Patent Application
20050216407
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a fund. Particularly, the present invention is directed to fund and related methods whereby currency is converted to equities that can be traded on a publicly traded marketplace.
2. Description of Related Art
The currency markets represent one of the largest, but least regulated, financial markets. The buying and selling of currency occurs because the value of a particular currency fluctuates with respect to other currencies. Therefore, it is often advantageous to hold money in one form of currency over another. For example, a euro may be worth $1.20 on one day, and may be worth $1.30 the next day. For institutional investors, such as banks, which may hold millions of euros, that fluctuation in price may have a material impact on the overall investment. Investing in foreign currency also provides a means of hedging investments that are dependent on foreign economies.
Prior to the present invention, trading in currencies has been limited to large institutional investors and has not been effectively made available to the masses. Although smaller investors may participate in the currency markets by investing in currency futures, investing in derivatives of any type requires a specialized knowledge. In addition, investors in currency futures typically must open special accounts or complete special documentation as a result of the separate jurisdiction of the Commodities and Futures Trading Commission over futures and the Securities and Exchange Commission over securities. Thus, currency investment usually takes place on the “interbank” market, wherein a network of banks of dealers operating on a 24 hour basis, spanning across time zones of the major financial centers around the world, effect transactions at negotiated prices. These transactions are typically based on the generally accepted minimum interbank currency transaction of $1 million, with the average currency transaction being $10 million. The significant size of these transactions precludes most of the investing public and smaller firms from participating in this market and obtaining the favorable prices available at that level of investment. As a result, the bid and offer spread for the investing public and smaller firms' transactions will often be wider than the spread between the bid and offer available to institutions. This means that the investing public and smaller firms will pay more when they are buying a currency and receive less when they are selling a currency compared to institutions dealing in the interbank market.
Another aspect of the currency markets prior to the present invention is the lack of standardized pricing. Interbank currency contracts are not standardized and transactions are not reportable, nor do prices quoted by banks and dealers necessarily reflect the price at which they are willing to effect particular transactions. Thus, there is no way for all parties interested in purchasing and selling currencies to transact at prices which are fully transparent to all participants. A centralization of order flow and transparency of prices should contribute to narrowing spreads between bid and ask prices for currencies.
A popular way for the investing public to have access to a broad range of investments is through an investment company. Investment companies generally are of two varieties: a unit investment trust (“UIT”) or management investment company. A UIT invests in a specified portfolio of securities. There is no investment manager. A sponsor and a bank trustee oversee the administration of the UIT. A UIT continuously creates and redeems its shares at net asset value per share (“NAV”). A management investment company may be organized as an open end or closed end fund. In closed ended funds, assets are raised at the outset for the purchase by the fund manager of underlying securities. Investors often pay a premium at the initial fund seeding in the hopes that the fund will eventually perform better than its peer groups. In a closed end fund, shares of the fund are created at the fund's inception and cannot be redeemed for the underlying securities. Accordingly, there is often a disconnect between the value of the fund shares and the NAV of the fund. This disconnect may be a positive, in that the fund shares may trade at well above the NAV, but may also be a negative if closed end funds do not achieve their promise and end up trading below the fund's NAV.
Open ended funds, on the other hand, as in the case of a UIT, continuously issue and redeem shares at NAV. Exchange traded funds maybe organized as UITs or as open end funds. Exchange traded funds continuously offer and redeem their shares in creation units at NAV. Creation units represent a fixed amount of shares of the fund, which can be redeemed at any time for the underlying securities of the fund. Because fund shares may be created and redeemed throughout the life of the fund, the fund shares typically trade at or near the NAV of the fund. Deviations in the price of the fund shares relative to the NAV will contribute to increased creation and redemption activity, which tends to decrease the arbitrage between the NAV and the price of the fund shares.
Exchange traded funds, therefore, have advantages in that they provide liquidity without negatively affecting the value of the shares of the fund on the secondary market. In addition, an exchange traded fund provides truer exposure to the value of the underlying securities, index or benchmark, often making it a preferable investment tool for the investing public interested in benefiting from the performance of the securities the fund was intended to track.
For an open ended fund to achieve its objectives, there must be a transparent means of calculating the NAV of the fund. For funds such as exchange traded funds, which track a collection of securities that themselves trade on the secondary market, the NAV is evident because there is a transparent market for each of the underlying securities. The problem of adapting an exchange traded fund to the currency markets is immediately evident. Because, as related above, currencies trade in the over the counter market in largely unreported transactions of different types, a standardized method for calculating the NAV of a holding of currencies has not been established.
Exchange traded funds which convert currency holdings to shares tradeable on a publicly traded marketplace have not been developed for an additional reason. The currency underlying the fund must be held by a custodian, which will typically be a bank. Those holdings will inevitably earn interest. The accrual of interest, while generally a positive in an investment, upsets the balance between the value of the share of the fund and the value of the underlying currency. Thus, an investor wishing to redeem one or more creation units might receive not only the underlying currency, but the net income (e.g., interest less expenses) accrued. This feature would make the value of the creation unit dependent upon when the creation unit is redeemed. In short, a system is needed wherein the interest on the currency holding can be accounted for and allow shares of the fund to remain fungible on the secondary market. Prior to the present invention, no system had been devised which would account for interest accruals in calculating the NAV of the fund.
The purpose and advantages of the present invention will be set forth in and apparent from the description that follows, as well as will be learned by practice of the invention. Additional advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by the methods and systems particularly pointed out in the written description and claims hereof, as well as from the appended drawings.
To overcome the disadvantages of the prior art, a currency fund is provided, preferably a currency exchange traded fund. According to embodiments of the present invention, currencies are equitized for trading on the secondary market. In addition, a method for calculating the NAV of the fund's currency holdings is provided. Finally, a process is provided which ensures that the NAV of the fund is periodically reset to account for interest accruals on the underlying investment, less any fund expenses. In addition to calculating the NAV, the present invention also contemplates using the disclosed methods herein to calculate an Intraday Indicative Value (“IIV”). NAVs are typically calculated at a particular closing time, while IIVs are calculated throughout the day.
In brief, a first embodiment of the invention is a fund comprising: an amount of currency, wherein the currency is deposited with one or more custodians in exchange for one or more creation units; wherein each creation unit represents a plurality of shares of the fund; and wherein each creation unit is redeemable for an amount of the currency equal to the net asset value of the creation unit plus interest and less fund expenses. According to further advantageous embodiments, the net asset value of each share of the fund is based on a combination of prices of the currency from a plurality of sources, such as banks or derivative prices for the currency. Further embodiments provide that the currency is held by the one or more custodians in an interest-bearing instrument, and further wherein currency is purchased for the value of the currency plus a cash component. The cash component represents net income that would have accrued on the investment if the creation unit had been created earlier, and a dividend is paid out to investors in an amount based on the interest accrued plus the cash component. Thus, the NAV is reset periodically to match the value of the currency without regard to interest accrued on the investment. The fund may be organized as an exchange traded fund.
Another aspect of the present invention, susceptible to the embodiments described above, is a method for converting currency to shares of a fund tradeable on a publicly traded marketplace comprising: establishing a trust; accumulating assets to the trust for the purchase of the currency; purchasing an amount of the currency with the assets; depositing the currency with one or more custodians; creating creation units comprising a plurality of shares, wherein the creation units are redeemable for an amount of currency based on the net asset value of the creation unit; and issuing the creation units to investors.
Yet a further embodiment of the invention, subject to the features described above, is a method for facilitating the trading of shares of a fund comprising: providing a marketplace for shares of the fund; and wherein the fund comprises: an amount of currency, wherein the currency is deposited with one or more custodians in exchange for one or more creation units; wherein each creation unit represents a plurality of shares of the fund; and wherein each creation unit is redeemable for an amount of the currency equal to the net asset value of the creation unit plus interest and less fund expenses. The fund may be organized as an exchange traded fund.
Yet a further embodiment is a closed end fund comprising: one or more currencies deposited in short-term interest-bearing instruments; and the distribution of shares of the fund to one or more investors, wherein the shares of the fund have a net asset value based on a combination of prices of the one or more currencies from a plurality of sources, and wherein interest earned on the short-term interest-nearing instruments are paid out to the one or more investors as a dividend. The fund may be converted to an exchange traded fund upon the occurrence of a trigger, such as regulatory approval.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention claimed.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute part of this specification, are included to illustrate and provide a further understanding of the method and system of the invention. Together with the description, the drawings serve to explain the principles of the invention.
Reference will now be made in detail to the present preferred embodiments of the invention, an example of which is illustrated in the accompanying drawing. The method and corresponding steps of the invention will be described in conjunction with the detailed description of the system.
According to a first preferred embodiment of the present invention, the investment company is embodied in an open ended fund, preferably an exchange traded fund. According to a further preferred embodiment, the exchange traded fund is a UIT. However, one skilled in the art will readily see from the description that follows that the fund can be quite easily adapted to a management investment company by substituting the role of the Trustee for the fund Manager. In addition, the activities of the various Trustee departments may be performed by other qualified entities in the management investment company example.
The creation and redemption process is an integral piece of the exchange traded fund embodiment's operation.
According to the preferred embodiment of an open ended fund herein described, there are various parties which participate in the process. These parties generally include a clearing firm; in the case of a UIT, a trustee; in the case of a management investment company, an investment manager; an Authorized Participant, usually an institutional investor, specialist or market maker who has signed a participant agreement with a particular fund sponsor or distributor; the Distributor; and the Customer. The skilled artisan will recognize that the above participants are the typical intermediaries in the investment world according to common legal structures and pertinent federal regulations, but that other structures and participants may also be involved without departing from the scope of the invention.
It will be understood that the example set forth below is for a UIT, but that the role of the Trustee may be played by an Investment Manager in the case of a management investment company without departing from the scope of the invention.
The creation of the creation unit will depend on the status of the fund one business day before the creation unit is ordered. This is necessary to account for the cash component that will have to be invested to compensate for accrued interest. Assuming the creation unit is ordered on Day T, the first step, on T minus one business day, is for the clearing firm to send the portfolio composition file created that day by the fund's Trustee (in the case of a UIT) or Investment Manager (in the case of a managed investment company) to a central agent distributor such as the NSCC or a web site established for this purpose, or to the Authorized Participant who can create or redeem creation units of the fund. The portfolio composition file will consist of a fixed amount of currency (i.e., euros) and a cash component less expenses representing the net income per share accrued as of T−1 business day and anticipated for business day T.
On Day T+2, the Authorized Participant's Foreign Custodian Bank and the Trustee Foreign Sub-Custodian Bank confirm matching instructions for the Creation Unit amount to be delivered. The Trustee and Authorized Participant resolve any differences.
The above activities are described according to a typical timeline, but can in practice take place over any number of days depending upon the availability of the parties and the workings of the particular markets.
The creation unit redemption process is similar in many respects to the creation process. For example, on Day T−1 (with Day T representing the date on which the redemption order is placed), a clearing firm sends the portfolio composition file created that day by the fund's Trustee to the Authorized Participant. The portfolio composition file will consist of a fixed amount of currency (i.e., euros) and a cash component representing the net income per share accrued as of T−1 business day and the expected interest to be accrued on Day T. Furthermore, Day T in the redemption process follows the same steps as Day T in the creation process, except that the process takes place with respect to a Redemption Order rather than a Creation Order. The Day T process is depicted in
Finally,
An aspect of the present invention is the use of demand and time deposits to represent the underlying securities. In accordance with a preferred embodiment, thirty day constant maturity certificates are used for the time deposits. In accordance with a further preferred aspect of the invention, the certificates have a constant interest rate and a floating principal. This feature allows continuous creation and redemption by continuously adding to the time deposit throughout the relevant period. The interest on the principal can be easily calculated so that the cash component can be figured. The interest can then be paid out as a dividend when the time deposit matures so that close association between the NAV and underlying value of the currency is maintained.
The preferred system operates as follows. Creation Units (preferably 400,000 shares of stock which give the holder the right to redeem those 400,000 shares for 10 million euros) are created throughout the month by deposit into a bank of 10 million euros, with the bank holding the euro in a fixed interest rate, floating principal certificate. Although the preferred embodiment provides for a Creation Unit of 400,000 shares of 10 million euros (so that, except from accrued interest and expenses, the shares will trade at an NAV of 25.00 ), it should be apparent that alternative sizes of Creation Units may be used depending upon the desired euro NAV of the investment company. According to the preferred embodiment, therefore, additional Creation Units may be created throughout the month by adding increments of 10 million euros (plus interest, as described below) to the principal of the bank instrument. Every day, the principal being held in all of the appropriate banks earns interest, with each bank offering a fixed rate. Alternatively, the currency may be held in any cash or cash equivalent holding. The fixed rates from bank to bank will be amalgamated to produce a blended average single interest rate for all Creation Units. In order to create a Creation Unit on a subsequent day, the “principal” 10 million euros is deposited, plus an additional amount equal to the accrued interest up to that point for the month. At the end of the month, or whenever the bank instrument is set to pay out, the interest income (less fund expenses) is distributed as a dividend to whomever owns shares. The requirement that later-created Creation Units include accrued interest upon creation ensures that each holder of a share at the payout date is paid all of the interest income due to that share and ensures that every share is treated the same on the payout date. Thus, the NAV (in euros), which began at 25 euros/share and increased as interest accrued, gets reset to 25 euros/share for the next month's cycle. (The NAV of the shares in dollars will fluctuate based on the exchange rate for the euro). This feature allows each Creation Unit, and thus the shares derived therefrom, to remain fungible. In addition, because the principal in the bank instrument is allowed to float, Creation Units may be redeemed continuously throughout the month for 10 million euros (per 400,000 shares) plus the accrued interest (less expenses).
Yet another aspect of the invention is the monthly distribution of interest income paid out in monthly dividend amounts. This feature allows for the fund to reset its value back in line with the associated currency. For example, if the fund consists of 10 million euros, and the euros had a net income of US$0.015 interest per euro on the time deposits (or other applicable bank instrument used to hold the currency), and the value of the euro to the dollar is US$1.15, the fund would be valued at US$11.65 million (or US$1.165 per euro). Upon the predetermined date, the accrued income would be removed from the fund and the value of the fund would reset to US$11.5 million—the then-current spot value of 10 million euros.
The frequency of the income distribution can occur on a fixed monthly date, e.g., the 25th of the month. Alternatively, the date of distribution could be the expiration date of the underlying foreign currency futures contract, with payment to follow, for example, three business days later.
Initially, the NAV of the ETF in euros is 25.00 (the total euros held, plus interest accrued (in euros), less fund expenses (in euros)). On day 15, due to interest accrued on the time deposits, the NAV of the ETF in euros is 25.03
. On day 30, it is 25.06
. In order to buy a creation unit on day 15, therefore, a cash component of 0.03
per share must be added to the purchase price to account for interest that would have been earned. Following maturity of the certificates after day 30, a dividend of 0.06
per share is paid out to holders of the shares. Thus, the NAV is reset to 25.00
for the next time deposit cycle.
Another aspect of the present invention is the calculation of the currency exchange rate. Because exchange rates differ from bank to bank and are not transparent to investors, a standardized method of establishing a competitive and useful exchange rate is necessary. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the exchange rate is calculated as herein described. Although examples are set forth for euros, it should be understood that any currency may be used.
The preferred algorithm for the calculation of the IIV and NAV will be based on a blend of a weighted average of the bid/offer midpoint of a selected number of the most active contributor banks to the interbank cash foreign exchange market and the most active front month futures contract rate.
In practice, and according to the preferred embodiment, the fix of the currency fund IIV/NAV pricing will occur Monday through Friday at 4:00 PM EST, although any time for fixing the NAV may be set by the investment company. The currency fund pricing should be available during the market hours of the twenty-four hour cash foreign exchange market.
The pricing formula is as set forth in the below equation:
IIV=NAV=X0(Y0)+X1(Y1)+X2(Y2)+X3(Y3)+X4(Y4)+FI−FE
where
IIV=Price of Currency fund generated throughout the trading session.
NAV=Price of Currency fund generated at the end of trading session.
X0=calculation of the spot price from the futures price=Xf/{[1+(rfo×t/365)]/[1+(rdo×t/365)]}
Xf=most active front month futures contract price
rfo=current foreign short term 30 day (LIBOR) interest rate
rdo=current domestic short term 30 day interest rate
t=number of days between futures trading date and futures expiry date
X1 . . .=current individual bank spot exchange rate
Y0 . . .=Weighting factor
FI=Fund Interest Income on a daily basis
FE=Fund Expenses on a daily basis
An example of the IIV/NAV calculation is set forth below.
This example will calculate the spot price from the futures price on Jan. 5, 2004 using the March contract (expiry date Mar. 16, 2004). The following information is applicable:
Xf=most active front month futures contract price=1.2173
rfo=foreign short term 30 day (LIBOR) interest rates=2.00%
rdo=domestic short term 30 day interest rates=1.50%
Futures trading date=May 1, 2004
Futures expiry date=Mar. 16, 2004
t=number of days between futures trading date and futures expiry date=70
Thus the spot exchange rate from the futures price will be:
X1 . . .=current selected individual bank spot exchange rate quotes
X1=1.2135 1.2139 1.2137
X2=1.2137 1.2141 1.2139
Y0 . . .=Weighting factors.
The weighting factors will preferably be evaluated on a quarterly basis. The futures weighting will be based on the daily dollar value percentage of currency futures to the total dollar value cash market of the individual currency. The balance of the weighting will be determined by an amalgamation of 2 to 100 identified cash banks quotes.
Example of Weighting Factor Calculation:
Euro futures contract size=125,000 Euros
Euro futures front month (June) contract average price for May 2004=1.20
Euro futures June contract average US$ value for May 2004=125,000*(1.20)=US$150,000
Euro futures June contract volume for 20 trading days in May=1,328,943 contracts
Euro futures total dollar value for May=US$150,000*(1,328,943)=US$199,341,450,000
Euro futures June Average daily dollar value=US$199,341,450,000/20 Days=US$9,967,072,500 per day
Foreign exchange cash market estimated daily value=US$1.7 trillion (Based on industry standard estimate and noted by U.S. Federal Reserve banks).
Euro cash is estimated to be 30% of the US$1.7 trillion foreign exchange market daily value=0.30*(US$1.7 trillion)=US$510 billion
Weighting Factor for (Euro) Futures Calculation=Euro cash daily value/Foreign currency cash daily value=US$9,967,072,500 per day/US$510 billion=0.02
Thus,
Y0=0.02=Weighting Factor for Futures to Spot
Y1=0.49=Weighting Factor for Bank 1 Spot Quote
Y2=0.49=Weighting Factor for Bank 2 Spot Quote
FI=Fund Interest Income On A Daily Basis=Interest Earned On Money Market Euros Deposits.
Assume interest=1.25%/year
Interest Income=1.25%/365 days=US$0.00003425 interest income/day
FE=Fund Expenses on a daily basis=25 basis points/year
At 25 basis points/365 days=US$0.0000685 expenses/day
Therefore,
Intraday Pricing=NAV=X0(Y0)+X1(Y1)+X2(Y2)+X3(Y3)+X4(Y4)+FI−FE
Intraday Pricing=NAV=1.2138(0.02)+1.2137(0.49)+1.2139(0.49)+0.00003425−0.0000685=0.0243+0.5947+0.5948+0.00003425−0.0000685=US$1.2139
The next step is to calculate the share price.
Assuming a 10 million euro creation unit.
10 million euro*US$1.2139/euro=US$12,139,000
US$12,139,000 needed to covert 10 million euros
US$12,139,000/400,000 shares=US$30.35/share
As indicated above, the present invention may also be used to equitize a basket of currencies instead of a single currency. In this embodiment, different categories of currency indices which track different international economic barometers of a specific currency or a basket of currencies may be utilized. These categories include, without limitation: a Base Reference Currency index such as a U.S. Dollar Index (which represents a value for a currency based on a basket of specified currencies); a Regional index such as an Asian Index (to provide trading opportunities in and as a measure of the economic relationship of a defined geographic part of the world to the global economy); or a Theme index such as a High Yield Index (to provide trading opportunities to participate in an economic area concentration with the currency from those countries with similar attributes such as resource or high yield). These and other applicable indices may provide a broad indication of the international value of a base currency, regional set of currencies, or theme of currencies, thereby providing a risk management hedging tool and a means of direct investment in the basket of a specified number of currencies.
These indices will typically represent a geometric weighted average of foreign currencies included in an index basket. The index would be weighted to reflect the relative competitiveness of base currencies goods in foreign markets, competition within a foreign country between base currencies goods, and the goods of that country and competition within other world markets between base currencies goods and the goods of a foreign country. These measures would be a gauge of financial pressures on the base currency and are aggregated to produce a weight for each currency. The index weighting will dictate in what proportion the currencies comprising the basket of currencies are purchased by the fund.
There are a variety of formulas that can be used to calculate an index value. The following approach is consistent with industry practice. The index value will be rounded to two decimal places (0.01).
Where INDEX is the calculated value of the index on the date t;
FXi,t is the foreign exchange rate for currency i on date t;
wi is the weight associated with a currency i, where the weights are determined by specified percentage of individual currencies included in the currency basket and sum to 1, i.e.,
N is the number of currencies in the index; and
K is a multiplier that will be re-calculated every time the currency weights wi change.
K will be calculated as follows:
A beginning date will be selected to determine the start of the index and a beginning value forK with an INDEX value of 100.
The formula for a change in the multiplier K is as follows:
The INDEX measures the currency value relative to a base of 100.00. This means a quote of ‘108.50’ means the base currency value has risen 8.50% from the beginning date.
Once the weighting of the currencies in the index has been determined, the currencies comprising the basket of currencies to be held by the fund and equitized can be purchased in the corresponding amounts. The NAV/IIV calculation for the fund proceeds as set forth above for each applicable currency, and is multiplied by the weight of the currency in the basket. The total NAV/IIV for each specific currency is summed to arise at an NAV/IIV for the entire basket, i.e., the fund.
The invention may also be embodied in a closed end fund, which may include an interval fund. Such an embodiment may be preferable based on regulatory requirements. For example, currently, exemptive relief from the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) is necessary in order to offer an exchange traded fund of the type described in this application. Pending receipt of exemptive relief, a closed end fund may be offered which incorporates the following features: (i) shares will be listed and traded on an exchange; (ii) assets will be invested in short-term bank instruments denominated in one or more currencies; (iii) NAV will be calculated daily as described in this application; and (iv) interest income will be distributed monthly. According to one preferred embodiment, the organizational documents of the fund will provide that upon receipt of the exemptive relief from the SEC, the fund may convert automatically into an exchange traded fund incorporating all of the features described in this application.
Another aspect of the present invention is the utilization of a network of custodian and subcustodian banks as holders of the bank instruments representing the underlying currency holdings. According to a first preferred embodiment, the fund is managed using a decision tree to determine how best to allocate assets between multiple custodians and subcustodians to avoid holding/credit risks to individual banks. This aspect of the invention is advantageous because it diversifies the holdings of the foreign currency deposits among several entities based on the most favorable holding conditions. The core benefit is to diversify the risk using the same concept as one would use to avoid concentration risks in an asset allocation strategy.
The process comprises first defining a universe of potential custodian and sub-custodian banks for holding assets. The process further comprises assigning a risk exposure limit to those entities based on pre-selected criteria. In a preferred embodiment, the criteria include, for example: capitalization, credit rating, product offering, operational capabilities, investment yield, and current asset base exposure to each bank. The process also comprises establishing a concentration bank and diversification plan based on the pre-selected criteria. The process further comprises periodically re-evaluating the risk exposure and allocating fund assets to entities with the lowest risk factors.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the method and system of the present invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention include modifications and variations that are within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/588,301, filed Jul. 15, 2004, incorporated herein by reference, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/538,726, filed Jan. 23, 2004, incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60588301 | Jul 2004 | US | |
| 60538726 | Jan 2004 | US |
