Patent Application
20070251267
Illustrative embodiments of the invention are described below. While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the description herein of specific embodiments is not intended to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
It will of course be appreciated that in the development of any such actual embodiment, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developer's specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which will vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time-consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure.
The invention will be described in greater detail with reference to the figures, wherein
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In order to illustrate this concept, a simple model of power demand (or generation rate) can be used:
The performance of an Air Separation Unit (ASU) can be approximated by a simple oxygen recovery ratio of about 20%: for 1000 Nm3/h feed air to the ASU, the corresponding recovery rate of oxygen is 200 Nm3/h. For low purity, low pressure oxygen for oxycombustion application, the power consumption of the oxygen plant is mainly the power consumption of the air feed compressor hence the air feed flow.
The prior art process consists of a basic Air Separation Unit, its oxygen production output is adjusted simply by adjusting the air feed flow to the unit. As an approximation, the power consumption is assumed to be proportional to the feed air flow.
Let us compare the air feed rate of this new process with the prior art process:
It can be seen from above table that:
a) The maximum air flow of the new ASU is 90% of the maximum air flow of the prior art. This represents smaller equipment and a reduction of plant cost.
b) The cost of power to operate the new process is reduced by about 19% based on the above model. This is a significant cost reduction. The economics of oxycombustion and CO2 capture in particular can therefore be improved.
c) During peak periods, the power consumption of the oxygen plant is sharply reduced by 55%; this represents an important availability of power to supply the demand of the grid. If demand cannot be satisfied, utility companies usually have to purchase additional power from another network at a very high cost. This reduction of consumption of the oxygen during peaks can alleviate the situation and will result in major savings for utility companies.
The concept can also be applicable to situations where the demand remains constant throughout the high demand periods (highest power cost) or low demand periods (lowest power cost). In this situation, during high demand, the air flow to the ASU is reduced to the limit of machinery's turndown to minimize its power consumption. During low demand, the air flow is increased not only to satisfy the demand but also to produce liquid oxygen to be vaporized during the periods when power cost is high.
Since the oxygen plant must supply a constant oxygen flow and the additional oxygen liquid for the high demand periods, the plant size for the off-peaks in this example must be increased by 20%. However, the saving achieved is still significant at 10% and the ASU power can be cut back by 40% during the periods of high demand.
This new process can be used to minimize the plant cost and still provides significant power cost saving. Indeed, in the above example of Case 1 we can arrange to have the following configuration:
As can be seen, the air flow can be kept constant and the oxygen demand can vary during the peaks and off-peaks. This strategy results in 25% reduction in plant size while preserving a good 10% reduction in power cost.
A similar approach can be used to estimate the savings in some other models and the concept appears to be advantageous in most situations.
It is useful to note that by liquefying liquid nitrogen when liquid oxygen is vaporized, or vice versa by liquefying liquid oxygen when liquid nitrogen is vaporized, we can recover and store the refrigeration under the liquid form such that there is no major power expenditure to liquefy these important amounts of liquid involved in the transfers.
The above example use liquid nitrogen as a means to transfer and store the refrigeration during periods of peaks and off-peaks. The process can be applicable to a liquid of another composition derived from air such as liquid air, a liquid rich in oxygen (greater than 35% O2) or a liquid rich in nitrogen (greater than 80% N2). Two or more liquid streams can also be used if needed, for example, during peaks, liquid oxygen is fed and vaporized in the ASU, a stream of liquid N2 and a stream of liquid air can be extracted from the ASU to compensate for the refrigeration.
The term “bascule” is used to describe the cryogenic air separation process in which, in one phase, a first liquid stream is used to liquefy an oxygen stream. In a next phase, liquid oxygen produced is then fed to the process to allow extraction and restoration of the first liquid stream. Since the process simply exchanges refrigeration between liquid oxygen and the first liquid stream, it does not require power intensive equipment to liquefy a gaseous stream like in traditional liquefaction equipment.
In the new invention, during low demand periods, the ASU can increase the air feed to restore the liquid oxygen inventory by re-feeding the liquid nitrogen produced in the high demand periods back into the system. The higher feed air coupled with low power cost can provide an added advantage: some small amount of liquid can be extracted from the cryogenic cold box of the oxygen plant with almost no power or cost penalty, for example by simply increasing the flow of a cold box's expander. This additional liquid can be fed back to the cold box during peaks, reducing the need to operate the cold box's expander(s) during peaks thus increasing the efficiency and ability of the system to better track the demand. The cryogenic oxygen plant may be equipped with cold compression equipment, which consumes refrigeration. Such small amount of additional liquid generated inexpensively during off-peaks, coupled with the liquid resulting from refrigeration exchange of the bascule, can improve the cold requirement of the system during peaks. Therefore, the cold box's expander(s) can be throttled or even shut down to further cut back the air flow and still be able to maintain good efficiency of the distillation columns and satisfy the refrigeration need of cold compression equipment, thus increasing the saving of the bascule.
Oxygen plants equipped with “bascule” features have been utilized in the industry for some time. However, this usage has been limited to the tracking of the usage demand of the clients of the oxygen plant, independently of the power demand of the utility companies like the object of this new invention. In another word, the bascule has been applied previously to the client side of electricity business, however this new invention addresses the integration of the bascule oxygen plant to the supply side, and in particular to the power generation aspect created by the need of oxycombustion or the partial oxidation requirement of IGCC plants.
In prior art, the economics of an air separation plant can also be improved by liquefying a first liquid stream during the off-peak periods when power cost is low. When power cost is high, the liquid is then vaporized in the air separation unit (ASU) allowing reducing the air flow to minimize the power. The basic difference between this technique and the present invention is that the excess of refrigeration produce by vaporizing the liquid is mainly used to compress a cold gas stream of the ASU at cryogenic temperature to higher pressure, and not to recover an equivalent liquid flow for subsequent use. Power intensive liquefaction equipment such as high pressure compressors and additional gas expanders must be provided to run the liquefaction unit during off hours. The liquefaction equipment can be integrated with the oxygen plant. This prior art is illustrated schematically in
It is clear the concept of this invention can use a combination of both techniques: a bascule feature and some ability to generate additional liquid during low demand and low power cost. The added liquid can, for example, be fed back to the system during peaks to enable an economical cold compression of gaseous nitrogen to higher pressure for the IGCC's gas turbine injection to lower the compression power requirement in the peak demand period.
In summary, all power plants are subjected to daily usage variations and this variable characteristic can be utilized advantageously by the bascule approach of the new invention such that the cost of oxygen supply for oxycombustion power plants can be minimized. The concept is directly applicable to IGCC plants.
For a normal run, air is compressed in compressor 1 and purified in purification unit 5. The air is then cooled in exchanger 7 as stream 6 and sent in essentially gaseous form to column 9.
Oxygen enriched liquid 19 is sent from the medium pressure column 9 to column 11. Medium pressure nitrogen is used to reboil condenser 21 at an intermediate location between oxygen enriched feed and the bottom of column 11. Part of the medium pressure nitrogen 25 is compressed by motor-driven compressor 27 and used to reboil condenser 29 at the bottom of column 11. The liquid formed is expanded in valve 22 and sent back to the top of the column 9. The condensed medium pressure nitrogen is used as reflux 35 for column 9, reflux 51 for column 11 and feed 49 for nitrogen tank 17. A stream of nitrogen 37 at the pressure of column 9 is sent to the exchanger 7 where it warms and is then sent to turbine expander 39 where it is expanded and then fully warmed in the exchanger 7 to form waste stream 43. Product oxygen 45 is withdrawn as a gas from a section between the two reboilers 21, 29. Low pressure nitrogen is warmed in exchanger 7 and exits as stream 47.
During high power demand, the expander 39 does not function or sees its flow sharply reduced. Liquid nitrogen is sent to the tank 17 as stream 49 and liquid oxygen 53 is sent from tank 15 to the bottom of column 11 wherein it vaporizes.
The air flow is reduced by reducing the flow of compressor 1.
Because of the wide flow fluctuations of the nitrogen expander in various modes, it is not practical to use the power generated by the nitrogen expander to drive the cold compressor 27. Indeed, in peak mode, the duty required by the cold compressor is very high to vaporize maximum flow of oxygen, meanwhile the flow of the expander is sharply reduced or even zero such that there is not sufficient power of the expander to drive any equipment. Therefore an electric motor is a proper choice to drive the cold compressor.
During low power demand, the expander 39 functions at or near its peak. Liquid nitrogen is sent from the tank 17 to section 11 as stream 49 and liquid oxygen 53 is sent to tank 15 from section 31.
The process according to the invention could of course be operated using other types of apparatus, for example that of
Another embodiment is shown in
Liquid oxygen from storage 15 can be fed to the column 11 or directly an external vaporizer without passing to the column. It can also be vaporized in the exchanger 50, 7 or another exchanger and the resulting gaseous oxygen is mixed with gaseous oxygen produced by the column.
For all figures, the apparatus uses a single turbine, that turbine being a high pressure nitrogen turbine.
This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to provisional application No. 60/795,143, filed Apr. 26, 2006, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60795143 | Apr 2006 | US |
