Patent Application
20160288574
The present invention relates to a pneumatic tire, and more particularly, to a belt construction for a pneumatic tire.
A pneumatic tire typically includes a pair of axially separated inextensible beads. A circumferentially disposed bead filler apex extends radially outward from each respective bead. At least one carcass ply extends between the two beads. The carcass ply has axially opposite end portions, each of which is turned up around a respective bead and secured thereto. Tread rubber and sidewall rubber is located axially and radially outward, respectively, of the carcass ply. A belt structure is disposed radially between the carcass ply and tread rubber.
The bead area is one part of the tire that contributes a substantial amount to the rolling resistance of the tire, due to cyclical flexure which also leads to heat buildup. Under conditions of severe operation, as with runflat and high performance tires, the flexure and heating in the bead region can be especially problematic, leading to separation of mutually adjacent components that have disparate properties, such as the respective moduli of elasticity. In particular, the ply turnup ends may be prone to separation from adjacent structural elements of the tire.
A conventional ply may be reinforced with materials such as polyamide/nylon, polyester, rayon, and/or metal, which have much greater stiffness (i.e., modulus of elasticity) than the adjacent rubber compounds of which the bulk of the tire is made. The difference in elastic modulus of mutually adjacent tire elements may lead to separation when the tire is stressed and deformed during use.
A conventional belt structure comprises a plurality of reinforcement layers in which cords are laid parallel to each other. Due to the unidirectional load carrying capability of each reinforcement layer, an even number of such layers may be stacked up to manage the force transfer in opposite directions. Two such reinforcement layers of steel wires may be used as a belt-package in a typical radial passenger tire, contributing significant weight to the pneumatic tire.
A pneumatic tire in accordance with the present invention includes a carcass reinforced by a carcass ply extending from a first bead to a second bead and a single reinforcement disposed radially outward of the carcass ply in a crown portion of the pneumatic tire, the single reinforcement comprising woven strips reinforced with steel cords, the strips being a constant width of 3.0 mm to 30.0 mm.
According to another aspect of the pneumatic tire, the steel cords have a 2×0.295 high tensile steel construction.
According to still another aspect of the pneumatic tire, the steel cords have a 2+2×0.22 ultra tensile steel construction.
According to yet another aspect of the pneumatic tire, the steel cords are of identical construction.
According to still another aspect of the pneumatic tire, the reinforcement also comprises carbon fiber.
According to yet another aspect of the pneumatic tire, the reinforcement also comprises polyester.
According to still another aspect of the pneumatic tire, the reinforcement also comprises polyamide.
According to yet another aspect of the pneumatic tire, the reinforcement also comprises aramid.
According to still another aspect of the pneumatic tire, the reinforcement also comprises fused polyester.
A method in accordance with the present invention designs a pneumatic tire. The method comprises the step of replacing a first belt, a second belt, and an overlay with a single woven reinforcement, the single woven reinforcement comprising strips reinforced by cords with each strip having a constant width of 3.0 mm to 30.0 mm.
“Apex” or “bead filler apex” means an elastomeric filler located radially above the bead core and between the plies and the turnup plies.
“Axial” and “Axially” mean the lines or directions that are parallel to the axis of rotation of the tire.
“Bead” or “Bead Core” generally means that part of the tire comprising an annular tensile member of radially inner beads that are associated with holding the tire to the rim; the beads being wrapped by ply cords and shaped, with or without other reinforcement elements such as flippers, chippers, apexes or fillers, toe guards and chafers.
“Carcass” means the tire structure apart from the belt structure, tread, undertread over the plies, but including the beads.
“Casing” means the carcass, belt structure, beads, sidewalls and all other components of the tire excepting the tread and undertread, i.e., the whole tire.
“Chipper” refers to a narrow band of fabric or steel cords located in the bead area whose function is to reinforce the bead area and stabilize the radially inwardmost part of the sidewall.
“Circumferential” most often means circular lines or directions extending along the perimeter of the surface of the annular tread perpendicular to the axial direction; it can also refer to the direction of the sets of adjacent circular curves whose radii define the axial curvature of the tread, as viewed in cross section.
“Cord” means one of the reinforcement strands, including fibers, with which the plies and belts are reinforced.
“Equatorial Plane” means the plane perpendicular to the tire's axis of rotation and passing through the center of its tread; or the plane containing the circumferential centerline of the tread.
“Flipper” refers to a reinforcing fabric around the bead wire for strength and to tie the bead wire in the tire body.
“Gauge” refers generally to a measurement and specifically to thickness.
“Inner Liner” means the layer or layers of elastomer or other material that form the inside surface of a tubeless tire and that contain the inflating fluid within the tire.
“Lateral” means a direction parallel to the axial direction.
“Normal Load” means the specific design inflation pressure and load assigned by the appropriate standards organization for the service condition for the tire.
“Ply” means a cord-reinforced layer of rubber-coated radially deployed or otherwise parallel cords.
“Radial” and “radially” mean directions radially toward or away from the axis of rotation of the tire.
“Radial Ply Structure” means the one or more carcass plies or which at least one ply has reinforcing cords oriented at an angle of between 65° and 90° with respect to the equatorial plane of the tire.
“Radial Ply Tire” means a belted or circumferentially-restricted pneumatic tire in which at least one ply has cords which extend from bead to bead are laid at cord angles between 65° and 90° with respect to the equatorial plane of the tire.
“Section Height” means the radial distance from the nominal rim diameter to the outer diameter of the tire at its equatorial plane.
“Section Width” means the maximum linear distance parallel to the axis of the tire and between the exterior of its sidewalls when and after it has been inflated at normal pressure for 24 hours, but unloaded, excluding elevations of the sidewalls due to labeling, decoration or protective bands.
“Sidewall” means that portion of a tire between the tread and the bead.
“Toe guard” refers to the circumferentially deployed elastomeric rim-contacting portion of the tire axially inward of each bead.
“Tread width” means the arc length of the tread surface in the plane includes the axis of rotation of the tire.
“Turnup end” means the portion of a carcass ply that turns upward (i.e., radially outward) from the beads about which the ply is wrapped.
The structure, operation, and advantages of the invention will become more apparent upon contemplation of the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
The carcass ply 14 may be a rubberized ply having a plurality of substantially parallel carcass reinforcing members made of such material as polyester, rayon, or similar suitable organic polymeric compounds. The carcass ply 14 may engage the axial outer surfaces of two flippers 32a, 32b.
A conventional crown reinforcement layup may require between 2-3 sine waves per revolution to achieve sufficient cornering stiffness for a tire 10. Conventional strips may be applied parallel to each other and the cord angle in a single layer may change, for example, from 21 degrees (right) to-21 degrees (left). This alternating of cord angle within the same belt layer may cause significant lateral force variations. To mitigate and/or overcome these lateral force variations, in accordance with the present invention, strips may be applied in a woven pattern at a specified angle (
The angle of the strips may be a minimum 20 degrees cured to produce suitable cornering forces. The number of layers at the edges of the reinforcement may be less than 4. The maximum spacing between parallel strips may be one reinforcement cord width, thereby maximizing the interlacing weave. This maximum interlacing may greatly reduce the lateral force variations. The cords may be steel, carbon fiber, polyester, polyamide, aramid, and/or hybrid combinations and/or fused polyester stiff cord, such as that described in US 2013/0240106, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Utilizing combinations of different materials may also provide unique advantages for the tire 10, particularly, weight and thermal conductivity. For example, the strength of steel reinforcements may be combined with aramid or fiber glass to reduce weight and maintain stiffness and strength. Carbon fiber may be added to increase thermal conductivity of the reinforcement thereby increasing high speed performance by conducting heat away from hot spots.
In accordance with the present invention, the overlay 16 and belts 18, 20 may be replaced with a single woven crown reinforcement 301 (
Conventional high-speed passenger tires may have a spirally wound overlay reinforcement radially outward of a belt structure. The crown reinforcement 301 may allow removal of the overlay while the pneumatic tire 10 still functions suitably at high speeds. Removing the overlay may reduce material cost, tire weight, and flat spotting. The elimination of cut belt edges may also mitigate belt edge separation and provide improved crown durability. The woven crown reinforcement 301 may be constructed using 1-5 periods of sinusoidal wrap per revolution providing cord/tape angles between 20-40 degrees, or between 25-35 degrees to provide sufficient cornering stiffness. For example, the cords may have a 2×0.295 high tensile steel and/or a 2+2×0.22 ultra tensile steel construction.
As stated above, the continuous strip crown reinforcement 301 may replace a conventional structure of two steel belts 18, 20 and an overlay 16, for example, for passenger and radial light truck tires. This could lead to a current cost savings of 1.5 USD to 3 USD per tire, improved durability, and more flexible manufacturing.
The strips 303 may be reinforced with steel, steel textile, and/or hybrid cords and/or monofilaments. This reinforcement 301 may further eliminate belt stock preparation steps and provide increased flexibility choosing reinforcement materials. Elimination of the overlay 16 may reduce tire weight, flat spotting, and cost. Since this reinforcement 301 may provide suitable stiffness and strength to a consumer tire, then high speed, plunger, durability, and ride and handling requirements may also be met or exceeded. This reinforcement 301 may further produce increasing rolling resistance by implementing alternative methods to improve tack during the weaving process.
The reinforcement 301 may be woven over a carcass or applied thereto in flat band form and expanded. Furthermore, the reinforcement 301 may be used with a tire from which the tread has been removed, new tread stock applied and vulcanized to form a retread tire.
In accordance with the present invention, the reinforcement 301 (
A pneumatic tire has certain essential structural elements. United States Department of Transportation, Mechanics of Pneumatic Tires, pages 207-208 (1981). An important structural element is the belt, typically made up of many flexible, high modulus cords of natural textile, synthetic polymer, glass fiber, or fine hard drawn steel embedded in, and bonded to, a matrix of low modulus polymeric material, usually natural or synthetic rubber. Id. at 207 through 208.
The flexible, high modulus cords are usually disposed as two belts. Id. at 208. Tire manufacturers throughout the industry cannot agree or predict the effect of different twists of cords on noise characteristics, handling, durability, comfort, etc. in pneumatic tires, Mechanics of Pneumatic Tires, pages 80 through 85.
These complexities are demonstrated by the below table of the interrelationships between tire performance and tire components.
As seen in the table, crown reinforcement characteristics affect the other components of a pneumatic tire (i.e., belt affects carcass ply, overlay, bead/apex, etc.), leading to a number of components interrelating and interacting in such a way as to affect a group of functional properties (noise, handling, durability, comfort, high speed, and mass/weight), resulting in a completely unpredictable and complex composite. Thus, changing even one component can lead to directly improving or degrading as many as the above ten functional characteristics, as well as altering the interaction between that one component and as many as six other structural components. Each of those six interactions may thereby indirectly improve or degrade those ten functional characteristics. Whether each of these functional characteristics is improved, degraded, or unaffected, and by what amount, certainly would have been unpredictable without the experimentation and testing conducted by the inventors.
Thus, for example, when a belt structure of a pneumatic tire 10 is modified with the intent to improve one functional property of the pneumatic tire, any number of other functional properties may be unacceptably degraded. Furthermore, the interaction between the belt (e.g., bidirectional cords, etc.) and the carcass ply, overlay, tread, bead/apex may also unacceptably affect the functional properties of the pneumatic tire. A modification of the carcass ply may not even improve that one functional property because of these complex interrelationships.
Thus, as stated above, the complexity of the interrelationships of the multiple components makes the actual result of modification of a carcass ply, in accordance with the present invention, impossible to predict or foresee from the infinite possible results. Only through extensive experimentation has the single reinforcement 301 of the present invention been revealed as an excellent, unexpected, and unpredictable option for a complete belt structure.
The previous descriptive language is the best presently contemplated mode or modes of carrying out the present invention. This description is made for the purpose of illustrating an example of general principles of the present invention and should not be interpreted as limiting the present invention. The scope of the invention is best determined by reference to the appended claims. The reference numerals as depicted in the schematic drawings are the same as those referred to in the specification. For purposes of this application, the various examples illustrated in the figures each use a same reference numeral for similar components. The examples structures may employ similar components with variations in location or quantity thereby giving rise to alternative constructions in accordance with the present invention.
