Patent Grant
9145741
Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to cutting elements that include a table of superabrasive material (e.g., polycrystalline diamond or cubic boron nitride) formed on a substrate, to earth-boring tools including such cutting elements, and to methods of forming and using such cutting elements and earth-boring tools.
Earth-boring tools are commonly used for forming (e.g., drilling and reaming) bore holes or wells (hereinafter “wellbores”) in earth formations. Earth-boring tools include, for example, rotary drill bits, core bits, eccentric bits, bi-center bits, reamers, underreamers, and mills.
Different types of earth-boring rotary drill bits are known in the art including, for example, fixed-cutter bits (which are often referred to in the art as “drag” bits), roller cone bits (which are often referred to in the art as “rock” bits), diamond-impregnated bits, and hybrid bits (which may include, for example, both fixed cutters and roller cones). The drill bit is rotated and advanced into the subterranean formation. As the drill bit rotates, the cutters or abrasive structures thereof cut, crush, shear, and/or abrade away the formation material to form the wellbore.
The drill bit is coupled, either directly or indirectly, to an end of what is referred to in the art as a “drill string,” which comprises a series of elongated tubular segments connected end-to-end that extends into the wellbore from the surface of the formation. Often various tools and components, including the drill bit, may be coupled together at the distal end of the drill string at the bottom of the wellbore being drilled. This assembly of tools and components is referred to in the art as a “bottom hole assembly” (BHA).
The drill bit may be rotated within the wellbore by rotating the drill string from the surface of the formation, or the drill bit may be rotated by coupling the drill bit to a downhole motor, which is also coupled to the drill string and disposed proximate the bottom of the wellbore. The downhole motor may comprise, for example, a hydraulic Moineau-type motor having a shaft, to which the drill bit is mounted, that may be caused to rotate by pumping fluid (e.g., drilling mud or fluid) from the surface of the formation down through the center of the drill string, through the hydraulic motor, out from nozzles in the drill bit, and back up to the surface of the formation through the annular space between the outer surface of the drill string and the exposed surface of the formation within the wellbore.
The cutting elements used in earth-boring tools often include polycrystalline diamond cutters (often referred to as “PDCs”), which are cutting elements that include a polycrystalline diamond (PCD) material. Such polycrystalline diamond-cutting elements may be formed by sintering and bonding together relatively small diamond grains or crystals under conditions of high temperature and high pressure in the presence of a catalyst (such as, for example, cobalt, iron, nickel, or alloys and mixtures thereof) to form a layer of polycrystalline diamond material on a cutting element substrate. These processes are often referred to as high temperature/high pressure (or “HTHP”) processes. The cutting element substrate may comprise a cermet material (i.e., a ceramic-metal composite material) such as, for example, cobalt-cemented tungsten carbide. In such instances, the cobalt (or other catalyst material) in the cutting element substrate may be drawn into the diamond grains or crystals during sintering and serve as a catalyst material for forming a diamond table from the diamond grains or crystals. In other methods, powdered catalyst material may be mixed with the diamond grains or crystals prior to sintering the grains or crystals together in an HTHP process.
Cutting elements may become worn during use in a drilling operation. Worn cutting elements may be less effective at cutting the subterranean formation. In addition, as cutting elements wear, they become more and more likely to fail. Failure of cutting elements can result in pieces of hard material becoming dislodged from earth-boring tools, the pieces becoming obstacles to further drilling. For example, broken cutting elements may abrade the earth-boring tool as the broken cutting elements pass up the annular space between the outer surface of the drill string and the exposed surface of the formation within the wellbore. Since the cutting elements may be much harder than the subterranean formation, earth-boring tools may not be able to cut through broken pieces of cutting elements. In some cases, the presence of broken cutting elements within a wellbore may force the operator to redrill the wellbore with a different tool or drill around the damaged cutting elements. To prevent breakage of cutting elements and costs associated with such breakage, an operator may remove an earth-boring tool from service well before its useful life is over. Such premature removal costs operators in both time and money if the earth-boring tool could have safely remained in service. It would therefore be beneficial to have a method to determine the amount of useful life remaining in an earth-boring tool without removing the tool from a wellbore.
In some embodiments, the disclosure includes a cutting element for an earth-boring tool comprising an elongated body having a longitudinal axis, a generally planar volume of hard material attached to the elongated body, and a sensor affixed to the elongated body. A line normal to the generally planar volume of hard material may be oriented at an acute angle to the longitudinal axis of the elongated body. The sensor may be configured to sense at least one of stress applied to the elongated body and strain resulting from an applied stress when the cutting element is mounted on an earth-boring tool and used to cut subterranean formation material.
An earth-boring tool may include a body comprising a pocket and a cutting element disposed at least partially within the pocket.
A method of forming a cutting element for an earth-boring tool may include securing a generally planar volume of hard material to an elongated body such that the generally planar volume of hard material is disposed in a plane oriented at an acute angle to a longitudinal axis of the elongated body, attaching a sensor to the elongated body, and configuring the sensor to sense at least one of stress applied to the elongated body and strain resulting from an applied stress when the cutting element is mounted on an earth-boring tool and used to cut subterranean formation material.
A method of forming an earth-boring tool may comprise forming a cutting element and securing the cutting element within a recess in a body of an earth-boring tool. Forming the cutting element may comprise securing a generally planar volume of hard material to an elongated body such that the generally planar volume of hard material is disposed in a plane oriented at an acute angle to the longitudinal axis of the elongated body, attaching a sensor to the elongated body, and configuring the sensor to sense at least one of stress applied to the elongated body and strain resulting from an applied stress when the cutting element is mounted on an earth-boring tool and used to cut subterranean formation material.
A method of forming a wellbore may comprise rotating an earth-boring tool comprising a cutting element within a wellbore and cutting formation material using the cutting element, and measuring at least one of stress applied to the elongated body and strain resulting from an applied stress as the cutting element is used to cut formation material. The cutting element may comprise a generally planar volume of hard material attached to an elongated body proximate an end of the elongated body, and a sensor affixed to the elongated body. A line normal to the generally planar volume of hard material may be oriented at an acute angle to the longitudinal axis of the elongated body.
While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming that which are regarded as embodiments of the present invention, advantages of embodiments of the disclosure may be more readily ascertained from the description of certain example embodiments set forth below, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
The illustrations presented herein are not meant to be actual views of any particular cutting element, earth-boring tool, or portion of such a cutting element or tool, but are merely idealized representations that are employed to describe embodiments of the present disclosure. Additionally, elements common between figures may retain the same numerical designation.
As used herein, an “earth-boring tool” means and includes any type of bit or tool used for drilling during the formation or enlargement of a wellbore in subterranean formations and includes, for example, fixed cutter bits, rotary drill bits, percussion bits, core bits, eccentric bits, bi-center bits, reamers, mills, drag bits, roller cone bits, hybrid bits and other drilling bits and tools known in the art.
As used herein, the term “polycrystalline material” means and includes any material comprising a plurality of grains or crystals of the material that are bonded directly together by inter-granular bonds. The crystal structures of the individual grains of the material may be randomly oriented in space within the polycrystalline material.
As used herein, the term “hard material” means and includes any material having a Knoop hardness value of about 3,000 Kgf/mm2 (29,420 MPa) or more. Hard materials include, for example, diamond and cubic boron nitride.
In some embodiments, the present disclosure includes a cutting element for an earth-boring tool instrumented with a sensor.
As shown in
The elongated body 14 may comprise a material such as steel, a carbide, or a mixture thereof. The material of the elongated body 14 may be selected to match, or be similar to material of a body into which the cutting elements 10, 22, or 24 may be installed. Some flexibility of the material of the elongated body 14 may be desirable such that deflections of the elongated body 14 due to applied forces may be measured.
The cutting element 10, 22, or 24 may include a volume of hard material 30 attached to one end of the elongated body 14. The volume of hard material 30 may be generally planar and may include, for example, a polycrystalline material. The volume of hard material 30 may be disposed over a substrate 32, as shown in
In some embodiments, as shown in
The elongated body 14 may include one or more sensors 12 attached rigidly thereto. Sensors 12 may be configured to measure, for example, stress applied to the elongated body 12 or strain resulting from application of stress. For example, the sensor 12 is shown as a strain gauge in
In some embodiments, the sensor 12 may be disposed over a surface of the elongated body 14, such as over the portion 18 shown in
The sensor may have a longitudinal axis corresponding to the longitudinal axis 16 of the elongated body 14. The placement of the sensor 12 may be selected such that the forces acting on the cutting element 10 are not in line with the sensor 12. For example, a force 40 acting on cutting element 10 by a subterranean formation 38 (see
The sensor 12 may be configured to communicate with other portions of a drill string. For example, the sensor 12 may have an electrical connection to a module configured to transmit signals to a computer and/or receive signals from a computer. The sensor 12 may be configured to send and/or receive optical signals, analog electrical signals (e.g., current or voltage), digital signals, or any other signals. In some embodiments, the sensor 12 may be connected by a wire, a fiber-optic cable, etc., to a data acquisition computer system located on or in a shank of the drill bit or in a sub to which the drill bit is secured. The sensor 12 may, in some embodiments, include a wireless communication device to send and/or receive signals to and from the data acquisition module.
Earth-boring tools may be configured to retain cutting elements 10 instrumented as described above. For example,
Returning to
The elongated body 14 may be formed by methods known in the art, such as by machining, pressing, casting, etc. The elongated body 14 may be formed of steel, a carbide, a boride, a nitride, an oxide, or a combination of materials. A portion 18 having a smaller lateral dimension than remaining portions 20 may be formed in the elongated body 14, such as by machining or other means. Other features of the elongated body 14, such as corners 26, chamfered edges 28 (
As discussed above in relation to
The sensor 12 may be disposed proximate the elongated body 14. As shown in
Returning to
A cutting element 64 may be secured within the pocket 56, 66. The cutting element 64 may include any of the features described above with respect to cutting elements 10, 22, and 24, and may be formed as described above. A sensor 12 may be disposed proximate an elongated body 14 of the cutting element 64, as shown in
The cutting element 64 may be secured within the pocket 56, 66. Since heat may damage some sensors 12, a cutting element 64 having a sensor 12 may be installed in a way that limits the temperature to which the sensor 12 is exposed. For example, the body 52, 62 may be heated, and the unheated cutting element 64 may be press-fit into the pocket 56, 66. The cooling body 52, 62 may shrink around the cutting element 64. As another example, resistive brazing may be used to secure the cutting element 64 within the pocket 56, 66. A thin layer of brazing material may be applied to the cutting element 64, and the cutting element may be inserted into the pocket 56, 66. An electric current may be applied across the brazing material, providing localized heat to melt it. The brazing material may flow into the cutting element 64 and the body 52, 62 and cool, forming a bond. Alternatively, ultrasonic brazing may be used to secure the cutting element 64 within the pocket 56, 66. A thin layer of brazing material may be applied to the cutting element 64, and the cutting element may be inserted into the pocket 56, 66. The brazing material may melt when exposed to vibrations of a certain frequency. Application of that frequency may bond the cutting element 64 within the pocket 56, 66 without damaging the sensor 12.
A communication link may be established between the sensor 12 and a data collection system. For example, a link may be formed between the sensor 12 and a data acquisition computer on a shank of an earth-boring tool, such as by electrical wires, fiber optics, wireless communication, etc. In embodiments in which a physical wire or cable connects the sensor 12 to the data acquisition computer, one or more wire ways may be formed, in which the wires or cables may be disposed. The computer may record data from the sensor 12, transmit data to the sensor 12, control operating parameters, and/or report data to an operator.
In some embodiments, multiple sensors 12 may be installed in a single earth-boring tool 50, 60. For example, multiple cutting elements 10, 22, or 24 having sensors 12 may be installed in an earth-boring tool 50, 60, or multiple sensors 12 may be installed in a single cutting element 10, 22, or 24. Fiber optic signals may be particularly suitable in earth-boring tools 50, 60 having multiple sensors 12 because fiber optic cables may be used to carry signals from multiple sensors 12. Thus, problems associated with large quantities of wiring may be avoided.
A wellbore may be formed by rotating an earth-boring tool 50, 60 having a cutting element 64 with a sensor 12 and by receiving information from the sensor 12. Information (e.g., data from the sensor 12) may be processed, interpreted, or recorded, such as in a data collection computer or a control system. Data from the sensor 12 may be compared to threshold values. For example, a parameter measured by a sensor 12 within or outside a predetermined range may trigger an alert communicated to an operator. The operator may then make appropriate adjustments to operating parameters such as, for example, WOB, rotational speed of the drill string, or both. In some embodiments, a control system (e.g., a computer) may alter an operating parameter based on information from the sensor. A control system may also be used to send signals to the sensor 12, such as signals to begin or to end data collection.
Data from one or more sensors 12 may be used to characterize a hardness of a subterranean formation. Forces 40 (including tangential components 42 and normal components 44) may be compared with WOB data to calculate hardness at a particular location (e.g. depth of formation). Areas of differing hardness may indicate different formations, or different materials within a formation. A drillability index may be assigned to formations and areas of the formation to indicate differences in materials. Information from the sensor 12, in combination with other data regarding depth, direction and inclination of the drill string at the drill bit from which the location of such formations and materials and the location and orientation of boundaries between the formations and materials may be ascertained, may be used to map formation features and to select locations for future wells. Sensors 12 may be calibrated before use (e.g., before insertion in a wellbore) to account for variations in sensor 12 characteristics, variations in characteristics of the cutting elements 10, 22, or 24, and/or variations in orientation and placement of the cutting elements 10, 22, or 24. If the force 40 is measured along the longitudinal axis 16 of the elongated body 14, calibration may be needed to correlate WOB with the force 40 measured. The geometry of the earth-boring tool 50, 60, the cutting element 10, 22, or 24, and the sensor 12 may determine the relationship between WOB and the force 40.
Data from the sensor 12 may also be used to determine the condition of the earth-boring tool 50, 60. Data obtained during drilling may indicate whether a cutting element 10, 22, or 24 is sharp or dull. For example,
Data from the sensor 12 may be used for development of cutter technology. For example, information about subterranean cutter loads may be used to evaluate different materials and/or cutter geometries (e.g., shape, chamfer, side rake angle, back rake angle, etc.). Furthermore, data may assist an operator in selecting appropriate tools for similar wells or in determining whether a particular tool is fit for service.
Cutting elements 10, 22, or 24 in the cone region 61 may be less likely to be damaged while drilling. Therefore, cutting elements 10, 22, or 24 disposed in the cone region 61 may provide data useful for calculating formation hardness. Data from such cutting elements 10, 22, or 24 may also be used as references to compare with data from cutting elements 10, 22, or 24 within the nose region 63 and/or the shoulder region 65. As one or more cutting elements 10, 22, or 24 reaches a wear threshold, a computer or control system may alert an operator. The operator may cease further drilling, and may remove the earth-boring tool 50, 60 from the wellbore to replace the cutting elements 10, 22, or 24. The wear threshold may be calibrated before the earth-boring tool 50, 60 is used. By replacing the cutting elements 10, 22, or 24 when they are worn, the risk of breakage downhole (where removal can be more expensive and time-consuming) may be decreased. Yet the earth-boring tool may be kept in service longer if wear remains below a selected level as determined from data measured by the sensor 12.
In additional embodiments, a cutting element 10, 22, or 24 may include multiple sensors 12, such as one or more of a strain sensor, a load cell, a torque cell, a bending cell, an accelerometer, a thermocouple, etc. The cutting element 10, 22, or 24 may also include additional components configured for use with sensors 12, such as signal conditioning electronics, wireless transceiver electronics, power supplies, etc. A cutting element 10, 22, or 24 having such sensors 12 and/or additional components may be called “smart sensors.”
Additional non-limiting example embodiments of the disclosure are described below.
A cutting element for an earth-boring tool comprising an elongated body having a longitudinal axis, a generally planar volume of hard material attached to the elongated body, and a sensor affixed to the elongated body. A line normal to the generally planar volume of hard material is oriented at an acute angle to the longitudinal axis of the elongated body. The sensor is configured to sense at least one of stress applied to the elongated body and strain resulting from an applied stress when the cutting element is mounted on an earth-boring tool and used to cut subterranean formation material.
The cutting element of Embodiment 1, wherein the volume of hard material is brazed directly to the elongated body.
The cutting element of Embodiment 1 or Embodiment 2, wherein the sensor comprises at least one of a strain gauge, a load cell, a torque cell, and a bending cell.
The cutting element of any of Embodiments 1 through 3, wherein the sensor comprises a tri-axial load cell.
The cutting element of any of Embodiments 1 through 4, wherein the volume of hard material is bonded to a substrate and the substrate is attached to the elongated body by a brazed joint.
The cutting element of Embodiment 5, wherein the substrate comprises a hard material selected from the group consisting of carbides, borides, nitrides, oxides, and mixtures thereof.
The cutting element of any of Embodiments 1 through 6, wherein the elongated body comprises a first portion having a first lateral dimension measured along a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis and a second portion having a second lateral dimension measured along a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis different from the first lateral dimension.
The cutting element of any of Embodiments 1 through 7, wherein the elongated body comprises a material selected from the group consisting of steel, carbides, and mixtures thereof.
The cutting element of any of Embodiments 1 through 8, wherein the volume of hard material does not intersect the longitudinal axis of the elongated body.
An earth-boring tool, comprising a body comprising a pocket and a cutting element disposed at least partially within the pocket. The cutting element comprises an elongated body having a longitudinal axis, a generally planar volume of hard material attached to the elongated body proximate an end of the elongated body, and a sensor affixed to the elongated body. A line normal to the generally planar volume of hard material is oriented at an acute angle to the longitudinal axis of the elongated body. The sensor is affixed to the elongated body and configured to sense at least one of stress applied to the elongated body and strain resulting from an applied stress when the generally planar volume of hard material is used to cut subterranean formation material during use of the earth-boring tool.
The earth-boring tool of Embodiment 10, wherein the cutting element comprises a brazed joint between the volume of hard material and the elongated body.
The earth-boring tool of Embodiment 10 or Embodiment 11, wherein the sensor comprises at least one of a strain gauge, a load cell, a torque cell, and a bending cell.
The earth-boring tool of any of Embodiments 10 through 12, wherein the volume of hard material is disposed over a substrate. The substrate is attached to the elongated body by a brazed joint and comprises a hard material selected from the group consisting of carbides, borides, nitrides, oxides, and mixtures thereof.
The earth-boring tool of any of Embodiments 10 through 13, wherein the elongated body comprises a first portion having a first lateral dimension and a second portion having a second lateral dimension different from the first lateral dimension.
The earth-boring tool of any of Embodiments 10 through 14, further comprising a module configured to transmit data between the sensor and a data collection system.
The earth-boring tool of any of Embodiments 10 through 15, wherein the cutting element is affixed within the pocket by a brazed joint or a press-fit joint.
A method of forming a cutting element for an earth-boring tool, comprising securing a generally planar volume of hard material to an elongated body such that the generally planar volume of hard material is disposed in a plane oriented at an acute angle to a longitudinal axis of the elongated body, attaching a sensor to the elongated body, and configuring the sensor to sense at least one of stress applied to the elongated body and strain resulting from an applied stress when the cutting element is mounted on an earth-boring tool and used to cut subterranean formation material.
The method of Embodiment 17, wherein securing a volume of generally planar hard material to the elongated body comprises forming the volume of hard material on the elongated body.
The method of Embodiment 17 or Embodiment 18, wherein attaching the sensor to the elongated body comprises forming a recess within the elongated body and disposing the sensor within the recess.
The method of any of Embodiments 17 through 19, further comprising reducing a lateral dimension of a section of the elongated body.
The method of Embodiment 20, wherein attaching the sensor to the elongated body comprises attaching the sensor around the section of the elongated body having the reduced lateral dimension.
The method of any of Embodiments 17 through 21, wherein securing the volume of hard material to the elongated body comprises securing a substrate to the elongated body, the volume of hard material disposed over the substrate.
A method of forming an earth-boring tool, comprising forming a cutting element and securing the cutting element within a recess in a body of an earth-boring tool. Forming the cutting element comprises securing a generally planar volume of hard material to an elongated body such that the generally planar volume of hard material is disposed in a plane oriented at an acute angle to the longitudinal axis of the elongated body, attaching a sensor to the elongated body, and configuring the sensor to sense at least one of stress applied to the elongated body and strain resulting from an applied stress when the cutting element is mounted on an earth-boring tool and used to cut subterranean formation material.
The method of Embodiment 23, further comprising forming the volume of hard material on the elongated body.
The method of Embodiment 23 or Embodiment 24, further comprising forming a communication link between the sensor and a data collection system.
The method of any of Embodiments 23 through 25, wherein securing a cutting element within the recess comprises heating the body and pressing the cutting element within the recess.
The method of any of Embodiments 23 through 26, wherein securing a cutting element within the recess comprises forming a brazing material over at least a portion of the cutting element, disposing the cutting element within the recess, and providing localized heat to the brazing material.
A method of forming a wellbore, comprising rotating an earth-boring tool comprising a cutting element within a wellbore, cutting formation material using the cutting element, and measuring at least one of stress applied to the elongated body and strain resulting from and applied stress as the cutting element is used to cut formation material. The cutting element comprises a generally planar volume of hard material attached to an elongated body proximate an end of the elongated body, and a sensor affixed to the elongated body. A line normal to the generally planar volume of hard material is oriented at an acute angle to the longitudinal axis of the elongated body.
The method of Embodiment 28, further comprising recording information received from the sensor.
The method of Embodiment 28 or Embodiment 29, further comprising comparing data measured by the sensor to at least one of a threshold value and a value measured by a sensor affixed to another cutting element.
The method of any of Embodiments 28 through 30, further comprising alerting an operator to a condition based on data obtained from the sensor.
The method of any of Embodiments 28 through 31, further comprising altering an operating parameter based on data obtained from the sensor.
The method of any of Embodiments 28 through 32, further comprising characterizing a hardness of a subterranean formation using data obtained from the sensor.
While the present disclosure has been set forth herein with respect to certain embodiments, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize and appreciate that it is not so limited. Rather, many additions, deletions and modifications to the embodiments described herein may be made without departing from the scope of the invention as hereinafter claimed. In addition, features from one embodiment may be combined with features of another embodiment while still being encompassed within the scope of the invention as contemplated by the inventors.
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