/or Lethal Infantile), Encephalopathy, Infantile CNS, Leber's, Leigh,
	Longevity, MELAS, MERRF, Myopathy ± CNS, PEO, Spinal cord
	disorders
Succinate-CoQ	Kearns-Sayre, Leigh's, Myopathy (e.g., Infantile ± CNS), Paraganglioma,
Reductase	Pheochromocytoma
CoQ-Cytochrome C	Cardiomyopathy, Fatal infantile, GRACILE, Leber's, Myopathy (e.g., ±
Reductase	CNS, PEO)
Cytochrome C	Alper's, Ataxia, Deafness, Leber's, Leigh's, Myopathy (e.g., Infantile (e.g.,
Oxidase	Fatal, Benign), Adult), Rhabdomyolysis, PEO, KSS, MNGIE, MERRF,
	MELAS
ATP Synthase	Cardiomyopathy, Encephalopathy, Leber's, Leigh, Multisystem, NARP
Complex I (NADH-Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase)
			Subunits involved
Nuclear encoded	Mitochondral DNA	Supernumerary	in regulation of
proteins	encoded proteins	subunits	Complext I activity
NDUFS1: Childhood	ND1	NDUFAB1 (SDAP):	NDUFS4 (AQDQ)
encephalopathy; Most	ND2	Carrier of fatty acid	Functions:
common Complex I	ND3	chain	Increased Complex
mutations (3%)	ND4	NDUFA1 (MWFE)	I activity with
NDUFS2:	ND4L	Primarily expressed	phosphorylation
Cardiomyopathy +	ND5	in heart & skeletal	Disorders:
Encephalomyopathy	ND6	muscle	Multisystem
NDUFS3: Leigh		Disorders:	childhood
NDUFS7: Leigh		Encephalopathies	encephalopathy
NDUFS8: Leigh		NDUFA2:	with Complex I
NDUFV1: Childhood		Encephalopathy &	deficiency; Leigh
encephalopathy		Cardiomyopathy	syndrome
NDUFV2:		NDUFA9: Leigh
Encephalopathy +		syndrome
Cardiomyopathy		NDUFA10: Leigh
ELAC2:		syndrome
Cardiomyopathy,		NDUFA11
Hypertrophic		Disorder:
		Encephalopathy &
		Cardiomyopathy
		NDUFA12: Leigh
		syndrome
		NDUFB9:
		Hypotonia
		NDUFS6: Lethal
		Infantile
		Mitochondrial
		Disease
Proteins involved in
Complex I assembly	Other
NDUFAF1:	NDUFA13: Thyroid
Cardiomyopathy +	carcinoma (Hurthle
Encephalomyopathy	cell)
NDUFAF2	NDUFB3: Severe
(NDUFA12L):	lethal mitochondrial
Childhood	complex I deficiency
encephalopathy;	MTHFR deficiency
Usually null	MGME1: PEO +
mutations	Myopathy
NDUFAF3: Lethal
neonatal
encephalopathy
NDUFAF4:
Encephalopathy
C6ORF66:
Encephalopathy
C8orf38: Leigh
syndrome
C20orf7: Lethal
neonatal
NUBPL:
Encephalomyopathy
ACAD9: Fatigue &
Exercise intolerance;
Most missense
mutations
FOXRED1: Leigh
syndrome
Ecsit
AIF (AIFM1;
PDCD8)
Ind1
Complex I (NABH-Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase)
Flavoprotein: FAD (SDHA; Fp)	Mutations cause Leigh syndrome with
	Complex II deficiency
	Late onset neurodegenerative disorder)
Iron-Sulfur protein: SDHB (Ip)	Mutations cause Reduced tumor suppression
	Neoplasms: Pheochromocytoma &
	Paraganglioma
SDHC; SDHD (cytochrome C subunits)	mutations lead to paraganglioma
Complex III (Cytochrome reductase)
Cytochrome c1 (CYC1)
Rieske FeS protein (UQCRFS1)
Ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core	May mediate formation of complex between
protein I (UQCRC1; QCR; Subunit 1)	cytochromes c and c1
Ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core	Required for assembly of complex III
protein II (UQCRC2; QCR2; Subunit 2)
UQCRH (Subunit 6)	May mediate formation of complex between
	cytochromes c and c1
Ubiquinone-binding protein (UQBC;	Redox-linked proton pumping
UQPC; UQCRB; UQBP; Subunit 7)
UQCRQ (Subunit 8)	Binds to ubiquinone
Ubiquinol-cytochrome C reductase	Interacts with cytochrome c1
complex, 7.2-KD Subunit (UCRC;
UQCR10; Subunit 9)
UQCR (UQCR11; Subunit 10)	function as iron-sulfur protein binding factor
Cleavage product of UQCRFS1
(Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 11)
	Inner membrane proteins and related disorders
	ABCB7: Ataxia + Anemia
	ACADVL: Myopathy
	ADCK3: SACR9
	AGK: Sengers
	ATP5A1: Encephalopathy, neonatal
	ATP5E: Retardation + Neuropathy
	BRP44L: Encephalopathy
	c12orf62: Encephalocardiomyopathy
	Cardiolipin: Barth
	COX4I2: Pancreas + Anemia
	COX6B1: Encephalomyopathy
	CPT2: Myopathy
	CRAT: Encephalomyopathy
	CYC1: Hyperglycemia & Encephalopathy
	CYCS
	CYP11A1
	CYP11B1
	CYP11B2
	CYP24A1
	CYP27A1: Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis
	CYP27B1
	DHODH
	DNAJC19: Cardiac + Ataxia
	FASTKD2: Encephalomyopathy
	GPD2
	HADHA: Multisystem; Myopathy
	HADHB: Encephalomyopathy
	HCCS: MIDAS
	L2HGDH: Encephalopathy
	MMAA
	MPV17: Hepatocerebral
	NDUFA1: Encephalopathy
	NDUFA2: Leigh + Cardiac
	NDUFA4: Leigh
	NDUFA9: Leigh
	NDUFA10: Leigh
	NDUFA11: Encephalocardiomyopathy
	NDUFA12: Leigh
	NDUFA13
	NDUFB3: Lethal infantile
	NDUFB9: Encephalopathy
	NDUFV1: Encephalopathy
	NDUFV2: Encephalopathy + Cardiac
	NDUFS1: Leukodystrophy
	NDUFS2: Encephalopathy + Cardiac
	NDUFS3: Dystonia
	NDUFS4: Encephalopathy
	NDUFS6: Lethal infantile
	NDUFS7: Encephalopathy
	NDUFS8: CNS + Cardiac
	OPA1: Optic atrophy
	OPA3: Optic atrophy
	PDSS1: Coenzyme Q10 deficiency
	SDHA: Leigh; Cardiac; Paraganglioma
	SDHB: Paraganglioma
	SDHC: Paraganglioma
	SDHD: Paraganglioma
	SLC25A carriers
	SLC25A1: Epileptic encephalopathy
	SLC25A3: Cardiac; Exercise intolerance
	SLC25A4: PEOA2
	SLC25A12: Hypomyelination
	SLC25A13: Citrullinemia
	SLC25A15: HHH
	SLC25A19: Microcephaly
	SLC25A20: Encephalocardiomyopathy
	SLC25A22: Myoclonic epilepsy
	SLC25A38: Anemia
	Paraplegin: SPG7
	TIMM8A: Deaf-Dystonia-Dementia
	UCP1
	UCP2
	UCP3
	UQCRB: Hypoglycemia, Hepatic
	UQCRC2: Episodic metabolic encephalopathy
	UQCRQ: Encephalopathy

Pathways and genes associated with DNA damage and genomic instability include the following methyl transferases, histone methylation, helicase activity, nucleotide excision repair, recombinational repair, or mismatch repair provided in Table VII-21. See also Table VI-22.

TABLE VII-21
PATHWAYS and GENES ASSOCIATED with
DNA DAMAGE and GENOMIC INSTABILITY
			Non-Homologous
Double-stranded Breaks	Replication Stress	DNA Methylation	End-Joining
ATM		ATR	DNMT1	Ku70
RAD50		RAD17	DNMT2	Ku80
MRE119		ATRIP	DNMT3A	DNA
NBS1		RAD9	DNMT3B	PKc
CRCA1		RPA	DNMT3L	XRCC4
H2AX		CHK1	MeCP2	DNA ligase 4
53BP1		BLM	MBD2	XLF
MDC1		H2AX		Rad50
SMC1		53BP1		Artemis
P53		P53		Rad27
				TdT
	Nucleotide-Excision	Homologous
Base-Excision repair	Repair	Recombination	Mismatch repair
APE1		UvrA	RecA	PMS2
APE2		UvrB	SSB	MLH1
NEIL1		UvrC	Mre11	MSH6
NEIL2		XPC	Rad50	MSH2
NEIL3		Rad23B	Nbs1	RFC
XRCC1		CEN2	CtIP	PCNA
PNKP		DDB1	RPA	MSH3
Tdp1		XPE	Rad51	MutS
APTX		CSA,	Rad52	MutL
DNA polymerase β	CSB	Rad54	Exonuclease
DNA polymerase δ	TFIIH	BRCA1	Topoisomerase 1
DNA polymerase ε	XPB	BRCA2	Topoisomerase 2
PCNA		XPD	Exo1	RNAseH1
FEN1		XPA	BLM	Ligase 1
RFC		RPA	TopIIIα	DNA polymerase 1
PARP1		XPG	GEN1	DNA polymerase 3
Lig1		ERCC1	Yen1	Primase
Lig3		XPF	Slx1	Helicase
UNG		DNA polymerase δ	Slx4	SSBs
MUTY		DNA polymerase ε	Mus8
SMUG			Eme1
MBD4			Dss1
Histone Methylation
ASH1L	SETD4
DOT1L	SETD5
EHMT1	SETD6
EHMT2	SETD7
EZH1	SETD8
EZH2	SETD9
MLL	SETDB1
MLL2	SETDB2
MLL3	SETMAR
MLL4	SMYD1
MLL5	SMYD2
NSD1	SMYD3
PRDM2	SMYD4
SET	SMYD5
SETBP1	SUV39H1
SETD1A	SUV39H2
SETD1B	SUV420H1
SETD2	SUV420H2
SETD3

TABLE VII-22
Selected Transcription FactorsTranscription factors
NIKX2-5          Cardiac malformations and
                 atrioventricular conduction
                 abnormalities
MECP2            Rett syndrome
HNF1 through     Mature onset diabetes of the young
HNF6             (MODY), hepatic adenomas and renal
                 cysts
FOXP2            Developmental verbal dyspraxia
FOXP3            Autoimmune diseases
NOTCH1           Aortic valve abnormalities
MEF2A            Coronary artery disease
CRX              Dominant cone-rod dystrophy
FOCX2            Lymphedema-distichiasis
NF-κB            Autoimmune arthritis, asthma, septic
Activation       shock, lung fibrosis,
                 glomerulonephritis, atherosclerosis,
                 and AIDS
NF-κB Inhibition Apoptosis, inappropriate immune cell
                 development, and delayed cell growth
NARA2            Parkinson disease
LHX3             Pituitary disease
GAT4             Congenital heart defects
P53, APC         Cancer
CTCF             Epigenetics and cell growth regulation
EGR2             Congenital hypomyelinating
                 neuropathy (CHN) and Charcot-Marie-
                 Tooth type 1 (CMT1)
STAT family      Cancer and immunosuppression
NF-AT family     Cancer and inflammation
AP-1 family      Cancer and inflammation

A gene including receptors and ionophores relevant to pain in this table can be targeted, by editing or payload delivery. Pathways and genes associated with pain are described herein, e.g., include the following those in Table VII-23.

TABLE VII-23
	Part of
	nervous
Type of pain	system	Target	Area	How to affect
nociceptive	central	5-HT	central inhibition
nociceptive	central	5HT1A	central inhibition	agonists (activation) serve
				as analgesic,
				antidepressants, anxiolytics,
				psychosis
nociceptive	central	5HT1A	central inhibition	antagonists can work as
				antidepressants, nootropics
nociceptive	central	5HT1B	central inhibition	migraines
nociceptive	central	5HT1D	central inhibition	migraines
nociceptive	central	5HT1E	central inhibition
nociceptive	central	5HT1F	central inhibition	agonists - psychedelics
nociceptive	central	5HT1F	central inhibition	antagonists - atypical
				antipsychotics, NaSSAsm
				treatig sertonin syndrome,
				sleeping aid
nociceptive	central	5HT2A	central inhibition	agonists - psychadelics
nociceptive	central	5HT2A	central inhibition	antagonists - atypical
				antipsychotics, NaSSAs,
				treating seratonin syndrome,
				sleeping aid
nociceptive	central	5HT2B	central inhibition	migraines
nociceptive	central	5HT2C	central inhibition	antidepressant, orexigenic,
				anorectic, antipsychotic
nociceptive	central	5HT3	central inhibition	antiemetic
nociceptive	central	5HT4	central inhibition	gastroproknetics
nociceptive	central	5HT5A	central inhibition
nociceptive	central	5HT5B	central inhibition
nociceptive	central	5HT6	central inhibition	antidepressant (antagonists
				and agonists), anxiolytic
				(antagonists and agonists),
				nootropic (antagonists),
				anorectic (antagonists)
nociceptive	central	5HT7	central inhibition	antidepressant (antagonists),
				anxiolytics (antagonists),
				nootropic (antagonists)
nociceptive	central	CB1	central inhibition
nociceptive	central	GABA	central inhibition
nociceptive	central	GABAA-$	central inhibition
nociceptive	central	GABAB-R	central inhibition
nociceptive	central	Glucine-R	central inhibition
nociceptive	central	NE	central inhibition
nociceptive	central	Opiod	central inhibition
		receptors
nociceptive	central	c-fos	gene expression
nociceptive	central	c-jun	gene expression
nociceptive	central	CREB	gene expression
nociceptive	central	DREAM	gene expression
nociceptive	peripheral	K+ channel	membrane
			excitability of
			primary afferents
nociceptive	peripheral	Nav1.8	membrane
			excitability of
			primary afferents
nociceptive	peripheral	Nav1.9	membrane
			excitability of
			primary afferents
nociceptive	peripheral	CaMKIV	peripheral
			sensitization
nociceptive	peripheral	COX2	peripheral
			sensitization
nociceptive	peripheral	cPLA2	peripheral
			sensitization
nociceptive	peripheral	EP1	peripheral
			sensitization
nociceptive	peripheral	EP3	peripheral
			sensitization
nociceptive	peripheral	EP4	peripheral
			sensitization
nociceptive	peripheral	ERK1/2	peripheral
			sensitization
nociceptive	peripheral	IL-1beta	peripheral
			sensitization
nociceptive	peripheral	JNK	peripheral
			sensitization
nociceptive	peripheral	Nav1.8	peripheral
			sensitization
nociceptive	peripheral	NGF	peripheral
			sensitization
nociceptive	peripheral	p38	peripheral
			sensitization
nociceptive	peripheral	PKA	peripheral
			sensitization
nociceptive	peripheral	PKC	peripheral
		isoforms	sensitization
nociceptive	peripheral	TNFalpha	peripheral
			sensitization
nociceptive	peripheral	TrkA	peripheral
			sensitization
nociceptive	peripheral	TRPV1	peripheral
			sensitization
nociceptive	central	AMPA/kai-	postsynaptic
		nate-R	transmission
nociceptive	central	K+ channels	postsynaptic
			transmission
nociceptive	central	mGlu-$	postsynaptic
			transmission
nociceptive	central	Nav1.3	postsynaptic
			transmission
nociceptive	central	NK1	postsynaptic
			transmission
nociceptive	central	NMDA-R	postsynaptic
			transmission
nociceptive	peripheral	Adenosine-	presynaptic
		R	transmission
nociceptive	peripheral	mGluR	presynaptic
			transmission
nociceptive	peripheral	VGCC	presynaptic
			transmission
nociceptive	central	ERK	signal
			transduction
nociceptive	central	JNK	signal
			transduction
nociceptive	central	p38	signal
			transduction
nociceptive	central	PKA	signal
			transduction
nociceptive	central	PKC	signal
		isoforms	transduction
nociceptive	peripheral	ASIC	transduction
nociceptive	peripheral	BK1	transduction
nociceptive	peripheral	BK2	transduction
nociceptive	peripheral	DRASIC	transduction
nociceptive	peripheral	MDEG	transduction
nociceptive	peripheral	P2X3	transduction
nociceptive	peripheral	TREK-1	transduction
nociceptive	peripheral	TRPM8	transduction
nociceptive	peripheral	TRPV1	transduction
nociceptive	peripheral	TRPV2	transduction
nociceptive	peripheral	TRPV3	transduction
neuropathic
pain
Inflammatory		histamine
pain
Inflammatory		ATP
pain
Inflammatory		bradykinin
pain
Inflammatory		CB2
pain
Inflammatory		Endothelins
pain
Inflammatory		H+
pain
Inflammatory		Interleukins
pain
Inflammatory		NGF
pain
Inflammatory		prostaglandins
pain
Inflammatory		serotonin
pain
Inflammatory		TNFalpha
pain

VIII. Targets: Disorders Associated with Disease Causing Organisms

Cas9 molecules, typically eiCas9 molecules or eaCas9 molecules, and gRNA molecules, e.g., an eiCas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex, e.g., an eaCas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex, can be used to treat or control diseases associated with disease causing organisms, e.g., to treat infectious diseases. In an embodiment, the infectious disease is treated by editing (e.g., correcting) one or more target genes, e.g., of the organism or of the subject. In an embodiment, the infectious disease is treated by delivering one or more payloads (e.g., as described herein) to the cell of a disease causing organism or to an infected cell of the subject, e.g., to a target gene. In an embodiment, the target gene is in the infectious pathogen. Exemplary infectious pathogens include, e.g., viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, or mutlicellular parasites.

In an embodiment, the target gene is in the host cell. For example, modulation of a target gene in the host cell can result in resistance to the infectious pathogen. Host genes involved in any stage of the life cycle of the infectious pathogen (e.g., entry, replication, latency) can be modulated. In an embodiment, the target gene encodes a cellular receptor or co-receptor for the infectious pathogen. In an embodiment, the infectious pathogen is a virus, e.g., a virus described herein, e.g., HIV. In an embodiment, the target gene encodes a co-receptor for HIV, e.g., CCR5 or CXCR4.

Exemplary infectious diseases that can be treated by the molecules and methods described herein, include, e.g., AIDS, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Herpes simplex, HPV infection, or Influenza.

Exemplary targets are provided in Table VIII-1. The disease and causative organism are provided.

TABLE VIII-1
DISEASE                          SOURCE OF DISEASE
Acinetobacter infections         Acinetobacter baumannii
Actinomycosis                    Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces
                                 gerencseriae and Propionibacterium
                                 propionicus
African sleeping sickness        Trypanosoma brucei
(African trypanosomiasis)
AIDS (Acquired                   HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus)
immunodeficiency syndrome)
Amebiasis                        Entamoeba histolytica
Anaplasmosis                     Anaplasma genus
Anthrax                          Bacillus anthracis
Arcanobacterium haemolyticum     Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
infection
Argentine hemorrhagic fever      Junin virus
Ascariasis                       Ascaris lumbricoides
Aspergillosis                    Aspergillus genus
Astrovirus infection             Astroviridae family
Babesiosis                       Babesia genus
Bacillus cereus infection        Bacillus cereus
Bacterial pneumonia              multiple bacteria
Bacterial vaginosis (BV)         multiple bacteria
Bacteroides infection            Bacteroides genus
Balantidiasis                    Balantidium coli
Baylisascaris infection          Baylisascaris genus
BK virus infection               BK virus
Black piedra                     Piedraia hortae
Blastocystis hominis infection   Blastocystis hominis
Blastomycosis                    Blastomyces dermatitidis
Bolivian hemorrhagic fever       Machupo virus
Borrelia infection               Borrelia genus
Botulism (and Infant botulism)   Clostridium botulinum; Note: Botulism is
                                 not an infection by Clostridium botulinum
                                 but caused by the intake of botulinum toxin.
Brazilian hemorrhagic fever      Sabia
Brucellosis                      Brucella genus
Bubonic plague                   the bacterial family Enterobacteriaceae
Burkholderia infection           usually Burkholderia cepacia and other
                                 Burkholderia species
Buruli ulcer                     Mycobacterium ulcerans
Calicivirus infection (Norovirus Caliciviridae family
and Sapovirus)
Campylobacteriosis               Campylobacter genus
Candidiasis (Moniliasis; Thrush) usually Candida albicans and other Candida
                                 species
Cat-scratch disease              Bartonella henselae
Cellulitis                       usually Group A Streptococcus and
                                 Staphylococcus
Chagas Disease (American         Trypanosoma cruzi
trypanosomiasis)
Chancroid                        Haemophilus ducreyi
Chickenpox                       Varicella zoster virus (VZV)
Chlamydia                        Chlamydia trachomatis
Chlamydophila pneumoniae         Chlamydophila pneumoniae
infection (Taiwan acute
respiratory agent or TWAR)
Cholera                          Vibrio cholerae
Chromoblastomycosis              usually Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Clonorchiasis                    Clonorchis sinensis
Clostridium difficile infection  Clostridium difficile
Coccidioidomycosis               Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides
                                 posadasii
Colorado tick fever (CTF)        Colorado tick fever virus (CTFV)
Common cold (Acute viral         usually rhinoviruses and coronaviruses.
rhinopharyngitis; Acute coryza)
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)  PRNP
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic        Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
fever (CCHF)
Cryptococcosis                   Cryptococcus neoformans
Cryptosporidiosis                Cryptosporidium genus
Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM)    usually Ancylostoma braziliense; multiple
                                 other parasites
Cyclosporiasis                   Cyclospora cayetanensis
Cysticercosis                    Taenia solium
Cytomegalovirus infection        Cytomegalovirus
Dengue fever                     Dengue viruses (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and
                                 DEN-4) - Flaviviruses
Dientamoebiasis                  Dientamoeba fragilis
Diphtheria                       Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Diphyllobothriasis               Diphyllobothrium
Dracunculiasis                   Dracunculus medinensis
Ebola hemorrhagic fever          Ebolavirus (EBOV)
Echinococcosis                   Echinococcus genus
Ehrlichiosis                     Ehrlichia genus
Enterobiasis (Pinworm infection) Enterobius vermicularis
Enterococcus infection           Enterococcus genus
Enterovirus infection            Enterovirus genus
Epidemic typhus                  Rickettsia prowazekii
Erythema infectiosum (Fifth      Parvovirus B19
disease)
Exanthem subitum (Sixth          Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and Human
disease)                         herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7)
Fasciolopsiasis                  Fasciolopsis buski
Fasciolosis                      Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica
Fatal familial insomnia (FFI)    PRNP
Filariasis                       Filarioidea superfamily
Food poisoning by Clostridium    Clostridium perfringens
perfringens
Free-living amebic infection     multiple
Fusobacterium infection          Fusobacterium genus
Gas gangrene (Clostridial        usually Clostridium perfringens; other
myonecrosis)                     Clostridium species
Geotrichosis                     Geotrichum candidum
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker   PRNP
syndrome (GSS)
Giardiasis                       Giardia intestinalis
Glanders                         Burkholderia mallei
Gnathostomiasis                  Gnathostoma spinigerum and Gnathostoma
                                 hispidum
Gonorrhea                        Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Granuloma inguinale              Klebsiella granulomatis
(Donovanosis)
Group A streptococcal infection  Streptococcus pyogenes
Group B streptococcal infection  Streptococcus agalactiae
Haemophilus influenzae           Haemophilus influenzae
infection
Hand, foot and mouth disease     Enteroviruses, mainly Coxsackie A virus and
(HFMD)                           Enterovirus 71 (EV71)
Hantavirus Pulmonary             Sin Nombre virus
Syndrome (HPS)
Helicobacter pylori infection    Helicobacter pylori
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome        Escherichia coli O157:H7, O111 and
(HUS)                            O104:H4
Hemorrhagic fever with renal     Bunyaviridae family
syndrome (HFRS)
Hepatitis A                      Hepatitis A Virus
Hepatitis B                      Hepatitis B Virus
Hepatitis C                      Hepatitis C Virus
Hepatitis D                      Hepatitis D Virus
Hepatitis E                      Hepatitis E Virus
Herpes simplex                   Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and
                                 HSV-2)
Histoplasmosis                   Histoplasma capsulatum
Hookworm infection               Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator
                                 americanus
Human bocavirus infection        Human bocavirus (HBoV)
Human ewingii ehrlichiosis       Ehrlichia ewingii
Human granulocytic               Anaplasma phagocytophilum
anaplasmosis (HGA)
Human metapneumovirus            Human metapneumovirus (hMPV)
infection
Human monocytic ehrlichiosis     Ehrlichia chaffeensis
Human papillomavirus (HPV)       Human papillomavirus (HPV)
infection
Human parainfluenza virus        Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV)
infection
Hymenolepiasis                   Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepis
                                 diminuta
Epstein-Barr Virus Infectious    Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
Mononucleosis (Mono)
Influenza (flu)                  Orthomyxoviridae family
Isosporiasis                     Isospora belli
Kawasaki disease                 unknown; evidence supports that it is
                                 infectious
Keratitis                        multiple
Kingella kingae infection        Kingella kingae
Kuru                             PRNP
Lassa fever                      Lassa virus
Legionellosis (Legionnaires'     Legionella pneumophila
disease)
Legionellosis (Pontiac fever)    Legionella pneumophila
Leishmaniasis                    Leishmania genus
Leprosy                          Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium
                                 lepromatosis
Leptospirosis                    Leptospira genus
Listeriosis                      Listeria monocytogenes
Lyme disease (Lyme borreliosis)  usually Borrelia burgdorferi and other
                                 Borrelia species
Lymphatic filariasis             Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi
(Elephantiasis)
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis     Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
                                 (LCMV)
Malaria                          Plasmodium genus
Marburg hemorrhagic fever        Marburg virus
(MHF)
Measles                          Measles virus
Melioidosis (Whitmore's disease) Burkholderia pseudomallei
Meningitis                       multiple
Meningococcal disease            Neisseria meningitidis
Metagonimiasis                   usually Metagonimus yokagawai
Microsporidiosis                 Microsporidia phylum
Molluscum contagiosum (MC)       Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV)
Monkeypox                        Monkeypox virus
Mumps                            Mumps virus
Murine typhus (Endemic typhus)   Rickettsia typhi
Mycoplasma pneumonia             Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Mycetoma                         numerous species of bacteria
                                 (Actinomycetoma) and fungi (Eumycetoma)
Myiasis                          parasitic dipterous fly larvae
Neonatal conjunctivitis          most commonly Chlamydia trachomatis and
(Ophthalmia neonatorum)          Neisseria gonorrhoeae
(New) Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob  PRNP
disease (vCJD, nvCJD)
Nocardiosis                      usually Nocardia asteroides and other
                                 Nocardia species
Onchocerciasis (River blindness) Onchocerca volvulus
Paracoccidioidomycosis (South    Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
American blastomycosis)
Paragonimiasis                   usually Paragonimus westermaniand other
                                 Paragonimus species
Pasteurellosis                   Pasteurella genus
Pediculosis capitis (Head lice)  Pediculus humanus capitis
Pediculosis corporis (Body lice) Pediculus humanus corporis
Pediculosis pubis (Pubic lice,   Phthirus pubis
Crab lice)
Pelvic inflammatory disease      multiple
(PID)
Pertussis (Whooping cough)       Bordetella pertussis
Plague                           Yersinia pestis
Pneumococcal infection           Streptococcus pneumoniae
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)     Pneumocystis jirovecii
Pneumonia                        multiple
Poliomyelitis                    Poliovirus
Prevotella infection             Prevotella genus
Primary amoebic                  usually Naegleria fowleri
meningoencephalitis (PAM)
Progressive multifocal           JC virus
leukoencephalopathy
Psittacosis                      Chlamydophila psittaci
Q fever                          Coxiella burnetii
Rabies                           Rabies virus
Rat-bite fever                   Streptobacillus moniliformis and Spirillum
                                 minus
Respiratory syncytial virus      Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
infection
Rhinosporidiosis                 Rhinosporidium seeberi
Rhinovirus infection             Rhinovirus
Rickettsial infection            Rickettsia genus
Rickettsialpox                   Rickettsia akari
Rift Valley fever (RVF)          Rift Valley fever virus
Rocky Mountain spotted fever     Rickettsia rickettsii
(RMSF)
Rotavirus infection              Rotavirus
Rubella                          Rubella virus
Salmonellosis                    Salmonella genus
SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory   SARS coronavirus
Syndrome)
Scabies                          Sarcoptes scabiei
Schistosomiasis                  Schistosoma genus
Sepsis                           multiple
Shigellosis (Bacillary dysentery) Shigella genus
Shingles (Herpes zoster)         Varicella zoster virus (VZV)
Smallpox (Variola)               Variola major or Variola minor
Sporotrichosis                   Sporothrix schenckii
Staphylococcal food poisoning    Staphylococcus genus
Staphylococcal infection         Staphylococcus genus
Strongyloidiasis                 Strongyloides stercoralis
Subacute sclerosing              Measles virus
panencephalitis
Syphilis                         Treponema pallidum
Taeniasis                        Taenia genus
Tetanus (Lockjaw)                Clostridium tetani
Tinea barbae (Barber's itch)     usually Trichophyton genus
Tinea capitis (Ringworm of the   usually Trichophyton tonsurans
Scalp)
Tinea corporis (Ringworm of the  usually Trichophyton genus
Body)
Tinea cruris (Jock itch)         usually Epidermophyton floccosum,
                                 Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton
                                 mentagrophytes
Tinea manuum (Ringworm of the    Trichophyton rubrum
Hand)
Tinea nigra                      usually Hortaea werneckii
Tinea pedis (Athlete's foot)     usually Trichophyton genus
Tinea unguium (Onychomycosis)    usually Trichophyton genus
Tinea versicolor (Pityriasis     Malassezia genus
versicolor)
Toxocariasis (Ocular Larva       Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati
Migrans (OLM))
Toxocariasis (Visceral Larva     Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati
Migrans (VLM))
Toxoplasmosis                    Toxoplasma gondii
Trichinellosis                   Trichinella spiralis
Trichomoniasis                   Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichuriasis (Whipworm           Trichuris trichiura
infection)
Tuberculosis                     usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Tularemia                        Francisella tularensis
Ureaplasma urealyticum           Ureaplasma urealyticum
infection
Valley fever                     Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides
                                 posadasii.
Venezuelan equine encephalitis   Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever     Guanarito virus
Viral pneumonia                  multiple viruses
West Nile Fever                  West Nile virus
White piedra (Tinea blanca)      Trichosporon beigelii
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis      Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
infection
Yersiniosis                      Yersinia enterocolitica
Yellow fever                     Yellow fever virus
Zygomycosis                      Mucorales order (Mucormycosis) and
                                 Entomophthorales order
                                 (Entomophthoramycosis)

AIDS/HIV

HIV Genomic Structural Elements

Long terminal repeat (LTR) refers to the DNA sequence flanking the genome of integrated proviruses. It contains important regulatory regions, especially those for transcription initiation and polyadenylation.

Target sequence (TAR) for viral transactivation, the binding site for Tat protein and for cellular proteins; consists of approximately the first 45 nucleotides of the viral mRNAs in HIV-1 (or the first 100 nucleotides in HIV-2 and SIV.) TAR RNA forms a hairpin stem-loop structure with a side bulge; the bulge is necessary for Tat binding and function.

Rev responsive element (RPE) refers to an RNA element encoded within the env region of HIV-1. It consists of approximately 200 nucleotides (positions 7327 to 7530 from the start of transcription in HIV-1, spanning the border of gp120 and gp41). The RRE is necessary for Rev function; it contains a high affinity site for Rev; in all, approximately seven binding sites for Rev exist within the RRE RNA. Other lentiviruses (HIV-2, SIV, visna, CAEV) have similar RRE elements in similar locations within env, while HTLVs have an analogous RNA element (RXRE) serving the same purpose within their LTR; RRE is the binding site for Rev protein, while RXRE is the binding site for Rex protein. RRE (and RXRE) form complex secondary structures, necessary for specific protein binding.

Psi elements (PE) are a set of 4 stem-loop structures preceding and overlapping the Gag start codon which are the sites recognized by the cysteine histidine box, a conserved motif with the canonical sequence CysX2CysX4HisX4Cys (SEQ ID NO: 41), present in the Gag p7 MC protein. The Psi Elements are present in unspliced genomic transcripts but absent from spliced viral mRNAs.

SLIP, an TTTTTT slippery site, followed by a stem-loop structure, is responsible for regulating the -1 ribosomal frameshift out of the Gag reading frame into the Pol reading frame.

Cis-acting repressive sequences (CRS) are postulated to inhibit structural protein expression in the absence of Rev. One such site was mapped within the pol region of HIV-1. The exact function has not been defined; splice sites have been postulated to act as CRS sequences.

Inhibitory/Instability RNA sequences (INS) are found within the structural genes of HIV-1 and of other complex retroviruses. Multiple INS elements exist within the genome and can act independently; one of the best characterized elements spans nucleotides 414 to 631 in the gag region of HIV-1. The INS elements have been defined by functional assays as elements that inhibit expression posttranscriptionally. Mutation of the RNA elements was shown to lead to INS inactivation and up regulation of gene expression.

Genes and Gene Products

Essential for Replication

The genomic region (GAG) encoding the capsid proteins (group specific antigens). The precursor is the p55 myristylated protein, which is processed to p17 (MAtrix), p24 (CApsid), p7 (NucleoCapsid), and p6 proteins, by the viral protease. Gag associates with the plasma membrane where the virus assembly takes place. The 55 kDa Gag precursor is called assemblin to indicate its role in viral assembly.

The genomic region, POL, encoding the viral enzymes protease, reverse transcriptase, RNAse, and integrase. These enzymes are produced as a Gag-Pol precursor polyprotein, which is processed by the viral protease; the Gag-Pol precursor is produced by ribosome frameshifting near the end of gag.

Viral glycoproteins (e.g., ENV) produced as a precursor (gp160) which is processed to give a noncovalent complex of the external glycoprotein gp120 and the transmembrane glycoprotein gp41. The mature gp120-gp41 proteins are bound by non-covalent interactions and are associated as a trimer on the cell surface. A substantial amount of gp120 can be found released in the medium. gp120 contains the binding site for the CD4 receptor, and the seven transmembrane do-main chemokine receptors that serve as co-receptors for HIV-1.

The transactivator (TAT) of HIV gene expression is one of two essential viral regulatory factors (Tat and Rev) for HIV gene expression. Two forms are known, Tat-1 exon (minor form) of 72 amino acids and Tat-2 exon (major form) of 86 amino acids. Low levels of both proteins are found in persistently infected cells. Tat has been localized primarily in the nucleolus/nucleus by immunofluorescence. It acts by binding to the TAR RNA element and activating transcription initiation and elongation from the LTR promoter, preventing the LTR AATAAA polyadenylation signal from causing premature termination of transcription and polyadenylation. It is the first eukaryotic transcription factor known to interact with RNA rather than DNA and may have similarities with prokaryotic anti-termination factors. Extracellular Tat can be found and can be taken up by cells in culture.

The second necessary regulatory factor for HIV expression is REV. A 19 kDa phosphoprotein, localized primarily in the nucleolus/nucleus, Rev acts by binding to RRE and promoting the nuclear export, stabilization and utilization of the un-spliced viral mRNAs containing RRE. Rev is considered the most functionally conserved regulatory protein of lentiviruses. Rev cycles rapidly between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Others

Viral infectivity factor (VIF) is a basic protein of typically 23 kDa. Promotes the infectivity but not the production of viral particles. In the absence of Vif the produced viral particles are defective, while the cell-to-cell transmission of virus is not affected significantly. Found in almost all lentiviruses, Vif is a cytoplasmic protein, existing in both a soluble cytosolic form and a membrane-associated form. The latter form of Vif is a peripheral membrane protein that is tightly associated with the cytoplasmic side of cellular membranes. In 2003, it was discovered that Vif prevents the action of the cellular APOBEC-3G protein which deaminates DNA:RNA heteroduplexes in the cytoplasm.

Viral Protein R (VPR) is a 96-amino acid (14 kDa) protein, which is incorporated into the virion. It interacts with the p6 Gag part of the Pr55 Gag precursor. Vpr detected in the cell is localized to the nucleus. Proposed functions for Vpr include the targeting the nuclear import of preintegration complexes, cell growth arrest, transactivation of cellular genes, and induction of cellular differentiation. In HIV-2, SIV-SMM, SIV-RCM, SIV-MND-2 and SW-DRL the Vpx gene is apparently the result of a Vpr gene duplication event, possibly by recombination.

Viral Protein U (VPU)) is unique to HIV-1, SIVcpz (the closest SW relative of HIV-1), SIV-GSN, SIV-MUS, SIV-MON and SIV-DEN. There is no similar gene in HIV-2, SIV-SMM or other SIVs. Vpu is a 16 kDa (81-amino acid) type I integral membrane protein with at least two different biological functions: (a) degradation of CD4 in the endoplasmic reticulum, and (b) enhancement of virion release from the plasma membrane of HIV-1-infected cells. Env and Vpu are expressed from a bicistronic mRNA. Vpu probably possesses an N-terminal hydrophobic membrane anchor and a hydrophilic moiety. It is phosphorylated by casein kinase II at positions Ser52 and Ser56. Vpu is involved in Env maturation and is not found in the virion. Vpu has been found to increase susceptibility of HIV-1 infected cells to Fas killing.

NEF is amultifunctional 27-kDa myristylated protein produced by an ORF located at the 3 0 end of the primate lentiviruses. Other forms of Nef are known, including nonmyristylated variants. Nef is predominantly cytoplasmic and associated with the plasma membrane via the myristyl residue linked to the conserved second amino acid (Gly). Nef has also been identified in the nucleus and found associated with the cytoskeleton in some experiments. One of the first HIV proteins to be produced in infected cells, it is the most immunogenic of the accessory proteins. The nef genes of HIV and SIV are dispensable in vitro, but are essential for efficient viral spread and disease progression in vivo. Nef is necessary for the maintenance of high virus loads and for the development of AIDS in macaques, and viruses with defective Nef have been detected in some HIV-1 infected long term survivors. Nef downregulates CD4, the primary viral receptor, and MHC class I molecules, and these functions map to different parts of the protein. Nef interacts with components of host cell signal transduction and clathrin-dependent protein sorting pathways. It increases viral infectivity. Nef contains PxxP motifs that bind to SH3 domains of a subset of Src kinases and are required for the enhanced growth of HIV but not for the downregulation of CD4.

VPX is a virion protein of 12 kDa found in HIV-2, SW-SMM, SIV-RCM, SIV-MND-2 and SIV-DRL and not in HIV-1 or other SIVs. This accessory gene is a homolog of HIV-1 vpr, and viruses with Vpx carry both vpr and vpx. Vpx function in relation to Vpr is not fully elucidated; both are incorporated into virions at levels comparable to Gag proteins through interactions with Gag p6. Vpx is necessary for efficient replication of SIV-SMM in PBMCs. Progression to AIDS and death in SIV-infected animals can occur in the absence of Vpr or Vpx. Double mutant virus lacking both vpr and vpx was attenuated, whereas the single mutants were not, suggesting a redundancy in the function of Vpr and Vpx related to virus pathogenicity.

Hepatitis A Viral Target Sequences

• • 5′ untranslated region contains IRES—internal ribosome entry site
  • P1 Region of genome—capsid proteins
    • VP1
    • VP2
    • VP3
    • VP4
  • P2 Region of genome
    • 2A
    • 2B
    • 2C
  • P3 Region of genome
    • 3A
    • 3B
    • 3C—viral protease
    • 3D—RNA polymerase

Hepatitis B Viral Target Sequences

Precursor Polypeptide encoding all HCV protein is produced and then spliced into functional proteins. The following are the proteins (coding regions) encoded:

• • C—core protein-coding region consists of a Pre-C and Core coding region
  • X—function unclear but suspected to play a role in activation of viral transcription process
  • P—RNA polymerase
  • S—surface antigen-coding region consists of a Pre-S1, Pre-S2 and Surface antigen coding regions

Hepatitis C Viral Target Sequences

Precursor Polypeptide encoding all HCV protein is produced and then spliced into functional proteins. The following are the proteins (coding regions) encoded:

• • RES—non-coding internal ribosome entry site (5′ to polyprotein encoding sequence)
  • 3′ non-coding sequences—
  • C region—encodes p22 a nucleocapsid protein
  • E1 region—encodes gp35 envelope glycoprotein—important in cell entry
  • E2 region—encodes gp70 envelope glycoprotein—important in cell entry
  • NS1—encodes p7—not necessary for replication but critical in viral morphogenesis
  • NS2—encodes p23 a transmembrane protein with protease activity

NS3—encodes p70 having both serine protease and RNA helicase activities

• • NS4A—encodes p8 co-factor
  • NS4B—encodes p27 cofactor—important in recruitment of other viral proteins
  • NS5A—encodes p56/58 an interferon resistance protein—important in viral replication
  • NS5B—encodes RNA polymerase

Herpes Simplex Virus Target Sequence

	Gene	Protein	Function/description
	UL1	Glycoprotein	Surface and membrane
		L
	UL2	UL2	Uracil-DNA glycosylase
	UL3	UL3	unknown
	UL4	UL4	unknown
	UL5	UL5	DNA replication
	UL6	Portal	Twelve of these proteins
		protein UL-6	constitute the capsid
			portal ring through which
			DNA enters and exits the
			capsid.
	UL7	UL7	Virion maturation
	UL8	UL8	DNA helicase/primase
			complex-associated
			protein
	UL9	UL9	Replication origin-
			binding protein
	UL10	Glycoprotein	Surface and membrane
		M
	UL11	UL11	virion exit and secondary
			envelopment
	UL12	UL12	Alkaline exonuclease
	UL13	UL13	Serine-threonine protein
			kinase
	UL14	UL14	Tegument protein
	UL15	Terminase	Processing and
			packaging of DNA
	UL16	UL16	Tegument protein
	UL17	UL17	Processing and
			packaging DNA
	UL18	VP23	Capsid protein
	UL19	VP5	Major capsid protein
	UL20	UL20	Membrane protein
	UL21	UL21	Tegument protein
	UL22	Glycoprotein	Surface and membrane
		H
	UL23	Thymidine	Peripheral to DNA
		kinase	replication
	UL24	UL24	unknown
	UL25	UL25	Processing and
			packaging DNA
	UL26	P40; VP24;	Capsid protein
		VP22A
	UL27	Glycoprotein	Surface and membrane
		B
	UL28	ICP18.5	Processing and
			packaging DNA
	UL29	UL29; ICP8	Major DNA-binding
			protein
	UL30	DNA	DNA replication
		polymerase
	UL31	UL31	Nuclear matrix protein
	UL32	UL32	Envelope glycoprotein
	UL33	UL33	Processing and
			packaging DNA
	UL34	UL34	Inner nuclear membrane
			protein
	UL35	VP26	Capsid protein
	UL36	UL36	Large tegument protein
	UL37	UL37	Capsid assembly
	UL38	UL38;	Capsid assembly and DNA
		VP19C	maturation
	UL39	UL39	Ribonucleotide reductase
			(Large subunit)
	UL40	UL40	Ribonucleotide reductase
			(Small subunit)
	UL41	UL41; VHS	Tegument protein; Virion
			host shutoff
	UL42	UL42	DNA polymerase
			processivity factor
	UL43	UL43	Membrane protein
	UL44	Glycoprotein	Surface and membrane
		C
	UL45	UL45	Membrane protein; C-type
			lectin[26]
	UL46	VP11/12	Tegument proteins
	UL47	UL47;	Tegument protein
		VP13/14
	UL48	VP16	Virion maturation; activate
		(Alpha-TIF)	IE genes by interacting with
			the cellular transcription
			factors Oct-1 and HCF.
			Binds to the sequence
			5′TAATGARAT3′.
	UL49	UL49A	Envelope protein
	UL50	UL50	dUTP diphosphatase
	UL51	UL51	Tegument protein
	UL52	UL52	DNA helicase/primase
			complex protein
	UL53	Glycoprotein	Surface and membrane
		K
	UL54	IE63; ICP27	Transcriptional regulation
	UL55	UL55	Unknown
	UL56	UL56	Unknown
	US1	ICP22; IE68	Viral replication
	US2	US2	Unknown
	US3	US3	Serine/threonine-protein
			kinase
	US4	Glycoprotein	Surface and membrane
		G
	US5	Glycoprotein	Surface and membrane
		J
	US6	Glycoprotein	Surface and membrane
		D
	US7	Glycoprotein	Surface and membrane
		I
	US8	Glycoprotein	Surface and membrane
		E
	US9	US9	Tegument protein
	US10	US10	Capsid/Tegument protein
	US11	US11;	Binds DNA and RNA
		Vmw21
	US12	ICP47; IE12	Inhibits MHC class I
			pathway by preventing
			binding of antigen to TAP
	RS1	ICP4; IE175	Major transcriptional
			activator. Essential for
			progression beyond the
			immediate-early phase of
			infection. IEG transcription
			repressor.
	ICP0	ICP0; IE110;	E3 ubiquitin ligase that
		α0	activates viral gene
			transcription by opposing
			chromatinization of the viral
			genome and counteracts
			intrinsic- and interferon-
			based antiviral responses.[28]
	LRP1	LRP1	Latency-related protein
	LRP2	LRP2	Latency-related protein
	RL1	RL1;	Neurovirulence factor.
		ICP34.5	Antagonizes PKR by de-
			phosphorylating eIF4a.
			Binds to BECN1 and
			inactivates autophagy.
	LAT	none	Latency-associated
			transcript

HPV Target Sequences

E1            Genome replication: ATP-dependent DNA helicase
E2            Genome replication, transcription, segregation, encapsidation.
              Regulation of cellular gene expression; cell cycle and apoptosis
              regulation. Several isoforms of the virus replication/transcription
              factor E2 have also been noted for a number of HPVs. E2 has an
              N-terminal domain that mediates protein-protein interactions, a
              flexible hinge region and a C-terminal DNA binding domain.
              Truncated E2 proteins may be translated from alternatively spliced
              E2 RNAs to generate E1{circumflex over ( )}E2 and E8{circumflex over ( )}E2 protein isoforms present
              in HPV16 and 31-infected cells. These E2 isoforms may act in a
              dominant-negative manner to modulate the function of full length
              E2. For example, a full length E2/E8{circumflex over ( )}E2 dimer may bind DNA but
              fail to recruit E1 to initiate virus replication. Similarly, such a
              dimer may be unable to interact with cellular transcription factors
              to alter virus genome transcription.
E4            Remodels cytokeratin network; cell cycle arrest; virion assembly
E5            Control of cell growth and differentiation; immune modulation
E6            Inhibits apoptosis and differentiation; regulates cell shape,
              polarity, mobility and signaling. Four mRNA isoforms (FLE6,
              E6*I, E6*II, E6*X) have been observed in HPV16 infected
              cervical epithelial cells and two in HPV18 infection. A role for the
              E6*I isoform in antagonizing FLE6 function has been suggested,
              as has opposing roles for FLE6 and E6*I in regulation of
              procaspase 8 in the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. More recently, a
              stand-alone function of the E6*I isoform has been determined in
              cellular protein degradation.
E7            Cell cycle control; controls centrosome duplication
L1            Major capsid protein
L2            Minor capsid protein; recruits L1; virus assembly
LCR           Viral long control region (location of early promoters)
Keratinocyte/
auxiliary enhancer
P97 Promoter  Early (E) gene promoter for subtype HPV16
P105 Promoter Early (E) gene promoter for subtype HPV18
P670 Promoter Late (L) gene promoter for HPV16
P742 Promoter Late (L) gene promoter for HPV31

Influenza A Target Sequences

Influenza A is the most common flu virus that infects humans. The influenza A virion is made up of 8 different single stranded RNA segments which encodes 11-14 proteins. These segments can vary in sequence, with most variation occurring in the hemagglutinin (H or HA) surface protein and neuraminidase (NA or N). The eight RNA segments (and the proteins they encode) are:

• • HA—encodes hemagglutinin (about 500 molecules of hemagglutinin are needed to make one virion).
  • NA—encodes neuraminidase (about 100 molecules of neuraminidase are needed to make one virion).
  • NP encodes nucleoprotein.
  • M encodes two matrix proteins (the M1 and the M2) by using different reading frames from the same RNA segment (about 3000 matrix protein molecules are needed to make one virion). M42 is produced by alternative splicing, and can partially replace an M2.
  • NS encodes two distinct non-structural proteins (NS1 and NEP) by using different reading frames from the same RNA segment.
  • PA encodes an RNA polymerase; an alternate form is sometimes made through a ribosomal skip, with +1 frameshift, reading through to the next stop codon.
  • PB1 encodes an RNA polymerase, plus two other transcripts read from alternate start sites, named PB1-N40 and PB1-F2 protein (induces apoptosis) by using different reading frames from the same RNA segment.
  • PB2 encodes an RNA polymerase.

M. tuberculosis Target Sequences

The methods and composition described herein can be used to target M. tuberculosis and treat a subject suffering from an infection with M. tuberculosis.

Other

In an embodiment, the target gene is associated with multiple drug resistance (MDR), e.g., in bacterial infection. Infectious pathogens can use a number of mechanisms in attaining multi-drug resistance, e.g., no longer relying on a glycoprotein cell wall, enzymatic deactivation of antibiotics, decreased cell wall permeability to antibiotics, altered target sites of antibiotic, efflux pumps to remove antibiotics, increased mutation rate as a stress response, or a combination thereof.

IX. Targets: Gene Editing/Correction

Candidate Cas9 molecules, candidate gRNA molecules, and/or candidate Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complexes, can be used to modulate genes (e.g., mutated genes) responsible for diseases. In an embodiment, the gene is modulated by editing or correcting a target gene, e.g., as described herein. In an embodiment, the human gene is modulated by delivery of one or more regulators/effectors (e.g., as described herein) inside cells to the target gene. For example, the genes described herein can be modulated, in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo.

TABLE IX-1
Selected Diseases in which a gene can be therapeutically targeted.
Kinases (cancer)
Energy metabolism (cancer)
CFTR (cystic fibrosis)
Color blindness
Hemochromatosis
Hemophilia
Phenylketonuria
Polycystic kidney disease
Sickle-cell disease
Tay-Sachs disease
Siderius X-linked mental retardation syndrome
Lysosomal storage disorders, e.g., Alpha-galactosidase A deficiency
Anderson-Fabry disease
Angiokeratoma Corporis Diffusum
CADASIL syndrome
Carboxylase Deficiency, Multiple, Late-Onset
Cerebelloretinal Angiomatosis, familial
Cerebral arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy
Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and
leukoencephalopathy
Cerebroside Lipidosis syndrome
Choreoathetosis self-mutilation hyperuricemia syndrome
Classic Galactosemia
Crohn's disease, fibrostenosing
Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Deficiency disease,
Fabry disease
Hereditary coproporphyria
Incontinentia pigmenti
Microcephaly
Polycystic kidney disease
Rett's
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Wilson's Disease
Tyrosinemia
Frameshift related diseases
Cystic fibrosis
Triplet repeat diseases (also referred herein as trinucleotide repeat
diseases)

Trinucleotide repeat diseases (also known as triplet repeat disease, trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders, triplet repeat expansion disorders, or codon reiteration disorders) are a set of genetic disorders caused by trinucleotide repeat expansion, e.g., a type of mutation where trinucleotide repeats in certain genes exceed the normal and/or stable threshold. The mutation can be a subset of unstable microsatellite repeats that occur in multiple or all genomic sequences. The mutation can increase the repeat count (e.g., result in extra or expanded repeats) and result in a defective gene, e.g., producing an abnormal protein. Trinucleotide repeats can be classified as insertion mutations or as a separate class of mutations. Candidate Cas9 molecules, candidate gRNA molecules, and/or candidate Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complexes, can be used to modulate one or more genes (e.g., mutated genes) associated with a trinucleotide repeat disease, e.g., by reducing the number of (e.g., removing) the extra or expanded repeats, such that the normal or wild-type gene product (e.g., protein) can be produced.

Exemplary trinucleotide repeat diseases and target genes involved in trinucleotide repeat diseases are shown in Table IX-1A.

TABLE IX-1A
Exemplary trinucleotide repeat diseases and target
genes involved in trinucleotide repeat diseases
Trinucleotide Repeat Diseases    Gene
DRPLA (Dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy) ATN1 or DRPLA
HD (Huntington's disease)        HTT (Huntingtin)
SBMA (Spinobulbar muscular atrophy or Androgen receptor on the
Kennedy disease)                 X chromosome.
SCA1 (Spinocerebellar ataxia Type 1) ATXN1
SCA2 (Spinocerebellar ataxia Type 2) ATXN2
SCA3 (Spinocerebellar ataxia Type 3 or ATXN3
Machado-Joseph disease)
SCA6 (Spinocerebellar ataxia Type 6) CACNA1A
SCA7 (Spinocerebellar ataxia Type 7) ATXN7
SCA17 (Spinocerebellar ataxia Type 17) TBP
FRAXA (Fragile X syndrome)       FMR1, on the X-
                                 chromosome
FXTAS (Fragile X-associated tremor/ FMR1, on the X-
ataxia syndrome)                 chromosome
FRAXE (Fragile XE mental retardation) AFF2 or FMR2, on the
                                 X-chromosome
FRDA (Friedreich's ataxia)       FXN or X25, (frataxin-
                                 reduced expression)
DM (Myotonic dystrophy)          DMPK
SCA8 (Spinocerebellar ataxia Type 8) OSCA or SCA8
SCA12 (Spinocerebellar ataxia Type 12) PPP2R2B or SCA12

Exemplary target genes include those genes involved in various diseases or conditions, e.g., cancer (e.g., kinases), energy metabolism, cystic fibrosis (e.g., CFTR), color blindness, hemochromatosis, hemophilia, phenylketonuria, polycystic kidney disease, Sickle-cell disease, Tay-Sachs disease, Siderius X-linked mental retardation syndrome, Lysosomal storage disorders (e.g., Alpha-galactosidase A deficiency), Anderson-Fabry disease, Angiokeratoma Corporis Diffusum, CADASIL syndrome, Carboxylase Deficiency, Multiple, Late-Onset, Cerebelloretinal Angiomatosis, familial, Cerebral arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, Cerebroside Lipidosis syndrome, Choreoathetosis self-mutilation hyperuricemia syndrome, Classic Galactosemia, Crohn's disease, fibrostenosing, Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Deficiency disease, Fabry disease, Hereditary coproporphyria, Incontinentia pigmenti, Microcephaly, Polycystic kidney disease, Rett's, Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson's Disease, Tyrosinemia, Frameshift related diseases, and Triplet repeat diseases.

Additional exemplary target genes include genes associated with diseases including, e.g., Crigler-Najjer syndrome, Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD type IV), Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL-Perforin deficiency), Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTC deficiency) or other Urea Cycle Disorders, Primary Hyperoxaluria, Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), Batten disease, Chronic Granulomatous Disease, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Usher Syndrome, and hemoglobinoapthies.

Crigler-Najjer Syndrome.

Crigler-Najjer syndrome is a severe condition characterized by high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia). Bilirubin is produced when red blood cells are broken down. This substance is removed from the body only after it undergoes a chemical reaction in the liver, which converts the toxic form of bilirubin (unconjugated bilirubin) to a nontoxic form (conjugated bilirubin). People with Crigler-Najjar syndrome have a buildup of unconjugated bilirubin in their blood (unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia). Crigler-Najjar syndrome is divided into two types. Type 1 (CN1) is very severe and Type 2 (CN2) is less severe.

Mutations in the UGT1A1 gene can cause Crigler-Najjar syndrome. This gene provides instructions for making the bilirubin uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase (bilirubin-UGT) enzyme, which is found primarily in liver cells and is necessary for the removal of bilirubin from the body. The bilirubin-UGT enzyme is involved in glucuronidation, in which the enzyme transfers glucuronic acid to unconjugated bilirubin, converting it to conjugated bilirubin. Glucuronidation makes bilirubin dissolvable in water so that it can be removed from the body.

Mutations in the UGT1A1 gene that cause Crigler-Najjar syndrome result in reduced or absent function of the bilirubin-UGT enzyme. People with CN1 have no enzyme function, while people with CN2 can have less than 20 percent of normal function. The loss of bilirubin-UGT function decreases glucuronidation of unconjugated bilirubin. This toxic substance then builds up in the body, causing unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice.

Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV.

Glycogen storage disease type IV (also known as GSD type IV, Glycogenosis type IV, Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency (GBED), polyglucosan body disease, or Amylopectinosis) is an inherited disorder caused by the buildup of a complex sugar called glycogen in the body's cells. The accumulated glycogen is structurally abnormal and impairs the function of certain organs and tissues, especially the liver and muscles.

Mutations in the GBE1 gene cause GSD IV. The GBE1 gene provides instructions for making the glycogen branching enzyme. This enzyme is involved in the production of glycogen, which is a major source of stored energy in the body. GBE1 gene mutations that cause GSD IV lead to a shortage (deficiency) of the glycogen branching enzyme. As a result, glycogen is not formed properly. Abnormal glycogen molecules called polyglucosan bodies accumulate in cells, leading to damage and cell death. Polyglucosan bodies accumulate in cells throughout the body, but liver cells and muscle cells are most severely affected in GSD IV. Glycogen accumulation in the liver leads to hepatomegaly and interferes with liver functioning. The inability of muscle cells to break down glycogen for energy leads to muscle weakness and wasting.

Generally, the severity of the disorder is linked to the amount of functional glycogen branching enzyme that is produced. Individuals with the fatal perinatal neuromuscular type tend to produce less than 5 percent of usable enzyme, while those with the childhood neuromuscular type may have around 20 percent of enzyme function. The other types of GSD IV are usually associated with between 5 and 20 percent of working enzyme. These estimates, however, vary among the different types.

Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.

Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) is a disorder in which the immune system produces too many activated immune cells (lymphocytes), e.g., T cells, natural killer cells, B cells, and macrophages (histiocytes). Excessive amounts of cytokines are also produced. This overactivation of the immune system causes fever and damages the liver and spleen, resulting in enlargement of these organs.

Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis also destroys blood-producing cells in the bone marrow, a process called hemophagocytosis. The brain may also be affected in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. In addition to neurological problems, familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis can cause abnormalities of the heart, kidneys, and other organs and tissues. Affected individuals also have an increased risk of developing cancers of blood-forming cells (leukemia and lymphoma).

Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis may be caused by mutations in any of several genes. These genes provide instructions for making proteins that help destroy or deactivate lymphocytes that are no longer needed. By controlling the number of activated lymphocytes, these genes help regulate immune system function.

Approximately 40 to 60 percent of cases of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis are caused by mutations in the PRF1 or UNC13D genes. Smaller numbers of cases are caused by mutations in other known genes such as STX11 or STXBP2. The gene mutations that cause familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis can impair the body's ability to regulate the immune system. These changes result in the exaggerated immune response characteristic of this condition.

Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency.

Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTC) is an inherited disorder that causes ammonia to accumulate in the blood.

Mutations in the OTC gene cause ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.

Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency belongs to a class of genetic diseases called urea cycle disorders. The urea cycle is a sequence of reactions that occurs in liver cells. It processes excess nitrogen, generated when protein is used by the body, to make a compound called urea that is excreted by the kidneys.

In ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, the enzyme that starts a specific reaction within the urea cycle is damaged or missing. The urea cycle cannot proceed normally, and nitrogen accumulates in the bloodstream in the form of ammonia.

Ammonia is especially damaging to the nervous system, so ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency causes neurological problems as well as eventual damage to the liver.

Other urea cycle disorders and associate genes include, e.g., N-Acetylglutamate synthase deficiency (NAGS), Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency (CPS1), “AS deficiency” or citrullinemia (ASS), “AL deficiency” or argininosuccinic aciduria (ASL), and “Arginase deficiency” or argininemia (ARG).

Primary Hyperoxaluria.

Primary hyperoxaluria, e.g., primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1), is a rare, autosomal recessive inherited genetic condition in which an error in the glyoxylate metabolism pathway in the liver leads to an overproduction of oxalate, which crystalizes in soft tissues including the kidney, bone marrow, and eyes. The disease manifests as progressive deterioration of the kidneys, and treatment is a complicated double transplant of kidney (the damaged organ) and liver (the diseased organ).

Primary hyperoxaluria is caused by the deficiency of an enzyme that normally prevents the buildup of oxalate. There are two types of primary hyperoxaluria, distinguished by the enzyme that is deficient. People with type 1 primary hyperoxaluria have a shortage of a liver enzyme called alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGXT). Type 2 primary hyperoxaluria is characterized by a shortage of an enzyme called glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase (GRHPR).

Mutations in the AGXT and GRHPR genes cause primary hyperoxaluria. The breakdown and processing of certain sugars and amino acids produces a glyoxylate. Normally, glyoxylate is converted to the amino acid glycine or to glycolate through the action of two enzymes, alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase and glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase, respectively. Mutations in the AGXT or GRHPR gene cause a shortage of these enzymes, which prevents the conversion of glyoxylate to glycine or glycolate. As levels of glyoxylate build up, it is converted to oxalate. Oxalate combines with calcium to form calcium oxalate deposits, which can damage the kidneys and other organs.

In an embodiment, the genetic defect in AGXT is corrected, e.g., by homologous recombination, using the Cas9 molecule and gRNA molecule described herein. For example, the functional enzyme encoded by the corrected AGXT gene can be redirected to its proper subcellular organelle. Though >50 mutations have been identified in the gene, the most common (40% in Caucasians) is a missense G170R mutation. This mutation causes the AGT enzyme to be localized to the mitochondria rather than to the peroxisome, where it must reside to perform its function. Other common mutations include, e.g., I244T (Canary Islands), F1521, G41R, G630A (Italy), and G588A (Italy).

In an embodiment, one or more genes encoding enzymes upstream in the glyoxylate metabolism pathway are targeted, using the Cas9 molecule and gRNA molecule described herein. Exemplary targets include, e.g., glycolate oxidase (gene HAO1, OMIM ID 605023). Glycolate oxidase converts glycolate into glyoxylate, the substrate for AGT. Glycolate oxidase is only expressed in the liver and, because of its peroxisomal localization, makes it a suitable target in this metabolic pathway. In an embodiment, a double-strand break in the HAO1 gene is introduced and upon repair by NHEJ a frame-shift results in a truncated protein. In an embodiment, a transcriptional repressor (e.g., a transcriptional repressor described herein) is delivered as a payload to the HAO1 gene to reduce the expression of HAO1.

Leber Congenital Amaurosis.

Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is an eye disorder that primarily affects the retina. People with this disorder typically have severe visual impairment beginning in infancy. The visual impairment tends to be stable, although it may worsen very slowly over time. At least 13 types of Leber congenital amaurosis have been described. The types are distinguished by their genetic cause, patterns of vision loss, and related eye abnormalities.

Leber congenital amaurosis can result from mutations in at least 14 genes, all of which are necessary for normal vision. These genes play a variety of roles in the development and function of the retina. For example, some of the genes associated with this disorder are necessary for the normal development of photoreceptors. Other genes are involved in phototransduction. Still other genes play a role in the function of cilia, which are necessary for the perception of several types of sensory input, including vision.

Mutations in any of the genes associated with Leber congenital amaurosis (e.g., AIPL1, CEP290, CRB1, CRX, GUCY2D, IMPDH1, LCAS, LRAT, RD3, RDH12, RPE65, RPGRIP1, SPATA7, TULP1) can disrupt the development and function of the retina, resulting in early vision loss. Mutations in the CEP290, CRB1, GUCY2D, and RPE65 genes are the most common causes of the disorder, while mutations in the other genes generally account for a smaller percentage of cases.

Batten Disease.

Batten disease or juvenile Batten disease is an inherited disorder that primarily affects the nervous system. After a few years of normal development, children with this condition develop progressive vision loss, intellectual and motor disability, and seizures.

Juvenile Batten disease is one of a group of disorders known as neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs). These disorders all affect the nervous system and typically cause progressive problems with vision, movement, and thinking ability. Some people refer to the entire group of NCLs as Batten disease, while others limit that designation to the juvenile form of the disorder. The different types of NCLs are distinguished by the age at which signs and symptoms first appear.

Most cases of juvenile Batten disease are caused by mutations in the CLN3 gene. These mutations can disrupt the function of cellular structures called lysosomes. Lysosome malfunction leads to a buildup of lipopigments within these cell structures. These accumulations occur in cells throughout the body, but neurons in the brain seem to be particularly vulnerable to the damage caused by lipopigments. The progressive death of cells, especially in the brain, leads to vision loss, seizures, and intellectual decline in people with juvenile Batten disease.

A small percentage of cases of juvenile Batten disease are caused by mutations in other genes (e.g., ATP13A2, CLNS, PPT1, TPP1). Many of these genes are involved in lysosomal function, and when mutated, can cause this or other forms of NCL.

Chronic Granulomatous Disease.

Chronic granulomatous disease is a disorder that causes the immune system to malfunction, resulting in a form of immunodeficiency. Individuals with chronic granulomatous disease have recurrent bacterial and fungal infections. People with this condition often have areas of inflammation (granulomas) in various tissues that can be damaging to those tissues. The features of chronic granulomatous disease usually first appear in childhood, although some individuals do not show symptoms until later in life.

Mutations in the CYBA, CYBB, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene can cause chronic granulomatous disease. There are five types of this condition that are distinguished by the gene that is involved. The proteins produced from the affected genes are subunits of NADPH oxidase, which plays an important role in the immune system. Specifically, NADPH oxidase is primarily active in phagocytes. Within phagocytes, NADPH oxidase is involved in the production of superoxide, which plays a role in killing foreign invaders and preventing them from reproducing in the body and causing illness. NADPH oxidase also regulates the activity of neutrophils, which play a role in adjusting the inflammatory response to optimize healing and reduce injury to the body.

Mutations in the CYBA, CYBB, NCF1, NCF2, and NCF4 genes result in the production of proteins with little or no function or the production of no protein at all. Without any one of its subunit proteins, NADPH oxidase cannot assemble or function properly. As a result, phagocytes are unable to kill foreign invaders and neutrophil activity is not regulated. A lack of NADPH oxidase leaves affected individuals vulnerable to many types of infection and excessive inflammation.

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome.

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is characterized by abnormal immune system function (immune deficiency) and a reduced ability to form blood clots. This condition primarily affects males. Individuals with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome have microthrombocytopenia, which is a decrease in the number and size of blood cells involved in clotting (platelets), which can lead to easy bruising or episodes of prolonged bleeding following minor trauma. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome causes many types of white blood cells to be abnormal or nonfunctional, leading to an increased risk of several immune and inflammatory disorders. Many people with this condition develop eczema, an inflammatory skin disorder characterized by abnormal patches of red, irritated skin. Affected individuals also have an increased susceptibility to infection. People with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome are at greater risk of developing autoimmune disorders. The chance of developing some types of cancer, such as cancer of the immune system cells (lymphoma), is also greater in people with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.

Mutations in the WAS gene cause Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. The WAS gene provides instructions for making WASP protein, which is found in all blood cells. WASP is involved in relaying signals from the surface of blood cells to the actin cytoskeleton. WASP signaling activates the cell when it is needed and triggers its movement and attachment to other cells and tissues (adhesion). In white blood cells, this signaling allows the actin cytoskeleton to establish the interaction between cells and the foreign invaders that they target (immune synapse).

WAS gene mutations that cause Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome lead to a lack of any functional WASP. Loss of WASP signaling disrupts the function of the actin cytoskeleton in developing blood cells. White blood cells that lack WASP have a decreased ability to respond to their environment and form immune synapses. As a result, white blood cells are less able to respond to foreign invaders, causing many of the immune problems related to Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Similarly, a lack of functional WASP in platelets impairs their development, leading to reduced size and early cell death.

Usher Syndrome.

Usher syndrome is a condition characterized by hearing loss or deafness and progressive vision loss. The loss of vision is caused by retinitis pigmentosa (RP), which affects the layer of light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (the retina). Vision loss occurs as the light-sensing cells of the retina gradually deteriorate.

Three major types of Usher syndrome, designated as types I (subtypes IA through IG), II (subtypes IIA, IIB, and IIC), and III, have been identified. These types are distinguished by their severity and the age when signs and symptoms appear.

Mutations in the CDH23, CLRN1, GPR98, MYO7A, PCDH15, USH1C, USH1G, and USH2A genes can cause Usher syndrome. The genes related to Usher syndrome provide instructions for making proteins that play important roles in normal hearing, balance, and vision. They function in the development and maintenance of hair cells, which are sensory cells in the inner ear that help transmit sound and motion signals to the brain. In the retina, these genes are also involved in determining the structure and function of light-sensing cells called rods and cones. In some cases, the exact role of these genes in hearing and vision is unknown. Most of the mutations responsible for Usher syndrome lead to a loss of hair cells in the inner ear and a gradual loss of rods and cones in the retina. Degeneration of these sensory cells causes hearing loss, balance problems, and vision loss characteristic of this condition.

Usher syndrome type I can result from mutations in the CDH23, MYO7A, PCDH15, USH1C, or USH1G gene. Usher syndrome type II can be caused by mutations in, e.g., USH2A or GPR98 (also called VLGR1) gene. Usher syndrome type III can be caused by mutations in e.g., CLRN1.

Hemoglobinopathies.

Hemoglobinopathies are a group of genetic defects that result in abnormal structure of one of the globin chains of the hemoglobin molecule. Exemplary hemoglobinopathies include, e.g., sickle cell disease, alpha thalassemia, and beta thalassemia.

In an embodiment, a genetic defect in alpha globulin or beta globulin is corrected, e.g., by homologous recombination, using the Cas9 molecule and gRNA molecule described herein.

In an embodiment, a hemoglobinopathies-associated gene is targeted, using the Cas9 molecule and gRNA molecule described herein. Exemplary targets include, e.g., genes associated with control of the gamma-globin genes. In an embodiment, the target is BCL11A.

Fetal hemoglobin (also hemoglobin F or HbF or α2γ2) is a tetramer of two adult alpha-globin polypeptides and two fetal beta-like gamma-globin polypeptides. HbF is the main oxygen transport protein in the human fetus during the last seven months of development in the uterus and in the newborn until roughly 6 months old. Functionally, fetal hemoglobin differs most from adult hemoglobin in that it is able to bind oxygen with greater affinity than the adult form, giving the developing fetus better access to oxygen from the mother's bloodstream.

In newborns, fetal hemoglobin is nearly completely replaced by adult hemoglobin by approximately 6 months postnatally. In adults, fetal hemoglobin production can be reactivated pharmacologically, which is useful in the treatment of diseases such as hemoglobinopathies. For example, in certain patients with hemoglobinopathies, higher levels of gamma-globin expression can partially compensate for defective or impaired beta-globin gene production, which can ameliorate the clinical severity in these diseases. Increased HbF levels or F-cell (HbF containing erythrocyte) numbers can ameliorate the disease severity of hemoglobinopathies, e.g., beta-thalassemia major and sickle cell anemia.

Increased HbF levels or F-cell can be associated reduced BCL11A expression in cells. The BCL11A gene encodes a multi-zinc finger transcription factor. In an embodiment, the expression of BCL11A is modulated, e.g., down-regulated. In an embodiment, the BCL11A gene is edited. In an embodiment, the cell is a hemopoietic stem cell or progenitor cell.

Sickle Cell Diseases

Sickle cell disease is a group of disorders that affects hemoglobin. People with this disorder have atypical hemoglobin molecules (hemoglobin S), which can distort red blood cells into a sickle, or crescent, shape. Characteristic features of this disorder include a low number of red blood cells (anemia), repeated infections, and periodic episodes of pain.

Mutations in the HBB gene cause sickle cell disease. The HBB gene provides instructions for making beta-globin. Various versions of beta-globin result from different mutations in the HBB gene. One particular HBB gene mutation produces an abnormal version of beta-globin known as hemoglobin S (HbS). Other mutations in the HBB gene lead to additional abnormal versions of beta-globin such as hemoglobin C (HbC) and hemoglobin E (HbE). HBB gene mutations can also result in an unusually low level of beta-globin, i.e., beta thalassemia.

In people with sickle cell disease, at least one of the beta-globin subunits in hemoglobin is replaced with hemoglobin S. In sickle cell anemia, which is a common form of sickle cell disease, hemoglobin S replaces both beta-globin subunits in hemoglobin. In other types of sickle cell disease, just one beta-globin subunit in hemoglobin is replaced with hemoglobin S. The other beta-globin subunit is replaced with a different abnormal variant, such as hemoglobin C. For example, people with sickle-hemoglobin C (HbSC) disease have hemoglobin molecules with hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C instead of beta-globin. If mutations that produce hemoglobin S and beta thalassemia occur together, individuals have hemoglobin S-beta thalassemia (HbSBetaThal) disease.

Alpha Thalassemia

Alpha thalassemia is a blood disorder that reduces the production of hemoglobin. In people with the characteristic features of alpha thalassemia, a reduction in the amount of hemoglobin prevents enough oxygen from reaching the body's tissues. Affected individuals also have a shortage of red blood cells (anemia), which can cause pale skin, weakness, fatigue, and more serious complications.

Two types of alpha thalassemia can cause health problems. The more severe type is hemoglobin Bart hydrops fetalis syndrome or Hb Bart syndrome. The milder form is HbH disease. Hb Bart syndrome is characterized, e.g., by hydrops fetalis, a condition in which excess fluid builds up in the body before birth. HbH disease can cause, e.g., mild to moderate anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, and yellowing of the eyes and skin (jaundice).

Alpha thalassemia typically results from deletions involving the HBA1 and HBA2 genes. Both of these genes provide instructions for making alpha-globin, which is a subunit of hemoglobin. The different types of alpha thalassemia result from the loss of some or all of these alleles.

Hb Bart syndrome can result from the loss of all four alpha-globin alleles. HbH disease can be caused by a loss of three of the four alpha-globin alleles. In these two conditions, a shortage of alpha-globin prevents cells from making normal hemoglobin. Instead, cells produce abnormal forms of hemoglobin, i.e., hemoglobin Bart (Hb Bart) or hemoglobin H (HbH), which cannot effectively carry oxygen to the body's tissues. The substitution of Hb Bart or HbH for normal hemoglobin can cause anemia and the other serious health problems associated with alpha thalassemia.

Two additional variants of alpha thalassemia are related to a reduced amount of alpha-globin. A loss of two of the four alpha-globin alleles can result in alpha thalassemia trait. People with alpha thalassemia trait may have unusually small, pale red blood cells and mild anemia. A loss of one alpha-globin allele can be found in alpha thalassemia silent carriers.

Beta Thalassemia

Beta thalassemia is a blood disorder that reduces the production of hemoglobin. In people with beta thalassemia, low levels of hemoglobin lead to a lack of oxygen in many parts of the body. Affected individuals also have a shortage of red blood cells (anemia), which can cause pale skin, weakness, fatigue, and more serious complications. People with beta thalassemia are at an increased risk of developing abnormal blood clots.

Beta thalassemia is classified into two types depending on the severity of symptoms: thalassemia major (also known as Cooley's anemia) and thalassemia intermedia. Of the two types, thalassemia major is more severe.

Mutations in the HBB gene cause beta thalassemia. The HBB gene provides instructions for making beta-globin. Some mutations in the HBB gene prevent the production of any beta-globin. The absence of beta-globin is referred to as beta-zero)(B⁰) thalassemia. Other HBB gene mutations allow some beta-globin to be produced but in reduced amounts, i.e., beta-plus (B⁺) thalassemia. People with both types have been diagnosed with thalassemia major and thalassemia intermedia.

In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex targeting a first gene is used to treat a disorder characterized by second gene, e.g., a mutation in a second gene. By way of example, targeting of the first gene, e.g., by editing or payload delivery, can compensate for, or inhibit further damage from, the affect of a second gene, e.g., a mutant second gene. In an embodiment the allele(s) of the first gene carried by the subject is not causative of the disorder.

TABLE IX-3
Selected Disorders and Targets for Compensatory Targeting
	Indication
	Non-Hodgkin's	Prevention of
	lymphoma,	organ transplant
	Age-Related Macular	Atypical Hemolytic	Chronic lympho-	Rheumatoid	rejection, renal
	Degeneration	Uremic Syndrome	cytic leukemia	Arthritis	cell carcinoma
Target	Factor H	C5	Factor H	C5	CD20	CD21	mTORC1
Up-	up-	down-	up-	down-	down-	down-	down-
regulate/	regulate	regulate	regulate	regulate	regulate	regulate	regulate
Down-
regulate
Level of evidence:	animal		Factor H	Eculizumab/Soliris	Rituxan	Rituxan	everolimus
Market proxy or	models		concentrate	c5Ab (Alexion)	(Genentech)	(Genentech)
animal model				successful in	CD20	CD20
				decreasing mortality	antibody	antibody
Comment	Muti-genetic origin. Factor H	aHUS due to fH deficiency.
	deficiency is a risk factor.	C5 antibody has been shown
	Controlling the complement	to vastly improve prognosis.
	cascade, through fH	Can approach disease directly
	upregulation or C5	through increasing fH levels
	downregulation, may have a	or controlling complement
	beneficial effect.	through C5 downregulation.
	Indication
	Devices: stent,
	pacemaker, hernia	Graft healing/	orthopedics-				Barrett's
	mesh-local delivery	wound healing/	articular				esophagus,
	to prevent reste-	prevention of	cartilage	Parkinson's	Allergic		Stomach
	nosis/fibrosis	fibrosis	repair, arthritis	Disease	rhinitis	Epilepsy	ulcer, gastritis
Target	mTORC2,	VEGF	IL-11	SNCA,	H1	H1	H2
	others			LRRK2,	Receptors	receptors	receptor
				EIF4GI	nasal	CNS	pylorus,
					mucosa		esophagus
Upregulate/	down-	up-	up-	up-	down-	up-	down-
Downregulate	regulate	regulate	regulate	regulate	regulate	regulate	regulate
				or fix
				mutations
Level of evidence:	everolimus	VEGF local	animal model		H1-anti-	animal	H2-specific
Market proxy or		administration	of cartilage		histamines,	models	antihistamines,
animal model		aids in tracheal	repair		e.g. Zyrtec		e.g. omeprazole,
		transplant					etc.
		animal models
Comment	Embodiments	Useful, e.g.,	In an embodiment,				In an embodiment,
	include, e.g.,	in the promoting	the subject sufferes				the subject is
	local delivery	wound healing	from arthritis or is				treated for
	to tissue via	(burns, etc);	in need of healing				late-stage barrett's.
	device or injec-	Embodiments	after injury. In
	tion to prevent	include, e.g.,	embodiments, chondro-
	fibrosis,	local delivery	cytes are targeted
	restenosis	of growth factors	post-injury to
			promote healing.

In an embodiment, Cas9 molecules, gRNA molecules, and/or Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complexes can be used to activate genes that regulate growth factors, such as up regulation of Epo to drive RBC production.

In an embodiment, Cas9 molecules, gRNA molecules, and/or Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complexes can be used to target, e.g., result in repression of, knockout of, or alteration of promoter for key transcription factors, such as BCL11A and KLF1 for up-regulating of fetal hemoglobin, e.g., for cure for sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.

Candidate Cas9 molecules, candidate gRNA molecules, and/or candidate Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complexes, as described herein, can be used to edit/correct a target gene or to deliver a regulator/effector inside cells, e.g., as described herein, at various subcellular locations. In an embodiment, the location is in the nucleus. In an embodiment, the location is in a sub-nuclear domain, e.g., the chromosome territories, nucleolus, nuclear speckles, Cajal bodies, Gems (gemini of Cajal bodies), or promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies. In an embodiment, the location is in the mitochondrion.

Candidate Cas9 molecules, candidate gRNA molecules, and/or candidate Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complexes, as described herein, can be used to edit/correct a target gene or to deliver a regulator/effector inside cells, as described herein, at various time points

For example, the editing/correction or delivery can occur at different phases of cell cycle, e.g., G0 phase, Interphase (e.g., G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase), or M phase. As another example, the editing/correction or delivery can occur at different stages of disease progression, e.g., at latent stage or active stage of a disorder (e.g., viral infection), or at any stage or subclassification of a disorder (e.g., cancer).

Methods of the invention allow for the treatment of a disorder characterized by unwanted cell proliferation, e.g., cancer. In an embodiment, cancer cells are manipulated to make them more susceptible to treatment or to endogenous immune surveillance. In an embodiment a cancer cell is modulated to make it more susceptible to a therapeutic. In an embodiment, a cancer cell is manipulated so as to increase the expression of a gene that increases the ability of the immune system to recognize or kill the cancer cell. E.g., a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex can be used to deliver a payload, or edit a target nucleic acid so as to increase the expression of an antigen, e.g., in the case where the cancer cell has downregulated expression of the antigen. In an embodiment, a payload, e.g., a payload comprising a transcription factor or other activator of expression is delivered to the cancer cell. In an embodiment, an increase in expression is effected by cleavage of the target nucleic acid, e.g., cleavage and correction or alteration of the target nucleic acid by a template nucleic acid. In an embodiment, a payload that overrides epigenetic silencing, e.g., a modulator of methylation, is delivered.

In an embodiment, the treatment further comprises administering a second anti-cancer therapy, e.g., immunotherapy, e.g., an antibody that binds the upregulated antigen.

In an embodiment, methods described herein, e.g., targeting of a genomic signature, e.g., a somatic translocation, can be used to target the Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule to a cancer cell.

In another aspect, the invention features a method of immunizing a subject against an antigen. The method comprises using a method described herein to promote the expression of the antigen from a cell, e.g., a blood cell, such that the antigen promotes an immune response. In an embodiment, the cell is manipulated ex vivo and then returned or introduced into the subject.

X. Modified Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Nucleic Acids

Modified nucleosides and modified nucleotides can be present in nucleic acids, e.g., particularly gRNA, but also other forms of RNA, e.g., mRNA, RNAi, or siRNA. As described herein “nucleoside” is defined as a compound containing a five-carbon sugar molecule (a pentose or ribose) or derivative thereof, and an organic base, purine or pyrimidine, or a derivative thereof. As described herein, “nucleotide” is defined as a nucleoside further comprising a phosphate group.

Modified nucleosides and nucleotides can include one or more of:

(i) alteration, e.g., replacement, of one or both of the non-linking phosphate oxygens and/or of one or more of the linking phosphate oxygens in the phosphodiester backbone linkage;

(ii) alteration, e.g., replacement, of a constituent of the ribose sugar, e.g., of the 2′ hydroxyl on the ribose sugar;

(iii) wholesale replacement of the phosphate moiety with “dephospho” linkers;

(iv) modification or replacement of a naturally occurring nucleobase;

(v) replacement or modification of the ribose-phosphate backbone;

(vi) modification of the 3′ end or 5′ end of the oligonucleotide, e.g., removal, modification or replacement of a terminal phosphate group or conjugation of a moiety; and

(vii) modification of the sugar.

The modifications listed above can be combined to provide modified nucleosides and nucleotides that can have two, three, four, or more modifications. For example, a modified nucleoside or nucleotide can have a modified sugar and a modified nucleobase. In an embodiment, every nucleotide of a gRNA or template nucleic acid is modified, e.g., all nucleotides have a modified phosphate group, e.g., all are phosphorothioate groups. In an embodiment, all, or substantially all, of the phosphate groups of a unimolecular or modular gRNA molecule or template nucleic acid are replaced with phosphorothioate groups.

In an embodiment, modified nucleotides, e.g., nucleotides having modifications as described herein, can be incorporated into a nucleic acid, e.g., a “modified nucleic acid.” In an embodiment, the modified nucleic acids comprise one, two, three or more modified nucleotides. In an embodiment, at least 5% (e.g., at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100%) of the positions in a modified nucleic acid are a modified nucleotides.

Unmodified nucleic acids can be prone to degradation by, e.g., cellular nucleases. For example, nucleases can hydrolyze nucleic acid phosphodiester bonds. Accordingly, in one aspect the modified nucleic acids described herein can contain one or more modified nucleosides or nucleotides, e.g., to introduce stability toward nucleases.

In an embodiment, the modified nucleosides, modified nucleotides, and modified nucleic acids described herein can exhibit a reduced innate immune response when introduced into a population of cells, both in vivo and ex vivo. The term “innate immune response” includes a cellular response to exogenous nucleic acids, including single stranded nucleic acids, generally of viral or bacterial origin, which involves the induction of cytokine expression and release, particularly the interferons, and cell death. In an embodiment, the modified nucleosides, modified nucleotides, and modified nucleic acids described herein can disrupt binding of a major groove interacting partner with the nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the modified nucleosides, modified nucleotides, and modified nucleic acids described herein can exhibit a reduced innate immune response when introduced into a population of cells, both in vivo and ex vivo, and also disrupt binding of a major groove interacting partner with the nucleic acid.

In an embodiment, a governing gRNA comprises modifications, e.g., modified nucleotides, modifications to the backbone, and other modifications described herein.

In an embodiment, a template nucleic acid comprises modifications, e.g., modified nucleotides, modifications to the backbone, and other modifications described herein. In an embodiment, the modification improves the stability of the template nucleic acid, e.g., by increasing its resistance to endonucleases and/or exonucleases.

In an embodiment, a template nucleic acid that comprises modifications is double stranded, e.g., is double stranded DNA. In such embodiment, all the modifications are confined to one strand. In an embodiment, modifications are present on both strands. Modifications may be present in the 5′ homology arm, the 3′ homology arm, or the replacement sequence, or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, modifications are present in one or both homology arms but not the replacement sequence.

In an embodiment, a template nucleic acid that comprises modifications is single stranded, e.g., is single stranded DNA.

Definitions of Chemical Groups

As used herein, “alkyl” is meant to refer to a saturated hydrocarbon group which is straight-chained or branched. Example alkyl groups include methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), propyl (e.g., n-propyl and isopropyl), butyl (e.g., n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl), pentyl (e.g., n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl), and the like. An alkyl group can contain from 1 to about 20, from 2 to about 20, from 1 to about 12, from 1 to about 8, from 1 to about 6, from 1 to about 4, or from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms.

As used herein, “aryl” refers to monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., having 2, 3 or 4 fused rings) aromatic hydrocarbons such as, for example, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, indanyl, indenyl, and the like. In an embodiment, aryl groups have from 6 to about 20 carbon atoms.

As used herein, “alkenyl” refers to an aliphatic group containing at least one double bond.

As used herein, “alkynyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain containing 2-12 carbon atoms and characterized in having one or more triple bonds. Examples of alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propargyl, and 3-hexynyl.

As used herein, “arylalkyl” or “aralkyl” refers to an alkyl moiety in which an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by an aryl group. Aralkyl includes groups in which more than one hydrogen atom has been replaced by an aryl group. Examples of “arylalkyl” or “aralkyl” include benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 9-fluorenyl, benzhydryl, and trityl groups.

As used herein, “cycloalkyl” refers to a cyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or polycyclic non-aromatic hydrocarbon groups having 3 to 12 carbons. Examples of cycloalkyl moieties include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.

As used herein, “heterocyclyl” refers to a monovalent radical of a heterocyclic ring system. Representative heterocyclyls include, without limitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolidonyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolinyl, piperazinyl, dioxanyl, dioxolanyl, diazepinyl, oxazepinyl, thiazepinyl, and morpholinyl.

As used herein, “heteroaryl” refers to a monovalent radical of a heteroaromatic ring system. Examples of heteroaryl moieties include, but are not limited to, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, pyrrolyl, furanyl, indolyl, thiophenyl pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, indolizinyl, purinyl, naphthyridinyl, quinolyl, and pteridinyl.

Phosphate Backbone Modifications

The Phosphate Group

In an embodiment, the phosphate group of a modified nucleotide can be modified by replacing one or more of the oxygens with a different substituent. Further, the modified nucleotide, e.g., modified nucleotide present in a modified nucleic acid, can include the wholesale replacement of an unmodified phosphate moiety with a modified phosphate as described herein. In an embodiment, the modification of the phosphate backbone can include alterations that result in either an uncharged linker or a charged linker with unsymmetrical charge distribution.

Examples of modified phosphate groups include, phosphorothioate, phosphoroselenates, borano phosphates, borano phosphate esters, hydrogen phosphonates, phosphoroamidates, alkyl or aryl phosphonates and phosphotriesters. In an embodiment, one of the non-bridging phosphate oxygen atoms in the phosphate backbone moiety can be replaced by any of the following groups: sulfur (S), selenium (Se), BR₃ (wherein R can be, e.g., hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl), C (e.g., an alkyl group, an aryl group, and the like), H, NR₂ (wherein R can be, e.g., hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl), or OR (wherein R can be, e.g., alkyl or aryl). The phosphorous atom in an unmodified phosphate group is achiral. However, replacement of one of the non-bridging oxygens with one of the above atoms or groups of atoms can render the phosphorous atom chiral; that is to say that a phosphorous atom in a phosphate group modified in this way is a stereogenic center. The stereogenic phosphorous atom can possess either the “R” configuration (herein Rp) or the “S” configuration (herein Sp).

Phosphorodithioates have both non-bridging oxygens replaced by sulfur. The phosphorus center in the phosphorodithioates is achiral which precludes the formation of oligoribonucleotide diastereomers. In an embodiment, modifications to one or both non-bridging oxygens can also include the replacement of the non-bridging oxygens with a group independently selected from S, Se, B, C, H, N, and OR (R can be, e.g., alkyl or aryl).

The phosphate linker can also be modified by replacement of a bridging oxygen, (i.e., the oxygen that links the phosphate to the nucleoside), with nitrogen (bridged phosphoroamidates), sulfur (bridged phosphorothioates) and carbon (bridged methylenephosphonates). The replacement can occur at either linking oxygen or at both of the linking oxygens.

Replacement of the Phosphate Group

The phosphate group can be replaced by non-phosphorus containing connectors. In an embodiment, the charge phosphate group can be replaced by a neutral moiety.

Examples of moieties which can replace the phosphate group can include, without limitation, e.g., methyl phosphonate, hydroxylamino, siloxane, carbonate, carboxymethyl, carbamate, amide, thioether, ethylene oxide linker, sulfonate, sulfonamide, thioformacetal, formacetal, oxime, methyleneimino, methylenemethylimino, methylenehydrazo, methylenedimethylhydrazo and methyleneoxymethylimino.

Replacement of the Ribophosphate Backbone

Scaffolds that can mimic nucleic acids can also be constructed wherein the phosphate linker and ribose sugar are replaced by nuclease resistant nucleoside or nucleotide surrogates. In an embodiment, the nucleobases can be tethered by a surrogate backbone. Examples can include, without limitation, the morpholino, cyclobutyl, pyrrolidine and peptide nucleic acid (PNA) nucleoside surrogates.

Sugar Modifications

The modified nucleosides and modified nucleotides can include one or more modifications to the sugar group. For example, the 2′ hydroxyl group (OH) can be modified or replaced with a number of different “oxy” or “deoxy” substituents. In an embodiment, modifications to the 2′ hydroxyl group can enhance the stability of the nucleic acid since the hydroxyl can no longer be deprotonated to form a 2′-alkoxide ion. The 2′-alkoxide can catalyze degradation by intramolecular nucleophilic attack on the linker phosphorus atom.

Examples of “oxy”-2′ hydroxyl group modifications can include alkoxy or aryloxy (OR, wherein “R” can be, e.g., alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl or a sugar); polyethyleneglycols (PEG), O(CH₂CH₂O)_nCH₂CH₂OR wherein R can be, e.g., H or optionally substituted alkyl, and n can be an integer from 0 to 20 (e.g., from 0 to 4, from 0 to 8, from 0 to 10, from 0 to 16, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 8, from 1 to 10, from 1 to 16, from 1 to 20, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 8, from 2 to 10, from 2 to 16, from 2 to 20, from 4 to 8, from 4 to 10, from 4 to 16, and from 4 to 20). In an embodiment, the “oxy”-2′ hydroxyl group modification can include “locked” nucleic acids (LNA) in which the 2′ hydroxyl can be connected, e.g., by a C_1-6 alkylene or C_1-6 heteroalkylene bridge, to the 4′ carbon of the same ribose sugar, where exemplary bridges can include methylene, propylene, ether, or amino bridges; O-amino (wherein amino can be, e.g., NH₂; alkylamino, dialkylamino, heterocyclyl, arylamino, diarylamino, heteroarylamino, or diheteroarylamino, ethylenediamine, or polyamino) and aminoalkoxy, O(CH₂)_n-amino, (wherein amino can be, e.g., NH₂; alkylamino, dialkylamino, heterocyclyl, arylamino, diarylamino, heteroarylamino, or diheteroarylamino, ethylenediamine, or polyamino). In an embodiment, the “oxy”-2′ hydroxyl group modification can include the methoxyethyl group (MOE), (OCH₂CH₂OCH₃, e.g., a PEG derivative).

“Deoxy” modifications can include hydrogen (i.e. deoxyribose sugars, e.g., at the overhang portions of partially ds RNA); halo (e.g., bromo, chloro, fluoro, or iodo); amino (wherein amino can be, e.g., NH₂; alkylamino, dialkylamino, heterocyclyl, arylamino, diarylamino, heteroarylamino, diheteroarylamino, or amino acid); NH(CH₂CH₂NH)_nCH₂CH₂-amino (wherein amino can be, e.g., as described herein), —NHC(O)R (wherein R can be, e.g., alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl or sugar), cyano; mercapto; alkyl-thio-alkyl; thioalkoxy; and alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkenyl and alkynyl, which may be optionally substituted with e.g., an amino as described herein.

The sugar group can also contain one or more carbons that possess the opposite stereochemical configuration than that of the corresponding carbon in ribose. Thus, a modified nucleic acid can include nucleotides containing e.g., arabinose, as the sugar. The nucleotide “monomer” can have an alpha linkage at the 1′ position on the sugar, e.g., alpha-nucleosides. The modified nucleic acids can also include “abasic” sugars, which lack a nucleobase at C-1′. These abasic sugars can also be further modified at one or more of the constituent sugar atoms. The modified nucleic acids can also include one or more sugars that are in the L form, e.g. L-nucleosides.

Generally, RNA includes the sugar group ribose, which is a 5-membered ring having an oxygen. Exemplary modified nucleosides and modified nucleotides can include, without limitation, replacement of the oxygen in ribose (e.g., with sulfur (S), selenium (Se), or alkylene, such as, e.g., methylene or ethylene); addition of a double bond (e.g., to replace ribose with cyclopentenyl or cyclohexenyl); ring contraction of ribose (e.g., to form a 4-membered ring of cyclobutane or oxetane); ring expansion of ribose (e.g., to form a 6- or 7-membered ring having an additional carbon or heteroatom, such as for example, anhydrohexitol, altritol, mannitol, cyclohexanyl, cyclohexenyl, and morpholino that also has a phosphoramidate backbone). In an embodiment, the modified nucleotides can include multicyclic forms (e.g., tricyclo; and “unlocked” forms, such as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) (e.g., R-GNA or S-GNA, where ribose is replaced by glycol units attached to phosphodiester bonds), threose nucleic acid (TNA, where ribose is replaced with α-L-threofuranosyl-(3′→2′)).

Modifications on the Nucleobase

The modified nucleosides and modified nucleotides described herein, which can be incorporated into a modified nucleic acid, can include a modified nucleobase. Examples of nucleobases include, but are not limited to, adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U). These nucleobases can be modified or wholly replaced to provide modified nucleosides and modified nucleotides that can be incorporated into modified nucleic acids. The nucleobase of the nucleotide can be independently selected from a purine, a pyrimidine, a purine or pyrimidine analog. In an embodiment, the nucleobase can include, for example, naturally-occurring and synthetic derivatives of a base.

Uracil

In an embodiment, the modified nucleobase is a modified uracil. Exemplary nucleobases and nucleosides having a modified uracil include without limitation pseudouridine (ψ), pyridin-4-one ribonucleoside, 5-aza-uridine, 6-aza-uridine, 2-thio-5-aza-uridine, 2-thio-uridine (s2U), 4-thio-uridine (s4U), 4-thio-pseudouridine, 2-thio-pseudouridine, 5-hydroxy-uridine (ho⁵U), 5-aminoallyl-uridine, 5-halo-uridine (e.g., 5-iodo-uridine or 5-bromo-uridine), 3-methyl-uridine (m³U), 5-methoxy-uridine (mo⁵U), uridine 5-oxyacetic acid (cmo⁵U), uridine 5-oxyacetic acid methyl ester (mcmo⁵U), 5-carboxymethyl-uridine (cm⁵U), 1-carboxymethyl-pseudouridine, 5-carboxyhydroxymethyl-uridine (chm⁵U), 5-carboxyhydroxymethyl-uridine methyl ester (mchm⁵U), 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-uridine (mcm⁵U), 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thio-uridine (mcm⁵s2U), 5-aminomethyl-2-thio-uridine (nm⁵s2U), 5-methylaminomethyl-uridine (mnm⁵U), 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thio-uridine (mnm⁵s2U), 5-methylaminomethyl-2-seleno-uridine (mnm⁵se²U), 5-carbamoylmethyl-uridine (ncm⁵U), 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-uridine (cmnm⁵U), 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thio-uridine (cmnm⁵s2U), 5-propynyl-uridine, 1-propynyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyl-uridine (τcm⁵U), 1-taurinomethyl-pseudouridine, 5-taurinomethyl-2-thio-uridine(τm⁵s2U), 1-taurinomethyl-4-thio-pseudouridine, 5-methyl-uridine (m⁵U, i.e., having the nucleobase deoxythymine), 1-methyl-pseudouridine (m¹ψ), 5-methyl-2-thio-uridine (m⁵s2U), 1-methyl-4-thio-pseudouridine (m¹s⁴ψ), 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 3-methyl-pseudouridine (m³ψ), 2-thio-1-methyl-pseudouridine, 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, 2-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudouridine, dihydrouridine (D), dihydropseudouridine, 5,6-dihydrouridine, 5-methyl-dihydrouridine (m⁵D), 2-thio-dihydrouridine, 2-thio-dihydropseudouridine, 2-methoxy-uridine, 2-methoxy-4-thio-uridine, 4-methoxy-pseudouridine, 4-methoxy-2-thio-pseudouridine, N1-methyl-pseudouridine, 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridine (acp³U), 1-methyl-3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)pseudouridine (acp³ψ), 5-(isopentenylaminomethyl)uridine (inm⁵U), 5-(isopentenylaminomethyl)-2-thio-uridine (inm⁵s2U), α-thio-uridine, 2′-O-methyl-uridine (Um), 5,2′-O-dimethyl-uridine (m⁵Um), 2′-O-methyl-pseudouridine (ψm), 2-thio-2′-O-methyl-uridine (s2Um), 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2′-O-methyl-uridine (mcm ⁵Um), 5-carbamoylmethyl-2′-O-methyl-uridine (ncm ⁵Um), 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2′-O-methyl-uridine (cmnm ⁵Um), 3,2′-O-dimethyl-uridine (m³Um), 5-(isopentenylaminomethyl)-2′-O-methyl-uridine (inm ⁵UM), 1-thio-uridine, deoxythymidine, 2′-F-ara-uridine, 2′-F-uridine, 2′-OH-ara-uridine, 5-(2-carbomethoxyvinyl) uridine, 5-[3-(1-E-propenylamino)uridine, pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines, xanthine, and hypoxanthine.

Cytosine

In an embodiment, the modified nucleobase is a modified cytosine. Exemplary nucleobases and nucleosides having a modified cytosine include without limitation 5-aza-cytidine, 6-aza-cytidine, pseudoisocytidine, 3-methyl-cytidine (m³C), N4-acetyl-cytidine (act), 5-formyl-cytidine (f⁵C), N4-methyl-cytidine (m⁴C), 5-methyl-cytidine (m⁵C), 5-halo-cytidine (e.g., 5-iodo-cytidine), 5-hydroxymethyl-cytidine (hm⁵C), 1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, pyrrolo-cytidine, pyrrolo-pseudoisocytidine, 2-thio-cytidine (s2C), 2-thio-5-methyl-cytidine, 4-thio-pseudoisocytidine, 4-thio-1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, 4-thio-1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine, 1-methyl-1-deaza-pseudoisocytidine, zebularine, 5-aza-zebularine, 5-methyl-zebularine, 5-aza-2-thio-zebularine, 2-thio-zebularine, 2-methoxy-cytidine, 2-methoxy-5-methyl-cytidine, 4-methoxy-pseudoisocytidine, 4-methoxy-1-methyl-pseudoisocytidine, lysidine (k²C), α-thio-cytidine, 2′-O-methyl-cytidine (Cm), 5,2′-O-dimethyl-cytidine (m⁵Cm), N4-acetyl-2′-O-methyl-cytidine (ac⁴Cm), N4,2′-O-dimethyl-cytidine (m⁴Cm), 5-formyl-2′-O-methyl-cytidine (f ⁵Cm), N4,N4,2′-O-trimethyl-cytidine (m⁴₂Cm), 1-thio-cytidine, 2′-F-ara-cytidine, 2′-F-cytidine, and 2′-OH-ara-cytidine.

Adenine

In an embodiment, the modified nucleobase is a modified adenine. Exemplary nucleobases and nucleosides having a modified adenine include without limitation 2-amino-purine, 2,6-diaminopurine, 2-amino-6-halo-purine (e.g., 2-amino-6-chloro-purine), 6-halo-purine (e.g., 6-chloro-purine), 2-amino-6-methyl-purine, 8-azido-adenosine, 7-deaza-adenine, 7-deaza-8-aza-adenine, 7-deaza-2-amino-purine, 7-deaza-8-aza-2-amino-purine, 7-deaza-2,6-diaminopurine, 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diaminopurine, 1-methyl-adenosine (m¹A), 2-methyl-adenine (m²A), N6-methyl-adenosine (m⁶A), 2-methylthio-N6-methyl-adenosine (ms2 m⁶A), N6-isopentenyl-adenosine (i⁶A), 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyl-adenosine (ms²i⁶A), N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl)adenosine (io⁶A), 2-methylthio-N6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl)adenosine (ms2io⁶A), N6-glycinylcarbamoyl-adenosine (g⁶A), N6-threonylcarbamoyl-adenosine (t⁶A), N6-methyl-N6-threonylcarbamoyl-adenosine (m⁶t⁶A) 2-methylthio-N6-threonylcarbamoyl-adenosine (ms²g⁶A), N6,N6-dimethyl-adenosine (m⁶₂A), N6-hydroxynorvalylcarbamoyl-adenosine (hn⁶A), 2-methylthio-N6-hydroxynorvalylcarbamoyl-adenosine (ms2hn⁶A), N6-acetyl-adenosine (ac⁶A), 7-methyl-adenine, 2-methylthio-adenine, 2-methoxy-adenine, α-thio-adenosine, 2′-O-methyl-adenosine (Am), N⁶,2′-O-dimethyl-adenosine (m⁶Am), N⁶-Methyl-2′-deoxyadenosine, N6,N6,2′-O-trimethyl-adenosine (m⁶₂Am), 1,2′-O-dimethyl-adenosine (m¹Am), 2′-O-ribosyladenosine (phosphate) (Ar(p)), 2-amino-N6-methyl-purine, 1-thio-adenosine, 8-azido-adenosine, 2′-F-ara-adenosine, 2′-F-adenosine, 2′-OH-ara-adenosine, and N6-(19-amino-pentaoxanonadecyl)-adenosine.

Guanine

In an embodiment, the modified nucleobase is a modified guanine. Exemplary nucleobases and nucleosides having a modified guanine include without limitation inosine (I), 1-methyl-inosine (m¹I), wyosine (imG), methylwyosine (mimG), 4-demethyl-wyosine (imG-14), isowyosine (imG2), wybutosine (yW), peroxywybutosine (o₂yW), hydroxywybutosine (OHyW), undermodified hydroxywybutosine (OHyW*), 7-deaza-guanosine, queuosine (Q), epoxyqueuosine (oQ), galactosyl-queuosine (galQ), mannosyl-queuosine (manQ), 7-cyano-7-deaza-guanosine (preQ₀), 7-aminomethyl-7-deaza-guanosine (preQi), archaeosine (G⁺), 7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine, 6-thio-guanosine, 6-thio-7-deaza-guanosine, 6-thio-7-deaza-8-aza-guanosine, 7-methyl-guanosine (m⁷G), 6-thio-7-methyl-guanosine, 7-methyl-inosine, 6-methoxy-guanosine, 1-methyl-guanosine (m′G), N2-methyl-guanosine (m²G), N2,N2-dimethyl-guanosine (m²₂G), N2,7-dimethyl-guanosine (m²,7G), N2, N2,7-dimethyl-guanosine (m²,2,7G), 8-oxo-guanosine, 7-methyl-8-oxo-guanosine, 1-meth thio-guanosine, N2-methyl-6-thio-guanosine, N2,N2-dimethyl-6-thio-guanosine, α-thio-guanosine, 2′-O-methyl-guanosine (Gm), N2-methyl-2′-O-methyl-guanosine (m²Gm), N2,N2-dimethyl-2′-O-methyl-guanosine (m²₂Gm), 1-methyl-2′-O-methyl-guanosine (m′Gm), N2,7-dimethyl-2′-O-methyl-guanosine (m²,7Gm), 2′-O-methyl-inosine (Im), 1,2′-O-dimethyl-inosine (m′Im), O⁶-phenyl-2′-deoxyinosine, 2′-O-ribosylguanosine (phosphate) (Gr(p)), 1-thio-guanosine, O⁶-methyl-guanosine, O⁶-Methyl-2′-deoxyguanosine, 2′-F-ara-guanosine, and 2′-F-guanosine.

Modified gRNAs

In an embodiment, the modified nucleic acids can be modified gRNAs. In an embodiment, gRNAs can be modified at the 3′ end. In this embodiment, the gRNAs can be modified at the 3′ terminal U ribose. For example, the two terminal hydroxyl groups of the U ribose can be oxidized to aldehyde groups and a concomitant opening of the ribose ring to afford a modified nucleoside as sown below:

wherein “U” can be an unmodified or modified uridine.

In another embodiment, the 3′ terminal U can be modified with a 2′3′ cyclic phosphate as shown below:

wherein “U” can be an unmodified or modified uridine.

In an embodiment, the gRNA molecules may contain 3′ nucleotides which can be stabilized against degradation, e.g., by incorporating one or more of the modified nucleotides described herein. In this embodiment, e.g., uridines can be replaced with modified uridines, e.g., 5-(2-amino)propyl uridine, and 5-bromo uridine, or with any of the modified uridines described herein; adenosines and guanosines can be replaced with modified adenosines and guanosines, e.g., with modifications at the 8-position, e.g., 8-bromo guanosine, or with any of the modified adenosines or guanosines described herein. In an embodiment, deaza nucleotides, e.g., 7-deaza-adenosine, can be incorporated into the gRNA. In an embodiment, 0- and N-alkylated nucleotides, e.g., N6-methyl andenosine, can be incorporated into the gRNA. In an embodiment, sugar-modified ribonucleotides can be incorporated, e.g., wherein the 2′ OH-group is replaced by a group selected from H, —OR, —R (wherein R can be, e.g., alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl or sugar), halo, —SH, —SR (wherein R can be, e.g., alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl or sugar), amino (wherein amino can be, e.g., NH₂; alkylamino, dialkylamino, heterocyclyl, arylamino, diarylamino, heteroarylamino, diheteroarylamino, or amino acid); or cyano (—CN). In an embodiment, the phosphate backbone can be modified as described herein, e.g., with a phosphothioate group. In an embodiment, the nucleotides in the overhang region of the gRNA can each independently be a modified or unmodified nucleotide including, but not limited to 2′-sugar modified, such as, 2-F 2′-O-methyl, thymidine (T), 2′-O-methoxyethyl-5-methyluridine (Teo), 2′-O-methoxyethyladenosine (Aeo), 2′-O-methoxyethyl-5-methylcytidine (m5Ceo), and any combinations thereof.

In an embodiment, a one or more or all of the nucleotides in single stranded overhang of an RNA molecule, e.g., a gRNA molecule, are deoxynucleotides.

XI. Linkers

In an embodiment, the payload can be linked to the Cas9 molecules or the gRNA, e.g., by a covalent linker. This linker may be cleavable or non-cleavable. In an embodiment, a cleavable linker may be used to release the payload after transport to the desired target.

Linkers can comprise a direct bond or an atom such as, e.g., an oxygen (O) or sulfur (S), a unit such as —NR— wherein R is hydrogen or alkyl, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)NH—, SO, SO₂, —SO₂NH— or a chain of atoms, such as substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl. In an embodiment, one or more methylenes in the chain of atoms can be replaced with one or more of 0, S, S(O), SO₂, —SO₂NH—, —NR—, —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)NH—, a cleavable linking group, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic.

Non-cleavable linkages

In an embodiment, the payload is attached to the Cas9 molecule or gRNA through a linker that is itself is stable under physiological conditions, such as an alkylene chain, and does not result in release of the payload from the Cas9 molecule and/or gRNA for at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 24 or 48 hours or for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 10 days when administered to a subject. In an embodiment, the payload and the Cas9 molecule and/or gRNA comprise residues of a functional groups through which reaction and linkage of the payload to the Cas9 molecule or gRNA was achieved. In an embodiment, the functional groups, which may be the same or different, terminal or internal, of the payload or Cas9molecule and/or gRNA comprise an amino, acid, imidazole, hydroxyl, thio, acyl halide, —HC═CH—, —C≡C— group, or derivative thereof. In an embodiment, the linker comprises a hydrocarbylene group wherein one or more methylene groups is optionally replaced by a group Y (provided that none of the Y groups are adjacent to each other), wherein each Y, independently for each occurrence, is selected from, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or —O—, —C(═X)— (wherein X is NR₁, O or S), —NR₁—, —NR₁C(O)—, —C(O)NR₁—, —S(O)_n—, —NR₁S(O)_n—, —S(O)_nNR₁—, —NR₁C(O)—NR₁—; and R₁, independently for each occurrence, represents H or a lower alkyl and wherein n is 0, 1, or 2.

In an embodiment, the linker comprises an alkylene moiety or a heteroalkylene moiety (e.g., an alkylene glycol moiety such as ethylene glycol). In an embodiment, a linker comprises a poly-L-glutamic acid, polylactic acid, poly(ethyleneimine), an oligosaccharide, an amino acid (e.g., glycine), an amino acid chain, or any other suitable linkage. The linker groups can be biologically inactive, such as a PEG, polyglycolic acid, or polylactic acid chain. In an embodiment, the linker group represents a derivatized or non-derivatized amino acid (e.g., glycine).

Cleavable Linkages A cleavable linking group is one which is sufficiently stable outside the cell, but which upon entry into a target cell is cleaved to release the two parts the linker is holding together. In one embodiment, the cleavable linking group is cleaved at least 10 times or more, or at least 100 times faster in the target cell or under a first reference condition (which can, e.g., be selected to mimic or represent intracellular conditions) than in the blood of a subject, or under a second reference condition (which can, e.g., be selected to mimic or represent conditions found in the blood or serum).

Cleavable linking groups are susceptible to cleavage agents, e.g., pH, redox potential or the presence of degradative molecules. Examples of such degradative agents include: redox agents which are selected for particular substrates or which have no substrate specificity, including, e.g., oxidative or reductive enzymes or reductive agents such as mercaptans, present in cells, that can degrade a redox cleavable linking group by reduction; esterases; endosomes or agents that can create an acidic environment, e.g., those that result in a pH of five or lower; enzymes that can hydrolyze or degrade an acid cleavable linking group by acting as a general acid, peptidases (which can be substrate specific), and phosphatases.

A cleavable linkage group, such as a disulfide bond (—S—S—) can be susceptible to pH. The pH of human serum is 7.4, while the average intracellular pH is slightly lower, ranging from about 7.1-7.3. Endosomes have a more acidic pH, in the range of 5.5-6.0, and lysosomes have an even more acidic pH at around 5.0. Some linkers will have a cleavable linking group that is cleaved at a preferred pH. A linker can include a cleavable linking group that is cleavable by a particular enzyme.

In general, the suitability of a candidate cleavable linking group can be evaluated by testing the ability of a degradative agent (or condition) to cleave the candidate linking group. The candidate cleavable linking group can also be tested for the ability to resist cleavage in the blood or when in contact with other non-target tissue. Thus one can determine the relative susceptibility to cleavage between a first and a second condition, where the first is selected to be indicative of cleavage in a target cell and the second is selected to be indicative of cleavage in other tissues or biological fluids, e.g., blood or serum. The evaluations can be carried out in cell free systems, in cells, in cell culture, in organ or tissue culture, or in whole animals. It may be useful to make initial evaluations in cell-free or culture conditions and to confirm by further evaluations in whole animals.

In an embodiment, the cleavable linkers include redox cleavable linkers, such as a disulfide group (—S—S—) and phosphate cleavable linkers, such as, e.g., —O—P(O)(OR)—O—, —O—P(S)(OR)—O—, —O—P(S)(SR)—O—, —S—P(O)(OR)—O—, —O—P(O)(OR)—S—, —S—P(O)(OR)—S—, —O—P(S)(0R)—S—, —S—P(S)(OR)—O—, —O—P(O)(R)—O—, —O—P(S)(R)—O—, —S—P(O)(R)—O—, —S—P(S)(R)—O—, —S—P(O)(R)—S—, —OP(S)(R)—S—, wherein R is hydrogen or alkyl.

Acid Cleavable Linking Groups

Acid cleavable linking groups are linking groups that are cleaved under acidic conditions. In an embodiment, acid cleavable linking groups are cleaved in an acidic environment with a pH of about 6.5 or lower (e.g., about 6.0, 5.5, 5.0, or lower), or by agents such as enzymes that can act as a general acid. Examples of acid cleavable linking groups include but are not limited to hydrazones, esters, and esters of amino acids. Acid cleavable groups can have the general formula —C(═N—)N—, —C(O)O—, or —OC(O)—.

Ester-Based Linking Groups

Ester-based cleavable linking groups are cleaved by enzymes such as esterases and amidases in cells. Examples of ester-based cleavable linking groups include but are not limited to esters of alkylene, alkenylene and alkynylene groups. Ester cleavable linking groups have the general formula —C(O)O—, or —OC(O)—.

XII. Targeting of Genomic Signatures

Cas9 molecules, gRNA molecules, and in particular, Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complexes, can be used to target a cell by virtue of sequence specific interaction with a target nucleic acid comprising a selected genomic signature. This provides for targeted destruction of cells having a selected genomic signature. Method and compositions disclosed herein can be used to treat disorders characterized by a selected genomic signature, e.g., a genomic signature present in the germline or a genomic signature that arise as a result of a sporadic or somatic change in the genome, e.g., a germline or acquired mutation in a cancer cell, a viral infection, or other germline or acquired changes to the genome.

While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that complementarity between the targeting domain of a gRNA molecule and the target sequence of a target nucleic acid mediates target sequence-specific interaction of the Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex with the target sequence. This allows targeting of specific sequences or genomic signatures, e.g., rearrangements, e.g., translocations, insertions, deletions, and inversions, and other mutations. A Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex can be used to target specific sequence, e.g., mutations, that are germline, mitochondrial, or somatic. Depending on the Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex used, specific editing, the delivery of a payload, or both, can be effected. In an embodiment, both cleavage and delivery of a payload is effected.

In an embodiment, the Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex that promotes cell death upon recognition of its target genomic sequence. In an embodiment, an eaCas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex cleaves the target nucleic acid. In an embodiment, it does not deliver a payload. While not wishing to be bound by theory is it believed that endogenous cellular elements, e.g., elements of the DNA damage apoptosis signaling cascade promote apoptosis in these embodiments.

In an embodiment, an eaCas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex cleaves the target nucleic acid and delivers a payload. The payload can comprises a compound that inhibits growth or cell division, or promotes apoptosis, e.g., an element of the DNA damage apoptosis signaling cascade. In an embodiment, a second Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex is used to deliver a payload comprising a second compound that inhibits growth or cell division, or promotes apoptosis, e.g., an element of the DNA damage apoptosis signaling cascade. The Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex that delivers the second payload can comprise an eiCas9 molecule or an eaCas9 molecule. An additional, e.g., third or fourth, Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex, can be used to deliver additional payload, e.g., an additional compound that inhibits growth or cell division, or promotes apoptosis, e.g., an additional element of the DNA damage apoptosis signaling cascade promote.

In an embodiment, the Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex delivers a payload comprising a compound that inhibits growth or cell division, or promotes apoptosis, e.g., an element of the DNA damage apoptosis signaling cascade, but does not cleave the target nucleic acid. While not wishing to be bound by theory is it believed that endogenous cellular elements, e.g., elements of the DNA damage apoptosis signaling cascade promote apoptosis in these embodiments.

Exemplary compounds that inhibit growth or cell division, or promote apoptosis, e.g., an element of the DNA damage apoptosis signaling cascade, are described herein, e.g., in Table XII-1.

TABLE XII-1
ATM kinases (double-strand breaks)
ATR kinases (single-strand breaks)
RF-C related protein (RAD17)
The 9-1-1 Complex: RAD1, RAD9, and HUS1
Checkpoint proteins CHK1, CHK2
P53
ZIP Kinase (ZIPK)
Fast Death-Domain Associated Protein XX (DAXX)
Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML)
Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)
Caspase-activated DNAse (CAD) (in the absence of its inhibitor ICAD)

In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex targets a sequence that includes or is near the breakpoint of a rearrangement, e.g., a translocation, inversion, insertion, or deletion. In an embodiment, the rearrangement confers unwanted properties, e.g., unwanted proliferation, on the cell. In an embodiment, the cell harboring the rearrangement is a cancer cell. In an embodiment, the rearrangement comprises a kinase gene and results in unwanted, increased, or constitutive expression of the kinase activity. In an embodiment, the rearrangement disrupts the expression of a tumor suppressor.

In an embodiment, the Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex:

specifically targets, and e.g., cleaves, the genome of a cell comprising a rearrangement, e.g., by targeting a mutation, e.g., a breakpoint or junction of a rearrangement; or

targets, e.g., for cleavage or payload delivery, a nucleotide sequence within 200, 100, 150, 100, 50, 25, 10, or 5 nucleotides of a mutation, e.g., a rearrangement breakpoint.

The invention includes a method of manipulating a cell comprising a genomic signature, comprising:

administering a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex that targets said genomic signature, thereby manipulating said cell.

In an embodiment, manipulating comprises inhibiting the growth or division of, or killing, said cell.

In an embodiment, said cell is a cancer cell or cell having a viral infection.

In an embodiment, the method comprises treating a subject, e.g., a human subject, for a disorder characterized by a cell having said genomic signature, e.g., a cancer or a viral infection.

In an embodiment, a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex disrupts a rearrangement, e.g., by introduction of a stop codon from a template nucleic acid, e.g., a stop codon is inserted into a fusion protein, e.g., a fusion protein comprising kinase activity.

The invention includes a method of treating a cancer having a translocation of a kinase gene to a non-kinase gene, which places the kinase domain under the control of the non-kinase gene control region comprising:

administering a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex that targets the translocation. In an embodiment, the control region, e.g., the promoter, or the coding sequence, of the kinase translocation, is edited to reduce expression.

XIII. Combination Therapy

The Cas9 molecules, gRNA molecules, and in particular, Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complexes, can be used in combination with a second therapeutic agent, e.g., a cancer drug. In an embodiment, the second therapeutic agent (e.g., a cancer drug) and the Cas9 molecule, gRNA molecule, and in particular, Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex target different (e.g., non-overlapping) pathways. In an embodiment, the second therapeutic agent (e.g., a cancer drug) and the Cas9 molecule, gRNA molecule, and in particular, Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex target a same or overlapping pathway.

Exemplary combination therapies include, e.g.:

• • mTOR inhibitors (e.g., Temsirolimus (Torisel®) or Everolimus (Afinitor®)) together with a AKT-specific Cas9/gRNA molecule;
  • Tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec®); Dasatinib (Sprycel®); Bosutinib (Bosulif®); Trastuzumab (Herceptin®); Pertuzumab (Perjeta™); Lapatinib (Tykerb®); Gefitinib (Iressa®); Erlotinib (Tarceva®) together with a HDAC-specific Cas9/gRNA molecule; and
  • Any chemotherapeutic agent together with one or more Cas9/gRNAs against multidrug resistance genes such as MDR1 gene.

XIV. Treatment of Genetic Disorder, e.g., Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)

In another aspect, the invention features, a method of altering a cell, e.g., reducing or abolishing the effect of a genetic signature, e.g., a stop codon, e.g., a premature stop codon. The method comprises contacting said cell with:

a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex that cleaves at or upstream from the genetic signature, e.g., a premature stop codon,

thereby altering the cell.

While not wishing to be bound by theory it is believed that, in an embodiment, cleavage and subsequent exonuclease activity, and non-homologous end joining results in an altered sequence in which the genetic signature, e.g., a premature stop codon is eliminated, e.g., by being placed in a different frame. In an embodiment, the same series of events restores the proper reading frame to the sequence that follows the signature, e.g., premature stop codon.

When the method is carried out to correct a frameshift mutation in order to remove a premature stop codon, repair can be carried out at various sites in the DNA. One may direct cleavage at the mutation, thereby correcting the frameshift entirely and returning the protein to its wild-type (or nearly wild-type) sequence. One may also direct cleavage at or near the premature stop codon, so that all (or nearly all) amino acids of the protein C-terminal of the codon where repair was effected are wild-type. In the latter case, the resulting protein may have one or more frameshifted amino acids between the mutation and the repair site; however the protein may still be functional because it is full-length and has wild-type sequence across most of its length.

A genetic signature is a particular DNA sequence at a particular portion of the genome, that causes a phenotype (such as a genetic disease or a symptom thereof). For instance, the genetic signature may be a premature stop codon that prevents expression of a protein. In this scenario, the premature stop codon can arise from a mutation that directly creates a stop codon, or from a mutation that causes a frameshift leading to a premature stop codon being formed downstream. A genetic signature may also be a point mutation that alters the identity of an important amino acid in a protein, disrupting the protein's function.

In an embodiment, the Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex mediates a double stranded break in said target nucleic acid.

In an embodiment, the genetic signature, e.g., a premature stop codon, results from a point mutation, an insertion, a deletion, or a rearrangement. In an embodiment, a mutation causes a frameshift, resulting in a genetic signature, e.g., a premature stop codon downstream of the mutation.

In an embodiment, the premature stop codon is within the target nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the target nucleic acid is upstream of the premature stop codon. The mutation may be upstream of the target nucleic acid, within the target nucleic acid, or downstream of the target nucleic acid.

In an embodiment the double stranded break is within 500, 200, 100, 50, 30, 20, 10, 5, or 2 nucleotides of the mutation. In an embodiment, the double stranded break is within 500, 200, 100, 50, 30, 20, 10, 5, or 2 nucleotides of the genetic signature, e.g., a premature stop codon.

In an embodiment, the Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex mediates exonuclease digestion of the target nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex removes 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 nucleotides at the double stranded break.

In an embodiment, the double stranded break is resolved by non-homologous end joining.

In an embodiment the mutation and/or genetic signature, e.g., premature stop codon is in the dystrophin gene, e.g., in exon 51, or in the intron preceding or following exon 51. The premature stop codon may also be caused by a mutation in the dystrophin gene at one or more of codons 54, 645, 773, 3335, and 3340. In an embodiment, the premature stop codon in the dystrophin gene results from a deletion of codons 2305 through 2366.

In an embodiment, contacting the cell with a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex comprises contacting the cell with a nucleic acid encoding a Cas9 molecule. In an embodiment, contacting the cell with a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex comprises transfecting the cell with a nucleic acid, e.g., a plasmid, or using a viral vector such as adeno-associated virus (AAV).

In an embodiment, the method results in increased levels of the protein in which the genetic signature, e.g., a premature stop codon, was previously located. For instance, protein levels (e.g., dystrophin levels) may be increased by at least 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 30% in a cell or in a tissue. In an embodiment, the method results in increased levels of the mRNA in which the premature stop codon was previously located, for instance by preventing the mRNA from undergoing nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.

In an embodiment, one or more of the target nucleic acid, the genetic signature, e.g., premature stop codon, and the mutation are located in the dystrophin gene (which is mutated in DMD). One or more of the target nucleic acid, the genetic signature, e.g., premature stop codon, and the mutation may also be located in the COL7A1 gene (mutated in type VII-associated dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa), the FKTN gene (mutated in Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy), the dysferlin gene (mutated in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B), the CFTR gene (mutated in cystic fibrosis), HEXA (mutated in Tay-Sachs disease), the IDS gene (mutated in Hunter syndrome), the FVIII gene (mutated in hemophilia), the IDUA gene (mutated in Hurler syndrome), the PPT1 gene (mutated in infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis), a tumor suppressor such as the ATM gene (mutated in cancers like gliomas and B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia), RP2 (mutated in X-linked retinitis pigmentosa), the CTNS gene (mutated in nephropathic cystinosis), and the AVPR2 gene (mutated in Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus).

In an embodiment, the method is performed in cultured cells. In an embodiment, the method further comprises administering the cell to a patient. The cell may be, for example, an induced pluripotent stem cell, a bone marrow derived progenitor, a skeletal muscle progenitor, a CD133+ cell, a mesoangioblast, or a MyoD-transduced dermal fibroblast.

In an embodiment, the method comprises contacting the cell with a template nucleic acid under conditions that allow for homology-directed repair between the target nucleic acid and the template nucleic acid to correct the mutation or the premature stop codon.

In another aspect, the invention features a method of treating a human subject having a disorder associated with a genetic signature, e.g., premature stop codon, e.g., DMD, comprising providing to the human subject:

1) a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex that cleaves at or upstream from the premature stop codon or

2) a cell that has been contacted with such complex,

thereby treating the subject.

In an embodiment, the Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex mediates a double stranded break in said target nucleic acid.

In an embodiment, genetic signature, e.g., premature stop codon results from a point mutation, an insertion, a deletion, or a rearrangement. In an embodiment, a mutation causes a frameshift, resulting in a premature stop codon downstream of the mutation.

In an embodiment the double stranded break is within 500, 200, 100, 50, 30, 20, 10, 5, or 2 nucleotides of the mutation. In an embodiment the double stranded break is within 500, 200, 100, 50, 30, 20, 10, 5, or 2 nucleotides of the premature stop codon.

In an embodiment, the genetic signature, e.g., premature stop codon is within the target nucleic acid of the Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex. In an embodiment, the target nucleic acid is upstream of the genetic signature, e.g., premature stop codon. The mutation may be upstream of the target nucleic acid, within the target nucleic acid, or downstream of the target nucleic acid.

In an embodiment, the Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex mediates exonuclease digestion of the target nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex removes 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 nucleotides at the double stranded break.

In an embodiment, the double stranded break is resolved by non-homologous end joining.

In an embodiment, the mutation and/or genetic signature, e.g., premature stop codon is in the dystrophin gene, e.g., in exon 51, or in the intron preceding or following exon 51. The premature stop codon may also be caused by a mutation in the dystrophin gene at one or more of codons 54, 645, 773, 3335, and 3340. In an embodiment, the premature stop codon in the dystrophin gene results from a deletion of codons 2305 through 2366.

In an embodiment, contacting the cell with a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex comprises contacting the cell with a nucleic acid encoding a Cas9 molecule. In an embodiment, contacting the cell with a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex comprises transfecting the cell with a nucleic acid, e.g., a plasmid, or using a viral vector such as adeno-associated virus (AAV).

In an embodiment, the method results in increased levels of the protein in which the genetic signature, e.g., premature stop codon was previously located. For instance, protein levels (e.g., dystrophin levels) may be increased by at least 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 30% in a cell or in a tissue. In an embodiment, the method results in increased levels of the mRNA in which the premature stop codon was previously located, for instance by preventing the mRNA from undergoing nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.

In an embodiment, one or more of the target nucleic acid, the genetic signature, e.g., premature stop codon, and the mutation are located in the dystrophin gene (which is mutated in DMD). One or more of the target nucleic acid, the genetic signature, e.g., premature stop codon, and the mutation may also be located in the COL7A1 gene (mutated in type VII-associated dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa), the FKTN gene (mutated in Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy), the dysferlin gene (mutated in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B), the CFTR gene (mutated in cystic fibrosis), HEXA (mutated in Tay-Sachs disease), the IDS gene (mutated in Hunter syndrome), the FVIII gene (mutated in hemophilia), the IDUA gene (mutated in Hurler syndrome), the PPT1 gene (mutated in infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis), a tumor suppressor such as the ATM gene (mutated in cancers like gliomas and B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia), RP2 (mutated in X-linked retinitis pigmentosa), the CTNS gene (mutated in nephropathic cystinosis), and the AVPR2 gene (mutated in Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus).

In an embodiment, the method is performed in cultured cells. In an embodiment, the method further comprises administering the cell to a patient. The cell may be, for example, an induced pluripotent stem cell, a bone marrow derived progenitor, a skeletal muscle progenitor, a CD133+ cell, a mesoangioblast, or a MyoD-transduced dermal fibroblast.

In an embodiment, the method comprises contacting the cell with a template nucleic acid under conditions that allow for homology-directed repair between the target nucleic acid and the template nucleic acid to correct the mutation or the premature stop codon.

In an embodiment, the subject has a disorder selected from Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), collagen type VII-associated dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy, and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B, cystic fibrosis, lysosomal storage disorders (such as Tay-Sachs disease, Hunter syndrome, and nephropathic cystinosis), hemophilia, Hurler syndrome, infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (RP2), cancers (such as gliomas and B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia), and Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

XV. Treatment of Disorders Characterized by Lack of Mature Specialized Cells, e.g., Impaired Hearing, with Loss of Hair Cells, Supporting Cells, or Spiral Ganglion neurons; or for Diabetes, with Loss of Beta Islet Cells

In another aspect, the invention features, a method of altering a cell, e.g., to promote the development of other mature specialized cells, e.g, in regeneration therapy. For example, proliferation genes can be upregulated and/or checkpoint inhibitors can be inhibited, e.g., to drive down one or more differenation pathways.

In an embodiment, the method includes induction of proliferation and specified lineage maturation.

In an embodiment, the method comprises, e.g., for restoration or improvement of hearing, contacting said cell with:

a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex that up-regulates a gene that promotes the development of hair cells, or down-regulates a gene that inhibits the development of hair cells thereby altering the cell.

In an embodiment, the Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule delivers a payload that up-regulates a gene that promotes hair cell development.

In an embodiment, the Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule delivers a payload that down-regulates a gene that inhibits hair growth.

In an embodiment, the Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex edits the genome of a cell to up-regulate a gene that promotes hair growth. In an embodiment, a template nucleic acid is used to effect a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex alteration to the genome that up-regulates a gene that promotes hair growth.

In an embodiment, the Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex edits the genome of a cell to down-regulate a gene that inhibits hair growth. In an embodiment, a template nucleic acid is used to effect a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex alteration to the genome that down-regulates a gene that promotes hair growth.

In an embodiment, said cell is an iPS cell, a native hair cell progenitor, or a mature hair cell.

In an embodiment, the Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule and modifies expression of a gene, e.g., by modifying the structure of the gene (e.g., by editing the genome) or by delivery of a payload that modulates a gene. In an embodiment, the gene is a transcription factor or other regulatory gene.

In an embodiment, for hair cell or other mature cell regeneration, the method includes one or more or all of the following:

contacting the cell with a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex that results in up-regulation one or more of the following for cell proliferation: c-Myc, GATA3, Oct4, Sox2, Wnt, TCF3;

contacting the cell with a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex that results in downregulation one or more of the following for check point: BCL2, BMP, Hes1, Hes5. Notch, p27, Prox1, TGFβ; and

contacting the cell with a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex that results in turning on a maturation pathway. For hair cells this would include one or more of the following: Atoh1 (Math1), Barhl1, Gfi1, Myo7a, p63, PAX2, PAX8, Pou4f3 and for neurons would include one or more of the following: NEFH, Neurod1, Neurog1, POU4F1.

In an embodiment, the method comprises generation of inner ear hair cells, outer ear hair cells, spiral ganglion neurons, and ear supporting cells.

In an embodiment, one or more growth factors can be modulated, e.g., upregulated, e.g., TPO can be upregulated for production of platelets and GCSF can be upregulated for production of neutrophils.

In another aspect, the invention provides altered cell described herein, e.g., in this Section XV.

In another aspect, the invention features a method of treating impaired hearing. The method comprises administering to said subject, an altered cell described herein, e.g., in this section XV. In an embodiment, the cell is autologous. In an embodiment, the cell is allogeneic. In an embodiment, the cell is xenogeneic.

In another aspect, the invention features a method of treating subject, e.g., for impaired hearing. The method comprises administering to said subject:

a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex that up-regulates a gene that promotes the growth of hair, or down-regulates a gene that inhibits the growth of hair thereby altering the cell.

In an embodiment, the Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule delivers a payload that up-regulates a gene that promotes hair growth.

In an embodiment, the Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule delivers a payload that down-regulates a gene that inhibits hair growth.

In an embodiment, the Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex edits the genome of a cell to up-regulate a gene that promotes hair growth. In an embodiment, a template nucleic acid is used to effect a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex alteration to the genome that up-regulates a gene that promotes hair growth.

In an embodiment, the Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex edits the genome of a cell to down-regulate a gene that inhibits hair growth. In an embodiment, a template nucleic acid is used to effect a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex alteration to the genome that down-regulates a gene that promotes hair growth.

In an embodiment, the Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule and modifies expression of a gene, e.g., by modifying the structure of the gene (e.g., by editing the genome) or by delivery of a payload that modulates a gene. In an embodiment, the gene is a transcription factor or other regulatory gene.

In an embodiment, the method includes one or more or all of the following:

administering a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex that results in up-regulation one or more of the following: c-Myc, GATA3, Oct4, Sox2, Wnt, or TCF3:

administering a Cas9 molecule/gRNA molecule complex that results in turning on a maturation pathway. For hair cells this would include one or more of the following: Atoh1 (Math1), Barh11, Gfi1, Myo7a, p63, PAX2, PAX8, or Pou4f3 and for neurons would include one or more of the following: NEFH, Neurod1, Neurog1, or POU4F1.

XVI. Governing gRNA Molecules and their Use to Limit the Activity of a Cas9 System

As discussed herein, methods and compositions that use, or include, a nucleic acid, e.g., DNA, that encodes a Cas9 molecule or a gRNA molecule, can, in addition, use or include a governing gRNA molecule. The governing gRNA molecule can complex with the Cas9 molecule to inactivate or silence a component of the system, e.g., the nucleic acid that encodes the Cas9 molecule or the nucleic acid that encodes the gRNA molecule. In either case, the governing gRNA, e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule, or a gRNA targeting gRNA molecule, limits the effect of the Cas9/gRNA complex mediated gene targeting, and can place temporal limits on activity or reduce off-target activity. Governing gRNA molecules can act as to inhibit, e.g., entirely or substantially inhibit, the production of a component of the Cas9 system and thereby limit, or govern, its activity.

Typically a nucleic acid sequence encoding a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule, is under the control of a different control region, e.g., promoter, than is the component it negatively modulates, e.g., a nucleic acid encoding the Cas9 molecule. In an embodiment, different refers to simply not being under the control of one control region, e.g., promoter, that is functionally coupled to both controlled sequences. In an embodiment, different refers to different in kind or type. For example, the sequence encoding a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule, is under the control of a control region, e.g., a promoter, that has a lower level of expression, or is expressed later than the sequence which encodes the component it negatively modulates, e.g., a nucleic acid encoding the Cas9 molecule.

By way of example a sequence that encodes a governing gRNA molecule, e.g., a Cas9-targeting gRNA molecule, can be under the control of a control region (e.g., a promoter) described herein, e.g., humanU6 small nuclear promoter, or human H1 promoter. In an embodiment, a sequence that encodes the component it negatively regulates, e.g. a nucleic acid encoding the Cas9 molecule, can be under the control of a control region (e.g., a promoter) described herein, e.g., human U6 small nuclear promoter, human H1 promoter, or a PolII promoter, e.g., a CMV promoter, a CAGGS promoter, or a CB promoter.

EXAMPLES

The following Examples are merely illustrative and are not intended to limit the scope or content of the invention in any way.

Example 1

In Silico Design of Governing gRNA Sequences Targeting S. pyogenes and S. aureus Cas9

Governing guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting S. pyogenes and S. aureus Cas9s were identified using a DNA sequence searching algorithm. In addition to identifying potential gRNA sites adjacent to PAM sequences, the software also identifies all PAM adjacent sequences that differ by 1, 2, 3 or more nucleotides from the selected gRNA sites in the human genome. Genomic DNA sequence for each Cas9 gene was obtained from the UCSC Genome browser and sequences were screened for repeat elements using the publically available RepeatMasker program. RepeatMasker searches input DNA sequences for repeated elements and regions of low complexity. The output is a detailed annotation of the repeats present in a given query sequence.

Following identification, governing gRNAs were ranked into tiers based on their cleavage position within the Cas9 coding sequence, their orthogonality and presence of a 5′ G (based on identification of close matches in the human genome containing a PAM). Orthogonality refers to the number of sequences in the human genome that contain a minimum number of mismatches to the target sequence. A “high level of orthogonality” or “good orthogonality” may, for example, refer to 20-mer gRNAs that have no identical sequences in the human genome besides the intended target, nor any sequences that contain one or two mismatches in the target sequence. Targeting domains with good orthogonality are selected to minimize off-target DNA cleavage.

Tier 1 includes all gRNAs that target the first 500 nucleotides of coding sequence of Cas9, have good orthogonality, and begin with a 5′ G. Tier 2 includes all gRNAs that target the first 500 nucleotides of coding sequence of Cas9, have good orthogonality, but don't begin with a 5′ G. Tier 3 includes all gRNAs that target the first 500 nucleotides of coding sequence of Cas9, have poor orthogonality, and begin with a 5′ G. Tier 4 includes all gRNAs that target the first 500 nucleotides of coding sequence of Cas9, have poor orthogonality, but don't begin with a 5′ G. Tier 5 includes all gRNAs that target the remaining coding sequence. In the case of S. aureus, there is a 6^th tier that includes all gRNAs whose targets have a non-optimal PAM of NNGRRV.

For all S. pyogenes targets, 17-mer, or 20-mer gRNAs were designed. For all S. aureus targets, 20-mer gRNAs were designed. gRNAs were identified for both single-gRNA nuclease cleavage and for a dual-gRNA paired “nickase” strategy. The designed governing gRNAs are listed in Tables E-1 to E-12.

TABLE E-1
Exemplary guide RNA pairs for S. pyogenes (SP) nickase
	Group A	Group B	Group A guides can
			be paired with any
			from Group B.
	antiSPCas9-2,	antiSPCas9-3,
	antiSPCas9-18	antiSPCas9-24
	Group C	Group D	Group C guides can
			be paired with any
			from Group D.
	antiSPCas9-7,	antiSPCas9-30,
	antiSPCas9-70	antiSPCas9-72

TABLE E-2
	First 500 bp of coding sequence
	downstream of start codon, good
S. pyogenes	orthogonality, starts with G
1st Tier	DNA		Target Site
gRNA Name	Strand	Targeting Domain	Length	SEQ ID NO
antiSPCas9-1	−	GCCCUCCUAUUCGAUAG	17	304
antiSPCas9-2	−	GCCUGAAACGAACCGCU	17	305
antiSPCas9-3	+	GCCACUAUCGAAUAGGA	17	306
antiSPCas9-4	−	GCACUAAUUCCGUUGGA	17	307
antiSPCas9-5	−	GAACGGCACCCCAUCUU	17	308
antiSPCas9-6	−	GGUGCCCUCCUAUUCGAUAG	20	309
antiSPCas9-7	−	GCCCAUAUGAUAAAGUUCCG	20	310
antiSPCas9-8	+	GCCCACGGAACUUUAUCAUA	20	311

TABLE E-3
	First 500bp of coding sequence
	downstream of start codon, good
S. pyogenes	orthogonality, does not start with G
2nd Tier	DNA		Target Site
gRNA Name	Strand	Targeting Domain	Length	SEQ ID NO
antiSPCas9-9	+	UCCGAGCGGUUCGUUUC	17	312
antiSPCas9-10	−	AACGAACCGCUCGGAGA	17	313
antiSPCas9-11	+	CGCCACUAUCGAAUAGG	17	314
antiSPCas9-12	−	AUCGGCACUAAUUCCGU	17	315
antiSPCas9-13	+	UUUCGCCACUAUCGAAU	17	316
antiSPCas9-14	−	AUUCGAUAGUGGCGAAA	17	317
antiSPCas9-15	−	UAGUGGCGAAACGGCAG	17	318
antiSPCas9-16	+	CCGUUUCGCCACUAUCGAAU	20	319
antiSPCas9-17	−	GACAUCGGCACUAAUUCCGU	20	320
antiSPCas9-18	−	CUCGCCUGAAACGAACCGCU	20	321
antiSPCas9-19	+	UUCUCCGAGCGGUUCGUUUC	20	322
antiSPCas9-20	−	UGAAACGAACCGCUCGGAGA	20	323
antiSPCas9-21	+	UUUCGCCACUAUCGAAUAGG	20	324
antiSPCas9-22	−	UCGGCACUAAUUCCGUUGGA	20	325
antiSPCas9-23	−	CGAUAGUGGCGAAACGGCAG	20	326
antiSPCas9-24	+	UUCGCCACUAUCGAAUAGGA	20	327
antiSPCas9-25	+	ACGUGUAUACCUUCUCCGAG	20	328
antiSPCas9-26	−	CGGCACUAAUUCCGUUGGAU	20	329
antiSPCas9-27	−	CCUAUUCGAUAGUGGCGAAA	20	330
antiSPCas9-28	−	CCCAUAUGAUAAAGUUCCGU	20	331

TABLE E-4
	First 500bp of coding sequence
	downstream of start codon, poor
S. pyogenes	orthogonality, starts with G
3rd Tier	DNA		Target Site
gRNA Name	Strand	Targeting Domain	Length	SEQ ID NO
antiSPCas9-29	+	GAAAGAAUCGUCAACUU	17	332
antiSPCas9-30	+	GAGCCAAGUAGAUUAACCUC	20	333
antiSPCas9-31	−	GAUAAAAAGUAUUCUAU	17	334
antiSPCas9-32	+	GAUUCUUUUUAAUCGAAUGA	20	335
antiSPCas9-33	+	GGAAGGACUCUUCCAAA	17	336
antiSPCas9-34	−	GGACCUGAGGUUAAUCUACU	20	337
antiSPCas9-35	−	GGGCACUUUCUCAUUGA	17	338
antiSPCas9-36	+	GGUUAUGACAGCCCAUCCAA	20	339
antiSPCas9-37	+	GUCCUCUUCGACAAGGA	17	340
antiSPCas9-38	−	GUCCUUCCUUGUCGAAG	17	341
antiSPCas9-39	+	GUUUCUUGUCCUCUUCGACA	20	342

TABLE E-5
	First 500 bp of coding sequence
	downstream of start codon, poor
S. pyogenes	orthogonality, does not start with G
4th Tier	DNA		Target Site
gRNA Name	Strand	Targeting Domain	Length	SEQ ID NO
antiSPCas9-40	−	AAACAUAGUAGAUGAGG	17	343
antiSPCas9-41	+	AAAGAAAGAAUCGUCAACUU	20	344
antiSPCas9-42	−	AAAGAAAUUUAAGGUGU	17	345
antiSPCas9-43	+	AACACCUUAAAUUUCUUUGA	20	346
antiSPCas9-44	−	AAGAAAUUUAAGGUGUU	17	347
antiSPCas9-45	−	AAGAGGACAAGAAACAUGAA	20	348
antiSPCas9-46	−	AAUUUUUAGCAAUGAGA	17	349
antiSPCas9-47	+	ACCUUAAAUUUCUUUGA	17	350
antiSPCas9-48	−	ACCUUCAAAGAAAUUUA	17	351
antiSPCas9-49	+	ACGGAACUUUAUCAUAU	17	352
antiSPCas9-50	+	ACUAUGUUUCCAAAGAU	17	353
antiSPCas9-51	−	AGAAAUUUAAGGUGUUG	17	354
antiSPCas9-52	−	AGAAAUUUUUAGCAAUGAGA	20	355
antiSPCas9-53	−	AGAGUCCUUCCUUGUCGAAG	20	356
antiSPCas9-54	−	AGGACAAGAAACAUGAA	17	357
antiSPCas9-55	+	AGGUACUUUGUAUUCAU	17	358
antiSPCas9-56	−	AGUACCUUCAAAGAAAUUUA	20	359
antiSPCas9-57	+	AGUCAACUAGCUUUUUUCUG	20	360
antiSPCas9-58	−	AGUUGACUCAACUGAUAAAG	20	361
antiSPCas9-59	−	AUAUGAUAAAGUUCCGU	17	362
antiSPCas9-60	+	AUCUACUAUGUUUCCAAAGA	20	363
antiSPCas9-61	−	AUGGAUAAAAAGUAUUCUAU	20	364
antiSPCas9-62	−	AUUAAAAAGAAUCUUAU	17	365
antiSPCas9-63	−	CAAAGAAAUUUAAGGUGUUG	20	366
antiSPCas9-64	+	CAACUAGCUUUUUUCUG	17	367
antiSPCas9-65	−	CAACUGAUAAAGCGGACCUG	20	368
antiSPCas9-66	+	CAAGGAAGGACUCUUCCAAA	20	369
antiSPCas9-67	+	CAAUGAGAAAGUGCCCA	17	370
antiSPCas9-68	+	CACGGAACUUUAUCAUA	17	371
antiSPCas9-69	−	CACUAAUUCCGUUGGAU	17	372
antiSPCas9-70	−	CAUAUGAUAAAGUUCCG	17	373
antiSPCas9-71	−	CAUGAACGGCACCCCAUCUU	20	374
antiSPCas9-72	+	CCAAGUAGAUUAACCUC	17	375
antiSPCas9-73	+	CCCACGGAACUUUAUCAUAU	20	376
antiSPCas9-74	−	CCGUGGGCACUUUCUCAUUG	20	377
antiSPCas9-75	+	CCUCAAUGAGAAAGUGCCCA	20	378
antiSPCas9-76	−	CCUGAGGUUAAUCUACU	17	379
antiSPCas9-77	−	CGAUUCUUUCUUUCACCGUU	20	380
antiSPCas9-78	−	CGUGGGCACUUUCUCAUUGA	20	381
antiSPCas9-79	+	CUACUAUGUUUCCAAAGAUG	20	382
antiSPCas9-80	+	CUAUGUUUCCAAAGAUG	17	383
antiSPCas9-81	+	CUGAGGUGAUAAAUCGU	17	384
antiSPCas9-82	−	CUGAUAAAGCGGACCUG	17	385
antiSPCas9-83	+	CUUGUAAGUAACAUAUU	17	386
antiSPCas9-84	+	CUUGUCCUCUUCGACAAGGA	20	387
antiSPCas9-85	−	CUUUGGAAACAUAGUAGAUG	20	388
antiSPCas9-86	+	UACUAUGUUUCCAAAGA	17	389
antiSPCas9-87	+	UAUGACAGCCCAUCCAA	17	390
antiSPCas9-88	−	UAUUCUAUUGGUUUAGACAU	20	391
antiSPCas9-89	−	UCAAAGAAAUUUAAGGUGUU	20	392
antiSPCas9-90	−	UCGAUUAAAAAGAAUCUUAU	20	393
antiSPCas9-91	+	UCUACUAUGUUUCCAAAGAU	20	394
antiSPCas9-92	−	UCUAUUGGUUUAGACAU	17	395
antiSPCas9-93	+	UCUUGUCCUCUUCGACA	17	396
antiSPCas9-94	+	UCUUUUUAAUCGAAUGA	17	397
antiSPCas9-95	+	UGAAGGUACUUUGUAUUCAU	20	398
antiSPCas9-96	−	UGACUCAACUGAUAAAG	17	399
antiSPCas9-97	+	UGAGGUGAUAAAUCGUU	17	400
antiSPCas9-98	−	UGGAAACAUAGUAGAUG	17	401
antiSPCas9-99	−	UGGAAACAUAGUAGAUGAGG	20	402
antiSPCas9-100	−	UGGGCACUUUCUCAUUG	17	403
antiSPCas9-101	+	UGUAUACCUUCUCCGAG	17	404
antiSPCas9-102	−	UUCAAAGAAAUUUAAGGUGU	20	405
antiSPCas9-103	+	UUCUGAGGUGAUAAAUCGUU	20	406
antiSPCas9-104	−	UUCUUUCUUUCACCGUU	17	407
antiSPCas9-105	+	UUUCUGAGGUGAUAAAUCGU	20	408
antiSPCas9-106	+	UUUCUUGUAAGUAACAUAUU	20	409

	TABLE E-6
	Rest of gene
5th Tier	DNA		Target Site
gRNA Name	Strand	Targeting Domain	Length	SEQ ID NO
antiSPCas9-107	−	GCGUCGCUAUACGGGCU	17	410
antiSPCas9-108	−	GGCGUCGCUAUACGGGC	17	411
antiSPCas9-109	−	UCGAAAAACGGGUACGC	17	412
antiSPCas9-110	−	CGCUCGGAUAAGAACCG	17	413
antiSPCas9-111	−	CGUCGCUAUACGGGCUG	17	414
antiSPCas9-112	+	GAUAAGCGUCGUGCGCA	17	415
antiSPCas9-113	+	CGGGUAAUUGUGCGAUC	17	416
antiSPCas9-114	−	GAUCGCGAAAAGCGAAC	17	417
antiSPCas9-115	−	GCGACGGCUUCGCCAAU	17	418
antiSPCas9-116	+	UAACCUUAUCGUCGAAC	17	419
antiSPCas9-117	+	AGCGGAUAACGGCGCCU	17	420
antiSPCas9-118	−	AAGAGGCGUCGCUAUAC	17	421
antiSPCas9-119	+	AAGCGUCGUGCGCAUGG	17	422
antiSPCas9-120	−	CGGAUGUUGGCUAGCGC	17	423
antiSPCas9-121	−	CGAUCUCGACAAUCUAC	17	424
antiSPCas9-122	+	UCGACAUCCGAGUUGUC	17	425
antiSPCas9-123	+	GAGUGCGGUCCCUACGA	17	426
antiSPCas9-124	−	CGCGGAAACUUAUCAAC	17	427
antiSPCas9-125	−	AUCUUAAUGCCGUCGUA	17	428
antiSPCas9-126	−	CUCAAUCGUUCAUCGAG	17	429
antiSPCas9-127	+	UCCGCCUGCUCACGUAU	17	430
antiSPCas9-128	−	UCACCUGUUCGACGAUA	17	431
antiSPCas9-129	−	GCUCAUCGCUCGUAAAA	17	432
antiSPCas9-130	−	GCUCGGAUAAGAACCGA	17	433
antiSPCas9-131	−	UAUCUUAAUGCCGUCGU	17	434
antiSPCas9-132	−	CGGCGGAGCGAGUCAAG	17	435
antiSPCas9-133	−	UCGCGGAAACUUAUCAA	17	436
antiSPCas9-134	−	CGAUUUAAUGCGUCACU	17	437
antiSPCas9-135	−	UCGCUCGUAAAAAGGAC	17	438
antiSPCas9-136	−	GACCCGAAAAAGUACGG	17	439
antiSPCas9-137	+	GCCGUCGGGAUUUAGAG	17	440
antiSPCas9-138	−	AAAGAGGCGUCGCUAUA	17	441
antiSPCas9-139	−	CGCAUACCUUACUAUGU	17	442
antiSPCas9-140	+	CGAACCGAGAGUUCCCU	17	443
antiSPCas9-141	−	GGAACUCUCGGUUCGCA	17	444
antiSPCas9-142	−	UGGCCGAAAACGGAUGU	17	445
antiSPCas9-143	+	CGCGUCUAGCACCUCCU	17	446
antiSPCas9-144	+	UCACCGUCGCGAAGUCC	17	447
antiSPCas9-145	−	UAUUAAACGUCAGCUCG	17	448
antiSPCas9-146	−	CGCUCGUAAAAAGGACU	17	449
antiSPCas9-147	+	UUCCGCCUGCUCACGUA	17	450
antiSPCas9-148	+	CUAGUGAGAGCGCUAUA	17	451
antiSPCas9-149	+	CGUCGUAAUCAGAUAAA	17	452
antiSPCas9-150	−	CUGAUCGCACAAUUACC	17	453
antiSPCas9-151	−	UCGCAUACCUUACUAUG	17	454
antiSPCas9-152	−	CGCCGGAGAGCUUCAAA	17	455
antiSPCas9-153	−	GCUGGGGACGAUUGUCG	17	456
antiSPCas9-154	+	CGCCUCAAGGAAGUCGA	17	457
antiSPCas9-155	−	CUUAUAGCGCUCUCACU	17	458
antiSPCas9-156	−	UUCUGUCGAGAUCUCCG	17	459
antiSPCas9-157	−	CAUAUUGCGAAUCUUGC	17	460
antiSPCas9-158	−	GGGCCGGGACUUCGCGA	17	461
antiSPCas9-159	−	UAAACCCAUACGUGAGC	17	462
antiSPCas9-160	+	UUUACGACUUCCUCGCU	17	463
antiSPCas9-161	−	GCGCAUACAACAAGCAC	17	464
antiSPCas9-162	−	GCAGGUUAUAUUGACGG	17	465
antiSPCas9-163	+	UUUUCGCGAUCAUCUUA	17	466
antiSPCas9-164	−	UCGUAUGGGAUAAGGGC	17	467
antiSPCas9-165	+	AUAAUCCCGUGAUGGAU	17	468
antiSPCas9-166	−	ACGAUACACUUCUACCA	17	469
antiSPCas9-167	+	CAGUUGCUGACGGACUA	17	470
antiSPCas9-168	−	GAACGAUAAGCUGAUUC	17	471
antiSPCas9-169	−	UCUAAAUCCGGACAACU	17	472
antiSPCas9-170	−	CAGCGGACUUUCGACAA	17	473
antiSPCas9-171	−	CAUGGGACGUCACAAAC	17	474
antiSPCas9-172	+	CAGGUUUUCUAGCCGUC	17	475
antiSPCas9-173	−	CCGCUUCAAUGAUCAAA	17	476
antiSPCas9-174	+	UAGCCAACAUCCGUUUU	17	477
antiSPCas9-175	+	GGAGGAUUGCAUCGCUA	17	478
antiSPCas9-176	+	CAUGCAAUUCGCCUAAG	17	479
antiSPCas9-177	−	AAGUGGCGUGGAUGCGA	17	480
antiSPCas9-178	−	CGUAUGGGAUAAGGGCC	17	481
antiSPCas9-179	−	GACAGGUGAAAUCGUAU	17	482
antiSPCas9-180	+	GAACCGAGAGUUCCCUC	17	483
antiSPCas9-181	+	AAAUCGAUCUUCUACCC	17	484
antiSPCas9-182	+	AAUGGGACGCUAAAUAC	17	485
antiSPCas9-183	−	UAAAGUGCUUACACGCU	17	486
antiSPCas9-184	−	UACGCAGGUUAUAUUGA	17	487
antiSPCas9-185	−	AUUCUGUCGAGAUCUCC	17	488
antiSPCas9-186	−	GAUUCUGUCGAGAUCUC	17	489
antiSPCas9-187	−	GCCUCUCUAAAUCCCGA	17	490
antiSPCas9-188	+	UGCAUCGCUAAGGUUUU	17	491
antiSPCas9-189	+	GCAGUUGCUGACGGACU	17	492
antiSPCas9-190	−	CGGGAUUAUAUGAAACU	17	493
antiSPCas9-191	−	ACCCAUACGUGAGCAGG	17	494
antiSPCas9-192	+	AGGGGUCCCACAUAGUA	17	495
antiSPCas9-193	+	AGCCACCGUACUUUUUC	17	496
antiSPCas9-194	−	AUUGGGGAUAACGAUUA	17	497
antiSPCas9-195	−	UGACAAUGUUCCAAGCG	17	498
antiSPCas9-196	−	GGUGUCGGACUUCAGAA	17	499
antiSPCas9-197	+	UCUCCGCUUAGAAAGGC	17	500
antiSPCas9-198	+	UGUAACCUUUCGCCUCA	17	501
antiSPCas9-199	−	ACAGGUUUCCGGACAAG	17	502
antiSPCas9-200	−	UGGGACCCGAAAAAGUA	17	503
antiSPCas9-201	+	UUCAUAUAAUCCCGUGA	17	504
antiSPCas9-202	−	CACAGGUUUCCGGACAA	17	505
antiSPCas9-203	+	AUAGUAAGGUAUGCGAA	17	506
antiSPCas9-204	+	AACUGUCACUUUGCGGU	17	507
antiSPCas9-205	−	UUACUAUGUGGGACCCC	17	508
antiSPCas9-206	+	AUGCGGCUGGAGCGCCG	17	509
antiSPCas9-207	−	UAAGACGGAAAUCACUC	17	510
antiSPCas9-208	+	CGCCACUUGCAUUUAUA	17	511
antiSPCas9-209	−	CCCCAUCGACUUCCUUG	17	512
antiSPCas9-210	+	GCCUCAAGGAAGUCGAU	17	513
antiSPCas9-211	−	UUGAUCAGUCGAAAAAC	17	514
antiSPCas9-212	+	UCGGGAUUUAGAGAGGC	17	515
antiSPCas9-213	+	CAAUGAGUCCCCUUGUC	17	516
antiSPCas9-214	+	UCAGGUUUUCUAGCCGU	17	517
antiSPCas9-215	−	GACCGGAGGGUUUUCAA	17	518
antiSPCas9-216	+	AAGCCACCGUACUUUUU	17	519
antiSPCas9-217	+	CUGUUCUCCGCUUAGAA	17	520
antiSPCas9-218	+	AUCAUUGAAGCGGAUAA	17	521
antiSPCas9-219	−	UUCGCCAGCCAUCAAAA	17	522
antiSPCas9-220	−	GCCGGAGAGCUUCAAAA	17	523
antiSPCas9-221	−	AGAACGAUAAGCUGAUU	17	524
antiSPCas9-222	−	GCACAGGUUUCCGGACA	17	525
antiSPCas9-223	−	UCGCCAGCCAUCAAAAA	17	526
antiSPCas9-224	+	AAGGUAUGCGAAAGGUU	17	527
antiSPCas9-225	+	GGCAAUACUUUUUCGUU	17	528
antiSPCas9-226	−	GAGGAAGUUGUCGAUAA	17	529
antiSPCas9-227	+	CUGACGUUUAAUAAAUC	17	530
antiSPCas9-228	−	AAACCCGCCUUUCUAAG	17	531
antiSPCas9-229	−	UAUAAAUGCAAGUGGCG	17	532
antiSPCas9-230	+	CCACUACUUUGACUGUC	17	533
antiSPCas9-231	+	GAGAGUUCCCUCGGGCC	17	534
antiSPCas9-232	+	UAUAGGUUUGUACUAAC	17	535
antiSPCas9-233	−	CAUUACGAGAAGUUGAA	17	536
antiSPCas9-234	−	GUAUGUUGAUCAGGAAC	17	537
antiSPCas9-235	+	CGUAUUUCGUAUUCAUU	17	538
antiSPCas9-236	−	UGAGGGUGAUCUAAAUC	17	539
antiSPCas9-237	+	CCUCAAGGAAGUCGAUG	17	540
antiSPCas9-238	−	GAAAUCGUAUGGGAUAA	17	541
antiSPCas9-239	+	UGGAGUAAUCGUUUCUU	17	542
antiSPCas9-240	−	UGCUAUACUUAGAAGGC	17	543
antiSPCas9-241	−	CCGGAGAGCUUCAAAAG	17	544
antiSPCas9-242	−	AGACAGGUGAAAUCGUA	17	545
antiSPCas9-243	−	GAGCUAGUUAAGGUCAU	17	546
antiSPCas9-244	+	GAGUUCCCUCGGGCCAG	17	547
antiSPCas9-245	+	CUUUCAACUUCUCGUAA	17	548
antiSPCas9-246	+	AGAGUUCCCUCGGGCCA	17	549
antiSPCas9-247	−	AGAUCGGGAAAUGAUUG	17	550
antiSPCas9-248	−	UGAGGCGAAAGGUUACA	17	551
antiSPCas9-249	−	UGGCCCGAGGGAACUCU	17	552
antiSPCas9-250	+	GUUUCUCGUUCUGCAAU	17	553
antiSPCas9-251	+	ACGCCACUUGCAUUUAU	17	554
antiSPCas9-252	+	CACUACUAGGACAGAAU	17	555
antiSPCas9-253	−	AUCUACUGCGAAAGCAG	17	556
antiSPCas9-254	+	GUCGGGAUUUAGAGAGG	17	557
antiSPCas9-255	−	CCUAGCUGAUGCCAAUC	17	558
antiSPCas9-256	+	UUCUCCGCUUAGAAAGG	17	559
antiSPCas9-257	−	ACUGAGGUGCAGACCGG	17	560
antiSPCas9-258	−	UGCAUGCUAUACUUAGA	17	561
antiSPCas9-259	−	CUGAGGUGCAGACCGGA	17	562
antiSPCas9-260	+	AUGCCCUUUUUGAUGGC	17	563
antiSPCas9-261	−	AUUCACCAAUCCAUCAC	17	564
antiSPCas9-262	−	UGGGACCCCUGGCCCGA	17	565
antiSPCas9-263	+	UUUCAACUUCUCGUAAU	17	566
antiSPCas9-264	+	GUAUUUCGUAUUCAUUC	17	567
antiSPCas9-265	−	AGUGGAUGAGCUAGUUA	17	568
antiSPCas9-266	+	GAGUAUGCCCUUUUUGA	17	569
antiSPCas9-267	−	AUCAAACGACUCAGAAG	17	570
antiSPCas9-268	+	CAUUCUCUUCGUUAUCC	17	571
antiSPCas9-269	−	AUACACUUCUACCAAGG	17	572
antiSPCas9-270	−	GACUUCCUUGAGGCGAA	17	573
antiSPCas9-271	−	ACCCCAAUCCUUUUUGA	17	574
antiSPCas9-272	+	UGAAUCGUCCUUCAAAA	17	575
antiSPCas9-273	−	UACCCUCUUUGAAGAUC	17	576
antiSPCas9-274	−	UCUGAACUUGACAAGGC	17	577
antiSPCas9-275	+	CGAUUGUCUUUGAGGAA	17	578
antiSPCas9-276	−	GGACAUGUAUGUUGAUC	17	579
antiSPCas9-277	−	CGCAUACAACAAGCACA	17	580
antiSPCas9-278	+	UCGAUUACAAUGUUUUC	17	581
antiSPCas9-279	+	CGUCCUUCAAAAAGGAU	17	582
antiSPCas9-280	+	CUUACUAAGCUGCAAUU	17	583
antiSPCas9-281	−	AAGAAACGAUUACUCCA	17	584
antiSPCas9-282	+	CAACUUUUGCCACUACU	17	585
antiSPCas9-283	−	CUAUUCUGUCCUAGUAG	17	586
antiSPCas9-284	+	CUGCAUAAAGUUCCUAU	17	587
antiSPCas9-285	−	GUGGGACCCCUGGCCCG	17	588
antiSPCas9-286	−	GUAUGCGGACUUAUUUU	17	589
antiSPCas9-287	+	CCUAAGUGGAUUUGAUG	17	590
antiSPCas9-288	−	GAUUUUCUAAAGAGCGA	17	591
antiSPCas9-289	−	GGGCAGCCAGAUCUUAA	17	592
antiSPCas9-290	−	CAAAUUGCAGCUUAGUA	17	593
antiSPCas9-291	−	UGAAAUCGUAUGGGAUA	17	594
antiSPCas9-292	−	UUUACUCUUACCAACCU	17	595
antiSPCas9-293	+	GAUGCUCCUUUAAGAUC	17	596
antiSPCas9-294	+	CUCUCAGUAUGUCAGAU	17	597
antiSPCas9-295	+	AAAUACUUGAAUGCGGC	17	598
antiSPCas9-296	−	ACUUAACUAAAGCUGAG	17	599
antiSPCas9-297	−	CGAACAGGAGAUAGGCA	17	600
antiSPCas9-298	−	GAUUCACCAAUCCAUCA	17	601
antiSPCas9-299	−	UUUGAUCAGUCGAAAAA	17	602
antiSPCas9-300	−	CUUAAAGGAGCAUCCUG	17	603
antiSPCas9-301	+	CCUUUUGAUCAUUGAAG	17	604
antiSPCas9-302	−	UGAGCUAGUUAAGGUCA	17	605
antiSPCas9-303	−	AAACAUUGUAAUCGAGA	17	606
antiSPCas9-304	+	CCAGAUUGGCAUCAGCU	17	607
antiSPCas9-305	+	AAUUGGGUAUUUUCCAC	17	608
antiSPCas9-306	+	UCAAACAGACUAUACUU	17	609
antiSPCas9-307	−	CCACAUCAAAUCCACUU	17	610
antiSPCas9-308	−	GGAUAUACAAAAGGCAC	17	611
antiSPCas9-309	−	AAUCUACUGGCACAAAU	17	612
antiSPCas9-310	+	UCAGUAUGUCAGAUAGG	17	613
antiSPCas9-311	−	AGUUAAGUAUGUCACUG	17	614
antiSPCas9-312	+	AAGUUCGACUUAAAAUU	17	615
antiSPCas9-313	+	UUCUGUUCGUUAUCUUC	17	616
antiSPCas9-314	−	GAGGGUAUUAAAGAACU	17	617
antiSPCas9-315	−	GUUAAGUAUGUCACUGA	17	618
antiSPCas9-316	+	GCUUAACUGUCACUUUG	17	619
antiSPCas9-317	−	AGAUUUGUCACAGCUUG	17	620
antiSPCas9-318	−	AGACUUGACACUUCUCA	17	621
antiSPCas9-319	−	CCAGACAGUCAAAGUAG	17	622
antiSPCas9-320	+	CCCCUUUUGAAGCUCUC	17	623
antiSPCas9-321	+	UUAUCAGUUUCGCAUUU	17	624
antiSPCas9-322	−	AAAUCAAACGACUCAGA	17	625
antiSPCas9-323	−	AAUCGAUUCUUCCAAAA	17	626
antiSPCas9-324	+	UUCCCGAUCUUCAAAGA	17	627
antiSPCas9-325	−	GUCAGUCAAAGAAUUAU	17	628
antiSPCas9-326	−	GAUUUGUCACAGCUUGG	17	629
antiSPCas9-327	−	GAAACCAAUGGGGAGAC	17	630
antiSPCas9-328	+	AGGUUAAAGAGUCAUCA	17	631
antiSPCas9-329	−	AGAGGGUAUUAAAGAAC	17	632
antiSPCas9-330	+	ACAGAAUAGGCAACUGU	17	633
antiSPCas9-331	+	UUUCACGAUUGUCUUUG	17	634
antiSPCas9-332	+	GUCCUUCAAAAAGGAUU	17	635
antiSPCas9-333	+	AUGCUUUGUGAUUUGGC	17	636
antiSPCas9-334	+	UGAGAAGUGUCAAGUCU	17	637
antiSPCas9-335	−	UAAAGAUAAGGACUUCC	17	638
antiSPCas9-336	+	UUUCUCGUUCUGCAAUU	17	639
antiSPCas9-337	+	CCAUUGGUUUCAAUUAA	17	640
antiSPCas9-338	+	AUCCAUCUUCUCUAAUA	17	641
antiSPCas9-339	−	UAAUACUGAGAUUACCA	17	642
antiSPCas9-340	+	UUCACCUGUCUCCCCAU	17	643
antiSPCas9-341	−	AUAGAUUUGUCACAGCU	17	644
antiSPCas9-342	−	CUUGUCUGAACUUGACA	17	645
antiSPCas9-343	−	CUUAACUAAAGCUGAGA	17	646
antiSPCas9-344	−	CAGUCAAAGAAUUAUUG	17	647
antiSPCas9-345	+	AAAUUCACGUAUUUAGA	17	648
antiSPCas9-346	−	UAGAUUUGUCACAGCUU	17	649
antiSPCas9-347	+	UAAUACUUUGUCCAGAU	17	650
antiSPCas9-348	+	ACUCACUUUCUAGCUUC	17	651
antiSPCas9-349	−	CCUUUAAUUGAAACCAA	17	652
antiSPCas9-350	−	UACUCCAUGGAAUUUUG	17	653
antiSPCas9-351	+	GUCAAAAUACUUGAAUG	17	654
antiSPCas9-352	+	ACUUAAAAUUUGGUGUC	17	655
antiSPCas9-353	−	CUCUAUUACCUACAAAA	17	656
antiSPCas9-354	−	CUCUUUAACCUUCAAAG	17	657
antiSPCas9-355	+	CUUUACUAUGUUGACUU	17	658
antiSPCas9-356	+	CAACAUGCUUUGUGAUU	17	659
antiSPCas9-357	−	AAUUGGAGAUCAGUAUG	17	660
antiSPCas9-358	+	CAUUUUGUAGGUAAUAG	17	661
antiSPCas9-359	+	GACUGACUUCAGUUUCU	17	662
antiSPCas9-360	−	ACUAAAGCUGAGAGGGG	17	663
antiSPCas9-361	−	AAAAGCGAACAGGAGAU	17	664
antiSPCas9-362	−	AACCCUAUAAAUGCAAG	17	665
antiSPCas9-363	−	ACCCAUAUUAGAGAAGA	17	666
antiSPCas9-364	+	GUAUUUCUUAAUGAGUG	17	667
antiSPCas9-365	+	UAUGUUGACUUGGGGCA	17	668
antiSPCas9-366	−	CAAAAGGCACAGGUUUC	17	669
antiSPCas9-367	+	UUUCCCGAUCUUCAAAG	17	670
antiSPCas9-368	−	UUACCCUCUUUGAAGAU	17	671
antiSPCas9-369	−	UAUUAGAGAAGAUGGAU	17	672
antiSPCas9-370	−	UUAACUAAAGCUGAGAG	17	673
antiSPCas9-371	−	AGUUAAGCAAUUGAAAG	17	674
antiSPCas9-372	−	AAAGUCAAAAUUGGUGU	17	675
antiSPCas9-373	+	UUCAAACAACUGAUUAU	17	676
antiSPCas9-374	−	GUGGCAAAAGUUGAGAA	17	677
antiSPCas9-375	+	UAAAGUAAACUGUGCUU	17	678
antiSPCas9-376	+	CAUUGUCACUUUUCCCU	17	679
antiSPCas9-377	+	UUCCUUUGAAAACCCUC	17	680
antiSPCas9-378	+	AACUCACUUUCUAGCUU	17	681
antiSPCas9-379	−	ACUGCCUGAGAAAUAUA	17	682
antiSPCas9-380	+	CAUGCUUUGUGAUUUGG	17	683
antiSPCas9-381	−	AGUGGCAAAAGUUGAGA	17	684
antiSPCas9-382	−	CUGUUUGAGUUAGAAAA	17	685
antiSPCas9-383	−	UAGAAAAUGGCCGAAAA	17	686
antiSPCas9-384	+	UUUACUAUGUUGACUUG	17	687
antiSPCas9-385	−	AUUACCUACAAAAUGGA	17	688
antiSPCas9-386	−	GAAAGUGAGUUUGUGUA	17	689
antiSPCas9-387	+	UCCAUCUUCUCUAAUAU	17	690
antiSPCas9-388	−	CUUUAAUUGAAACCAAU	17	691
antiSPCas9-389	−	UCAGUCAAAGAAUUAUU	17	692
antiSPCas9-390	−	AAUCAAACGACUCAGAA	17	693
antiSPCas9-391	+	UGUCCCUUCCAUUUUGU	17	694
antiSPCas9-392	−	UUUAAUUGAAACCAAUG	17	695
antiSPCas9-393	+	UAAAUUCUUGUCAAAGU	17	696
antiSPCas9-394	+	UUGUAUAUCCUCUUUGA	17	697
antiSPCas9-395	+	CUUUAAUUAUCUUUAGG	17	698
antiSPCas9-396	−	AAAUGAAGAACUAUUGG	17	699
antiSPCas9-397	+	UCUUUACUAUGUUGACU	17	700
antiSPCas9-398	−	CCGGAGAGAAGAAAAAU	17	701
antiSPCas9-399	−	AAUCAUAGAGCAAAUUU	17	702
antiSPCas9-400	−	CCCGGAGAGAAGAAAAA	17	703
antiSPCas9-401	−	UUACCUACAAAAUGGAA	17	704
antiSPCas9-402	+	UCUCAGGCAGUUGCUGA	17	705
antiSPCas9-403	+	UCCUUCAAAAAGGAUUG	17	706
antiSPCas9-404	−	UUCAAUUCUAUAAAGUU	17	707
antiSPCas9-405	+	UGGUAAGAGUAAACAAA	17	708
antiSPCas9-406	−	UCAAUUCUAUAAAGUUA	17	709
antiSPCas9-407	−	GAAAUCACUCUGGCAAA	17	710
antiSPCas9-408	+	ACUUCCUCAAAAUUCCA	17	711
antiSPCas9-409	+	UUAUCACUAUUCCUUUU	17	712
antiSPCas9-410	−	CACUUUAAAGUCAAAAU	17	713
antiSPCas9-411	−	AUAUUAGAGAAGAUGGA	17	714
antiSPCas9-412	+	CCCAUUUUUCUUCUCUC	17	715
antiSPCas9-413	−	AAAAAAACAGUCGAGAG	17	716
antiSPCas9-414	−	UUAUGAAACAGUUAAAG	17	717
antiSPCas9-415	−	AAGAAAAAUGGGUUGUU	17	718
antiSPCas9-416	+	CCAUUUUUCUUCUCUCC	17	719
antiSPCas9-417	−	CAUAGUAAAGAAAACUG	17	720
antiSPCas9-418	−	AUAAGAGACAAGCAAAG	17	721
antiSPCas9-419	−	GAUGAAGAGAAUAGAAG	17	722
antiSPCas9-420	+	GGCUGGAGCGCCGAGGU	17	723
antiSPCas9-421	+	AUUUCCUUAUAUUUCUC	17	724
antiSPCas9-422	+	CAGAAUAGGCAACUGUA	17	725
antiSPCas9-423	−	UAUGAAUUUCUUUAAGA	17	726
antiSPCas9-424	−	AGAAAAUGAAGAACUAU	17	727
antiSPCas9-425	−	UUACAAGGAAGUAAAAA	17	728
antiSPCas9-426	−	AGAGAAGAUGGAUGGGA	17	729
antiSPCas9-427	−	AAAACUGAGGUGCAGAC	17	730
antiSPCas9-428	+	UAUCUUUAAUUAUCUUU	17	731
antiSPCas9-429	+	AGAAUAAAAGAAGUAUU	17	732
antiSPCas9-430	−	AUGAAGAGAAUAGAAGA	17	733
antiSPCas9-431	−	AAAGAUAAUUAAAGAUA	17	734
antiSPCas9-432	−	UAUACUUAGAAGGCAGG	17	735
antiSPCas9-433	−	CAAAGAGGAUAUACAAA	17	736
antiSPCas9-434	−	CAGUCGAAAAACGGGUACGC	20	737
antiSPCas9-435	−	CACGCUCGGAUAAGAACCGA	20	738
antiSPCas9-436	+	UAAGAUAAGCGUCGUGCGCA	20	739
antiSPCas9-437	−	CGCUCACCUGUUCGACGAUA	20	740
antiSPCas9-438	+	GAUAAGCGUCGUGCGCAUGG	20	741
antiSPCas9-439	−	CGAUUCUGUCGAGAUCUCCG	20	742
antiSPCas9-440	−	AGAGGCGUCGCUAUACGGGC	20	743
antiSPCas9-441	−	UUAAAGAGGCGUCGCUAUAC	20	744
antiSPCas9-442	−	AGGCGUCGCUAUACGGGCUG	20	745
antiSPCas9-443	+	CGCUUUUCGCGAUCAUCUUA	20	746
antiSPCas9-444	−	AGAGCGACGGCUUCGCCAAU	20	747
antiSPCas9-445	+	UGAAGCGGAUAACGGCGCCU	20	748
antiSPCas9-446	−	ACACGCUCGGAUAAGAACCG	20	749
antiSPCas9-447	−	GAGGCGUCGCUAUACGGGCU	20	750
antiSPCas9-448	−	GAUGAUCGCGAAAAGCGAAC	20	751
antiSPCas9-449	−	UAAGGGCCGGGACUUCGCGA	20	752
antiSPCas9-450	+	CGUAAUGGGACGCUAAAUAC	20	753
antiSPCas9-451	+	CUCCGGGUAAUUGUGCGAUC	20	754
antiSPCas9-452	−	UGUCGCGGAAACUUAUCAAC	20	755
antiSPCas9-453	+	CGCUAGCCAACAUCCGUUUU	20	756
antiSPCas9-454	+	AAUGAGUGCGGUCCCUACGA	20	757
antiSPCas9-455	−	UACGCAGGUUAUAUUGACGG	20	758
antiSPCas9-456	−	UGACGAUCUCGACAAUCUAC	20	759
antiSPCas9-457	−	GUUAAAGAGGCGUCGCUAUA	20	760
antiSPCas9-458	+	CGACGUCGUAAUCAGAUAAA	20	761
antiSPCas9-459	+	UCAUAACCUUAUCGUCGAAC	20	762
antiSPCas9-460	−	GCUUAUCUUAAUGCCGUCGU	20	763
antiSPCas9-461	−	AAACGGAUGUUGGCUAGCGC	20	764
antiSPCas9-462	+	UUGUCGACAUCCGAGUUGUC	20	765
antiSPCas9-463	−	CAGCUCAAUCGUUCAUCGAG	20	766
antiSPCas9-464	−	GAUCGAUUUAAUGCGUCACU	20	767
antiSPCas9-465	−	CUUAUCUUAAUGCCGUCGUA	20	768
antiSPCas9-466	−	UGACGGCGGAGCGAGUCAAG	20	769
antiSPCas9-467	+	CUAGCCGUCGGGAUUUAGAG	20	770
antiSPCas9-468	−	UCAUCGCUCGUAAAAAGGAC	20	771
antiSPCas9-469	−	CGAGAACGAUAAGCUGAUUC	20	772
antiSPCas9-470	+	AUGCGAACCGAGAGUUCCCU	20	773
antiSPCas9-471	−	UAAGCUCAUCGCUCGUAAAA	20	774
antiSPCas9-472	−	UUGUCGCGGAAACUUAUCAA	20	775
antiSPCas9-473	−	UCGAUUCUGUCGAGAUCUCC	20	776
antiSPCas9-474	+	UGUCGCGUCUAGCACCUCCU	20	777
antiSPCas9-475	−	UGGGACCCGAAAAAGUACGG	20	778
antiSPCas9-476	+	GGCCUAGUGAGAGCGCUAUA	20	779
antiSPCas9-477	−	GGAUAAACCCAUACGUGAGC	20	780
antiSPCas9-478	+	CCGUCGGGAUUUAGAGAGGC	20	781
antiSPCas9-479	+	UUUUCCGCCUGCUCACGUAU	20	782
antiSPCas9-480	−	CAUCGCUCGUAAAAAGGACU	20	783
antiSPCas9-481	−	AACCUUAUAGCGCUCUCACU	20	784
antiSPCas9-482	−	AUCGACUUCCUUGAGGCGAA	20	785
antiSPCas9-483	+	CGAUCAGGUUUUCUAGCCGU	20	786
antiSPCas9-484	+	CGUCGUAUUUCGUAUUCAUU	20	787
antiSPCas9-485	+	UCGAAGCCACCGUACUUUUU	20	788
antiSPCas9-486	+	UGCGAACCGAGAGUUCCCUC	20	789
antiSPCas9-487	−	UAGCGCCGGAGAGCUUCAAA	20	790
antiSPCas9-488	−	AACCUGAUCGCACAAUUACC	20	791
antiSPCas9-489	−	GGGUACGCAGGUUAUAUUGA	20	792
antiSPCas9-490	−	GAGGGAACUCUCGGUUCGCA	20	793
antiSPCas9-491	−	ACGAGAACGAUAAGCUGAUU	20	794
antiSPCas9-492	−	CCCGCCUCUCUAAAUCCCGA	20	795
antiSPCas9-493	−	CGGGCUGGGGACGAUUGUCG	20	796
antiSPCas9-494	−	CGUAAACCCGCCUUUCUAAG	20	797
antiSPCas9-495	+	CAUAUAAUCCCGUGAUGGAU	20	798
antiSPCas9-496	−	UUCGAUUCUGUCGAGAUCUC	20	799
antiSPCas9-497	+	CGAAGCCACCGUACUUUUUC	20	800
antiSPCas9-498	−	CCGAAGAAACGAUUACUCCA	20	801
antiSPCas9-499	+	GUCGUAUUUCGUAUUCAUUC	20	802
antiSPCas9-500	−	AGCGCCGGAGAGCUUCAAAA	20	803
antiSPCas9-501	+	UUCUCACCGUCGCGAAGUCC	20	804
antiSPCas9-502	−	UGAUCUAAAUCCGGACAACU	20	805
antiSPCas9-503	+	GAUCAGGUUUUCUAGCCGUC	20	806
antiSPCas9-504	−	GGUUCGCCAGCCAUCAAAAA	20	807
antiSPCas9-505	+	UUCGCCUCAAGGAAGUCGAU	20	808
antiSPCas9-506	+	UCGCCUAAGUGGAUUUGAUG	20	809
antiSPCas9-507	−	UGGUUCGCCAGCCAUCAAAA	20	810
antiSPCas9-508	+	UCGCCUCAAGGAAGUCGAUG	20	811
antiSPCas9-509	+	ACCGAGAGUUCCCUCGGGCC	20	812
antiSPCas9-510	+	AUAGGAGGAUUGCAUCGCUA	20	813
antiSPCas9-511	+	GCCGUCGGGAUUUAGAGAGG	20	814
antiSPCas9-512	−	CAAUAAAGUGCUUACACGCU	20	815
antiSPCas9-513	+	AUUUUCCGCCUGCUCACGUA	20	816
antiSPCas9-514	−	GAACCCCAUCGACUUCCUUG	20	817
antiSPCas9-515	−	GCGCCGGAGAGCUUCAAAAG	20	818
antiSPCas9-516	−	ACGAUACACUUCUACCAAGG	20	819
antiSPCas9-517	−	AAAUGGCCGAAAACGGAUGU	20	820
antiSPCas9-518	+	UAGCAUGCAAUUCGCCUAAG	20	821
antiSPCas9-519	−	UAAGCGCAUACAACAAGCAC	20	822
antiSPCas9-520	+	UUUCGCCUCAAGGAAGUCGA	20	823
antiSPCas9-521	+	UGAAUGCGGCUGGAGCGCCG	20	824
antiSPCas9-522	+	GUGCAAUGAGUCCCCUUGUC	20	825
antiSPCas9-523	−	UGCAAGUGGCGUGGAUGCGA	20	826
antiSPCas9-524	−	AAGCAGCGGACUUUCGACAA	20	827
antiSPCas9-525	−	UAAACCCAUACGUGAGCAGG	20	828
antiSPCas9-526	−	CCCUAUAAAUGCAAGUGGCG	20	829
antiSPCas9-527	−	UUUCGCAUACCUUACUAUGU	20	830
antiSPCas9-528	+	GCGUUAUCAGUUUCGCAUUU	20	831
antiSPCas9-529	−	GGUCAUGGGACGUCACAAAC	20	832
antiSPCas9-530	+	CGAGAGUUCCCUCGGGCCAG	20	833
antiSPCas9-531	+	UUCUUUACGACUUCCUCGCU	20	834
antiSPCas9-532	−	CAAACGAUACACUUCUACCA	20	835
antiSPCas9-533	−	ACCUUACUAUGUGGGACCCC	20	836
antiSPCas9-534	+	GAUUGCAUCGCUAAGGUUUU	20	837
antiSPCas9-535	−	CUUUCGCAUACCUUACUAUG	20	838
antiSPCas9-536	+	UUGAUCAUUGAAGCGGAUAA	20	839
antiSPCas9-537	−	CUCGAUUUUCUAAAGAGCGA	20	840
antiSPCas9-538	+	UCGAAGUUCGACUUAAAAUU	20	841
antiSPCas9-539	+	AGGCAGUUGCUGACGGACUA	20	842
antiSPCas9-540	−	UAUCCGCUUCAAUGAUCAAA	20	843
antiSPCas9-541	−	GACUGGGACCCGAAAAAGUA	20	844
antiSPCas9-542	+	CCGAGAGUUCCCUCGGGCCA	20	845
antiSPCas9-543	−	GCAUGCUAUACUUAGAAGGC	20	846
antiSPCas9-544	−	AAUCGUAUGGGAUAAGGGCC	20	847
antiSPCas9-545	+	GUCCUUACUAAGCUGCAAUU	20	848
antiSPCas9-546	+	UGUUCUCCGCUUAGAAAGGC	20	849
antiSPCas9-547	−	CGACCUUUAAUUGAAACCAA	20	850
antiSPCas9-548	−	AAAUCGUAUGGGAUAAGGGC	20	851
antiSPCas9-549	−	GAACAUAUUGCGAAUCUUGC	20	852
antiSPCas9-550	+	GAGCUGACGUUUAAUAAAUC	20	853
antiSPCas9-551	+	CUUAACUGUCACUUUGCGGU	20	854
antiSPCas9-552	+	AUUAAAUCGAUCUUCUACCC	20	855
antiSPCas9-553	−	GGCACAGGUUUCCGGACAAG	20	856
antiSPCas9-554	+	CACAUAGUAAGGUAUGCGAA	20	857
antiSPCas9-555	+	AGUAAGGUAUGCGAAAGGUU	20	858
antiSPCas9-556	+	CCAUGGAGUAAUCGUUUCUU	20	859
antiSPCas9-557	+	CGGGUAUUUCUUAAUGAGUG	20	860
antiSPCas9-558	−	UAUGUGGGACCCCUGGCCCG	20	861
antiSPCas9-559	+	CCUUGUAACCUUUCGCCUCA	20	862
antiSPCas9-560	+	UCCACGCCACUUGCAUUUAU	20	863
antiSPCas9-561	−	UCCCAUUACGAGAAGUUGAA	20	864
antiSPCas9-562	−	AUUGGUGUCGGACUUCAGAA	20	865
antiSPCas9-563	+	AGUUUCAUAUAAUCCCGUGA	20	866
antiSPCas9-564	−	GGUGAAAUCGUAUGGGAUAA	20	867
antiSPCas9-565	−	AUUAUUGGGGAUAACGAUUA	20	868
antiSPCas9-566	−	UCACGGGAUUAUAUGAAACU	20	869
antiSPCas9-567	−	AAGUGACAAUGUUCCAAGCG	20	870
antiSPCas9-568	−	GCGAAAAGCGAACAGGAGAU	20	871
antiSPCas9-569	−	GGAGACAGGUGAAAUCGUAU	20	872
antiSPCas9-570	+	ACCUUUCAACUUCUCGUAAU	20	873
antiSPCas9-571	−	GCAGACCGGAGGGUUUUCAA	20	874
antiSPCas9-572	+	UGCCACUACUAGGACAGAAU	20	875
antiSPCas9-573	+	CCACGCCACUUGCAUUUAUA	20	876
antiSPCas9-574	−	AUUUAUUAAACGUCAGCUCG	20	877
antiSPCas9-575	+	AACCUUUCAACUUCUCGUAA	20	878
antiSPCas9-576	−	CGAAAAUCAAACGACUCAGA	20	879
antiSPCas9-577	−	UCUUUGAUCAGUCGAAAAAC	20	880
antiSPCas9-578	+	CGGUAAAUUCUUGUCAAAGU	20	881
antiSPCas9-579	−	AUGUGGGACCCCUGGCCCGA	20	882
antiSPCas9-580	−	CGGAUAGAUUUGUCACAGCU	20	883
antiSPCas9-581	+	UCGACUUAAAAUUUGGUGUC	20	884
antiSPCas9-582	−	CAUCCUAGCUGAUGCCAAUC	20	885
antiSPCas9-583	+	CAUCCACUACUUUGACUGUC	20	886
antiSPCas9-584	−	AGGCACAGGUUUCCGGACAA	20	887
antiSPCas9-585	+	GCCAGGGGUCCCACAUAGUA	20	888
antiSPCas9-586	+	UCGUAAAGUAAACUGUGCUU	20	889
antiSPCas9-587	+	CAGGCAGUUGCUGACGGACU	20	890
antiSPCas9-588	−	CUGAUUCACCAAUCCAUCAC	20	891
antiSPCas9-589	−	UGCCUAUUCUGUCCUAGUAG	20	892
antiSPCas9-590	−	GAUGAGCUAGUUAAGGUCAU	20	893
antiSPCas9-591	+	AGUAUGCCCUUUUUGAUGGC	20	894
antiSPCas9-592	−	GGGAGACAGGUGAAAUCGUA	20	895
antiSPCas9-593	+	GAUUGAAUCGUCCUUCAAAA	20	896
antiSPCas9-594	+	CUGUUCUCCGCUUAGAAAGG	20	897
antiSPCas9-595	−	AAGAUCUACUGCGAAAGCAG	20	898
antiSPCas9-596	−	UUGUCUGAACUUGACAAGGC	20	899
antiSPCas9-597	+	UGCGGCUGGAGCGCCGAGGU	20	900
antiSPCas9-598	−	CAUGUAUGUUGAUCAGGAAC	20	901
antiSPCas9-599	−	GACAAUCUACUGGCACAAAU	20	902
antiSPCas9-600	−	CCUUGAGGCGAAAGGUUACA	20	903
antiSPCas9-601	+	GCUUAAUACUUUGUCCAGAU	20	904
antiSPCas9-602	−	AGGUGAAAUCGUAUGGGAUA	20	905
antiSPCas9-603	−	AAGGCACAGGUUUCCGGACA	20	906
antiSPCas9-604	+	AUCGUCCUUCAAAAAGGAUU	20	907
antiSPCas9-605	+	CAGCUGCAUAAAGUUCCUAU	20	908
antiSPCas9-606	−	GAUCUUAAAGGAGCAUCCUG	20	909
antiSPCas9-607	+	GUACCUUUUGAUCAUUGAAG	20	910
antiSPCas9-608	−	UGAAGAUCGGGAAAUGAUUG	20	911
antiSPCas9-609	−	UGCCAAAUUGCAGCUUAGUA	20	912
antiSPCas9-610	−	GGAUGAGCUAGUUAAGGUCA	20	913
antiSPCas9-611	+	CGAUUCCUUUGAAAACCCUC	20	914
antiSPCas9-612	+	CUUCUGUUCUCCGCUUAGAA	20	915
antiSPCas9-613	−	UUUGAGGAAGUUGUCGAUAA	20	916
antiSPCas9-614	+	UCAAAAUACUUGAAUGCGGC	20	917
antiSPCas9-615	−	ACUGGGCAGCCAGAUCUUAA	20	918
antiSPCas9-616	−	GAUAGAUUUGUCACAGCUUG	20	919
antiSPCas9-617	+	CCUUGAGAAGUGUCAAGUCU	20	920
antiSPCas9-618	+	AUCUCGAUUACAAUGUUUUC	20	921
antiSPCas9-619	+	UCACGAUUGUCUUUGAGGAA	20	922
antiSPCas9-620	+	CUGGAGUAUGCCCUUUUUGA	20	923
antiSPCas9-621	+	AAAGUUUCUCGUUCUGCAAU	20	924
antiSPCas9-622	−	UUGUUUACUCUUACCAACCU	20	925
antiSPCas9-623	−	AAGCGCAUACAACAAGCACA	20	926
antiSPCas9-624	+	AAUCGUCCUUCAAAAAGGAU	20	927
antiSPCas9-625	+	UGCAAUUGGGUAUUUUCCAC	20	928
antiSPCas9-626	+	CUCUCAGUAUGUCAGAUAGG	20	929
antiSPCas9-627	+	UGCUUCUGUUCGUUAUCUUC	20	930
antiSPCas9-628	−	GGAUAGAUUUGUCACAGCUU	20	931
antiSPCas9-629	−	UGUACCCCAAUCCUUUUUGA	20	932
antiSPCas9-630	−	UGGCUUGUCUGAACUUGACA	20	933
antiSPCas9-631	−	AAGGGACAUGUAUGUUGAUC	20	934
antiSPCas9-632	+	GAUUUCACCUGUCUCCCCAU	20	935
antiSPCas9-633	+	UUAGGCAAUACUUUUUCGUU	20	936
antiSPCas9-634	+	UAACUCUCAGUAUGUCAGAU	20	937
antiSPCas9-635	+	GUUCCCCUUUUGAAGCUCUC	20	938
antiSPCas9-636	−	UCAGUAUGCGGACUUAUUUU	20	939
antiSPCas9-637	+	UCUCAACUUUUGCCACUACU	20	940
antiSPCas9-638	+	GAUUAUAGGUUUGUACUAAC	20	941
antiSPCas9-639	−	GACCUUUAAUUGAAACCAAU	20	942
antiSPCas9-640	−	AGGAAUCGAUUCUUCCAAAA	20	943
antiSPCas9-641	−	CUUUAAGACGGAAAUCACUC	20	944
antiSPCas9-642	+	AAGUUUCUCGUUCUGCAAUU	20	945
antiSPCas9-643	+	GUGCAACAUGCUUUGUGAUU	20	946
antiSPCas9-644	−	AUUGAAACCAAUGGGGAGAC	20	947
antiSPCas9-645	−	ACUCCAGACAGUCAAAGUAG	20	948
antiSPCas9-646	−	AAUUGCAUGCUAUACUUAGA	20	949
antiSPCas9-647	+	AACUCAAACAGACUAUACUU	20	950
antiSPCas9-648	−	GAUUACUCCAUGGAAUUUUG	20	951
antiSPCas9-649	−	GGAAAACAUUGUAAUCGAGA	20	952
antiSPCas9-650	−	AGUAGUGGAUGAGCUAGUUA	20	953
antiSPCas9-651	+	CAGGAUGCUCCUUUAAGAUC	20	954
antiSPCas9-652	−	CAUUGAGGGUGAUCUAAAUC	20	955
antiSPCas9-653	−	CCAAGACUUGACACUUCUCA	20	956
antiSPCas9-654	+	UCCCCAUUGGUUUCAAUUAA	20	957
antiSPCas9-655	−	AUAACUUAACUAAAGCUGAG	20	958
antiSPCas9-656	+	CCCAUCCAUCUUCUCUAAUA	20	959
antiSPCas9-657	−	GAGAACCCUAUAAAUGCAAG	20	960
antiSPCas9-658	−	AAAACUGAGGUGCAGACCGG	20	961
antiSPCas9-659	−	GGCAAAAAAACAGUCGAGAG	20	962
antiSPCas9-660	+	AGGAAAUUCACGUAUUUAGA	20	963
antiSPCas9-661	−	AAGCGAACAGGAGAUAGGCA	20	964
antiSPCas9-662	−	UCUUACCCUCUUUGAAGAUC	20	965
antiSPCas9-663	−	CCCUGGCCCGAGGGAACUCU	20	966
antiSPCas9-664	−	CGAAAUCAUAGAGCAAAUUU	20	967
antiSPCas9-665	−	UUCUUUGAUCAGUCGAAAAA	20	968
antiSPCas9-666	−	UGACUCUUUAACCUUCAAAG	20	969
antiSPCas9-667	+	AGGACAGAAUAGGCAACUGU	20	970
antiSPCas9-668	−	AGUUAAUACUGAGAUUACCA	20	971
antiSPCas9-669	−	ACCUUUAAUUGAAACCAAUG	20	972
antiSPCas9-670	−	AUUCCACAUCAAAUCCACUU	20	973
antiSPCas9-671	+	AGCUUAUCACUAUUCCUUUU	20	974
antiSPCas9-672	+	UGUCCAGAUUGGCAUCAGCU	20	975
antiSPCas9-673	−	GAAAGUUAAGUAUGUCACUG	20	976
antiSPCas9-674	+	AACAUGCUUUGUGAUUUGGC	20	977
antiSPCas9-675	+	CAUUUCCCGAUCUUCAAAGA	20	978
antiSPCas9-676	−	CCAUAUUAGAGAAGAUGGAU	20	979
antiSPCas9-677	−	UACCUCUAUUACCUACAAAA	20	980
antiSPCas9-678	−	AUAGAUUUGUCACAGCUUGG	20	981
antiSPCas9-679	+	GGUUGGUAAGAGUAAACAAA	20	982
antiSPCas9-680	+	UCAUUUCCCGAUCUUCAAAG	20	983
antiSPCas9-681	−	ACGGAAAUCACUCUGGCAAA	20	984
antiSPCas9-682	+	UGAAGGUUAAAGAGUCAUCA	20	985
antiSPCas9-683	+	CUCUUCAAACAACUGAUUAU	20	986
antiSPCas9-684	+	CUUCAUUCUCUUCGUUAUCC	20	987
antiSPCas9-685	−	AUACAAAAGGCACAGGUUUC	20	988
antiSPCas9-686	−	GUAGUGGCAAAAGUUGAGAA	20	989
antiSPCas9-687	−	AGUCAGUCAAAGAAUUAUUG	20	990
antiSPCas9-688	−	GCAACUGCCUGAGAAAUAUA	20	991
antiSPCas9-689	−	CUAGAAAGUGAGUUUGUGUA	20	992
antiSPCas9-690	+	GAACAUUGUCACUUUUCCCU	20	993
antiSPCas9-691	−	CCCAUAUUAGAGAAGAUGGA	20	994
antiSPCas9-692	+	CAACAUGCUUUGUGAUUUGG	20	995
antiSPCas9-693	+	ACAUGUCCCUUCCAUUUUGU	20	996
antiSPCas9-694	−	CUCUUACCCUCUUUGAAGAU	20	997
antiSPCas9-695	−	ACAAAUUGGAGAUCAGUAUG	20	998
antiSPCas9-696	−	AAACUGAGGUGCAGACCGGA	20	999
antiSPCas9-697	−	UACCCGGAGAGAAGAAAAAU	20	1000
antiSPCas9-698	−	UUAACUAAAGCUGAGAGGGG	20	1001
antiSPCas9-699	−	GAAGUCAGUCAAAGAAUUAU	20	1002
antiSPCas9-700	−	AAAGUUAAGUAUGUCACUGA	20	1003
antiSPCas9-701	−	UCUAUUACCUACAAAAUGGA	20	1004
antiSPCas9-702	−	AACUUAACUAAAGCUGAGAG	20	1005
antiSPCas9-703	−	AAUUAAAGAUAAGGACUUCC	20	1006
antiSPCas9-704	−	AGUAGUGGCAAAAGUUGAGA	20	1007
antiSPCas9-705	−	AGAGGAUAUACAAAAGGCAC	20	1008
antiSPCas9-706	+	UCUUUUCACGAUUGUCUUUG	20	1009
antiSPCas9-707	−	CAAACCCAUAUUAGAGAAGA	20	1010
antiSPCas9-708	+	UGUGUCAAAAUACUUGAAUG	20	1011
antiSPCas9-709	−	GACAGUUAAGCAAUUGAAAG	20	1012
antiSPCas9-710	−	GAAGAGGGUAUUAAAGAACU	20	1013
antiSPCas9-711	+	UUCCAUUUUGUAGGUAAUAG	20	1014
antiSPCas9-712	−	GCGGAUGAAGAGAAUAGAAG	20	1015
antiSPCas9-713	−	CUAUUACCUACAAAAUGGAA	20	1016
antiSPCas9-714	+	AUUGCUUAACUGUCACUUUG	20	1017
antiSPCas9-715	−	AGUCUGUUUGAGUUAGAAAA	20	1018
antiSPCas9-716	+	ACAAACUCACUUUCUAGCUU	20	1019
antiSPCas9-717	−	AAAAUCAAACGACUCAGAAG	20	1020
antiSPCas9-718	−	AGAAGAGGGUAUUAAAGAAC	20	1021
antiSPCas9-719	+	CAAACUCACUUUCUAGCUUC	20	1022
antiSPCas9-720	−	UUACCCGGAGAGAAGAAAAA	20	1023
antiSPCas9-721	+	AUUUCUCAGGCAGUUGCUGA	20	1024
antiSPCas9-722	−	AGUUAGAAAAUGGCCGAAAA	20	1025
antiSPCas9-723	−	UAACUUAACUAAAGCUGAGA	20	1026
antiSPCas9-724	+	GGACAGAAUAGGCAACUGUA	20	1027
antiSPCas9-725	−	AAGUCAGUCAAAGAAUUAUU	20	1028
antiSPCas9-726	−	AGGUUAUGAAACAGUUAAAG	20	1029
antiSPCas9-727	+	UUUGACUGACUUCAGUUUCU	20	1030
antiSPCas9-728	+	CAACCCAUUUUUCUUCUCUC	20	1031
antiSPCas9-729	+	UCGUCCUUCAAAAAGGAUUG	20	1032
antiSPCas9-730	+	UACUAUGUUGACUUGGGGCA	20	1033
antiSPCas9-731	−	UGCUAUACUUAGAAGGCAGG	20	1034
antiSPCas9-732	+	ACAACUUCCUCAAAAUUCCA	20	1035
antiSPCas9-733	−	UUUAAAGUCAAAAUUGGUGU	20	1036
antiSPCas9-734	−	CGGAUGAAGAGAAUAGAAGA	20	1037
antiSPCas9-735	+	CUUUUGUAUAUCCUCUUUGA	20	1038
antiSPCas9-736	+	AACCCAUUUUUCUUCUCUCC	20	1039
antiSPCas9-737	+	CCAUCCAUCUUCUCUAAUAU	20	1040
antiSPCas9-738	−	AUUAGAGAAGAUGGAUGGGA	20	1041
antiSPCas9-739	−	ACUGAUUCACCAAUCCAUCA	20	1042
antiSPCas9-740	−	CCUAAAGAUAAUUAAAGAUA	20	1043
antiSPCas9-741	−	GGGAUAAGAGACAAGCAAAG	20	1044
antiSPCas9-742	+	UUCUUUACUAUGUUGACUUG	20	1045
antiSPCas9-743	−	GAAAAUCAAACGACUCAGAA	20	1046
antiSPCas9-744	+	UUUCUUUACUAUGUUGACUU	20	1047
antiSPCas9-745	+	CCUUAUCUUUAAUUAUCUUU	20	1048
antiSPCas9-746	−	AAUCACUUUAAAGUCAAAAU	20	1049
antiSPCas9-747	−	AGAAAAUGAAGAACUAUUGG	20	1050
antiSPCas9-748	+	GUUAGAAUAAAAGAAGUAUU	20	1051
antiSPCas9-749	−	CAACAUAGUAAAGAAAACUG	20	1052
antiSPCas9-750	−	AGGUUACAAGGAAGUAAAAA	20	1053
antiSPCas9-751	+	UAUCUUUAAUUAUCUUUAGG	20	1054
antiSPCas9-752	−	GAGAAGAAAAAUGGGUUGUU	20	1055
antiSPCas9-753	−	CAUUAUGAAUUUCUUUAAGA	20	1056
antiSPCas9-754	+	UUUUCUUUACUAUGUUGACU	20	1057
antiSPCas9-755	−	AUUUUCAAUUCUAUAAAGUU	20	1058
antiSPCas9-756	+	AAUAUUUCCUUAUAUUUCUC	20	1059
antiSPCas9-757	−	UUUUCAAUUCUAUAAAGUUA	20	1060
antiSPCas9-758	−	UAAAGAAAAUGAAGAACUAU	20	1061
antiSPCas9-759	−	AAGAAAACUGAGGUGCAGAC	20	1062
antiSPCas9-760	−	CUUCAAAGAGGAUAUACAAA	20	1063

TABLE E-7
Exemplary guide RNA pairs for S. aureus (SA) nickase
	Group A	Group B	Group A guides can be
			paired with any from
			Group B.
	antiSACas9-8,	antiSACas9-5
	antiSACas9-9	antiSACas9-2
	Group C	Group D	Group C guides can be
			paired with any from
			Group D.
	antiSACas9-7	antiSACas9-11

TABLE E-8
	First 500 bp of coding sequence
	downstream of start codon,
S. aureus	good orthogonality, starts with G
1st Tier			Target Site
gRNA Name	DNA Strand	Targeting Domain	Length	SEQ ID NO
antiSACas9-1	−	GGACAUCGGGAUUACAAGCG	20	1064
antiSACas9-2	+	GUAAUCCCGAUGUCCAGCCC	20	1065
antiSACas9-5	−	GGAAUUAAUCCUUAUGAAGC	20	1068
antiSACas9-6	+	GCCUUUCACCCUGGCUUCAU	20	1069

TABLE E-9
	First 500 bp of coding sequence
	downstream of start codon,
S. aureus	good orthogonality, does not start with G
2nd Tier			Target Site
gRNA Name	DNA Strand	Targeting Domain	Length	SEQ ID NO
antiSACas9-7	−	CUGCACCUGGCUAAGCGCCG	20	1070
antiSACas9-8	−	ACCGACCAUUCUGAGCUGAG	20	1071
antiSACas9-9	−	UGCUGACCGACCAUUCUGAG	20	1072
antiSACas9-10	+	AACAGCAGUUUCUUCACCCU	20	1073
antiSACas9-11	+	AGGAUUAAUUCCACUCAGCU	20	1074
antiSACas9-12	−	UACAUUCUGGGGCUGGACAU	20	1075
antiSACas9-13	−	AUGAAGCCAGGGUGAAAGGC	20	1076
antiSACas9-14	−	CUGAAACGACGGAGAAGGCA	20	1079
antiSACas9-15	−	CGGAGAAGGCACAGAAUCCA	20	1080

TABLE E-10
	First 500 bp of coding sequence
	downstream of start codon,
S. aureus	poor orthogonality, starts with G
3rd Tier			Target Site
gRNA Name	DNA Strand	Targeting Domain	Length	SEQ ID NO
antiSACas9-16	−	GAGUCAGAAGCUGUCAGAGG	20	1081
antiSACas9-17	−	GAAGAAAGAUGGCGAGGUGA	20	1082
antiSACas9-18	−	GGGAUUACAAGCGUGGGGUA	20	1083

TABLE E-11
S. aureus	Rest of gene
5th Tier			Target Site
gRNA Name	DNA Strand	Targeting Domain	Length	SEQ ID NO
antiSACas9-19	−	GAUACGCUACUCGCGGCCUG	20	1084
antiSACas9-20	+	AUGAUCGACCUCGUAGUUGA	20	1085
antiSACas9-21	−	AUGAAUGAUAAGCGCCCCCC	20	1086
antiSACas9-22	−	ACGCAGAUCUGUACAACGCC	20	1087
antiSACas9-23	−	ACUACAAGUACUCUCACCGG	20	1088
antiSACas9-24	+	CGCCGUUGUCCAGAUAGACA	20	1089
antiSACas9-25	−	UCAUUGAGAACGCCGAACUG	20	1090
antiSACas9-26	+	UAAUAUGAUCGACCUCGUAG	20	1091
antiSACas9-27	+	GCGUUCUCUUUCCCGGUAGU	20	1092
antiSACas9-28	−	GGCGAACUGUAUAGGGUCAU	20	1093
antiSACas9-29	−	GCCCGAAAUCGAGACAGAAC	20	1094
antiSACas9-30	−	AUCUGCUGAACCGCAUUGAA	20	1095
antiSACas9-31	+	CCGUUCAGAUUGUUCACAAU	20	1096
antiSACas9-32	+	UCGGAGCUCUGGUAGAUAGU	20	1097
antiSACas9-33	+	GACCACCUUGUUGCGACUGU	20	1098
antiSACas9-34	+	UUUGUAUGCCACAGCUCAUC	20	1099
antiSACas9-35	+	GGGCUUUUUAUCCACCCGGU	20	1100
antiSACas9-36	+	GUUGAGUACUUUUUGAUACU	20	1101
antiSACas9-37	−	AAGAUCAAUGGCGAACUGUA	20	1102
antiSACas9-38	−	GAAAGUCAAGUCCAUCAACG	20	1103
antiSACas9-39	+	GGUCCCUCAUAGUAGGUUCU	20	1104
antiSACas9-40	−	CCUAUUUCCGGGUGAACAAU	20	1105
antiSACas9-41	+	CGCAGCAGAUUCAUCAGGCC	20	1106
antiSACas9-42	+	CAGGUUUCCCAGAAUGUCGG	20	1107
antiSACas9-43	−	CGAACAGAUUAGUAAUCUGA	20	1108
antiSACas9-44	+	CCAGAUUGUUCACCCGGAAA	20	1109
antiSACas9-45	+	AAAUCGUCCACCAGUGUGGU	20	1110
antiSACas9-46	−	CUUCGGAUGGAAAGACAUCA	20	1111
antiSACas9-47	−	AAAUGCCGACUUCAUCUUUA	20	1112
antiSACas9-48	−	UCAACAGAUUCUCCGUCCAG	20	1113
antiSACas9-49	+	GCGUUGAUCACUUUGAUGCU	20	1114
antiSACas9-50	−	AAGGACUACAAGUACUCUCA	20	1115
antiSACas9-51	+	CUCCGCUUGACCACGGGUGA	20	1116
antiSACas9-52	−	GGUGACAAGCACUGGAAAAC	20	1117
antiSACas9-53	−	ACCUGACCAAGUAUAGCAAA	20	1118
antiSACas9-54	+	GGAUGAAGCUCCGCUUGACC	20	1119
antiSACas9-55	−	CCGCAUCAGCAAGACCAAAA	20	1120
antiSACas9-56	−	UCCAGAAGGAUUUUAUUAAC	20	1121
antiSACas9-57	+	UUGAUAUGCUUGAUCUGGUG	20	1122
antiSACas9-58	−	UGUAUAAAUUUGUGACUGUC	20	1123
antiSACas9-59	−	CUCACCAGAUCAAGCAUAUC	20	1124
antiSACas9-60	−	UGCAGAAGGCUUACCACCAG	20	1125
antiSACas9-61	+	UUGAUGUCCUCUUCGUUGAC	20	1126
antiSACas9-62	+	CUAAUCUGUUCGAUCUCUUC	20	1127
antiSACas9-63	+	GACCAGCACCUUGUUGUUAA	20	1128
antiSACas9-64	−	GAAGAGGACAUCAAGGGCUA	20	1129
antiSACas9-65	+	UAAUAAAAUCCUUCUGGACG	20	1130
antiSACas9-66	−	UGGUCCCAAAAAAGGUGGAC	20	1131
antiSACas9-67	+	CUCUUCAUAGUACUUAUACA	20	1132
antiSACas9-68	−	AAUCUGCUGCGAUCCUAUUU	20	1133
antiSACas9-69	+	GAACUAGACAGGUACUGGAA	20	1134
antiSACas9-70	+	AAAGGUUUCGUAAGAGAUCU	20	1135
antiSACas9-71	+	CCCUUUCCUUUGGCCAGAUU	20	1136
antiSACas9-72	+	UCGUCUUUUCUUGUACUAUA	20	1137
antiSACas9-73	+	AGGAGUCCUAUUGCCCUUUU	20	1138
antiSACas9-74	−	UAUGAUUGACAUCACUUACC	20	1139
antiSACas9-75	+	UUCACCUCAUACAGGUUUCC	20	1140
antiSACas9-76	+	CUCCAGGGGGAUGGCCUCCA	20	1141
antiSACas9-77	−	UGAAAGCUAUCAAUCUGAUU	20	1142
antiSACas9-78	−	UCAAGUACUAUGGGAACAAG	20	1143
antiSACas9-79	−	UGAACAACCUGGUCAUCACC	20	1144
antiSACas9-80	+	UUGUUCAGCAGGUCCUCCAG	20	1145
antiSACas9-81	−	ACCGAGAGUAUCUGGAAAAC	20	1146
antiSACas9-82	−	GUUUAAAAAGGAGCGCAACA	20	1147
antiSACas9-83	+	CUUCAGUUUCUGAUAUGUCU	20	1148
antiSACas9-84	−	AAACAAUUGCCUCUAAGACU	20	1149
antiSACas9-85	−	GAAAAAGAUUAGCAACCAGG	20	1150
antiSACas9-86	−	CAGGGAUGAAAACGAGAAAC	20	1151
antiSACas9-87	+	UUCAGGUUAGUCAGCUCUUC	20	1152
antiSACas9-88	+	UUGUCGAAGGACACGCUUCU	20	1153
antiSACas9-89	−	AAACCUUUAAAAAGCACAUU	20	1154
antiSACas9-90	−	ACCAGGAGAAGGGAGCCCCU	20	1155
antiSACas9-91	−	GUACAAGAAAAGACGAUAAG	20	1156
antiSACas9-92	−	GAUGUUCGAAGAGAAGCAGG	20	1157
antiSACas9-93	−	AAAAGGAGAACUACUAUGAA	20	1158
antiSACas9-94	−	AAUUUGUGACUGUCAAGAAU	20	1159

TABLE E-12
S. aureus	Suboptimal PAM - NNGRRV
6th Tier			Target Site
gRNA Name	DNA Strand	Targeting Domain	Length	SEQ ID NO
antiSACas9-95	+	GAAGCAGGCCGAAUCUAUGC	20	1160
antiSACas9-96	+	AGGAAUGGUACGAGAUGCUG	20	1161
antiSACas9-97	+	UCCGGGUGAACAAUCUGGAU	20	1162
antiSACas9-98	+	AGACUCGGAGAACCUACUAU	20	1163
antiSACas9-99	+	GGACGCACAGAAGAUGAUCA	20	1164
antiSACas9-100	−	UCACAUCCAGAUUGUUCACC	20	1165
antiSACas9-101	+	GGAGAAGGGAGCCCCUUCGG	20	1166
antiSACas9-102	+	CCGGCAACGAGCUGUCUACA	20	1167
antiSACas9-103	+	AAGUACUCAACCGACAUUCU	20	1168
antiSACas9-104	+	AAUGACACCCUGUAUAGUAC	20	1169
antiSACas9-105	+	ACUGUUCAAGGAGGCCAACG	20	1170
antiSACas9-106	+	CCGACUUCAUCUUUAAGGAG	20	1171
antiSACas9-107	−	GAAUCUGAACUAGACAGGUA	20	1172
antiSACas9-108	+	CGGGUGGAUAAAAAGCCCAA	20	1173
antiSACas9-109	+	ACCAGAGCUCCGAGGACAUC	20	1174
antiSACas9-110	−	GGUGGUACAUCAGCAGCUUC	20	1175
antiSACas9-111	+	CCGGAACACACAACCUGUCC	20	1176
antiSACas9-112	−	GUGCUUUUUAAAGGUUUCGU	20	1177
antiSACas9-113	−	UUCACAUCCAGAUUGUUCAC	20	1178
antiSACas9-114	−	UUCCAGAGCUUUGCUAUUGC	20	1179
antiSACas9-115	+	ACAUCUUUUCUGAGGCGCAA	20	1180
antiSACas9-116	+	AAAGCUGAUCAACAAAAGUC	20	1181
antiSACas9-117	+	GAAUCUGGAUGUCAUCAAAA	20	1182
antiSACas9-118	+	UAUAAGUACUAUGAAGAGAC	20	1183
antiSACas9-119	+	CAUCACUUACCGAGAGUAUC	20	1184
antiSACas9-120	+	UAUCAUUAUCGAGCUGGCUA	20	1185
antiSACas9-121	+	CAAGGUGCUGGUCAAGCAGG	20	1186
antiSACas9-122	+	AAAGUACUCAACCGACAUUC	20	1187
antiSACas9-123	−	AUUGUCGAAGGACACGCUUC	20	1188
antiSACas9-124	+	GAGUGCAUAACGUCAAUGAG	20	1189
antiSACas9-125	+	AGUAUGUCGCAGAGCUGCAG	20	1190
antiSACas9-126	−	GAAAUCGUCCACCAGUGUGG	20	1191
antiSACas9-127	+	ACCAUGAUCCUCAGACAUAU	20	1192
antiSACas9-128	−	CUUGACGCUUCUCAGCUCUU	20	1193
antiSACas9-129	+	GUAUAAGUACUAUGAAGAGA	20	1194
antiSACas9-130	+	GGGGUAUGGGAUUAUUGACU	20	1195
antiSACas9-131	+	CCCACUGUAUAAGUACUAUG	20	1196
antiSACas9-132	+	UCGAAAACGUGUUUAAGCAG	20	1197
antiSACas9-133	+	AGACCAAAAAGGAGUACCUG	20	1198
antiSACas9-134	−	UUAAACACGUUUUCGAUGAU	20	1199
antiSACas9-135	−	GCUUGACCACGGGUGACAGA	20	1200
antiSACas9-136	−	UUAAACUUCCAUUUGCGCCU	20	1201
antiSACas9-137	+	AUGAGGGACGGAGAAGCAAG	20	1202
antiSACas9-138	−	CUGACUCAGGUCCACCUUUU	20	1203
antiSACas9-139	+	GAAAGACAUCAAGGAAUGGU	20	1204
antiSACas9-140	+	UAAGGACAUCACAGCACGGA	20	1205
antiSACas9-141	+	AAAAGGUGGACCUGAGUCAG	20	1206
antiSACas9-142	+	AAUAUGAUUGACAUCACUUA	20	1207
antiSACas9-143	+	GAGAAGGGAGCCCCUUCGGA	20	1208
antiSACas9-144	+	GAUUAUCCGAACUACCGGGA	20	1209
antiSACas9-145	+	UCAAAGAAGCCAAGCAGCUG	20	1210
antiSACas9-146	−	GGUGAGAGUACUUGUAGUCC	20	1211
antiSACas9-147	+	ACCUGAACAGCGAGCUGACC	20	1212
antiSACas9-148	+	GACCGACCAUUCUGAGCUGA	20	1213
antiSACas9-149	−	GCUUGAUCUGGUGAGGAGUG	20	1214
antiSACas9-150	−	UGACCAGCACCUUGUUGUUA	20	1215
antiSACas9-151	+	CAAGCUGCACGAUAUGCAGG	20	1216
antiSACas9-152	−	UAAAGGUUUCGUAAGAGAUC	20	1217
antiSACas9-153	+	GCACCUAUUUUCCAGAAGAG	20	1218
antiSACas9-154	+	AAACGAGAAACUGGAAUACU	20	1219
antiSACas9-155	+	UGAAGAGAUUAUCCGAACUA	20	1220
antiSACas9-156	+	GGCUGAAGAAAGAUGGCGAG	20	1221
antiSACas9-157	+	GUCCAGAAGGAUUUUAUUAA	20	1222
antiSACas9-158	+	GAACAGCGAGCUGACCCAGG	20	1223
antiSACas9-159	+	AGAACCUACUAUGAGGGACC	20	1224
antiSACas9-160	−	AGCCAGGUGCAGCAGAGCUG	20	1225
antiSACas9-161	+	CUACUAUGAGGGACCAGGAG	20	1226
antiSACas9-162	+	GAAAACCAGAGUUCACCAAU	20	1227
antiSACas9-163	+	ACAACAAGGUGCUGGUCAAG	20	1228
antiSACas9-164	+	GCAGACCAAUGAACGCAUUG	20	1229
antiSACas9-165	+	GGAAAAAGCUGGACAAAGCC	20	1230
antiSACas9-166	+	UUCAGAUUCCAAGAUCUCUU	20	1231
antiSACas9-167	+	AGCUGCAGCUGGAACGGCUG	20	1232
antiSACas9-168	+	GAUUAUGGAGCAGUACGGCG	20	1233
antiSACas9-169	−	AGAAUCAGAUUGAUAGCUUU	20	1234
antiSACas9-170	−	UCCUCCAGGGGGAUGGCCUC	20	1235
antiSACas9-171	+	GGGAUUAUUGACUAUGAAAC	20	1236
antiSACas9-172	+	UCUCACGCAAUAGCAAAGCU	20	1237
antiSACas9-173	+	ACGUGGAAAACAAUGAGGGA	20	1238
antiSACas9-174	−	UUGACGCUUCUCAGCUCUUC	20	1239
antiSACas9-175	+	GAUAUCAUUAUCGAGCUGGC	20	1240
antiSACas9-176	−	GUUAAUAAAAUCCUUCUGGA	20	1241
antiSACas9-177	+	CAACCUGGUCAUCACCAGGG	20	1242
antiSACas9-178	+	GCACAUUCUGAAUCUGGCCA	20	1243
antiSACas9-179	+	GGUGGACCUGAGUCAGCAGA	20	1244
antiSACas9-180	+	AUAUUAAGGACAUCACAGCA	20	1245
antiSACas9-181	+	CUACAUUCUGGGGCUGGACA	20	1246
antiSACas9-182	+	GCAAGAGGGGAGCCAGGCGC	20	1247
antiSACas9-183	+	CCAGGGAUGAAAACGAGAAA	20	1248
antiSACas9-184	−	UAGCCAGGUGCAGCAGAGCU	20	1249
antiSACas9-185	+	GGGCUACCGGGUGACAAGCA	20	1250
antiSACas9-186	+	GGUCAUCACCAGGGAUGAAA	20	1251
antiSACas9-187	+	GAGCCAGGCGCCUGAAACGA	20	1252
antiSACas9-188	+	GCUACGAAGAGGCUAAAAAG	20	1253
antiSACas9-189	+	GGACAAAGCCAAGAAAGUGA	20	1254
antiSACas9-190	−	UUGGGCUUUUUAUCCACCCG	20	1255
antiSACas9-191	+	GACUGUUCAAGGAGGCCAAC	20	1256
antiSACas9-192	+	AAAAGUACUCAACCGACAUU	20	1257
antiSACas9-193	+	UAGUAAUCUGAAGGGGUACA	20	1258
antiSACas9-194	+	GGCCGAAUCUAUGCCCGAAA	20	1259
antiSACas9-195	+	UCAAGCUGCACGAUAUGCAG	20	1260
antiSACas9-196	+	CUGAACAACCUGGUCAUCAC	20	1261
antiSACas9-197	+	GGCACAGAAUCCAGAGGGUG	20	1262
antiSACas9-198	+	ACGCAAUAGCAAAGCUCUGG	20	1263
antiSACas9-199	+	AGAGAACGCAAAGUACCUGA	20	1264
antiSACas9-200	+	UCAUCACCAGGGAUGAAAAC	20	1265
antiSACas9-201	+	AAGGAGUACCUGCUGGAAGA	20	1266
antiSACas9-202	+	AGCAGAAGAAAAAGCCUACA	20	1267
antiSACas9-203	+	ACAUCACUUACCGAGAGUAU	20	1268
antiSACas9-204	+	CACAGCACGGAAAGAAAUCA	20	1269
antiSACas9-205	+	AGAAGAUGAUCAAUGAGAUG	20	1270
antiSACas9-206	+	AAGCUGCACGAUAUGCAGGA	20	1271
antiSACas9-207	−	AUUGUUCAGCAGGUCCUCCA	20	1272
antiSACas9-208	+	GAUAUUAAGGACAUCACAGC	20	1273
antiSACas9-209	+	CUAUGAGAAGUUCCAGAUCA	20	1274
antiSACas9-210	+	GAAGAGAUUAUCCGAACUAC	20	1275
antiSACas9-211	+	UACACUGAAACAGAUUGCUA	20	1276
antiSACas9-212	+	AGUACAAGAAAAGACGAUAA	20	1277
antiSACas9-213	+	CGGGAUUACAAGCGUGGGGU	20	1278
antiSACas9-214	+	GGCUACCGGGUGACAAGCAC	20	1279
antiSACas9-215	+	AUAUCGACCUGCUGGAGACU	20	1280
antiSACas9-216	+	UUAAUCCUUAUGAAGCCAGG	20	1281
antiSACas9-217	+	CGAGACAGAACAGGAGUACA	20	1282
antiSACas9-218	+	GAUCAAGAAGAUCAAGUACU	20	1283
antiSACas9-219	+	GCCGACUUCAUCUUUAAGGA	20	1284
antiSACas9-220	+	AAGAGAUUAUCCGAACUACC	20	1285
antiSACas9-221	+	AUGAUCAAUGAGAUGCAGAA	20	1286
antiSACas9-222	+	AGGCCAACGUGGAAAACAAU	20	1287
antiSACas9-223	+	AUCAAGAAGAUCAAGUACUA	20	1288
antiSACas9-224	+	CACAUUCUGAAUCUGGCCAA	20	1289
antiSACas9-225	+	ACGACAAAGAUAAUGACAAG	20	1290
antiSACas9-226	−	AAUCUGAACUAGACAGGUAC	20	1291
antiSACas9-227	+	GCCUGAGUCAGAAGCUGUCA	20	1292
antiSACas9-228	+	CGAUACUUAUAUCGACCUGC	20	1293
antiSACas9-229	+	UAGUACAAGAAAAGACGAUA	20	1294
antiSACas9-230	+	CCUUCGGAUGGAAAGACAUC	20	1295
antiSACas9-231	+	GAUGGAGAACCAGAUGUUCG	20	1296
antiSACas9-232	−	CGGCGCUUAGCCAGGUGCAG	20	1297
antiSACas9-233	+	AGUAAUCUGAAGGGGUACAC	20	1298
antiSACas9-234	+	CGACCUGAUUAAGAUCAAUG	20	1299
antiSACas9-235	+	AGCUAUCAAUCUGAUUCUGG	20	1300
antiSACas9-236	+	AAAGGAACUACAUUCUGGGG	20	1301
antiSACas9-237	+	GGCCAACGUGGAAAACAAUG	20	1302
antiSACas9-238	+	UCUUUAAGGAGUGGAAAAAG	20	1303
antiSACas9-239	+	AGGAGUACCUGCUGGAAGAG	20	1304
antiSACas9-240	+	UGACUAUCUACCAGAGCUCC	20	1305
antiSACas9-241	−	GUGGUACAUCAGCAGCUUCU	20	1306
antiSACas9-242	+	AGGAGAUCCUGGUCAACGAA	20	1307
antiSACas9-243	−	UGUUGUUAAAGGAAUUGUCG	20	1308
antiSACas9-244	+	ACAUUGCACCUAUUUUCCAG	20	1309
antiSACas9-245	+	GAGAACUCUAAAAAGGGCAA	20	1310
antiSACas9-246	+	AGAGCUGACUAACCUGAACA	20	1311
antiSACas9-247	+	CAUACAGAUUCGAUGUCUAU	20	1312
antiSACas9-248	+	UUCUGAAUCUGGCCAAAGGA	20	1313
antiSACas9-249	−	UGACUCAGGUCCACCUUUUU	20	1314
antiSACas9-250	+	AACUGUAUAGGGUCAUCGGG	20	1315
antiSACas9-251	−	GAAUCAGAUUGAUAGCUUUC	20	1316
antiSACas9-252	+	UGGCUAGGGAGAAGAACAGC	20	1317
antiSACas9-253	+	UCCAGGAAGAGCUGACUAAC	20	1318
antiSACas9-254	−	CUUUGACGUAGUCGCUUGUC	20	1319
antiSACas9-255	+	AUAAGUACUAUGAAGAGACU	20	1320
antiSACas9-256	−	UUCCGGUUAAUAAAAUCCUU	20	1321
antiSACas9-257	+	UGAAGCUGGUCCCAAAAAAG	20	1322
antiSACas9-258	−	UAGAUUCGGCCUGCUUCUCU	20	1323
antiSACas9-259	+	UCAAGAAGAUCAAGUACUAU	20	1324
antiSACas9-260	+	AUUUUAUUAACCGGAAUCUG	20	1325
antiSACas9-261	+	UGGGAAACCUGUAUGAGGUG	20	1326
antiSACas9-262	+	UCAGAAACUGAAGCUGAUUA	20	1327
antiSACas9-263	+	AGGCUUACCACCAGCUGGAU	20	1328
antiSACas9-264	+	UGCUGCGAUCCUAUUUCCGG	20	1329
antiSACas9-265	+	AUAACGUCAAUGAGGUGGAA	20	1330
antiSACas9-266	+	GAACGCAUUGAAGAGAUUAU	20	1331
antiSACas9-267	+	UUCUGUCACCCGUGGUCAAG	20	1332
antiSACas9-268	+	GCGCAAAUGGAAGUUUAAAA	20	1333
antiSACas9-269	−	UAAACACGUUUUCGAUGAUC	20	1334
antiSACas9-270	−	GUACUUGAUCUUCUUGAUCA	20	1335
antiSACas9-271	−	AAGUCGGCAUUUGCGAUAAU	20	1336
antiSACas9-272	+	CGAGCUGACCCAGGAAGAGA	20	1337
antiSACas9-273	+	UCAAGCAUAUCAAGGAUUUC	20	1338
antiSACas9-274	+	AGGUGCUGGUCAAGCAGGAA	20	1339
antiSACas9-275	+	CUCUGGAGGCCAUCCCCCUG	20	1340
antiSACas9-276	+	ACUAUGAGGGACCAGGAGAA	20	1341
antiSACas9-277	+	GAGCUCCGAGGACAUCCAGG	20	1342
antiSACas9-278	+	CAAAAAGGAGUACCUGCUGG	20	1343
antiSACas9-279	+	AUACCCUGAUUGUGAACAAU	20	1344
antiSACas9-280	+	UCUGGAAGAGAAGUAUGUCG	20	1345
antiSACas9-281	+	AUAAGGGGAAUACCCUGAUU	20	1346
antiSACas9-282	−	CCAGCUCGAUAAUGAUAUCA	20	1347
antiSACas9-283	+	GGAUUAUUGACUAUGAAACA	20	1348
antiSACas9-284	+	GAGGGACGGAGAAGCAAGAG	20	1349
antiSACas9-285	−	CAGCUCUUCCUGGAUGUCCU	20	1350
antiSACas9-286	+	GAAAGAAAUCAUUGAGAACG	20	1351
antiSACas9-287	+	CAGCACGGAAAGAAAUCAUU	20	1352
antiSACas9-288	+	GACUCGGAGAACCUACUAUG	20	1353
antiSACas9-289	−	AAGAUGUGAACCCGCCGUUG	20	1354
antiSACas9-290	+	GGUGGAUAAAAAGCCCAACA	20	1355
antiSACas9-291	+	UCGGGGUGAACAAUGAUCUG	20	1356
antiSACas9-292	+	UGUACAACGCCCUGAAUGAC	20	1357
antiSACas9-293	−	ACUCCUGUUCUGUCUCGAUU	20	1358
antiSACas9-294	+	AUCUAUGCCCGAAAUCGAGA	20	1359
antiSACas9-295	+	GGAACAAGCUGAAUGCCCAU	20	1360
antiSACas9-296	−	ACCAGGUUGUUCAGGUCAUU	20	1361
antiSACas9-297	+	ACAAAGCCAAGAAAGUGAUG	20	1362
antiSACas9-298	+	CAACCUGCUGACCGACCAUU	20	1363
antiSACas9-299	+	AUCUGGAUGUCAUCAAAAAG	20	1364
antiSACas9-300	+	CCAUCCCCCUGGAGGACCUG	20	1365
antiSACas9-301	−	GGUCGGUCAGCAGGUUGUAA	20	1366
antiSACas9-302	+	UGAAAGUGUAUCACGAUAUU	20	1367
antiSACas9-303	+	CUAAGAUCCUGACUAUCUAC	20	1368
antiSACas9-304	+	UGGUCAAGCGGAGCUUCAUC	20	1369
antiSACas9-305	+	CGGCAACGAGCUGUCUACAA	20	1370
antiSACas9-306	+	AGCAGGAAGAGAACUCUAAA	20	1371
antiSACas9-307	+	GAAACGAAACCGGCAGACCA	20	1372
antiSACas9-308	−	CUUGAUGUCUUUCCAUCCGA	20	1373
antiSACas9-309	+	CCUGAUUGUGAACAAUCUGA	20	1374
antiSACas9-310	+	UUAUCGAGCUGGCUAGGGAG	20	1375
antiSACas9-311	−	CGUGAUACACUUUCAGAUUG	20	1376
antiSACas9-312	+	AAGAGAUCCCAACCACACUG	20	1377
antiSACas9-313	−	UUCGUAAGAGAUCUUGGAAU	20	1378
antiSACas9-314	+	CCUGCCCAAUGAUAUCAUUA	20	1379
antiSACas9-315	+	AUCGACCUGCUGGAGACUCG	20	1380
antiSACas9-316	−	UGUCAUUGAUCAGCUCUCUG	20	1381
antiSACas9-317	+	UGGAGCAGUACGGCGACGAG	20	1382
antiSACas9-318	−	AUUUGCGCCUCAGAAAAGAU	20	1383
antiSACas9-319	−	UGUUUUCCACGUUGGCCUCC	20	1384
antiSACas9-320	−	CGUUGUUGUAAAAGGAGGCG	20	1385
antiSACas9-321	+	AGCACCCUCAGAUUAUCAAA	20	1386
antiSACas9-322	−	UCUGCGACAUACUUCUCUUC	20	1387
antiSACas9-323	+	GGAAUGGUACGAGAUGCUGA	20	1388
antiSACas9-324	+	GUAUGUCGCAGAGCUGCAGC	20	1389
antiSACas9-325	+	UGGUCAACGAAGAGGACAUC	20	1390
antiSACas9-326	+	GGUGGAAGAGGACACCGGCA	20	1391
antiSACas9-327	−	UAAUCGUCUGUGAUGUCCAG	20	1392
antiSACas9-328	+	UUAUCCGAACUACCGGGAAA	20	1393
antiSACas9-329	−	AAUUGUUUUGAUAAUUCGAG	20	1394
antiSACas9-330	+	GACCAAAAAGGAGUACCUGC	20	1395
antiSACas9-331	+	CAUCAAAAAGGAGAACUACU	20	1396
antiSACas9-332	+	AGUGAAUAGCAAGUGCUACG	20	1397
antiSACas9-333	+	CGACAUUCUGGGAAACCUGU	20	1398
antiSACas9-334	+	CCGAGGAGUGCAUAACGUCA	20	1399
antiSACas9-335	+	AGGCCUGAGUCAGAAGCUGU	20	1400
antiSACas9-336	+	GCAAUAGCAAAGCUCUGGAA	20	1401
antiSACas9-337	+	ACCUAUUUUCCAGAAGAGCU	20	1402
antiSACas9-338	−	UCAGCUCUUCCUGGAUGUCC	20	1403
antiSACas9-339	−	GCAGGUCGAUAUAAGUAUCG	20	1404
antiSACas9-340	−	CUUGAUAUGCUUGAUCUGGU	20	1405
antiSACas9-341	+	AGUGCAUAACGUCAAUGAGG	20	1406
antiSACas9-342	−	AGCUUCAGUUUCUGAUAUGU	20	1407
antiSACas9-343	−	GGCAAUUGUUUUGAUAAUUC	20	1408
antiSACas9-344	+	CAACAAGGUGCUGGUCAAGC	20	1409
antiSACas9-345	+	AGUGAUGGAGAACCAGAUGU	20	1410
antiSACas9-346	+	GGGAAAGUGUCUGUAUUCUC	20	1411
antiSACas9-347	+	AGGGAAAGUGUCUGUAUUCU	20	1412
antiSACas9-348	+	AGAUCGAACAGAUUAGUAAU	20	1413
antiSACas9-349	−	GAUUGUUCAGCAGGUCCUCC	20	1414
antiSACas9-350	+	AAUCAAGCUGCACGAUAUGC	20	1415
antiSACas9-351	+	GUGGAAAACAAUGAGGGACG	20	1416
antiSACas9-352	+	GCCAGGCGCCUGAAACGACG	20	1417
antiSACas9-353	+	UCGAUACUUAUAUCGACCUG	20	1418
antiSACas9-354	+	AGGAUAAUGGCCCCGUGAUC	20	1419
antiSACas9-355	+	UCAUUAUCGAGCUGGCUAGG	20	1420
antiSACas9-356	+	AACCUACUAUGAGGGACCAG	20	1421
antiSACas9-357	+	ACAAUGAGGGACGGAGAAGC	20	1422
antiSACas9-358	+	UGAAGUGAAUAGCAAGUGCU	20	1423
antiSACas9-359	+	AUUCUCUGGAGGCCAUCCCC	20	1424
antiSACas9-360	+	CUGAAGAAAGAUGGCGAGGU	20	1425
antiSACas9-361	+	UGGCGAACUGUAUAGGGUCA	20	1426
antiSACas9-362	+	UACUAUGAGGGACCAGGAGA	20	1427
antiSACas9-363	−	CAAUUGUUUUGAUAAUUCGA	20	1428
antiSACas9-364	+	GCUGAGUGGAAUUAAUCCUU	20	1429
antiSACas9-365	+	CUGCUGCACCUGGCUAAGCG	20	1430
antiSACas9-366	+	CCAGAGCUCCGAGGACAUCC	20	1431
antiSACas9-367	−	AAUUGUCGAAGGACACGCUU	20	1432
antiSACas9-368	+	UAUAUCGACCUGCUGGAGAC	20	1433
antiSACas9-369	+	AGCUGAUCAACAAAAGUCCC	20	1434
antiSACas9-370	+	AGAAGAACAGCAAGGACGCA	20	1435
antiSACas9-371	+	UGGAGAACCAGAUGUUCGAA	20	1436
antiSACas9-372	+	AGAUUGCAAUCUUUAACCGG	20	1437
antiSACas9-373	+	UUCUCUGGAGGCCAUCCCCC	20	1438
antiSACas9-374	+	AAUGAGGGACGGAGAAGCAA	20	1439
antiSACas9-375	−	UCCUUGAUAUGCUUGAUCUG	20	1440
antiSACas9-376	+	GGGACAUUGCACCUAUUUUC	20	1441
antiSACas9-377	+	AAGUGAUCAACGCCAUCAUC	20	1442
antiSACas9-378	+	GCUGCACCUGGCUAAGCGCC	20	1443
antiSACas9-379	+	GGAACGGCUGAAGAAAGAUG	20	1444
antiSACas9-380	−	CCUUGAUGUCUUUCCAUCCG	20	1445
antiSACas9-381	+	GGAGGCCAACGUGGAAAACA	20	1446
antiSACas9-382	+	ACGGCGGGUUCACAUCUUUU	20	1447
antiSACas9-383	+	GAGGUCGAUCAUAUUAUCCC	20	1448
antiSACas9-384	+	UCGAACAGAUUAGUAAUCUG	20	1449
antiSACas9-385	+	CAAUGAUCUGCUGAACCGCA	20	1450
antiSACas9-386	+	CCUGACUAUCUACCAGAGCU	20	1451
antiSACas9-387	+	ACGAGAAACUGGAAUACUAU	20	1452
antiSACas9-388	+	CGCAGGCGUCAGACUGUUCA	20	1453
antiSACas9-389	−	AUUCCUUGAUGUCUUUCCAU	20	1454
antiSACas9-390	+	CCGGCAGACCAAUGAACGCA	20	1455
antiSACas9-391	+	AGAAUCUGGAUGUCAUCAAA	20	1456
antiSACas9-392	+	UGCUAAGGAGAUCCUGGUCA	20	1457
antiSACas9-393	−	AGUACUUGAUCUUCUUGAUC	20	1458
antiSACas9-394	+	AUAUCAUUAUCGAGCUGGCU	20	1459
antiSACas9-395	+	AAAUCAAGCUGCACGAUAUG	20	1460
antiSACas9-396	+	CAGAGCUGCAGCUGGAACGG	20	1461
antiSACas9-397	+	GAACCCACUGUAUAAGUACU	20	1462
antiSACas9-398	−	UGAUCACUUUGAUGCUCUGG	20	1463
antiSACas9-399	+	GCUGAACAAUCCAUUCAACU	20	1464
antiSACas9-400	+	CAUCUUUUCUGAGGCGCAAA	20	1465
antiSACas9-401	+	GCCGCAUCAGCAAGACCAAA	20	1466
antiSACas9-402	+	AUCAGAAACUGAAGCUGAUU	20	1467
antiSACas9-403	+	AUCCUCAGACAUAUCAGAAA	20	1468
antiSACas9-404	+	ACGCAGGCGUCAGACUGUUC	20	1469
antiSACas9-405	−	CCUUGUUGUUAAAGGAAUUG	20	1470
antiSACas9-406	+	CUCACGCAAUAGCAAAGCUC	20	1471
antiSACas9-407	+	CAAAUGCCGACUUCAUCUUU	20	1472
antiSACas9-408	+	UUAUGGAGCAGUACGGCGAC	20	1473
antiSACas9-409	−	GCUUUUUCCACUCCUUAAAG	20	1474
antiSACas9-410	+	UCAUCGAAAACGUGUUUAAG	20	1475
antiSACas9-411	+	CCAGGGUGAAAGGCCUGAGU	20	1476
antiSACas9-412	−	GGUUAAUAAAAUCCUUCUGG	20	1477
antiSACas9-413	+	ACAAGGUGGUCAAGCUGUCA	20	1478
antiSACas9-414	+	GAGAACCUACUAUGAGGGAC	20	1479
antiSACas9-415	+	CAAAGGGUACAAGCACCAUG	20	1480
antiSACas9-416	+	AACGUGGAAAACAAUGAGGG	20	1481
antiSACas9-417	+	UUCUGGGAAACCUGUAUGAG	20	1482
antiSACas9-418	+	UGAGGGACGGAGAAGCAAGA	20	1483
antiSACas9-419	+	CAAGACAAGCGACUACGUCA	20	1484
antiSACas9-420	+	GGAGCCAGGCGCCUGAAACG	20	1485
antiSACas9-421	+	ACAUCAACAGAUUCUCCGUC	20	1486
antiSACas9-422	−	UGAACUAGACAGGUACUGGA	20	1487
antiSACas9-423	+	CUACACUGAAACAGAUUGCU	20	1488
antiSACas9-424	+	GACGGAGAAGGCACAGAAUC	20	1489
antiSACas9-425	−	CUUUUUGAUACUCUGAGUCU	20	1490
antiSACas9-426	+	UGGACAAAGCCAAGAAAGUG	20	1491
antiSACas9-427	+	AUUCUGUCACCCGUGGUCAA	20	1492
antiSACas9-428	+	AUAGUACAAGAAAAGACGAU	20	1493
antiSACas9-429	+	CCUGAACAGCGAGCUGACCC	20	1494
antiSACas9-430	−	GAGGCAAUUGUUUUGAUAAU	20	1495
antiSACas9-431	−	AAUCAGGUCGUUGUUGUAAA	20	1496
antiSACas9-432	−	GCAAUUGUUUUGAUAAUUCG	20	1497
antiSACas9-433	+	GGCGCAAAUGGAAGUUUAAA	20	1498
antiSACas9-434	+	UCGAGACAGAACAGGAGUAC	20	1499
antiSACas9-435	+	CCAAGCAGCUGCUGAAAGUG	20	1500
antiSACas9-436	+	UGGACAUCGGGAUUACAAGC	20	1501
antiSACas9-437	+	GAAGGCACAGAAUCCAGAGG	20	1502
antiSACas9-438	+	UAAGGAGAUCCUGGUCAACG	20	1503
antiSACas9-439	−	UAAUCAGGUCGUUGUUGUAA	20	1504
antiSACas9-440	−	GGAUUGUUCAGCAGGUCCUC	20	1505
antiSACas9-441	+	GCAUAACGUCAAUGAGGUGG	20	1506
antiSACas9-442	+	GGAGACUCGGAGAACCUACU	20	1507
antiSACas9-443	+	CCUGAGUCAGAAGCUGUCAG	20	1508
antiSACas9-444	+	UGCCCGAAAUCGAGACAGAA	20	1509

Example 2

Efficacy of Governing gRNAs Targeting Cas9 Co-Transfected with a gRNA Targeting VEGF in 293T Cells

In this study, 293T cells (120,000 cells per well in a 24 well plate) were transfected with 750 ng of a plasmid expressing epitope-tagged (3× Flag-tagged) S. pyogenes Cas9 together with 125 ng of a construct expressing a gRNA targeting the VEGF gene (gRNA sequence GGTGAGUGAGUGUGUGCGUG (SEQ ID NO: 1510), see the 20mer of VEGFA Site 3 (Target Site 3) from FIG. 1d of Fu et al, Improving CIRSPR-Cas nuclease specificity using truncated guide RNAs. Nat Biotechnol 32, 279-284 (2014)). Simultaneously, the cells were transfected with 125 ng of one of three gRNA expression constructs: a construct expressing a gRNA targeting the CCR5 gene (serving as a control), a construct expressing governing gRNA anti-SPCas9-175 (see Example 1) targeting S. pyogenes Cas9, or a construct expressing governing gRNA anti-SPCas9-1 (see Example 1) targeting S. pyogenes Cas9. Cells were harvested for analysis one day, two days, three days, six days and nine days after transfection.

To quantify mutation rates of the endogenous VEGF and plasmid-borne Cas9 genes, total genomic DNA was isolated at each time point, and regions encompassing the VEGF gRNA and Cas9 governing gRNA targeting sequences were amplified by PCR. Amplified PCR products were denatured and re-annealed, followed by treatment with T7E1 nuclease. Mutation rates (indel frequency) were measured using a capillary electrophoresis instrument as described in Reyon, D. et al, FLASH assembly of TALENs for high-throughput genome editing. Nat Biotechnol 30, 460-465 (2012). Mutation frequencies (% indels±standard deviation) of VEGF and Cas9 for the three treatment groups are shown in Table E-13. These results confirm that both Cas9-targeted governing gRNAs induce mutations in the Cas9 gene, and that the endogenous VEGF locus is mutated to a similar extent in the presence or absence of a co-transfected Cas9-targeted governing gRNA.

To assess levels of Cas9 protein during the time course of the experiment, total protein lysates were prepared from each treatment group at each time point. Protein samples (15 ug) were separated by SDS-PAGE, blotted to PVDF membrane, and probed with an antibody specific for the 3×Flag epitope tag. An antibody specific for cytoskeletal actin was used as a loading control. As shown in FIG. 7, co-transfection with each of the Cas9-targeted governing gRNAs leads to reduced levels of Cas9 protein, especially at six and nine days following transfection.

TABLE E-13
VEGF and Cas9 mutation rates
	Co-
	transfected	target
Group	gRNA	locus	time point	% indel	std. dev.
1	CCR5	VEGF	day 1	14.6	0.39
	(control)		day 2	30.6	5.16
			day 3	23.4	1.38
			day 6	25.7	n.d.
			day 9	15.9	1.37
		Cas9	day 1	n.a.	n.a.
			day 2	n.a.	n.a.
			day 3	n.a.	n.a.
			day 6	n.a.	n.a.
			day 9	n.a.	n.a.
2	Cas9	VEGF	day 1	9.7	1.33
	governing		day 2	21.6	9.76
	gRNA (anti-		day 3	23.5	0.77
	SPCas9-175)		day 6	25.5	2.37
			day 9	15.6	n.d.
		Cas9	day 1	6.6	0.83
			day 2	7.4	n.d.
			day 3	11.7	1.19
			day 6	29.1	4.19
			day 9	24.0
3	Cas9	VEGF	day 1	13.2	2.84
	governing		day 2	18.2	3.35
	gRNA (anti-		day 3	26.9	2.13
	SPCas9-l)		day 6	16.8	0.49
			day 9	22.4	0.48
		Cas9	day 1	0	0
			day 2	10.1	1.15
			day 3	11.7	n.d.
			day 6	16.5	0.99
			day 9	21.4	1.44

Example 3

Activity Comparison of S. aureus gRNAs of Various Lengths

In this study, HEK-293T cells stably expressing GFP were co-transfected with constructs expressing gRNAs with targeting domains of various lengths (from 15-20 nucleotides) together with a construct expressing S. aureus Cas9. The gRNAs targeted several different genes: VEGF (total of 22 gRNAs), CCR5 (total of 15 gRNAs) and GFP (total of 10 gRNAs). The targeting domains of all the tested gRNAs initiated with a G nucleotide, and all of the gRNA target sites were associated with NNGRRT PAM sequences.

To quantify activity of the VEGF and CCR5 targeting gRNAs, total genomic DNA was isolated from cells two days following transfection and regions encompassing the VEGF and CCR5 gRNA target sites were amplified by PCR. Amplified PCR products were denatured and re-annealed, followed by treatment with T7E1 nuclease. Mutation rates (indel frequency) were measured using a capillary electrophoresis instrument as described in Reyon, D. et al., FLASH assembly of TALENs for high-throughput genome editing. Nat Biotechnol 30, 460-465 (2012). To quantify activity of the GFP targeting gRNAs, cells were harvested three days following transfection and the percentage of GFP-negative cells (indicating mutation of the GFP gene) were measured by flow cytometry. The mean activity of all gRNAs of each targeting domain length was calculated and compared to the mean activity of the gRNAs with 20 nucleotide targeting domains. As shown in Table E-14, gRNAs with shorter targeting domains have lower average activity than those with 20 nucleotide targeting domains.

TABLE E-14
Mean activity of S. aureus gRNAs with various length targeting
domains compared to gRNAs with 20 nucleotide targeting domains.
Targeting Domain	Mean Activity Compared to
Length	20 nt Targeting Domain	st. dev.
20	1	0.179
19	0.395	0.126
18	0.244	0.087
17	0.028	0.014
16	0.012	0.005
15	0.005	0.004

Incorporation by Reference

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. In case of conflict, the present application, including any definitions herein, will control.

EQUIVALENTS

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. While this invention has been disclosed with reference to specific aspects, it is apparent that other aspects and variations of this invention may be devised by others skilled in the art without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. The appended claims are intended to be construed to include all such aspects and equivalent variations.

Other embodiments are within the following claims.

Claims

1. A gRNA molecule that targets a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a Cas9 molecule.

2. The gRNA molecule of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid sequence comprises one or more of: a sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of the Cas9 molecule, a sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of the Cas9 molecule comprising non-translated sequence, or a sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of the Cas9 molecule comprising non-transcribed sequence.

3. The gRNA molecule of claim 1, wherein the Cas9 molecule is an enzymatically active Cas9 (eaCas9) molecule.

4. The gRNA molecule of claim 1, wherein the Cas9 molecule is an enzymatically inactive Cas9 (eiCas9) molecule.

5. (canceled)

6. The gRNA molecule of claim 1, wherein the gRNA molecule comprises a targeting domain configured to provide a Cas9 molecule-mediated cleavage event in the nucleic acid sequence that encodes the Cas9 molecule.

7. The gRNA molecule of claim 1, wherein the gRNA molecule comprises: a targeting domain configured to provide a Cas9 molecule-mediated cleavage event in the Cas9 molecule-amino acid coding sequence of the nucleic acid sequence;a targeting domain configured to provide a Cas9 molecule-mediated cleavage event in a non-coding sequence of the nucleic acid sequence;a targeting domain configured to provide a Cas9 molecule-mediated cleavage event in an untranslated sequence of the nucleic acid sequence;a targeting domain configured to provide a Cas9 molecule-mediated cleavage event 5′ of the Cas9 molecule-coding region of the nucleic acid sequence;a targeting domain configured to provide a Cas9 molecule-mediated cleavage event 3′ of the Cas9 molecule-coding region of the nucleic acid sequence;a targeting domain configured to provide a Cas9 molecule-mediated cleavage event in the promoter region of the nucleic acid sequence, wherein the promoter region is functionally linked to the Cas9 molecule amino acid coding region; ora targeting domain configured to provide a Cas9 molecule-mediated cleavage event in Cas9 molecule intronic sequence of the nucleic acid sequence.

8-13. (canceled)

14. The gRNA molecule of claim 1, wherein the Cas9 molecule is an S. pyogenes Cas9 molecule.

15. The gRNA molecule of claim 1, wherein the Cas9 molecule is an S. aureus Cas9 molecule.

16. The gRNA molecule of claim 1, wherein the gRNA is a chimeric gRNA.

17. The gRNA molecule of claim 1, wherein the gRNA is a modular gRNA.

18-19. (canceled)

20. A nucleic acid comprising a sequence that encodes a) a gRNA molecule that targets a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a Cas9.

21. The nucleic acid of claim 20, wherein the nucleic acid further comprises b) a nucleic acid sequence that encodes the Cas9 molecule.

22-32. (canceled)

33. The nucleic acid of claim 21, wherein component a) and component b) are provided on the same nucleic acid molecule.

34. The nucleic acid of claim 21, wherein component a) and component b) are provided on different nucleic acid molecules.

35-41. (canceled)

42. The nucleic acid of claim 21, further comprising: c) a third nucleic acid sequence that encodes a second gRNA molecule comprising a targeting domain which is complementary with a target nucleic acid, wherein the second gRNA does not target b).

43-45. (canceled)

46. A vector comprising a nucleic acid of claim 20.

47-48. (canceled)

49. A composition, comprising: a) a gRNA molecule that targets a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a Cas9 molecule or a nucleic acid that encodes a gRNA molecule that targets a nucleic acid sequence that encodes a Cas9 molecule.

50. The composition of claim 49, comprising one or more of; b) a nucleic acid sequence that encodes the Cas9 molecule;c) a second gRNA molecule or a nucleic acid encoding the second gRNA molecule; andd) a template nucleic acid.

51-61. (canceled)

62. A pharmaceutical preparation comprising the gRNA molecule of claim 1.

63. A cell comprising the gRNA molecule of claim 1.

64-69. (canceled)

70. The cell of claim 63, further comprising: a template nucleic acid.

71-86. (canceled)

87. A method of altering a cell or a target nucleic acid of a cell, comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of the gRNA molecule of claim 1.

88-89. (canceled)

90. A method of treating a subject, the method comprising contacting a cell or a subject, with an effective amount of the gRNA molecule of claim 1.

91-100. (canceled)

101. A reaction mixture comprising a cell and the gRNA molecule of claim 1.

102. A kit comprising the gRNA molecule of claim 1.