Patent Application
20050006092
This invention relates to the field of subsurface tools used in hydrocarbon wells. More particularly, the invention relates to cross-over tools.
Hydrocarbon wells such as oil and gas wells frequently need fracturing of the strata to adequately produce hydrocarbons from the strata. Fracturing cracks the strata to allow more surface area to flow the hydrocarbons. Fracturing generally occurs after the well has been drilled, casing has been placed, and various completion tools inserted into the well bore. Proppant through a flowable slurry is filled in the cracks to maintain the cracks in an open position. A screen is typically placed in the well bore to allow hydrocarbons to flow into a production tubing and up to the well surface without allowing the proppant and sand from the strata to flow into the tubing.
The typical techniques involved in flowing proppant are to flow it through a central flow path in a tubing string disposed in the casing and divert it to an annulus formed between a completion assembly, attached to the tubing string, and the casing to fill the annulus in the region of the screen. Then, the flow path is reversed to wash out excess proppant remaining in the tubing string and a cross-over tool.
To accomplish the flow reversal, the cross-over tool is frequently used by attaching it to the tubing string above the screen region. The cross-over tool is positioned in the completion assembly so that the slurry is initially diverted from the central flow path of the tubing string into the annulus around the screen and into the formation. The flow reversal can occur by repositioning the cross-over tool to the reverse position to create a flow path down an upper portion of the annulus and back up the central flow path of the tubing string.
A problem has been realized in the flow reversal. The frac pressures used to treat the well can actually stretch or contract the tubing string, known as tubing movement. Tubing movement can occur by temperature changes, piston effects, ballooning effects, buoyancy effects, and other downhole conditions. A typical length of several thousand feet of tubing that is often placed in the well bore can change length based on the above factors. The tubing movement length change can cause misalignment of the tool structures and inadvertently open and close ports that are not intended. Inadvertently open flow ports can cause the proppant placed in the fracturing operation to become displaced and create other disadvantageous results.
For example, if the cross-over tool is in the reverse position, a so-called circulating valve needs to remain closed. If the valve opens, reverse fluid can travel through the circulating valve, out a wash pipe in the completion string, through the screen, and into the frac pack. Fluid movement upward through the pack tends to “fluff” the pack, thus, destroying the integrity of the pack by creating voids. This upward flow can also carry sand or proppant back into the tool assembly, creating other problems. Stated differently, the circulating valve, or in some cases, a reversing ball, must not open while reversing. But if tubing movement enables fluid communication, then “fluffing” can occur.
Other problems can also occur from inadvertent opening and closing, such as loss of fluids or misdirected fluids at inappropriate times, and so forth. Further, tubing movement exists with other procedures, such as gravel packing, acidizing, water packing, and other well treatments and can also cause problems.
Therefore, there remains a need to increase the reliability of the fracturing operation and other well treatment operations.
The present invention provides a return port cover that can close and open a return port separate from tubing movement caused by stretching or contracting under stress or other induced pipe movement from downhole conditions. For example, the return port cover can assist in preventing pack “fluffing” by preventing unintended fluid communication through an associated downhole tool regardless of the position of a circulating valve means. The return port cover can be biased, so that in one position it closes the port and in another position opens the port based on relative tubing placement at different portions of the fracturing operation or other well treatment operations.
The present invention provides a method of controlling flow through a return port positioned downhole in a well, comprising providing an engagement surface on a downhole member disposed downhole in the well; engaging a downhole well treatment tool having a return port cover coupled thereto with the engagement surface of the downhole member to move the return port cover from a first position to a second position; disengaging the well treatment tool from the engagement surface of the downhole member; and allowing the return port cover to move from the second position.
The present invention also provides a well treatment tool, comprising a wall having a return port formed therethrough to establish a fluid flow path between an exterior portion and an interior portion of the well treatment tool; a return port cover coupled to the wall proximal the return port, the return port cover having a first position and a second position, wherein one position comprises an at least partially closed position on the return port and the other position comprises an at least partially open position on the return port; an engagement surface coupled to the return port cover and adapted to engage another engagement surface disposed downhole and independent from the well treatment tool for actuation of the return port cover.
The invention further provides a system for controlling flow through a port, comprising a well treatment tool having a return port and a means for at least partially opening and closing the return port at selective times in a well treatment operation.
A more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, can be realized by reference to the embodiments thereof that are illustrated in the appended drawings and described herein. However, it is to be noted that the appended drawings illustrate only some embodiments of the invention. Therefore, the drawings are not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments.
Generally, a completion work string can be used to suspend various downhole tools to form a tool string 14A used to complete the preparation of the well prior to production. A tool string 14A is a general term describing a plurality of downhole tools and sections mounted to the work string 14 for performing various operations from drilling to completing the well to producing the well. A work string may be run initially or at a later time and allow subsequent maintenance operations. Completion string tools can be used to perforate the casing to allow production fluids to flow into the casing, set various packers at appropriate depths, frac or gravel pack appropriate areas, and other well treatment operations. The completion work string is removed with various tools, such as packers being left in the well bore, and a production work string is set in the hole for production of the fluids to the surface. In some operations, the completion work string and production work string are combined, so that reduced trips into the well bore are possible. For the purposes herein, the term “work string” is meant to at least include any string of pipe, tubing, or wireline used to suspend tools used for completing a well or other well treatments, including pre-production and post-production well treatments.
The tool string 14A described herein is representative of an assembly that can be used with the present invention, but is not limiting of the invention because the invention can be used with a variety of tool assemblies. For the purposes of illustration, the tool string described below includes a setting tool 18, a packer 20, a cross-over tool 26, a multi-service sliding sleeve 32, a polished bore receptacle (“PBR”) 44, another casing spacer 46, a circulating valve means 50, a cross-over reducer 80, and a screen 84. Each of the various tools with their subparts are described below as appropriate.
A setting tool 18 is shown coupled to the work string 14. The term “coupled,” “coupling,” and like terms are used broadly herein and can include any method or device for securing, binding, bonding, fastening, attaching, joining, inserting therein, forming thereon or therein, communicating, or otherwise associating, for example, mechanically, magnetically, electrically, chemically, directly or indirectly with intermediate elements, one or more pieces of members together and can further include integrally forming one functional member with another. The coupling can occur in any direction, including rotationally. Often, the setting tool is hydraulically actuated by pressurizing the central flow path 15 with fluid, so that various pistons and other devices move to actuate other assemblies.
A packer 20 is selectively coupled to the setting tool 18. The packer can be hydraulically actuated in conjunction with a hydraulic setting tool or it can be mechanically actuated by movement of the assemblies in the well bore or a combination thereof. A flexible packing element 22 is radially extended to sealingly engage the walls of the casing 12. The extension of the packing element can be controlled with the movement of the setting tool and various subassemblies. One or more slips 24 are used to assist the packer in retaining its placement at an appropriate depth by expanding and gripping the walls of the casing.
Frequently, the packer is set and released from the setting tool and left in the well bore. The packer can be coupled to other tools described herein that become fixedly positioned when the packer is set. Still other tools can be moved longitudinally or rotationally relative to the fixedly positioned tools, such as when completing the well prior to production. One such tool, a cross-over tool 26, is moved to change flow paths in the well in conjunction with some of the fixedly positioned tools. Other well treatment tools having various flow paths can also be used.
The cross-over tool 26 can be coupled to the work string 14 and selectively coupled to the packer 20 through the setting tool 18. The cross-over tool 26 can form a significant piece of the tool string when changes are needed in the flow paths to perform various operations in the well. The cross-over tool 28 includes several subsections and openings in one or more walls of the cross-over tool that move relative to each other to control the various flow paths, described below.
One such subsection and opening includes a return port 28 formed in a wall of the cross-over tool and a cross-over tool return port cover 90 disposed adjacent and proximal to the return port. The return port 28 is useful for returning flow to the surface between an interior portion and an exterior portion of the cross-over tool and can also provide pressure monitoring during the fracturing or other well treatment processes. However, the tubing movement described above caused by pressure stretching of the work string allows the return port and other ports below the return port to unintentionally be opened or closed at unintended times. This unintended opening or closing can damage the placement of the proppant in the fracturing process and cause other challenges.
A solution provided by the present invention is to use and provide a return port cover 90, so that it opens on engagement with a known surface and closes at other times. Further, it is operational in the proximal area of the return port 28. The known engagement surface can unintentionally move by tubing movement described above. However, the work string and the return port cover coupled thereto can be adjusted independently of the tubing movement, so that the return port cover engages and disengages the engagement surface at wherever the engagement surface has been displaced. Thus, the opening and closing of the return port can be controlled. The tubing movement has little ultimate effect on the ability to open and close the port 28, because the return port cover 90 in a broad sense does not depend on a constant positioning with other tools for proper operation. Further details of the return port cover 90 are provided in
The cross-over tool 26 also includes a frac port 38, through which proppant and other fluids can flow when aligned with other openings. The tool string 14A can move the cross-over tool 26 longitudinally and/or rotationally relative to other tools and openings to create the changes in flow paths. Seals above and below the frac port 38 assist in directing flow to the window 34.
A passageway sealing surface 40 is used to seal the central flow path 15, often in cooperation with a dropped ball or other movable object, so that flow is directed through the upstream frac port 38 and window 34. Frequently, the central flow path 15 is pressurized by using the passageway sealing surface 40 at selected times to cause various tooling assemblies to shift or move as described herein.
A circulating valve means 50 can be coupled to the cross-over tool 26. The circulating valve means 50 is sometimes referred to as a “shifting tool,” because it can be used to move other tools to shifted positions. The circulating valve means can also be used to replace the traditional reversing ball in the cross-over tool. The circulating valve means advantageously allows the monitoring of pressure on the annulus while fracing the well, in contrast to the reversing ball. However, in some embodiments, where the monitoring is secondary, the reversing ball can be used.
The circulating valve means 50 includes a passageway sealing surface 51 to restrict flow in the central flow path 15 for the various shifting operations using the circulating valve means, as would be known to those with ordinary skill in the art. The circulating valve means 50 also includes a collet assembly 52 having a collet head 54 and a detent collet 61. The collet head 54 includes at least one collet finger 56 that is generally biased radially outward to engage other tools as it is moved longitudinally in the well. The movement of the collet finger 56 is limited between a stroke tab 58 and a corresponding shoulder 59. The collet finger 56 can also include a shifting tab 60 to assist in engaging and shifting other tools as the collet assembly 52 is moved longitudinally. The detent collet 61 can also include at least one collet finger 62 with a detent tab 64. The collet finger 64 can be biased inwardly to engage a detent 66 formed in the circulating valve means 50 to assist in maintaining a shifted position of the collet assembly 52.
In some embodiments, the circulating valve means 50 can also include at least two circulation ports 68, 70 for flowing fluids through the valve around the passageway sealing surface 51. The ports can be selectively opened and closed by location of the collet assembly 52. The collet assembly 52 can include circulation seals 72, 74, 76 to assist in restricting the flow through the ports 68, 70. The circulation seal 74 can be selectively disposed between the ports 68, 70, as shown in
A sealing member 78 having at least one seal can be coupled to the circulating valve means 50. The sealing member 78 is used to selectively engage various portions of the tools, such as the PBR 44, as selected times in the operations to control flow below or above the sealing member 78.
The tool string 14A can further include a multi-service sliding sleeve (“MS sliding sleeve”) 32 coupled to the packer 20 through a casing spacer 30. A casing spacer can be of variable length depending on the needs of the particular assembly of tools and well. The MS sliding sleeve 32 is generally mounted external to the cross-over tool 26. The MS sliding sleeve 32 is used to isolate the zone after the flow of proppant slurry through a window 34. As shown, the window 34 can be, but not required, initially aligned with the frac port 38 in the cross-over tool as a “run in” position.
The MS sliding sleeve 32 generally includes a window 34 that communicates with other openings, such as the frac port 38 in the cross-over tool 26, for flow therethrough. Seals to either side of the window 34 assist in restricting undesired flow.
A sliding sleeve 42 of the MS sliding sleeve 32 is used to slide over the window 34 to restrict flow from other ports even when the frac port 38 of the cross-over tool is not aligned with the window. The sliding sleeve 42 functions in conjunction with the collet assembly 52, described below.
The PBR 44 can be coupled to the MS sliding sleeve 32. The PBR 44 has an internal smooth bore that is used as a sealing surface for various portions of the cross-over tool and other tools with seals as the tools move longitudinally in the well. The PBR 44 provides a sealing surface to restrict unintended flow at portions of the well process, such as in conjunction with the cross-over tool 26 that is moved internally thereto.
A casing spacer 46 can be coupled to the PBR 44 to allow for appropriate spacing between components. The length and use is known to those with ordinary skill in the art and depends on the relative length of the particular tools in the work string and other known factors.
A cross-over reducer 80 can be coupled to the casing spacer 46 to reduce the diameter of the completion assembly and serve as a coupler to a screen 84. The screen 84 can be coupled to the completion assembly below the cross-over tool 28. The screen allows production fluids from the formation into the central flow path 15 while restraining the entrance of the proppant and particles from strata, once the cross-over tool is moved and production tubing and seal assembly is positioned for well production. Other assemblies not shown include a lower packer also known as a “sump packer” for restricting fluid flow past the packer.
Having described the general assembly and various portions in the tool string 14A, further attention is directed to the return port cover 90.
The return port cover 90 is generally mounted external relative to the return port 26 so that external surfaces and/or devices can actuate the cover. For example, the return port cover includes an engagement surface 92, such as a shoulder in this embodiment, another protrusion or a recess. Other engagement surfaces on the return port cover could be used. The engagement surface 92 can be sized to interact with an engagement surface 94, such as a shoulder, formed on the packer 20. The engagement surface 94 is advantageously formed on or otherwise coupled to an uphole portion of the packer 20 to allow the return port cover 90 to be raised and lowered with minimal interference with other tooling in the well bore. Other surfaces could be used on the packer and other downhole members. A bias element 96, such as a spring, can be used to bias the return port cover. The bias element 96 can be housed in a recess 97 formed in the return port subsection 88. One or more openings 98, 100 can also be formed in the return port cover that can assist in washing out debris.
On the portion of the cover that engages the return port, the cover can be formed with a return port cover taper 102. The taper 102 can engage a corresponding taper 104 formed on the return port area. Thus, as the return port cover 90 covers the return port 28, the tapers 102 and 104 matingly engage to restrict flow though the return port. The tapers' engagement serves to restrict the travel of the return port cover. In unusual circumstances, a stop 106 formed on the return port subsection can be used to stop the return port cover if the tapers do not engage prior thereto. Similarly, a shoulder 108 formed on the other end of the return port subsection limits the reverse travel of the return port cover 90. Further, seals could be used as necessary or desired.
A slot 110 is formed in the return port cover 90 to further restrict the available travel of the port cover. The slot 110 can work in conjunction with a travel stop 112, such as a setscrew, bolt, pin, or other device mounted within the slot 110.
The return port cover 90 functions with the engagement surface 94 generally when one or more of the frac packing procedures are being performed. The cross-over tool 26 can be positioned, so that the return port cover 90 being engaged with the engagement surface 94 uncovers and thereby at least partially opens the return port 28 as shown in
One advantage of using the engagement surface 94 is that it is located in the packer as one of the most upward engagement surfaces, as in
Thus, the cross-over tool 26 can be moved away from the engagement surface 94 in the well bore and not interfere with the operation of the return port cover 90. Further, the return port cover 90 is coupled and controlled in proximity to the return port 28. Thus, tubing stretch caused by pressures or other downhole conditions on the tubing has little, if any, effect on the ability of the return port cover 90 to at least partially close and open the return port 28.
Returning to
The work string 14 with the tool string 14A coupled thereto is run into the well bore. The packer 20 with the flexible packing element 22 is not “set” in position against the casing wall, so that a clearance is formed between the packing element and the casing 12 through which the packer is longitudinally run. The tool string is placed at an appropriate depth and the packer is set. In one embodiment, the setting tool is pressurized through fluid in the central flow path 15. The pressure actuates various internal elements to force the packing element 22 radially outward in the annulus 17 to engage the casing 12. The tools fixedly coupled to the packer 20 are thus also set in position. While the work string with the setting tool 18 and cross-over tool 26 also releases the packer 20 and tools coupled thereto for independent movement, the work string can leave the cross-over tool 26 and various tools in that relative position for the next position, known as a “circulating” or frac position.
The return port cover 90 is in a retracted state by engagement of the engagement surface 92 on the port cover with the engagement surface 94 on the packer 20, described above. Thus, the return port 28 is open to allow flow therethrough.
Further, the collet assembly 52 is located in a position that restricts flow through the circulation ports 68, 70. The circulation seal 74 is positioned between the ports 68, 70 with the seals 72, 76 located to both sides of the seal 74 and the ports, respectively.
A desired fluid, such as a proppant slurry, can flow through the central flow path 15, through the annulus 17, or a combination thereof. In general, the slurry flows downhole through the central flow path 15, through the frac port 38 of the cross-over tool 26, through the window 34 of the MS sliding sleeve 32, into the annulus 17 and down into the area of the screen 84. The slurry flow is restricted from flowing significantly uphole by the presence of the packing element 22 in the annulus 17.
The liquid portion of the slurry passes from the annulus 17 inwardly through the screen 84 to the flow paths 48a, 48b, through ports 68 and 70, through flow paths 48c, 48d, 48e, 48f, port 28, and into annulus 17.
Importantly, the return port cover 90 becomes disengaged with the engagement surface 94 on the packer 20. In this embodiment, the return port cover is biased closed, so that the cover closes the return port 28 upon disengagement with the packer. Fluid flows in the annulus 17 through frac port 38 and up the central flow path 15 to the surface. The reverse flow assists is washing out extraneous materials above the packer and in the central flow path left during the preceding operations. Sufficient tubing movement, caused by the pressure, temperature, bouyancy, and other downhole conditions on the tubing that leads to stretching can cause unintended opening of the circulating valve means 50 by the collet head 54 and tab 60 engaging surfaces 82, 86, or any other surface engaged by downward movement. This unintentional opening is compensated by the location of the return port cover 90 relative to the return port 28. The return port cover 90 can be positioned in the tool string, so that as the work string is raised and lowered, the return port cover 90 remains relatively fixed along the tool string with respect to the port 28. Thus, the return port cover 90 can still open and close the port 28 at the appropriate time, even with tubing movement caused by the extensive length of the work string 14 in the well bore.
While the foregoing is directed to various embodiments of the present invention, other and further embodiments can be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof. For example, the present invention can be used with other well treatment operations beside fracturing, including gravel packing, acidizing, water packing, and other treatments. Further, the various methods and embodiments of the invention can be included in combination with each other to produce variations of the disclosed methods and embodiments. Discussion of singular elements can include plural elements and vice-versa. Further, the use of any numeric quantities herein, particularly regarding the claims, such as “a” or “the” , includes at least such quantity and can be more. The use of a term in a singular tense is not limiting of the number of items. Any directions shown or described such as “top,” “bottom,” “left,” “right,” “upper,” “lower,” “down,” “up,” “side,” and other directions and orientations are described herein for clarity in reference to the figures and are not to be limiting of the actual device or system or use of the device or system. The device or system can be used in a number of directions and orientations.
The order of steps can occur in a variety of sequences unless otherwise specifically limited. The various steps described herein can be combined with other steps, interlineated with the stated steps, and/or split into multiple steps. Similarly, elements have been described functionally and can be embodied as separate components or can be combined into components having multiple functions. Additionally, any headings herein are for the convenience of the reader and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Further, any references mentioned in the application for this patent as well as all references listed in the information disclosure originally filed with the application are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety to the extent such may be deemed essential to support the enabling of the invention. However, to the extent statements might be considered inconsistent with the patenting of the invention, such statements are expressly not meant to be considered as made by the Applicants.
