Patent Application
20180326231
The invention relates to emergency oxygen systems on board of an aircraft and methods for providing oxygen to crewmembers or passengers on board of an aircraft in an emergency situation. The invention further relates to oxygen supply systems used for prebreathing application of crew members in the cockpit of an aircraft as prescribed by air traffic regulations and to portable oxygen supply devices such as for medical or therapeutic use onboard of an aircraft. According to the description and the claims hereafter, any of these methods and devices shall be understood as an emergency oxygen supply method or an emergency oxygen system, respectively.
Generally, it is known to provide oxygen out of an oxygen source to persons on board of an aircraft in an emergency situation like a decompression event, smoke or fire on board of an aircraft. The oxygen source may be an On-Board-Oxygen-Generating-System (OBOGS), a pressurized oxygen tank or a Chemical Oxygen Generator (COG). Chemical Oxygen generators are known to be composed of a housing, wherein a substance is stored that will release oxygen in a chemical reaction.
COG devices known in the prior art produce oxygen in an exothermic and thus without energy input generally irreversible process and have some drawbacks with regard to efficiency, safety, the start-up phase and the duration of the oxygen supply.
The process is known to start slowly such that in a decompression event at high altitude the delivery rate may be insufficient to safely prevent affection of the vital functions of the passenger. Further, the exothermic reaction creates an increase in temperature thus raising safety issues with regard to potential fire or smoke production. Still further, the relation of capacity versus weight of such COG systems is an ongoing process of optimisation with regard to fuel efficiency of modern aircraft.
According to the invention, the method for providing oxygen to crew member or passenger of an aircraft, in particular an emergency situation, comprises:
The method improves capacity to weight relation and reduces problems of delayed generation of oxygen in start up and safety issues related to temperature of the system components. According to the invention a specific chemical absorption substance is used to store oxygen and to release such oxygen for supplying it to the passenger or crew member.
Specific further embodiments are shown in dependent claims.
The invention also deals with a use of a chemical absorption substance selected from crystalline salts of organometallic complexes for providing oxygen to a crew member or a passenger.
The invention further deals with an aircraft emergency oxygen device for providing oxygen to crew member or passenger, comprising a chemical absorption substance selected from crystalline salts of organometallic complexes, a container, an oxygen line and an oxygen mask, wherein:
Other features and advantages of the present invention will appear in the following detailed description, with reference to the appended drawings in which:
The emergency oxygen device 1 comprises a chemical absorption substance 16 disposed in a container 10. The container 10 has an outlet opening 14 connected to first respiratory masks 52 for crewmembers 62 and several groups of second respiratory masks 54 for passengers 64.
More accurately, in the embodiment shown in
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The emergency oxygen device 1 further comprises a distribution valve 30. The distribution valve 30 is respectively supplied in oxygen from the chemical absorption substance 16 through a first conduit 32, from the chemical oxygen generator 20 through a second conduit 34 and from the battery of gas bottles 28 through a third conduit 36 which define three oxygen sources.
The crewmember masks 52 and the passenger masks 54 are supplied in oxygen from the distribution valve 30 through a first distribution line 42 and a second distribution line 44. The distribution valve 30 is controlled by the control unit to select the source of oxygen supplying the first distribution line 42 and the second distribution line 44. The first conduit 32, the first distribution line 42 and the second distribution line 44 define a oxygen line for directing an oxygen fluid flow from the container 10 to the crewmember masks 52 and the passenger masks 54. The crewmember masks 52 and the passenger masks 54 are preferably adapted to cover mouth and/or nose respectively of the crewmembers 62 and the passengers.
The chemical substance 26 in the rigid housing is for instance NaClO3 possibly with accelerators for the chemical reaction, like a substance of Fe2O3 or Na2O or the like. Further additives for stabilizing and thermally driving and/or stabilizing the chemical reaction can also be provided to the chemical oxygen generator 20. The starter unit 24 advantageously comprises a piezoelectric ignition element. Once heat is provided to the chemical substance 26 thanks to the starter unit 24, oxygen is generated in a reaction to give O2 and also heat as the reaction is exothermic.
The chemical absorption substance 16 used according to the present invention is selected from crystalline salts of organometallic complexes which reversibly, selectively and stoichiometrically chemisorb dioxygen. Preferably, chemisorption of dioxygen follows a process involving the two electron oxidation of metallic sites within the complexes with concurrent reduction of two equivalents of absorbed O2 to form μ-η1,η2-peroxide ligands thereby optionally substituting other ligands of said absorption substance.
Preferably, the chemical absorption substance 16 used according to the present invention comprises an organo-cobalt compound or an organo-chromium compound.
In a preferred aspect, the chemical absorption substance 16 is selected from bimetallic [(bpbp)Co2(O2)(O2CR)](A)2 and tetrametallic [{(bpbp)Co2(O2)}2(bdcR4)](A)4 with R being selected from the group consisting of methyl, phenyl, chloromethyl, dichloromethyl and trichloromethyl, and A being selected from the group consisting of perchlorate, hexafluorophosphate, tetrafluoroborate, trifluorornethylsulfate and nitrate. In the above chemical formulae, (bpbp) means the 2,6-bis(N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-aminomethyl)-4-tert-butylphenolato ligand, and (bdc) means the 1,4-benzenedicarboxylato ligand. The synthesis of the above bimetallic and tetrametallic compounds is described in Chem. Sci., 2014, 5, 4017, which disclosure is fully incorporated by reference. On the stoichiometric uptake of O2, the crystals of the above organo-cobalt compounds undergo reversible single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SC-to-SC) transformations. These SC-to-SC processes involve the concerted fast migration of neutral dioxygen through the crystal lattice. Likewise, dioxygen is released out of the absorption substance in a desorption process including single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SC-to-SC) transformations.
In another preferred aspect, the absorption substance is Cr3(1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate)2, which may be prepared from reaction of Cr(CO)6 with trimesic acid according to J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 7856, which disclosure is fully incorporated by reference. Cr3(1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate)2 is capable of reversible, selective binding of dioxygen at a high loading capacity within its metal-organic framework (MOF) featuring open Cr(II) coordination sites. Cr3(1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate)2 represents the first Cr(II) based metal-organic framework (MOF), which displays both a high dioxygen loading capacity and strong selectivity for binding dioxygen over dinitrogen at 298K. On the stoichiometric uptake of O2, there is a partial charge transfer from the Cr(II) center to the bound dioxygen molecule, which may result in a complete charge transfer to give a Cr(III)-superoxide adduct.
The chemical absorption substance 16 is advantageously loaded and unloaded cyclically with oxygen. Oxygen is stored in the chemical absorption substance 16 and released out of said chemical absorption substance 16 in a chemical reaction or desorption process in order to supply the crewmembers 62 and the passengers 64. Thereafter, oxygen is stores in said chemical absorption substance 16 again in an adsorption or chemisorptions process again for a further use of the oxygen thereafter. This cycle may be repeated several times thus helping to optimize the use of resources and to reduce waste.
To this aim, the chemical absorption substance 16 is advantageously used in an On-Board-Oxygen-System (OBOGS) 60 as an adsorption substance, e.g. instead of zeolite commonly used as an adsorbent material in OBOGS. According to this embodiment the adsorption substance is used in a cyclic pressure swing adsorption process to adsorb oxygen in a pressurized state and to release oxygen in a depressurized or low-pressure state.
According to another aspect, the chemical adsorption substance 16 is exposed to a temperature cycle including heating-up phases and cooling-down phases cyclically following each other. In such a temperature cycle the adsorption substance may cyclically be loaded with oxygen and release oxygen.
The temperature cycle is preferably controlled by the control unit 50 thanks to the conditioning system 18. In an alternative embodiment, the conditioning system 18 could be replaced by a heater. In such a case, the control unit 50 would control the desorption process. In an other alternative embodiment, the conditioning system 18 could be removed.
Otherwise, the reaction in the Chemical Oxygen Generator 20 provides heat in the container 10 which can be used in the desorption process of the chemical adsorption substance 16 and controlled by the control unit 50.
According to a further aspect of the invention, the chemical absorption substance 16 is stored in a pressurized state. As the housing 15 is flexible the pressure applied to the chemical absorption substance 16 is equal to the pressure in the first section 11 of the container 10. So, the first section 11 of the container 10 is pressurized in order to increase the capability of storing oxygen of the chemical absorption substance 16. The desorption process is enhanced by applying a low oxygen pressure to the chemical absorption substance 16, in other words by decreasing the pressure applied to the chemical absorption substance 16. To this aim, the control unit 50 controls an exhausting valve 68 in order to enable the pressurized air in the first section 11 to leak into the cabin 2 or to prevent it. The control unit 50 also controls a compressor 66 in order to increase the pressure in the first section 11 of the container 10 when the exhausting valve 68 is closed.
According to such aspect, exposure of the chemical adsorption substance 16 to ambient pressure changes in the cabin 2 like those occurring on board of an aircraft in regular use is prevented and thus any desorption and adsorption or chemisorptions process resulting from such pressure changes is inhibited.
In an alternative embodiment, the fluid communication between the first section 11 of the container 10 and the ambient air of the cabin 2 can be continuously maintained. So, in case of depressurization in the cabin 2, the pressure applied to the chemical absorption substance 16 is accordingly reduced which contributes to the desorption process.
The control unit 50 further comprises at least one sensor 4 adapted to detect an emergency situation on board of said aircraft, e.g. a decompression situation or a smoke or fire situation.
In a case of detection of an emergency situation, the control unit 50 controls the supplying of oxygen to crewmember masks 62 and to the passenger masks 64. To this aim, the control unit 50 controls the desorption process from the chemical absorption substance 16 and optionally the exothermic reaction producing oxygen thanks to the chemical oxygen generator 20. As explained above, the control unit 50 controls the pressure and/or the temperature applied to the chemical absorption substance 16 in order to control the desorption process. The control unit 50 also control the distribution valve 30 to select the source of oxygen supplying the crewmember masks 62 and/or the passenger masks 64 with oxygen.
According to the invention, the chemical adsorption substance 16 can be included in an economizer bag 56 per respiratory mask as shown in
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IB2015/002447 | 12/10/2015 | WO | 00 |
