Cross point switch

Abstract

A cross point switch, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, includes a plurality of tri-state repeaters coupled to form a plurality of multiplexers. Each set of corresponding tri-state repeaters in the plurality of multiplexers share a front end module such that delay through the cross point switch due to input capacitance is reduced as compared to conventional cross point switches.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In integrated circuit (IC) chip designs, signals (e.g., clock signals, logic signals, power signals, etc.) may propagate along “long” metal wires in comparison to minimum design sizes available in the fabrication process utilized. Propagation delay and distortion are some of the negative effects experienced by the signals propagating along the long metal wires. These negative effects can be minimized by reducing the RC constant of the metal wire. However, in some IC chip designs, the maximum reduction in the RC constant is not sufficient to meet the design specifications. Thus, other techniques are used. One approach involves inserting repeater circuits at periodic intervals along the long metal wires in order to amplify (or remove distortion) the signals as well as to reduce propagation delay (or maintain fast transition times). However, conventional repeaters introduce a propagation delay as a result of one or more parasitic capacitances.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the present invention are directed toward a cross point switch that includes a plurality of tri-state repeaters coupled to form a plurality of multiplexers. Each set of corresponding tri-state repeaters in the plurality of multiplexers share a front end module such that delay through the cross point switch due to input capacitance is reduced as compared to conventional cross point switches. Each tri-state repeater includes an up drive module for generating a hard first drive state, a down drive module for generating a hard second drive state and a keeper module for generating a weak first drive state and a weak second drive state. The tri-state repeater further includes an enable module, wherein the output of the tri-state repeater operates in one of four states that includes the hard first drive state, the weak first drive state, the hard second drive state and the weak second drive state when a corresponding select signal is in a first enable state. Furthermore, the output operates in a moderate or high impedance state when the corresponding select signal is in a second enable state

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present invention are illustrated by way of example and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which:

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a tri-state repeater, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 shows a circuit diagram of a tri-state repeater, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3A shows a circuit diagram of an exemplary inverter utilized in a tri-state repeater, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3B shows a circuit diagram of an exemplary inverter having an enable control input utilized in a tri-state repeater, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of a tri-state repeater multiplexer, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of an exemplary tri-state cross point switch, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D show signal switching diagrams illustrating operation of an exemplary tri-state cross point switch, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 shows a block diagram of a portion of an exemplary tri-state cross point switch, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Reference will now be made in detail to the embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. While the invention will be described in conjunction with these embodiments, it will be understood that they are not intended to limit the invention to these embodiments. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover alternatives, modifications and equivalents, which may be included within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Furthermore, in the following detailed description of the present invention, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it is understood that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been described in detail as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 1, a tri-state repeater, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, is shown. The tri-state repeater 100 includes a front end functional module 110, an up-drive functional module 120, a down-drive functional module 130, a keeper functional module 140 and an enable functional module 150. The up-drive module 120, down-drive module 130 and keeper module 140 are coupled to the front end module 110. The enable module 150 is coupled to the up-drive module 120, down-drive module 130 and the keeper module 140. The output of the up-drive module 120, down-drive module 130 and keeper module 140 are coupled together as a data output (OUT).

When the enable signal is in a first state, the output of the tri-state repeater 100 can operate in four possible states. When the input data signal transitions from a first state (e.g., low) to a second state (e.g., high), the up-drive module 120 causes the output to transition to a hard drive second state and remain in the hard drive second state for a period of time. After the period of time, the up-drive module 120 turns off and the keeper module 140 causes a weak drive second state to be provided by the output of the tri-state repeater 100. When the data signal transitions from the second state to the first state, the down-drive module 130 causes the output to transition to a hard drive first state and remain in the hard drive first state for a period of time. After the period of time, the down-drive module 130 turns off and the keeper module 140 causes a weak drive first state to be provided by the output of the tri-state repeater 100.

When the enable signal is in a second state, the output of the up-drive module 120, down-drive module 130 and keeper module 140 are placed in a moderate or high impedance mode by the enable module 150. The enable module 150 effectively induces a weak keeper state when the enable input is in the second state if the load impedance coupled to the data output is sufficiently high that the output is not discharged. However, other circuits coupled to the output of the tri-state repeater 100 can drive the output to a given state when the enable signal is in the second state. Thus, the tri-state repeater 100 may be utilized, for example, to implement each of a plurality of drivers of a tri-state bus.

Referring to FIG. 2, a tri-state repeater, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, is shown. The tri-state repeater 200 includes a first transistor 202 and second transistor 204 for implementing the front end functionality of the tri-state repeater 200. The gate of the first transistor 202 and the gate of the second transistor 204 are coupled to the input (IN) of the tri-state repeater 200. The drain of the first transistor 202 is coupled to a first potential (e.g., ground) and the drain of the second transistor 204 is coupled to a second potential (e.g., supply). In one implementation, the first transistor 202 may be an n-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) and the second transistor 204 may be a p-channel MOSFET.

The tri-state repeater may further include a third, fourth and fifth transistor 206, 208, 210 coupled as a NAND gate. In particular, the drain of the third transistor 206 is coupled to the source of the first transistor 202. The gate of the fourth transistor 206 is a first input of the NAND gate, which is coupled to the input of the tri-state repeater 200. The gates of the third and fifth transistors 206, 210 are coupled together as a second input of the NAND gate. The source of the third transistor 206 and the source of the fourth and fifth transistor 208, 210 are coupled together as the output of the NAND gate. The output of the NAND gate is coupled to a gate of a sixth transistor 212. The source of the sixth transistor 212 is coupled to the second potential and the drain is coupled to the output (OUT) of the tri-state repeater 200. In one implementation, the third and sixth transistors 206, 212 may be n-channel MOSFETs and the fourth and fifth transistors 208, 210 may be p-channel MOSFETs.

The tri-state repeater 200 may further include first, second, and third inverters 214, 216, 218 and seventh and eighth transistors 220, 222. The input of the first inverter 214 is coupled to sources of the third, fourth and fifth transistors 206, 208, 210, which forms the output of the NAND gate. The input of the second inverter 216 is coupled to the output of the first inverter 214. The input of the third inverter 218 is coupled to the output of the second inverter 216. The gate of the seventh transistor 220 is coupled to the output of the third inverter 218. The drain of the seventh transistor 220 is coupled to the first potential. The source of the seventh transistor 220 is coupled to the drain of the eighth transistor 222. The gate of the eighth transistor 222 is coupled to the output of the first inverter 214.

In one implementation, the seventh and eighth transistors 220, 222 may be n-type MOSFETs. The inverters 214, 216, 218 may be implemented by a plurality of n-type and p-type MOSFETs coupled as a stacked push-pull inverter as depicted in FIG. 3A. Referring to FIG. 3A, the inverter may include two n-type transistors and two p-type transistors. The gates of all of the transistors are coupled together as the input of the inverter. The drain of a first p-type transistor is coupled to a supply potential. The drain of the second p-type transistor is coupled to the source of the first p-type transistor. The drain of a first n-type transistor is coupled to a ground potential. The source of the first n-type transistor is coupled to the drain of the second n-type transistor. The source of the second n-type transistor is coupled to the source of the second p-type transistor as the output of the inverter.

Referring again to FIG. 2, the second and third inverters 216, 218 in combination with the seventh transistor 220 implement a delay circuit. The first inverter 214 in combination with the eighth transistor 222 implement a rising edge delay select circuit.

The tri-state repeater 200 may further include a fourth and fifth inverter 224, 226 coupled as a latch. In particular, the input of the fourth inverter 224 is coupled to the source of the eighth transistor 222 and gates of the second and fourth transistor 206, 210. The output of the fourth inverter 224 is coupled to the input of the fifth inverter 226. The output of the fifth inverter 226 is coupled to the input of the fourth inverter 224.

The tri-state repeater 200 may further include sixth and seventh inverters 228, 230 and a ninth transistor 232 for implementing a falling edge reset circuit. The input of the sixth inverter 228 is coupled to the input of the tri-state repeater 200. The output of the sixth inverter 228 is coupled to the input of the seventh inverter 230. The output of the seventh inverter 230 is coupled to the gate of the ninth transistor 232. The drain of the ninth transistor 232 is coupled to the second potential. In one implementation the ninth transistor 232 may be a p-channel MOSFET.

The transistors 206-212, 220, 222, 232 and inverters 214-218, 224-230 that implement a NAND gate, delay circuit, the raising edge delay select circuit, the latch and the falling edge reset circuit provide the up-drive functionality of the tri-state repeater 200. Similarly, the transistors 234-240, 248, 250, 260 and inverters 242-246, 252-258 that implement a NOR gate, delay circuit, the falling edge delay select circuit, the latch and the rising edge reset circuit provide the down-drive functionality of the tri-state repeater 200.

The tri-state repeater further includes seventeenth and eighteenth inverters 262, 264. The input of the seventeenth inverter is coupled to the input of the tri-state repeater 200. The output of the seventeenth inverter is coupled to the input of the eighteenth inverter 264. The output of the eighteenth inverter 264 is coupled to the output of the tri-state repeater 200. The seventeenth and eighteenth inverters 262, 264 implement a keeper circuit of the tri-state repeater 200.

Normally, the output of the tri-state repeater 200 can operate in four possible states. When the input data signal (IN) transitions from a first state (e.g., low) to a second state (e.g., high), the up-drive functionality causes the output to transition to a hard drive second state and remain in the hard drive second state for a period of time. In particular, the rising edge at the input causes the output of the NAND gate to fall, generating the leading edge of a pulse. The fall in the output of the NAND gate turns on the output drive transistor 212, causing the output data signal (OUT) to drive hard. In addition, the rising edge at the input (IN) causes the output of the keeper circuit, at transistor 264, to rise.

After the period of time, the up-drive functionality turns off and the keeper functionality causes a weak drive second state to be provided by the output of the tri-state repeater 200. In particular, the falling output of the NAND gate causes the transistor 222 of the raising edge delay select circuit to turn on and then the transistor 218 of the delay circuit to turn on. Once the transistors 218 and 222 are both turned on, the latch circuit 224, 226 latches a logic low at the second input to the NAND gate. The latched low at the second input of the NAND gate causes the output of the NAND gate to rise, thereby turning off the output drive transistor 212. Although the hard drive provided by the output drive transistor 212 is turned off, the soft drive provided by the soft keeper circuit 262, 264 maintains the output of the tri-state repeater at a high state. In addition, the rising edge at the input of the tri-state repeater causes the rising edge reset circuit 256, 258, 260 to reset the down-drive functionality of the tri-state repeater 200.

Similarly, when the input data signal (IN) transitions from the high state to the low state, the down-drive functionality causes the output to transition to a hard drive low state and remain in the hard drive low state for a period of time. After the period of time, the down-drive functionality turns off and the keeper circuit causes a weak drive low state to be provided by the output (OUT) of the tri-state repeater 200.

The repeater also includes an enable circuit. In particular, an enable control input of the seventeenth inverter 264 places the output of the inverter in a high-impedance mode when the enable control input is a logic high. The enabled inverter 264 may be implemented by a plurality of n-channel and p-channel MOSFETs coupled as a stacked push-pull inverter having an enable control input as depicted in FIG. 3B. In addition, eighteenth and nineteenth inverter 266, 272 and nineteenth, twentieth, twenty first and twenty second transistors 268, 270, 274, 276 turn of the output drive transistors 212, 214. Accordingly, in a disabled mode, the tri-state repeater 200 is placed in a moderate or high impedance output mode.

Referring to FIG. 4, a block diagram of a tri-state repeater multiplexer, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, is shown. The tri-state repeater multiplexer 400 includes a plurality of tri-state repeaters 412, 414, 416, 418. Each tri-state repeater includes a first input coupled to a corresponding input data signal. A second input of each tri-state repeater is coupled to a corresponding select signal. The output of each of the plurality tri-state repeaters are coupled together (e.g., dot) to provide an output data signal (OUT1). For example, a first tri-state repeater 412 has a first input coupled to a first input data signal (DATA 1) and a second input coupled to a first select signal (SEL1), a second tri-state repeater 414 has a first input coupled to a second input data signal (DATA2) and a second input coupled to a second select signal (SEL2), and so on. When the tri-state repeater as described in FIG. 1 or 2 is utilized in the tri-state repeater multiplexer 400, the enable input is utilized as the corresponding select input.

Accordingly, the tri-state repeater multiplexer selects one or more of the plurality of input signals and directs it to the single output line. In one implementation, the plurality of select signals of the tri-state repeater multiplexer are configured to be a single active select signal. More particularly, one control signal can be in a first state and the other select signals are in a second state. As a result the input signal coupled to the tri-state repeater connected to the given select signal that is in the first state is repeated at the output of the tri-state repeater multiplexer.

Although, the select signals to the tri-state repeater multiplexer are illustrated as being a one of N active encoded control input signal, it is possible to include additional decode logic such that the select signals may be received as any type of encoded control input signal, such as log 2 of N.

Referring to FIG. 5, a block diagram of an exemplary tri-state cross point switch, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, is shown. The tri-state cross point switch includes a plurality of tri-state repeaters coupled to form a plurality of tri-state repeater multiplexers. For example, a first, second, third and fourth tri-state repeater 412, 414, 416, 418 may be coupled to implement a first tri-state repeater multiplexer of the tri-state cross point switch. The inputs and output of the tri-state repeater multiplexers may be coupled together in any number of permutations to implement a desired tri-state cross point switch functionality. The corresponding tri-state repeaters 690 in each tri-state repeater multiplexer are coupled to a common input signal. Accordingly, the corresponding tri-state repeaters 690 in each tri-state repeater multiplexer may utilize a common front-end module to reduce the delay of the tri-state cross point switch.

Operation of the tri-state cross point switch permutation shown in FIG. 5 is illustrated in FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D. In FIG. 6A, each input data signal is repeated at the respective output when the first select control signal is in a first state and the other select control signals are in a second state. In FIG. 6B, the first data signal at the first input is repeated at the second output, the second data signal at the second input is repeated at the first output, the third data signal at the third input is repeated at the fourth output and the fourth data signal at the fourth input is repeated at the third output, when the second select control signal is in the first state and the other select control signals are in the second state.

In FIG. 6C, the first data signal at the first input is repeated at the third output, the second data signal at the second input is repeated at the fourth output, the third data signal at the third input is repeated at the first output and the fourth data signal at the fourth input is repeated at the second output, when the third select control signal is in the first state and the other select control signals are in the second state. In FIG. 6D, the first data signal at the first input is repeated at the fourth output, the second data signal at the second input is repeated at the third output, the third data signal at the third input is repeated at the second output and the fourth data signal at the fourth input is repeated at the first output, when the fourth select control signal is in the first state and the other select control signals are in the second state. It is appreciated that the tri-state repeater cross point switch shown in FIG. 5 and the operation illustrated in FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D are exemplary and do not limit the claimed scope of the invention. Instead, many permutations are possible and a given one of the permutations may be utilized according to a particular application.

Referring to FIG. 7, block diagram of a portion of the exemplary cross point switch in FIG. 5 is shown. As depicted in FIG. 7 a plurality of tri-state repeaters, in a cross point switch, may share an input stage. In particular a shared front end circuit 705 may receive a first input data signal (IN). The shared front end circuit 705 provides a high impedance input load. Furthermore, the shared front end circuit distributes the input data signal to a plurality of tri-state repeaters 710, 715, 720, 725. In one implementation, the shared front end circuit may include an N-MOSFET and a P-MOSFET. The drain of the N-MOSFET may be coupled to a first potential and the source of the N-MOSFET may be coupled to the up-drive circuit of each of a plurality of tri-state repeaters.

The shared front end circuit is coupled to the up drive and down drive modules of corresponding tri-state repeaters in each tri-state repeater multiplexer. For example the N-MOSFET of the shared front end circuit is coupled to the up drive modules 120 of the corresponding tri-state repeaters 710, 715, 720, 725 in each tri-state repeater multiplexer of the tri-state cross point switch 400. The P-MOSFET of the shared front end circuit is coupled to the down drive modules 130 of the corresponding tri-state repeaters 710, 715, 720, 725 in each tri-state repeater multiplexer of the tri-state cross point switch 400. Each set of corresponding tri-state repeaters in each tri-state repeater multiplexer include a corresponding shared front end circuit.

One of the tri-state repeaters will be active because the select signal is one of N active encoded. Accordingly, the transistors of the shared front end circuit may be utilized to provide current to the active one of N active tri-state repeaters. Because the transistors do not provide current to all N tri-state repeaters, the transistors of the shared front end circuit may be sized according to the current need by one tri-state repeater thereby reducing the input capacitance of the tri-state repeater multiplexer.

Thus, the select signals effectively hide the input impedance load of the N-1 tri-state repeaters. The reduced input impedance results in a reduced delay through the tri-state cross point switch. Furthermore, the output impedance load of the tri-state repeaters is dominated by the wire capacitance of the long output trace and not the output impedance of the tri-state repeaters. In addition, the output stage of the tri-state repeaters do not have to be sized to handle crowbar current because the output cycles through the four drive states (e.g., hard high, weak high, hard low and then weak low). Thus, the tri-state repeater is in a weak keeper state before the output stage has to be driven to the other state. As a consequence the output drive transistor may be sized smaller than for repeaters that have to handle crowbar current which reduces the output impedance. As a result, the impedance of the output trace remains the dominant output impedance.

Embodiments of the present invention advantageously implement a near-zero-insertion delay cross point switch. A substantially zero insertion delay is achieved because the device stacking delay penalty generally required by a multiplexer is hidden in the topology of the tri-state repeater. The parasitic side load from dotting repeater outputs is also minimal, as compared to the capacitance of the wire attached to the output. In addition, the FO4 delay to build the gain to drive four multiplexer inputs is avoided by sharing the large data input field effect transistors (FET). Furthermore, the parasitic side load from sharing the large data input FETs is the usual side load for a four-way AO1 (e.g., ˜½ FO4 delay).

The foregoing descriptions of specific embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the Claims appended hereto and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A cross point switch comprising: a plurality of multiplexers, individual of the multiplexers including a a plurality of tri-state repeaters, wherein individual of the tri-state repeaters is configured to operate four output states responsive to a select signal in a first enable state and to operate in a moderate or high impedance state responsive to select signal in a second enable state, and wherein the four output states comprises a hard first drive state, a weak first drive state, a hard second drive state, and a weak second drive state.

2. The cross point switch of claim 1, wherein data inputs for the plurality of tri-state repeaters are selectively coupled in a first permutation for coupling to a plurality of input data signals, wherein control inputs for the plurality of tri-state repeaters are selectively coupled in a second permutation for coupling to a plurality of select signals, and wherein data outputs for the plurality of tri-state repeaters are selectively coupled in a third permutation for providing a plurality of output data signals.

3. The cross point switch of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of front-end modules, wherein individual of the front-end modules is configured to distribute an input signal to tri-state repeaters in individual of the multiplexer.

4. The cross point switch of claim 1, wherein tri-state repeaters in individual of the plurality of multiplexers share a front end module.

5. The cross point switch of claim 4, wherein the shared front end module comprises an input transistor sized as a function of a bias current of one of the plurality of tri-state repeaters.

6. The cross point switch of claim 5, wherein an input impedance for individual of the multiplexers is a function of the size of the input transistor.

7. The cross point switch of claim 6, wherein a delay inserted by the cross point switch is a function of the input impedance.

8. The cross point switch of claim 1, wherein individual of the tri-state repeaters comprises: an up-drive module configured to generate the hard first drive state;a down-drive module configured to generate the hard second drive state;a keeper module configured to generate the weak first drive state and the weak second drive state; andan enable module configured to place an output of each tri-state repeater in the four output states when the select signal is in the first enable state and to operate in the moderate or high impedance state when the select signal is in the second enable state.

9. An apparatus comprising a cross point switch including a plurality of tri-state repeaters, wherein an output of individual of the tri-state repeaters operates in a first hard drive state for a period of time and then a first weak drive state in response to a transition from a first input state to a second input state of an input signal, and a second hard drive state for a period of time and then a second weak drive state in response to a transition from the second input state to the first input state of the input signal when a select signal is in a first enable state and in a high impedance state when the select signal is in a second enable state.

10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein individual of the tri-state repeaters comprises: an up-drive module configured to generate the hard first drive state;a down-drive module configured to generate the hard second drive state; anda keeper module configured to generate the weak first drive state and the weak second drive state.

11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein individual of the tri-state repeaters further comprises an enable module configured to place an output of the up-drive module, the down-drive module, and the keeper module in an impedance state when the select signal is in the second enable state.

12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein outputs of the up-drive module, the down-drive module, and the keeper module are coupled together as the output.

13. The apparatus of claim 10, further comprising a front-end module shared between the tri-state repeaters of individual of the multiplexers, wherein the front-end module is configured to couple the input signal to the up-drive module, the down-drive module, and the keeper module.

14. A cross point switch comprising: a means for operating in four states as a function of an input state when a select input is in a first state, wherein the four states include a hard first drive state, a weak first drive state, a hard second drive state, and a weak second drive state; and a means for operating in an impedance output state when the select input is in a second state.

15. The cross switch of claim 14, wherein the means for operating in a hard first drive state, a weak first drive state, a hard second drive state, or a weak second drive state comprises: a means for operating in the first hard drive state for a period of time and then the first weak drive state in response to a transition from the first input state to the second input state; anda means for operating in the second hard drive state for a period of time and then a second weak drive state in response to a transition from the second input state to the first input state.

16. A repeater comprising: an up-drive module configured to generate a hard first drive state;a down-drive module configured to generate a hard second drive state;a keeper module configured to generate a weak first drive state and a weak second drive state; andan enable module configured to place an output of the up-drive module, the down-drive module, and the keeper module in a moderate or high impedance state as a function of an enable signal.

17. The repeater of claim 16, further comprising a front-end module configured to couple an input data signal to the up-drive module, the down-drive module, and the keeper module.

18. The repeater of claim 16, wherein outputs of the up-drive module, the down-drive module, and the keeper module are coupled together as a data output.

19. A multiplexer comprising: a plurality of tri-state repeaters, individual of the tri-state repeaters having a data input coupled to an input data signal, a control input coupled to a select signal, and an output coupled to the outputs of the other tri-state repeaters;wherein the output of individual of the tri-state repeaters is configured to operate in four output states, the four output state including a hard first drive state, a weak first drive state, a hard second drive state, and a weak second drive state when the select signal is in a first enable state, and wherein the output of individual of the tri-state repeater is configured to operate in a moderate or high impedance state when the select signal is in a second enable state.

20. The multiplexer of claim 19, wherein the plurality of tri-state repeaters comprises: a first tri-state repeater having a first input coupled to a first input data signal, a second input coupled to a first select control signal, and a first output coupled to an output data signal; anda second tri-state repeater having a third input coupled to a second input data signal, a fourth input coupled to a second select control signal, and a second output coupled to the output data signal.

21. The multiplexer of claim 19, wherein individual of the tri-state repeaters comprises: an up-drive module configured to generate a hard first drive state;a down-drive module configured to generate a hard second drive state;a keeper module configured to generate a weak first drive state and a weak second drive state; andan enable module configured to place an output of each tri-state repeater in the four output states when the select signal is in the first enable state and to operate in the moderate or high impedance state when the select signal is in the second enable state.