Patent Grant
10126602
This application claims priority from and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2014-0032888, filed on Mar. 20, 2014, and Korean Patent Application No. 10-2014-0032889, filed on Mar. 20, 2014, which are both hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes as if fully set forth herein.
Field
Exemplary embodiments relate to a curved display device and a method of fabricating the same.
Discussion of the Background
A liquid crystal display (LCD) panel includes two transparent substrates and a liquid crystal layer therebetween. The liquid crystal layer may be controlled to adjust optical transmittance of each pixel to thereby display a desired image.
For a vertical-alignment (VA) mode LCD panel, when an electric field is applied to the liquid crystal layer, liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal molecules are aligned normal to the substrates, and this allows image light to be transmitted through the liquid crystal layer in the VA mode. For the VA mode, the LCD panel may include liquid crystal domains, each of which is configured to align the liquid crystal molecules therein in a specific direction, and the presence of such liquid crystal domains may contribute to improvement in the viewing angle characteristics of the LCD panel. For an in-plane switching (IPS) mode LCD panel, when an electric field is applied to the liquid crystal layer, liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal molecules are aligned parallel to the substrates, and this allows image light to be transmitted through the liquid crystal layer in the IPS mode.
Recently, a variety of studies have been conducted to develop a curved display panel provided with a curved display region providing an image with improved stereoscopic and immersion effects to a user.
The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the inventive concept, and, therefore, it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known in this country to a person of ordinary skill in the art.
Exemplary embodiments provide a curved display panel with improved display quality and a method of fabricating the same.
Additional aspects will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and, in part, will be apparent from the disclosure, or may be learned by practice of the inventive concept.
An exemplary embodiment of the present invention discloses a curved display device including a plurality of pixels, and is bent in a first direction crossing a second direction. The curved display device includes a first substrate including a first base substrate, a pixel electrode provided on the first base substrate, and a first alignment layer disposed on the pixel electrode, the first alignment layer including at least two domains having different photo-alignment directions, a second substrate including a second base substrate facing the first base substrate, a common electrode disposed on the second base substrate, and a second alignment layer disposed on the common electrode, the second alignment layer having a vertical alignment direction, and a liquid crystal layer including liquid crystal molecules interposed between the first and second substrates.
An exemplary embodiment of the present invention also discloses a method of fabricating a curved display device bent in a first direction, including: forming a pixel electrode on a first base substrate, forming a first alignment layer on the pixel electrode, forming a first alignment layer including at least two domains with different photo-alignment directions, forming a common electrode on a second base substrate, forming a second alignment layer having a vertical alignment direction on the common electrode, and forming a liquid crystal layer between the first and second alignment layers.
The foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are intended to provide further explanation of the claimed subject matter.
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the inventive concept, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept, and, together with the description, serve to explain principles of the inventive concept.
In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various exemplary embodiments. It is apparent, however, that various exemplary embodiments may be practiced without these specific details or with one or more equivalent arrangements. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring various exemplary embodiments.
In the accompanying figures, the size and relative sizes of layers, films, panels, regions, etc., may be exaggerated for clarity and descriptive purposes. Also, like reference numerals denote like elements.
When an element or layer is referred to as being “on,” “connected to,” or “coupled to” another element or layer, it may be directly on, connected to, or coupled to the other element or layer or intervening elements or layers may be present. When, however, an element or layer is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly connected to,” or “directly coupled to” another element or layer, there are no intervening elements or layers present. For the purposes of this disclosure, “at least one of X, Y, and Z” and “at least one selected from the group consisting of X, Y, and Z” may be construed as X only, Y only, Z only, or any combination of two or more of X, Y, and Z, such as, for instance, XYZ, XYY, YZ, and ZZ. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
Although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers, and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers, and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer, and/or section from another element, component, region, layer, and/or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer, and/or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer, and/or section without departing from the teachings of the present disclosure.
Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper,” and the like, may be used herein for descriptive purposes, and, thereby, to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the drawings. Spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of an apparatus in use, operation, and/or manufacture in addition to the orientation depicted in the drawings. For example, if the apparatus in the drawings is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary term “below” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. Furthermore, the apparatus may be otherwise oriented (e.g., rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations), and, as such, the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms, “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Moreover, the terms “comprises,” comprising,” “includes,” and/or “including,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
Various exemplary embodiments are described herein with reference to sectional illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized exemplary embodiments and/or intermediate structures. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, exemplary embodiments disclosed herein should not be construed as limited to the particular illustrated shapes of regions, but are to include deviations in shapes that result from, for instance, manufacturing. For example, an implanted region illustrated as a rectangle will, typically, have rounded or curved features and/or a gradient of implant concentration at its edges rather than a binary change from implanted to non-implanted region. Likewise, a buried region formed by implantation may result in some implantation in the region between the buried region and the surface through which the implantation takes place. Thus, the regions illustrated in the drawings are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the actual shape of a region of a device and are not intended to be limiting.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure is a part. Terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense, unless expressly so defined herein.
Referring to
The curved display device DP may include a first substrate SUB1, a second substrate SUB2 facing the first substrate SUB1, and a liquid crystal layer (not shown) interposed between the first and second substrates SUB1 and SUB2.
The first and second substrates SUB1 and SUB2 may have a shape that bends in the x-axis direction. The first substrate SUB1 may be partially or wholly bent in a continuous manner along the x-axis direction, and thus, the display region DA may be curved in the x-axis direction. The second substrate SUB2 may be bent along with the first substrate SUB1.
Referring to
A distance from the first position P1 to the third position P3 may be changed depending on a curvature of the curved display device DP. For example, the greater the curvature of the curved display device DP, the greater the distance between the first and third positions P1 and P3.
When the first and third positions P1 and P3 are spaced apart from each other by a finite distance, the first and second substrates SUB1 and SUB2 are said to be “misaligned” with each other. A way for preventing a failure resulting from the misalignment (for example, a texture defect) will be described below.
Referring to
The curved display device may include a plurality of pixels PX, which may be provided in a plurality of pixel regions PA arranged in the form of a matrix. For the sake of illustration, one of the pixel regions PA for a pixel PXij positioned at i-th row and j-th column is exemplarily illustrated in
The first substrate SUB1 may include a first base substrate BS1, a gate line GL, a data line DL, a thin-film transistor TRij, a pixel electrode PE, and a first alignment layer AL1.
The first base substrate BS1 may be formed of an insulating material having some degree of flexibility.
In exemplary embodiments, a plurality of gate lines GL may be provided on the first base substrate BS1 to extend along a specific direction.
In exemplary embodiments, a plurality of data lines DL may be provided on the first base substrate BS1, and may be electrically isolated from the gate line GL by a gate insulating layer GI to extend along another direction crossing the gate lines GL.
The thin-film transistor TRij may be electrically connected to the second gate line GLi and first data line DLj to control a switching operation of selectively supplying a signal to a pixel electrode PEij. In detail, the thin-film transistor TRij may include a gate electrode GE diverging from the second gate line GLi, a source electrode SE diverging from the first data line DLj, and a drain electrode DE electrically connected to the pixel electrode PEij. A semiconductor pattern SM may be provided between the source and drain electrodes SE and DE, and may be used as a channel region of the thin-film transistor TRij.
An insulating layer INS may be provided on the thin-film transistor TRij. The insulating layer INS may be provided to correspond to the pixel regions PA. The insulating layer INS may include color pixels and a black matrix BM between the color pixels.
Each of the color pixels may be one of red, green, and blue color pixels R, G, and B, and may be or further include at least one additional color pixel, such as magenta, yellow, and cyan color pixels.
The black matrix BM may be configured to block light transmitted from the liquid crystal layer LC. The black matrix BM may be provided to cover the first and second gate lines GLi−1 and GLi, the first and second data lines DLj and DLj+1, and the thin-film transistor TRij.
The pixel electrode PEij may be connected to the second gate line GLi and the first data line DLj through the thin-film transistor TRij. The pixel electrode PEij may be provided on the pixel region PA. The pixel electrode PEij may be provided on the insulating layer INS and may be connected to the drain electrode DE of the thin-film transistor TRij through a contact hole CH.
The pixel electrode PEij may be spaced apart from other pixel electrodes (for example, a left pixel electrode PEij−1 and a right pixel electrode PEij+1) in a first direction D1 in
In exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept, the pixel electrode PEij may be provided in the form of plate. However, the shape of the pixel electrode PEij may not be limited thereto. For example, the pixel electrode PEij may include a trunk portion and a plurality of branch portions radially extending from the trunk portion. The trunk portion may be provided in the form of a cross, and the plurality of branch portions may be provided parallel to and spaced apart from each other, in a region sectioned by the trunk portion. The branch portions adjacent to each other may be spaced apart from each other by a micrometer-order distance to form a plurality of fine slits.
The first alignment layer AL1 may be provided on the pixel electrode PEij to align liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal layer LC to at least two different alignment directions or in a pretilt angle. The pretilt angle means an angle between a top surface of the first substrate SUB1 or the first alignment layer AL1 and the liquid crystal molecules, and the alignment direction means a tilting direction of the liquid crystal molecules. In the case where the first alignment layer AL1 is aligned by a photo alignment, a direction of the liquid crystal molecules adjacent to the first alignment layer AL1 may be the same as a direction of the photo alignment.
The first alignment layer AL1 may include a photo-sensitive organic or inorganic polymer material. The material for the alignment layer may be or include a polymer material (e.g., polyimide or polyamic acid), in which light polymerization, photoisomerization, or photolysis reaction occurs when exposed by light. However, the material for the first alignment layer will not be limited thereto, and it may be or include polynorbornene phenyl maleimide copolymer, polyvinylcinnamate, polyazobenzene, polyethyleneimine, polyvinylalcohol, polyamide, polyethylene, polystylene, polyphenylenephthalamide, polyester, polyurethane, or polymethylmethacrylate. Further, the alignment material for the photo alignment is not limited to an organic polymer material. For example, the alignment material may be or include an inorganic polymer (e.g., polysiloxane).
In exemplary embodiments, the first alignment layer AL1 may include a plurality of domains having different alignment directions.
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
In exemplary embodiments, for each pixel PXij, the first to fourth domains DM1, DM2, DM3, and DM4 may be configured to have clockwise photo-alignment directions.
In each of the first to fourth domains DM1, DM2, DM3, and DM4, the liquid crystal molecules may have a pretilt angle ranging from 85° to 89.5°. Alternatively, in each of the first to fourth domains DM1, DM2, DM3, and DM4, the liquid crystal molecules may have a pretilt angle of about 88.2°±0.2°. In exemplary embodiments, in each of the first to fourth domains DM1, DM2, DM3, and DM4, the liquid crystal molecules may have a pretilt angle (hereinafter, referred to as a “first angle θ1”) ranging from 88.3° to 89.2°. In this case, when light is incident into the first alignment layer AL1, an incident angle of the light may be at an angle to the top surface of the first substrate SUB1 or the first alignment layer AL1. In some exemplary embodiments, the incident angle of the light may be variously changed.
The first to fourth domains DM1, DM2, DM3, and DM4 may be formed by the photo-alignment process. The photo-alignment process may include providing an incident light at a slant direction to the first alignment layer AL1, which is formed on the pixel electrode PEij. The incident light may be ultraviolet light, and may be polarized.
When the light is incident onto the first alignment layer AL1, the incident angle of the light may be at an angle to the top surface of the first substrate SUB1 or the first alignment layer AL1. In exemplary embodiments, the incident angle may range from 1° to 89°. The incident angle of the light may be variously changed. In other exemplary embodiments, the incident angle may range from about 40° to about 45°.
In exemplary embodiments, an alignment degree in the photo-alignment process may be changed depending on exposure doses of the first and second exposure processes (hereinafter, referred as to first and second exposure doses, respectively). Thus, by controlling the first and second exposure doses, it is possible to achieve a desired alignment degree in the photo-alignment process. In exemplary embodiments, a ratio of the first exposure dose to the second exposure dose may be from about 1:1 to about 5:1. In other exemplary embodiments, the ratio of the first exposure dose to the second exposure dose may be about 3:1.
Referring to
As a result, liquid crystal molecules in the first to fourth domains DM1, DM2, DM3, and DM4 may be arranged to have fifth to eighth directions D5, D6, D7, and D8, respectively, that are different from each other. In exemplary embodiments, as shown in
Referring to
In exemplary embodiments, the irradiation dose of the incident light may be varied.
Referring back to
The second base substrate BS2 may be formed of an insulating material having flexibility.
The over-coat layer OC may be provided to cover the second base substrate BS2. In some exemplary embodiments, the over-coat layer OC may be omitted.
The common electrode CE may be provided on the over-coat layer OC to produce an electric field along with the pixel electrode PE. In exemplary embodiments, the common electrode CE may be formed to have a plate-shaped structure. However, the shape of the common electrode CE may not be limited to a specific shape. For example, in some exemplary embodiments, the common electrode CE may be patterned to have at least one opening.
The second alignment layer AL2 may be provided on the common electrode CE, and may be a vertical alignment layer, to which a photo-alignment process cannot be effectively applied. In other words, the second alignment layer may not have different alignment directions. Further, the second alignment layer may be configured to realize a pretilt angle of about 90° relative to a top surface thereof.
The second alignment layer AL2 may include a polymer material, such as polyimide or polyamic acid. However, the material for the second alignment layer AL2 is not limited thereto, and may be the same or different from the material for the first alignment layer AL1.
In exemplary embodiments, the second alignment layer may be configured to have the pretilt angle that is different from that of the first alignment layer. In exemplary embodiments, a photo-alignment process may not be performed to the second alignment layer. Alternatively, a photo-alignment process may be additionally performed to realize a pretilt angle of about 90°. For example, a pretilt angle of the liquid crystal molecules resulting from the second alignment layer (hereinafter, referred as to a second angle θ2) may range from about 89.8° to about 90°.
According to exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept, the first and second angles may satisfy the following formula.
0.8°≤θ2−θ1≤1.5° [Formula]
The following is a description of the above formula.
In general, as described above, the curvature of the curved display device may lead to a misalignment problem of the curved display device. Especially, for the conventional curved LCD device, the misalignment between the first and second substrates may result in a decrease in transmittance of the curved display device, because of a difference between the pretilt and alignment directions of liquid crystal molecules. According to exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept, the first and second alignment layers may be configured to control the pretilt angles and to thereby compensate a reduction in transmittance of the curved LCD device. Generally, in the display device, a user can perceive a brightness change of about ±2%, and thus, the first and second alignment layers may be configured to compensate a transmittance change ranging from about −2% to about 2%. According to exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept, to compensate the transmittance reduction, the first and second angles θ1 and θ2 may be selected in a way such that a difference therebetween is within a specific range.
The following Table 1 shows transmittance and a change in brightness, which are caused by a difference between the first and second angles when the pretilt angles of the first and second alignment layers are changed by a photo-alignment process. Table 1 was obtained from simulation.
Referring to Table 1, when there was a misalignment and the value θ2−θ1 was greater than 0.8°, the change in brightness was about −1%. Accordingly, such a change in brightness cannot be perceived by a user. In the curved display device according to exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept, the value θ2−θ1 may be equal to or greater than 0.8°. Further, the value θ2−θ1 may be equal to or less than 1.5°, because when the value θ2−θ1 is greater than 1.5°, a response time of the liquid crystal molecules or a contrast ratio of the display device may be decreased.
The following Table 2 shows the presence or absence of a texture defect, which is perceived by human eyes, according to the difference between the first and second angles.
Referring Table 2, when the value θ2−θ1 was greater than 0.8°, there was no texture defect.
The liquid crystal layer LC may include liquid crystal molecules having dielectric anisotropy and optical anisotropy. In exemplary embodiments, the liquid crystal layer LC may include liquid crystal molecules having negative dielectric anisotropy. Orientation of the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer LC may be controlled by an electric field produced between the pixel electrode PEij and the common electrode CE. For example, the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer LC may be changed by controlling a magnitude of the electric field, and such a change in the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules may lead to a change in transmittance of the display device. The magnitude of the electric field applied to the liquid crystal molecules may be controlled by common and data voltages applied to the common electrode CE and the pixel electrode PEij, respectively.
In exemplary embodiments, a backlight assembly (not shown) may be disposed on a back side of the first substrate SUB1 to provide light toward the liquid crystal layer LC.
According to exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept, the curved display device may be configured in such a way that each pixel region thereof has at least two domains with different photo-alignment directions from each other. This makes it possible to realize an LCD panel with an increased viewing angle, compared with the case in which an LCD panel has a single domain.
In the curved display device with the afore-described structure, liquid crystal molecules in the first to fourth domains DM1, DM2, DM3, and DM4 may be arranged to have fifth to eighth directions D5, D6, D7, and D8, respectively, that are different from each other. In exemplary embodiments, as shown in
Further, the curved display device with the afore-described structure may be free from a photo-alignment failure, which may be caused by the misalignment. The reason is as follows.
In the conventional display device, the first alignment layer of the first substrate and the second alignment layer of the second substrate are photo-aligned to have different alignment directions from each other, at a corresponding each pixel region, and then, the first and second substrates are combined in such a way that corresponding pixel regions face each other. In this case, a resultant photo-alignment direction may be given by a vector sum of the photo-alignment directions of the first and second alignment layers. However, for the conventional display device, each of the first and second substrates is disposed on a single plane and does not have a curved portion. Thus, the first and second substrates may be combined without the problems associated with the misalignment or the photo-alignment direction.
However, as a result of the curved profile of the display device shown in
In contrast, for the curved display device according to exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept, the first alignment layer of the first substrate may be configured to have a plurality of domains whose alignment directions are different from each other, and the second alignment layer of the second substrate may be configured to not have a specific alignment direction. Accordingly, the resultant alignment direction of the liquid crystal molecules may be mainly determined by the photo-alignment direction of the first alignment layer. As a result, it is possible to prevent a failure associated with the photo-alignment direction (for example, the texture defect) from occurring when the first and second substrates are combined with each other.
Further, for the curved display device according to exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept, the black matrix may be provided on or in the first substrate. This makes it possible to avoid the misalignment between the first and second substrates, which may occur when the black matrix is provided on or in the second substrate.
In the curved display device according to exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept, the photo-alignment direction of each domain may be variously changed from that of the previous exemplary embodiments.
Referring to
As shown in
As shown in
As shown in
According to the above exemplary embodiments, each pixel may have the first to fourth domains arranged in the form of a 2×2 matrix, but the inventive concept may not be limited thereto. For example, each pixel PXij may have first to fourth domains DM1, DM2, DM3, and DM4 arranged in the form of a 4×1 matrix or a 1×4 matrix.
Referring to
Adjacent pixels may be configured in such a way that the domains thereof have different arrangements from each other. For example, a (i, j)-th pixel may have the circulation-type pixel region, and a (i, j+1)-th pixel may have the pixel region, in which domains are arranged in the form of the 1×4 matrix.
In exemplary embodiments, the plurality of domains may be configured to have the same area, as shown in the drawings, but exemplary embodiments of the inventive concepts may not be limited thereto. At least two of the domains may be configured to have different areas from each other.
In exemplary embodiments, as described above, each pixel may be configured to have the plurality of domains with different alignment directions, but in other exemplary embodiments, the inventive concept may be applied to a region between the pixels or beyond each pixel. For example, in the case where four pixels constitute a unit pixel, each of the pixels may serve as a unit domain.
Referring to
According to exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept, the structure of the curved display device may be variously modified.
Referring to
The first and second shielding electrodes SCEj and SCEj+1 may be formed parallel to the first and second data lines DLj and DLj+1, respectively. When viewed in a plan view, the first and second shielding electrodes SCEj and SCEj+1 may have a width that is equal to or greater than that of the first and second data lines DLj and DLj+1, and may be disposed to cover the first and second data lines DLj and DLj+1, respectively.
The first shielding electrode SCEj may be electrically separated from the pixel electrode PEij and the left pixel electrode PEij−1. The second shielding electrode SCEj+1 may be electrically separated from the pixel electrode PEij and the right pixel electrode PEij+1.
In exemplary embodiments, the same voltage as the common voltage for the common electrode CE may be applied to first and second shielding electrodes SCEj and SCEj+1. Accordingly, no electric field is produced between the first shielding electrode SCEj and the common electrode CE or between the second shielding electrode SCEj+1 and the common electrode CE. In the case where the liquid crystal layer LC is formed of liquid crystal molecules with negative dielectric anisotropy, the liquid crystal molecules may be aligned to be vertical to a surface of the second shielding electrode SCEj+1, even in the state of no electric field. In this case, light provided from the backlight assembly may be blocked by the vertically-aligned liquid crystal molecules. Accordingly, the regions on which the first and second shielding electrodes SCEj and SCEj+1 are provided may serve as a light-blocking region of preventing the light from propagating therethrough. Because, as described above, the first and second shielding electrodes SCEj and SCEj+1 have an elongated shape parallel to the first and second data lines DLj and DLj+1, the light-blocking region may be formed parallel to the second direction D2 in
If not only the pixel electrode PEij but also the first and second shielding electrodes SCEj and SCEj+1 are formed on the first substrate SUB1, it is possible to prevent light leakage or a dark region from occurring on the first and second data lines DLj and DLj+1.
According to exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept, a high-quality curved display device is disclosed that is configured to reduce defects resulting from misalignment.
Exemplary embodiments also disclose a method of fabricating a high-quality curved display device configured to reduce defects that may result from misalignment.
In summary, the exposing of the alignment material may include performing a first exposure step in a first exposure dose and then performing a second exposure step in a second exposure dose that may be equal to or lower than the first exposure dose, and a ratio of the first exposure dose to the second exposure dose ranges from 1:1 to 5:1.
In exemplary embodiments as described above, the first alignment layer may include the plurality of domains having different alignment directions, and the second alignment layer may be configured to realize the vertical alignment, but the present invention is not limited thereto. For example, the second alignment layer may include a plurality of domains having different alignment directions, and the first alignment layer may be configured to realize the vertical alignment. Further, according to exemplary embodiments as described above, each pixel or the unit pixel may be configured to have four domains, but, in other exemplary embodiments, the number of domains constituting each pixel or the unit pixel may be greater than or less than four.
Although certain exemplary embodiments and implementations have been described herein, other embodiments and modifications will be apparent from this description. Accordingly, the inventive concept is not limited to such embodiments, but rather to the broader scope of the presented claims and various obvious modifications and equivalent arrangements.
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