The present disclosure relates to methods and apparatus for performing chipforming machining, wherein metal-cutting inserts mounted in the cutter body are subjected to considerable forces in an axial or longitudinal direction of the cutter body.
In the discussion of the background that follows, reference is made to certain structures and/or methods. However, the following references should not be construed as an admission that these structures and/or methods constitute prior art. Applicants expressly reserve the right to demonstrate that such structures and/or methods do not qualify as prior art.
Cutting tools for the chipforming machining of metallic workpieces typically employ a cutter body on which are mounted cutting inserts of thin, polygonal shape, such as rectangular (square or non-square) and triangular. Such inserts have top and bottom surfaces interconnected by a side surface that intersects the top surface to form cutting edges therewith.
For example, in a long edge milling cutter, the cutting inserts are arranged in respective insert seats on a cutter body such that one of the cutting edges of each insert is positioned to constitute an active cutting edge and is oriented generally in the fore-aft direction, i.e., generally radially relative to the longitudinal axis of the cutter body. Those cutting edges are generally aligned to form helical cutting flutes which cut a workpiece when relative rotation between the cutter body and the workpiece occurs about the longitudinal axis of the cutter body. In addition, each of the frontmost, or end, inserts on the cutter body has an active front cutting edge oriented transversely relative to the longitudinal axis. During a cutting operation, all of the cutting inserts are subjected to forces in the radial inward direction of the cutter body which can be resisted by mounting inserts such that they bear against a radially outwardly facing surface of the cutter body. In addition, the end inserts are further subjected to substantial forces in the axially rearward direction of the cutter body, due to the presence of their active transverse cutting edges.
The axially rearward forces applied to the end inserts may not be completely resisted by the mounting screw, but can be further resisted by abutting the inserts against axially forwardly facing support walls of the cutter body. However, that increases the amount of material for fabricating the cutter body, and may interfere with chip formation on adjacently located inserts. Also, by configuring such support walls to conform to the shape of the abutting face of the abutting insert, it may occur that the cutter body is prevented from accommodating a wide variety of shapes.
It has also been proposed to resist the axial force acting on an end insert by providing the bottom surface of the insert with a recess, e.g., of generally pyramidal shape, which seats on a correspondingly shaped upward protrusion of the insert seat (e.g., see U.S. Pat. No. 7,819,610). However, such an arrangement has met with only limited success.
In the case of high-speed cutters which cut relatively light-weight materials such as aluminum, the inserts are subjected to high centrifugal forces. It has been proposed to resist such centrifugal forces by providing the bottom surface of the cutting insert with serrations oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cutter body, which serrations mesh with corresponding serrations formed in the insert seat (e.g., see U.S. Pat. No. 6,921,234). However, such serrations would not effectively resist the axial forces applied to the end inserts of a lower-speed cutter which cuts heavier-weight materials.
In U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,146,060 and 7,585,137, it has been proposed to provide the bottom surface of a cutting insert with two sets of serrations, with the serrations of each set oriented parallel to one another and perpendicular to the serrations of the other set. Those opposing sets of serrations mesh with corresponding serrations formed in the seat and thus offer resistance to cutting forces applied in different directions, e.g., axial and radial directions. Although being effective, inserts of that type are relatively difficult and expensive to manufacture. Also the total force-resisting surface area defined by each set of serrations is reduced, due to the presence of the other set of serrations. In addition, it will be appreciated that once the insert is mounted, it is locked against movement in any direction, eliminating the ability of pressing the insert against a surface of the cutter body, e.g., by a mounting screw, for maximizing the insert's stability.
The insert seats can be formed directly on the cutter body, or by means of a separate shim interposed between the insert and the cutter body. Such a shim offers a certain degree of protection for the cutter body in the event of a catastrophic failure of the cutting insert during a cutting operation.
It is apparent from the foregoing discussion that it would be desirable to provide cutting inserts with better support against axially rearwardly directed forces.
Disclosed herein is a cutting insert for chipforming machining, comprising a polygonally shaped body including top and bottom surfaces interconnected by a pair of long side faces and a pair of short side faces, the side faces intersecting the top surface to form therewith a pair of main cutting edges and a pair of secondary cutting edges. Each secondary cutting edge is shorter than the main cutting edges and intersects both main cutting edges. The top surface is shaped substantially symmetrically about an imaginary bisector extending through both secondary cutting edges. The bottom surface has formed therein a plurality of serrations formed therein. All serrations in the bottom surface are oriented parallel to one another and extend transversely relative to the bisector.
Also disclosed is a shim for defining a seat for a cutting insert. The shim comprises first and second portions, the first portion having substantially parallel upper and lower surfaces and defining front and rear ends spaced apart along a fore-aft direction of the shim. The upper surface includes a plurality of serrations. All serrations formed in the upper surface are parallel to one another and extend transversely relative to the fore-aft direction. The second portion is disposed at least at the front end of the first portion and forms a lip projecting downwardly past the lower surface. In lieu of a lip, the lower surface of the first portion can be provided with parallel serrations.
Further disclosed is a cutting tool comprising a cutter body which defines a longitudinal axis, and at least one indexable end cutting insert for chip forming machining mounted in a serrated seat disposed at an axial end of the cutter body. The cutting insert includes top and bottom surfaces interconnected by a plurality of side faces intersecting the top surface to form therewith a plurality of cutting edges, one of which being positioned to constitute an active cutting edge oriented generally parallel to the longitudinal axis. The bottom surface includes a plurality of parallel serrations disposed in meshing engagement with corresponding serrations of the serrated seat. All serrations of the insert and all serrations of the seat are oriented parallel to one another and extend transversely relative to both the active cutting edge and the longitudinal axis for resisting axially rearward forces applied to the insert during a cutting operation, with the insert being pressed against a transversely facing surface of the cutter body (e.g., by a mounting screw).
Further disclosed is a cutting insert for chipforming machining, comprising a polygonally shaped body including top and bottom surfaces and at least three side faces interconnecting the top surface to form corresponding cutting edges therewith. The bottom surface has formed therein a plurality of sets of serrations disposed adjacent respective cutting edges. All serrations of each set are parallel to one another and extend transversely relative to the respective cutting edge. At least some of the serrations of each set are closed at one end. The serrations of each set are oriented non-parallel to the serrations of at least two other sets.
Also disclosed is a cutting tool comprising a cutter body defining a longitudinal axis, and at least one indexable end cutting insert for chipforming machining mounted in a serrated seat disposed at an axial end of the cutter body. The cutting insert comprises a polygonally shaped body including top and bottom surfaces and at least three side faces interconnecting the top surface to form corresponding cutting edges therewith. The bottom surface has formed therein a plurality of sets of serrations disposed adjacent respective cutting edges. All serrations of each set are oriented parallel to one another and extend transversely relative to the respective cutting edge. The serrations of each set are oriented non-parallel to the serrations of at least two other sets. The serrated seat includes serrations extending in only one direction transversely relative to the cutting edge and meshing only with serrations of the insert that extend in such transverse direction, to enable the cutting insert to be pressed against a transversely facing surface of the cutter body (e.g., by a mounting screw).
Also disclosed is a cutter body defining a longitudinal axis and forming seats adapted to mount cutting inserts. The seats include end seats disposed at a front longitudinal end of the cutter body, which end seats include a plurality of serrations. All serrations formed in the cutter body are oriented parallel to one another and extend transversely relative to the longitudinal axis.
The following detailed description can be read in connection with the accompanying drawings in which like numerals designate like elements.
As described hereafter, cutting inserts mounted in respective seats disposed at a front axial end of a cutter body, such as a cutter body for a milling cutter for example, include serrations which mesh with corresponding serrations of the seats. The serrations are oriented for resisting axially rearward forces applied to the inserts during a milling operation. That is, the serrations are oriented transversely relative to the longitudinal axis of the cutter body.
Depicted in
The inserts 14 include front inserts, or end inserts, 14A situated at a front axial end of the cutter body. As explained earlier herein, all of the inserts in a milling cutter are subjected to radially inward cutting forces during a milling operation, due to the presence of active axial cutting edges oriented generally parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cutter body. However, the front inserts 14A are also subjected to strong axially rearward cutting forces due to the presence of their active transverse cutting edges. The present disclosure explains how to resist those axial forces imposed on the front inserts in an effective and economical way by providing specially oriented serrations on the front inserts and their respective seats.
Each front insert 14A comprises a body of generally non-square rectangular shape, although the inserts can have other shapes, such as square and triangular, as will be later explained. The insert 14 also includes top and bottom surfaces 42, 44 interconnected by a side surface which comprises a plurality of long and short side faces 46, 48. The long side faces intersect the top surface to form two main cutting edges 50, and the short side faces intersect the top surface to form two secondary cutting edges 52. The secondary cutting edges 52 are shorter than the main cutting edges, and each secondary cutting edge intersects both of the main cutting edges at respective corners of the insert. A through-hole 54 extends through a geometric center of the insert for receiving the securing screw 16.
An imaginary longitudinal bisector B of the insert (
The top surface 42 of each front insert 14A is shaped substantially symmetrically about the imaginary bisector B. The bottom surface 44 includes parallel alternating recesses and projections which define a plurality of serrations 60 extending transversely relative to the bisector B and which mesh with serrations 80 or 80A of the seat, as will be explained. Preferably, the entire area of the surface 44 is serrated in order to maximize the force-resisting area. The serrations 60 form an angle α with the bisector B and thus also form the angle α with the axis A. For example, the angle α could be substantially 90 degrees as shown in
The serrations 60 are spaced apart along the bisector B such that one or more of the serrations are disposed on each side of the through-hole 54, when considered in the direction of the bisector B. There can be any number of serrations on each side of the through-hole, and there can be more serrations on one side than on the other side.
The serrations 60 can have any suitable configuration, such as any of the configurations described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,921,234, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
As noted above, the inserts 14A are mounted in seats disposed on the cutter body. Seats 80 can be formed directly in the cutter body 12, as shown in
Described initially is the case where the seats are defined by shims 70. The shims are preferably arranged between the cutter body 12 and the front inserts 14A, because the portions of the cutter body disposed beneath those front inserts are particularly susceptible to damage in the event of a catastrophic insert failure. Alternatively, however, shims could also be provided for the other inserts.
Each shim defines a fore-aft direction D (
Alternatively, the rear face 86 could be oriented perpendicularly to the lower surface 78 as shown in
Extending through the shim from the upper surface 76 to the lower surface 78 is a through-hole 90 (
As in the case of the serrations 60, some of the serrations 80 are disposed on one side of the through-hole 90, and others are disposed on the opposite side of the through-hole 90, as considered in the direction of the direction D.
During a milling operation, the axially rearward forces applied to the end cutting inserts are transmitted to the shim via the serrations 60, 80, and those forces are, in turn, transmitted to the cutter body by the lip 75, to be resisted by the cutter body.
In lieu of the lip 75, the shim could be mounted in a pocket of the cutter tool in engagement with a wall of the pocket to resist axially rearwardly directed cutting forces that are transmitted thereto.
In the case where no shims are provided, i.e., where the insert seat is formed directly in the cutter body, serrations 80a would be formed directly in the cutter body, as shown in
As explained above, each of the front inserts 14A has a through-hole 54 which receives the securing screw 16. That screw 16 has a head 100 (see
It should be understood that the extent of bending of the screw 16 (and thus the strength of the prestress) will be greater when a shim is employed, because then a longer screw 16 can be utilized as compared to the non-shim embodiment.
It will be appreciated from the foregoing description that when the front inserts 14A are installed on the cutter body 12, the meshing engagement between the insert serrations 60 and the seat serrations 80 (or 80a) will enable the insert to effectively resist the relatively strong axially rearward forces applied to the front inserts 14A during a milling operation. In the event that a shim is employed, engagement of the lips 75 with the tool body, enable the axially rearward cutting forces to be transferred from the shim to the cutter body.
As pointed out earlier, the cutting inserts can assume a variety of shapes. Depicted in
An insert seat for the insert 200 would be configured to enable axial cutting forces to be resisted, while enabling the insert to be pressed against a transversely facing surface of the cutter body. An example of such a seat 205, shown in
In lieu of being oriented perpendicularly to the cutting edges, the sets of serrations 204a-d could be oriented at an acute angle of no less than about 30 degrees to their respective cutting edges, as explained earlier. In that event, the seat would possess only one set of serrations which would be arranged to mesh with the serrations associated with the active cutting edge. The seat would also include two non-serrated areas for receiving, and deactivating, the other two sets of serrations of the insert. Thus the ability of the insert to be pressed against the cutter body by a mounting screw would be ensured.
In the event the seat for the square insert 200 is formed by a shim 210, the shim could be configured to transmit axially rearwardly directed cutting forces to the cutter body in any suitable manner, such as by a lip 75 described earlier, or by engaging a wall 212 of a pocket 214, as shown in
Another possible shape for the cutting inserts is triangular, as shown in
Although the milling tool examples disclosed herein are for long edge milling operations, it will be understood that the expedients disclosed herein are useful for other milling operations such as face milling and end milling. Moreover, those expedients are also useful in types of chipforming machining, other than milling, in which considerable axial forces are to be resisted, such as turning and boring operations.
Although preferred embodiments have been described herein, it will be appreciated to those of ordinary skill in the art that additions, deletions, modifications and substitutions not specifically described may be made without departing from the scope of the appended claims.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
2085095 | Grattan | Jun 1937 | A |
4708537 | Elka et al. | Nov 1987 | A |
5129767 | Satran et al. | Jul 1992 | A |
5551811 | Satran et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
5836724 | Satran et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
5871309 | Svensson | Feb 1999 | A |
5888029 | Boianjiu | Mar 1999 | A |
5913644 | DeRoche et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
6004080 | Qvarth et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
6146060 | Rydberg et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
6146061 | Larsson | Nov 2000 | A |
6293737 | Satran et al. | Sep 2001 | B1 |
6503028 | Wallström | Jan 2003 | B1 |
6921234 | Arvidsson et al. | Jul 2005 | B2 |
7549358 | Pantzar | Jun 2009 | B2 |
7578641 | Andersson et al. | Aug 2009 | B2 |
7585137 | Pantzar | Sep 2009 | B2 |
7597510 | Lundvall | Oct 2009 | B2 |
7607867 | Benson | Oct 2009 | B2 |
7780381 | Sjoo et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
7819610 | Wallström et al. | Oct 2010 | B2 |
8042437 | Maier et al. | Oct 2011 | B2 |
8475087 | Wihlborg et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
20050158132 | Pantzar | Jul 2005 | A1 |
20050244233 | Jonsson | Nov 2005 | A1 |
20080145159 | Benson | Jun 2008 | A1 |
20080181731 | Wallstrom et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
20090196701 | Wihlborg et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
1 647 346 | Apr 2006 | EP |
WO 9919105 | Apr 1999 | WO |
WO 0037204 | Jun 2000 | WO |
WO 02055243 | Jul 2002 | WO |
WO 2004098818 | Nov 2004 | WO |
WO 2004098818 | Nov 2004 | WO |
WO 2005080036 | Sep 2005 | WO |
Entry |
---|
International Search Report for PCT/SE2012/050238, dated Jun. 14, 2012. |
Written Opinion of the International Search Report for PCT/SE2012/050238, dated Jun. 14, 2012. |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20120230784 A1 | Sep 2012 | US |