Patent Application
20240358702
This disclosure provides compounds as well as their compositions and methods of use. The compounds modulate KRAS activity and are useful in the treatment of various diseases including cancer.
Ras proteins are part of the family of small GTPases that are activated by growth factors and various extracellular stimuli. The Ras family regulates intracellular signaling pathways responsible for growth, migration, survival and differentiation of cells. Activation of Ras proteins at the cell membrane results in the binding of key effectors and initiation of a cascade of intracellular signaling pathways within the cell, including the RAF and PI3K kinase pathways. Somatic mutations in RAS may result in uncontrolled cell growth and malignant transformation while the activation of RAS proteins is tightly regulated in normal cells (Simanshu, D. et al. Cell 170.1 (2017):17-33).
The Ras family is comprised of three members: KRAS, NRAS and HRAS. RAS mutant cancers account for about 25% of human cancers. KRAS is the most frequently mutated isoform accounting for 85% of all RAS mutations whereas NRAS and HRAS are found mutated in 12% and 3% of all Ras mutant cancers respectively (Simanshu, D. et al. Cell 170.1 (2017):17-33). KRAS mutations are prevalent amongst the top three most deadly cancer types: pancreatic (97%), colorectal (44%), and lung (30%) (Cox, A. D. et al. Nat Rev Drug Discov (2014) 13:828-51). The majority of RAS mutations occur at amino acid residue 12, 13, and 61. The frequency of specific mutations varies between RAS gene isoforms and while G12 and Q61 mutations are predominant in KRAS and NRAS respectively, G12, G13 and Q61 mutations are most frequent in HRAS. Furthermore, the spectrum of mutations in a RAS isoform differs between cancer types. For example, KRAS G12D mutations predominate in pancreatic cancers (51%), followed by colorectal adenocarcinomas (45%) and lung cancers (17%) while KRAS G12V mutations are associated with pancreatic cancers (30%), followed by colorectal adenocarcinomas (27%), and lung adenocarcinomas (23%) (Cox, A. D. et al. Nat Rev Drug Discov (2014) 13:828-51). In contrast, KRAS G12C mutations predominate in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comprising 11-16% of lung adenocarcinomas, and 2-5% of pancreatic and colorectal adenocarcinomas (Cox, A. D. et al. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. (2014) 13:828-51). Genomic studies across hundreds of cancer cell lines have demonstrated that cancer cells harboring KRAS mutations are highly dependent on KRAS function for cell growth and survival (McDonald, R. et al. Cell 170 (2017): 577-592). The role of mutant KRAS as an oncogenic driver is further supported by extensive in vivo experimental evidence showing mutant KRAS is required for early tumor onset and maintenance in animal models (Cox, A. D. et al. Nat Rev Drug Discov (2014) 13:828-51).
Taken together, these findings indicate that KRAS mutations play a critical role in human cancers. Development of inhibitors targeting KRAS, including mutant KRAS, will therefore be useful in the clinical treatment of diseases that are characterized by involvement of KRAS, including diseases characterized by the involvement or presence of a KRAS mutation.
The present disclosure provides, inter alia, a compound of Formula (I):
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein constituent variables are defined herein.
The present disclosure further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
The present disclosure further provides methods of inhibiting KRAS activity, which comprises administering to an individual a compound of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The present disclosure also provides uses of the compounds described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for use in therapy. The present disclosure also provides the compounds described herein for use in therapy.
The present disclosure further provides methods of treating a disease or disorder in a patient comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
The details of one or more embodiments are set forth in the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description and from the claims.
For the terms “e.g.” and “such as,” and grammatical equivalents thereof, the phrase “and without limitation” is understood to follow unless explicitly stated otherwise.
The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
The term “about” means “approximately” (e.g., plus or minus approximately 10% of the indicated value).
In an aspect, provided herein is a compound having Formula (I):
In an embodiment, the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula I-A:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
In another embodiment, the compound of Formula (I) is any one of the following Formulae (I-B), (I-C), (I-D), (I-E), (I-F), and (I-G):
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
In another embodiment of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
In yet another embodiment of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
In another embodiment, Cy1 is phenyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents, (or 1 or 2 substituents, or 1 substituent) independently selected from C1-3 alkyl (such as methyl), C1-3 haloalkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, C2-3 alkynyl, halo (such as fluoro or such as chloro), OH, C1-3 alkoxy, and C1-3 haloalkoxy. In yet another embodiment, Cy1 is phenyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents, (or 1 or 2 substituents, or 1 substituent) independently selected from C1-3 alkyl (such as methyl) and halo (such as fluoro or such as chloro). In still another embodiment, Cy1 is phenyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from C1-3 alkyl and halo.
In another embodiment, Cy1 is phenyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from C1-3 alkyl and halo. In an embodiment, Cy1 is 2-chloro-3-methylphenyl. In another embodiment, Cy1 is 2,3-dichlorophenyl.
In another embodiment, R1 is halo. In yet another embodiment, R1 is fluoro.
In still another embodiment, R2 is H. In an embodiment, R2 is C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 haloalkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, C2-3 alkynyl, wherein the C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and C2-3 alkynyl forming R2 are each optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents (or 1 or 2 substituents, or 1 substituent) independently selected from R2B.
In another embodiment, R2 is C1-3 alkyl (e.g., methyl or ethyl) optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents (or 1 or 2 substituents, or 1 substituent) independently selected from R2B. In yet another embodiment, R2 is methyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents (or 1 or 2 substituents, or 1 substituent) independently selected from R2B. In still another embodiment, R2 is methyl. In an embodiment, R2 is ethyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents (or 1 or 2 substituents, or 1 substituent) independently selected from R2B. In another embodiment, R2 is ethyl. In yet another embodiment, R2 is 1-hydroxyethyl.
In still another embodiment, R2 is 4-6 membered heterocycloalkyl (or 4-membered, or 5-membered-, or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl) optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents (or 1 or 2 substituents, or 1 substituent) independently selected from R2A. In an embodiment, R2 is azetidin-1-yl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents (or 1 or 2 substituents, or 1 substituent) independently selected from R2A. In another embodiment, R2 is 2-methyl-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)-2-methylazetidin-1-yl.
In yet another embodiment, R2 is 5-6 membered heteroaryl (or 5-membered or 6-membered heteroaryl) optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents (or 1 or 2 substituents, or 1 substituent) independently selected from R2A. In still another embodiment, R2 is 6 membered heteroaryl (e.g., pyridyl, such as 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl) optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents (or 1 or 2 substituents, or 1 substituent) independently selected from R2A. In an embodiment, R2 is 6 membered heteroaryl (e.g., pyridyl, such as 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl) optionally substituted with 2-hydroxypropyl or with C(O)NR2BRc2D (such as C(O)NH2, C(O)NHMe, or C(O)NMe2). In another embodiment, R2 is ORa2.
In yet another embodiment, each R2A is independently selected from C1-3 alkyl, NRc2BRc2D (such as NH2, NHMe, or NMe2), or C(O)NRc2BRc2D (such as C(O)NH2, C(O)NHMe, or C(O)NMe2), wherein the C1-3 alkyl forming R2A is optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents (or 1 or 2 substituents, or 1 substituent) each independently selected from R2B. In still another embodiment, each R2A is independently selected from C1-3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents (or 1 or 2 substituents, or 1 substituent) each independently selected from R2B. In an embodiment, each R2A is R2B.
In another embodiment, each R3 is H, D, or C1-3 alkyl (such as methyl). In yet another embodiment, each R3 is H or C1-3 alkyl (such as methyl). In still another embodiment, each R3 is H. In an embodiment, two R3 attached to the same carbon atom together with the carbon atom to which they are both attached, form a spiro C3-6 cycloalkyl (such as cyclopropyl) ring. In another embodiment, two R3 attached to adjacent carbon atoms together with the carbon atoms to which they are both attached, form a fused C3-6 cycloalkyl (such as cyclopropyl) ring.
In yet another embodiment, Cy2 is C6-10 aryl (such as phenyl) optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents (or 1, 2, or 3 substituents, or 1 or 2 substituents, or 1 substituent) independently selected from RCy2. In another embodiment, Cy2 is phenyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 substituents (or 1 substituent) independently selected from RCy2. In yet another embodiment, Cy2 is phenyl, 3-N-acetylaminomethylphenyl, 4-cyanophenyl, or 4-fluorophenyl.
In still another embodiment, Cy2 is 5-10 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents (or 1, 2, or 3 substituents, or 1 or 2 substituents, or 1 substituent) independently selected from RCy2. In an embodiment, Cy2 is 6 membered heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1 or 2 (or 1 substituent) independently selected from RCy2. In an embodiment, Cy2 is Cy2 is selected from pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and thienopyridinyl (such as thieno[2,3-b]pyridinyl or thieno[3,2-b]pyridinyl, all of which are optionally substituted with 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from RCy2.
In another embodiment, Cy2 is selected from pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-4-yl, pyridazin-3-yl, pyridazin-4-yl, pyridazin-5-yl, pyridazin-6-yl, pyrimidin-2-yl, pyrimidin-4-yl, pyrimidin-5-yl, and thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-4-yl, all of which are optionally substituted with 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from RCy2.
In yet another embodiment, Cy2 is selected from pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-4-yl, pyridazin-3-yl, pyridazin-4-yl, pyridazin-5-yl, pyridazin-6-yl, pyrimidin-2-yl, pyrimidin-4-yl, pyrimidin-5-yl, thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-4-yl, 2-aminopyridin-4-yl, 2-cyanopyridin-4-yl, 2-difluoromethylpyridin-4-yl, 2-N,N-dimethylaminopyridin-4-yl, 2-fluoropyridin-3-yl, 2-fluoropyridin-4-yl, 5-fluoropyridin-2-yl, 3-fluoropyridin-2-yl, 2-methoxypyridin-3-yl, 2-methoxypyridin-4-yl, and 2-methylpyridin-4-yl. In still another embodiment, Cy2 is C3-7 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents (or 1, 2, or 3 substituents, or 1 or 2 substituents, or 1 substituent) independently selected from RCy2.
In an embodiment, Cy2 is 4-10 membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents (or 1, 2, or 3 substituents, or 1 or 2 substituents, or 1 substituent) independently selected from RCy2. In another embodiment, Cy2 is selected from oxetanyl and 2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents (or 1, 2, or 3 substituents, or 1 or 2 substituents, or 1 substituent) independently selected from RCy2. In yet another embodiment, Cy2 is selected from 3-hydroxyoxetan-3-yl, 1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl and 2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl.
In still another embodiment, each RCy2 is independently selected from C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 alkoxy, C1-3 haloalkyl, and halo. In another embodiment, each RCy2 is independently selected from D, C1-3 alkyl, C1-3 haloalkyl, and halo. In yet another embodiment, each RCy2 is independently halo. In yet another embodiment, each RCy2 is independently halo. In still another embodiment, each RCy2 is independently C1-3 haloalkyl. In still another embodiment, each RCy2 is independently C1-3 alkoxy.
In another embodiment, the compound of Formula (I) is selected from
In yet another embodiment, the compound of Formula (I) is selected from
In other embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. In other embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is in the form of a free base or free acid, or other than in the form of a salt.
In another aspect, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), or any of the embodiments thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
It is further appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, can also be provided in combination in a single embodiment (while the embodiments are intended to be combined as if written in multiply dependent form). Conversely, various features of the invention which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, can also be provided separately or in any suitable subcombination. Thus, it is contemplated as features described as embodiments of the compounds of Formula I can be combined in any suitable combination.
At various places in the present specification, certain features of the compounds are disclosed in groups or in ranges. It is specifically intended that such a disclosure include each and every individual subcombination of the members of such groups and ranges. For example, the term “C1-6 alkyl” is specifically intended to individually disclose (without limitation) methyl, ethyl, C3 alkyl, C4 alkyl, C5 alkyl and C6 alkyl.
The term “n-membered,” where n is an integer, typically describes the number of ring-forming atoms in a moiety where the number of ring-forming atoms is n. For example, piperidinyl is an example of a 6-membered heterocycloalkyl ring, pyrazolyl is an example of a 5-membered heteroaryl ring, pyridyl is an example of a 6-membered heteroaryl ring and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene is an example of a 10-membered cycloalkyl group.
At various places in the present specification, variables defining divalent linking groups may be described. It is specifically intended that each linking substituent include both the forward and backward forms of the linking substituent. For example, —NR(CR′R″)n— includes both —NR(CR′R″)n— and —(CR′R″)nNR— and is intended to disclose each of the forms individually. Where the structure requires a linking group, the Markush variables listed for that group are understood to be linking groups. For example, if the structure requires a linking group and the Markush group definition for that variable lists “alkyl” or “aryl” then it is understood that the “alkyl” or “aryl” represents a linking alkylene group or arylene group, respectively.
The term “substituted” means that an atom or group of atoms formally replaces hydrogen as a “substituent” attached to another group. The hydrogen atom is formally removed and replaced by a substituent. A single divalent substituent, e.g., oxo, can replace two hydrogen atoms. The term “optionally substituted” means unsubstituted or substituted. The term “substituted,” unless otherwise indicated, refers to any level of substitution, e.g., mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- or penta-substitution, where such substitution is permitted. The substituents are independently selected, and substitution may be at any chemically accessible position. It is to be understood that substitution at a given atom is limited by valency. It is to be understood that substitution at a given atom results in a chemically stable molecule.
The term “Cn-m” indicates a range which includes the endpoints, wherein n and m are integers and indicate the number of carbons present in a chemical moiety. The term is intended to include each and every member in the indicated range. Thus, Cn-m includes each member in the series Cn, Cn+1, . . . Cm-1, and Cm. Examples include C1-4 (which includes C1, C2, C3, and C4), C1-6 (which includes C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, and C6) and the like.
The term “alkyl” employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a saturated hydrocarbon group that may be straight-chained or branched. The term “Cn-m alkyl,” refers to an alkyl group having n to m carbon atoms. An alkyl group formally corresponds to an alkane with one C—H bond replaced by the point of attachment of the alkyl group to the remainder of the compound. In some embodiments, the alkyl group contains from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or 1 to 2 carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl moieties include, but are not limited to, chemical groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl; higher homologs such as 2-methyl-1-butyl, n-pentyl, 3-pentyl, n-hexyl, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl and the like.
The term “alkylene,” employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a divalent alkyl linking group. An alkylene group formally corresponds to an alkane with two C—H bond replaced by points of attachment of the alkylene group to the remainder of the compound. The term “Cn-m alkylene” refers to an alkylene group having n to m carbon atoms. Examples of alkylene groups include, but are not limited to, methylene, ethan-1,2-diyl, ethan-1,1-diyl, propan-1,3-diyl, propan-1,2-diyl, propan-1,1-diyl, butan-1,4-diyl, butan-1,3-diyl, butan-1,2-diyl, 2-methyl-propan-1,3-diyl and the like.
The term “alkoxy,” employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a group of formula —O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl group is as defined above. The term “Cn-m alkoxy” refers to an alkoxy group, the alkyl group of which has n to m carbons. Example alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy (e.g., n-propoxy and isopropoxy), t-butoxy and the like. In some embodiments, the alkyl group has 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms. The term “Cn-m dialkoxy” refers to a linking group of formula —O—(Cn-m alkyl)-O—, the alkyl group of which has n to m carbons. Example dialkoxy groups include —OCH2CH2O— and OCH2CH2CH2O—. In some embodiments, the two O atoms of a C n-m dialkoxy group may be attached to the same B atom to form a 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl group.
The term “amino,” employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a group of formula —NH2, wherein the hydrogen atoms may be substituted with a substituent described herein. For example, “alkylamino” can refer to —NH(alkyl) and —N(alkyl)2.
The term “carbonyl,” employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a —C(═O)— group.
The terms “halo” or “halogen,” used alone or in combination with other terms, refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo. In some embodiments, “halo” refers to a halogen atom selected from F, Cl, or Br. In some embodiments, halo groups are F.
The term “haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl group in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by a halogen atom. The term “Cn-m haloalkyl” refers to a Cn-m alkyl group having n to m carbon atoms and from at least one up to {2(n to m)+1} halogen atoms, which may either be the same or different. In some embodiments, the halogen atoms are fluoro atoms. In some embodiments, the haloalkyl group has 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
Example haloalkyl groups include CF3, C2F5, CHF2, CH2F, CCl3, CHCl2, C2Cl5 and the like. In some embodiments, the haloalkyl group is a fluoroalkyl group.
The term “haloalkoxy,” employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a group of formula —O-haloalkyl, wherein the haloalkyl group is as defined above. The term “Cn-m haloalkoxy” refers to a haloalkoxy group, the haloalkyl group of which has n to m carbons. Example haloalkoxy groups include trifluoromethoxy and the like. In some embodiments, the haloalkoxy group has 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
The term “oxo” or “oxy” refers to an oxygen atom as a divalent substituent, forming a carbonyl group when attached to carbon, or attached to a heteroatom forming a sulfoxide or sulfone group, or an N-oxide group. In some embodiments, heterocyclic groups may be optionally substituted by 1 or 2 oxo (=O) substituents.
The term “oxidized” in reference to a ring-forming N atom refers to a ring-forming N-oxide.
The term “oxidized” in reference to a ring-forming S atom refers to a ring-forming sulfonyl or ring-forming sulfinyl.
The term “aromatic” refers to a carbocycle or heterocycle having one or more polyunsaturated rings having aromatic character (i.e., having (4n+2) delocalized □ (pi) electrons where n is an integer).
The term “aryl,” employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon group, which may be monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., having 2 fused rings). The term “Cn-m aryl” refers to an aryl group having from n to m ring carbon atoms. Aryl groups include, e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, and the like. In some embodiments, aryl groups have from 6 to about 10 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, aryl groups have 6 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, aryl groups have 10 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the aryl group is phenyl. In some embodiments, the aryl group is naphthyl.
The term “heteroaryl” or “heteroaromatic,” employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic heterocycle having at least one heteroatom ring member selected from sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl ring has 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatom ring members independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. In some embodiments, any ring-forming N in a heteroaryl moiety can be an N-oxide. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl has 5-14 ring atoms including carbon atoms and 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatom ring members independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl has 5-10 ring atoms including carbon atoms and 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatom ring members independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl has 5-6 ring atoms and 1 or 2 heteroatom ring members independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is a five-membered or six-membered heteroaryl ring. In other embodiments, the heteroaryl is an eight-membered, nine-membered or ten-membered fused bicyclic heteroaryl ring. Example heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl (pyridyl), pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, azolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthyridinyl (including 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-, 1,5-, 1,6-, 1,7-, 1,8-, 2,3- and 2,6-naphthyridine), indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, benzisoxazolyl, imidazo[1,2-b]thiazolyl, purinyl, and the like. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl group is pyridone (e.g., 2-pyridone). In some embodiments, heteroaryl is selected from pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and thienopyridinyl.
A five-membered heteroaryl ring is a heteroaryl group having five ring atoms wherein one or more (e.g., 1, 2 or 3) ring atoms are independently selected from N, O and S. Exemplary five-membered ring heteroaryls include thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, tetrazolyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl and 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl.
A six-membered heteroaryl ring is a heteroaryl group having six ring atoms wherein one or more (e.g., 1, 2 or 3) ring atoms are independently selected from N, O and S. Exemplary six-membered ring heteroaryls are pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl, isoindolyl, and pyridazinyl.
The term “cycloalkyl,” employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a non-aromatic hydrocarbon ring system (monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic), including cyclized alkyl and alkenyl groups. The term “Cn-m cycloalkyl” refers to a cycloalkyl that has n to m ring member carbon atoms. Cycloalkyl groups can include mono- or polycyclic (e.g., having 2, 3 or 4 fused rings) groups and spirocycles. Cycloalkyl groups can have 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 ring-forming carbons (C3-7). In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group has 3 to 6 ring members, 3 to 5 ring members, or 3 to 4 ring members. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is monocyclic. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is monocyclic or bicyclic. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is a C3-6 monocyclic cycloalkyl group. Ring-forming carbon atoms of a cycloalkyl group can be optionally oxidized to form an oxo or sulfido group. Cycloalkyl groups also include cycloalkylidenes. In some embodiments, cycloalkyl is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl. Also included in the definition of cycloalkyl are moieties that have one or more aromatic rings fused (i.e., having a bond in common with) to the cycloalkyl ring, e.g., benzo or thienyl derivatives of cyclopentane, cyclohexane and the like. A cycloalkyl group containing a fused aromatic ring can be attached through any ring-forming atom including a ring-forming atom of the fused aromatic ring. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptatrienyl, norbornyl, norpinyl, norcarnyl, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanyl, and the like. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is tetrahydronaphthalenyl (e.g., 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenyl).
The term “heterocycloalkyl,” employed alone or in combination with other terms, refers to a non-aromatic ring or ring system, which may optionally contain one or more alkenylene groups as part of the ring structure, which has at least one heteroatom ring member independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen and phosphorus, and which has 4-10 ring members, 4-7 ring members, or 4-6 ring members. Included within the term “heterocycloalkyl” are monocyclic 4-, 5-, 6- and 7-membered heterocycloalkyl groups. Heterocycloalkyl groups can include mono- or bicyclic (e.g., having two fused or bridged rings) or spirocyclic ring systems. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl group is a monocyclic group having 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. Ring-forming carbon atoms and heteroatoms of a heterocycloalkyl group can be optionally oxidized to form an oxo or sulfido group or other oxidized linkage (e.g., C(O), S(O), C(S) or S(O)2, N-oxide etc.) or a nitrogen atom can be quaternized. The heterocycloalkyl group can be attached through a ring-forming carbon atom or a ring-forming heteroatom. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl group contains 0 to 3 double bonds. In some embodiments, the heterocycloalkyl group contains 0 to 2 double bonds. Also included in the definition of heterocycloalkyl are moieties that have one or more aromatic rings fused (i.e., having a bond in common with) to the heterocycloalkyl ring, e.g., benzo or thienyl derivatives of piperidine, morpholine, azepine, etc. A heterocycloalkyl group containing a fused aromatic ring can be attached through any ring-forming atom including a ring-forming atom of the fused aromatic ring. Examples of heterocycloalkyl groups include 2,5-diazobicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl; pyrrolidinyl; hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrrol-1(2H)-yl; 1,6-dihydropyridinyl; morpholinyl; azetidinyl; piperazinyl; and 4,7-diazaspiro[2.5]octan-7-yl.
At certain places, the definitions or embodiments refer to specific rings (e.g., an azetidine ring, a pyridine ring, etc.). Unless otherwise indicated, these rings can be attached to any ring member provided that the valency of the atom is not exceeded. For example, an azetidine ring may be attached at any position of the ring, whereas an azetidin-3-yl ring is attached at the 3-position.
The compounds described herein can be asymmetric (e.g., having one or more stereocenters). All stereoisomers, such as enantiomers and diastereomers, are intended unless otherwise indicated. Compounds of the present invention that contain asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms can be isolated in optically active or racemic forms. Methods on how to prepare optically active forms from optically inactive starting materials are known in the art, such as by resolution of racemic mixtures or by stereoselective synthesis. Many geometric isomers of olefins, C═N double bonds and the like can also be present in the compounds described herein, and all such stable isomers are contemplated in the present invention. Cis and trans geometric isomers of the compounds of the present invention are described and may be isolated as a mixture of isomers or as separated isomeric forms.
Resolution of racemic mixtures of compounds can be carried out by any of numerous methods known in the art. One method includes fractional recrystallization using a chiral resolving acid which is an optically active, salt-forming organic acid. Suitable resolving agents for fractional recrystallization methods are, e.g., optically active acids, such as the D and L forms of tartaric acid, diacetyltartaric acid, dibenzoyltartaric acid, mandelic acid, malic acid, lactic acid or the various optically active camphorsulfonic acids such as β-camphorsulfonic acid. Other resolving agents suitable for fractional crystallization methods include stereoisomerically pure forms of α-methylbenzylamine (e.g., S and R forms, or diastereomerically pure forms), 2-phenylglycinol, norephedrine, ephedrine, N-methylephedrine, cyclohexylethylamine, 1,2-diaminocyclohexane and the like.
Resolution of racemic mixtures can also be carried out by elution on a column packed with an optically active resolving agent (e.g., dinitrobenzoylphenylglycine). Suitable elution solvent composition can be determined by one skilled in the art.
When the compounds described herein contain a chiral center, unless otherwise indicated, the compounds can be any of the possible stereoisomers. In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein have the (R)-configuration. In other embodiments, the compounds have the (S)-configuration. In compounds with more than one chiral centers, each of the chiral centers in the compound may be independently (R) or (S), unless otherwise indicated. In compounds with a single chiral center, the stereochemistry of the chiral center can be (R) or (S). In compounds with two chiral centers, the stereochemistry of the chiral centers can each be independently (R) or (S) so the configuration of the chiral centers can be (R) and (R), (R) and (S); (S) and (R), or (S) and (S). In compounds with three chiral centers, the stereochemistry each of the three chiral centers can each be independently (R) or (S) so the configuration of the chiral centers can be (R), (R) and (R); (R), (R) and (S); (R), (S) and (R); (R), (S) and (S); (S), (R) and (R); (S), (R) and (S); (S), (S) and (R); or (S), (S) and (S).
Compounds of the invention also include tautomeric forms. Tautomeric forms result from the swapping of a single bond with an adjacent double bond together with the concomitant migration of a proton. Tautomeric forms include prototropic tautomers which are isomeric protonation states having the same empirical formula and total charge. Example prototropic tautomers include ketone—enol pairs, amide—imidic acid pairs, lactam—lactim pairs, enamine—imine pairs, and annular forms where a proton can occupy two or more positions of a heterocyclic system, e.g., 1H- and 3H-imidazole, 1H-, 2H- and 4H-1,2,4-triazole, 1H- and 2H-isoindole and 1H- and 2H-pyrazole. Tautomeric forms can be in equilibrium or sterically locked into one form by appropriate substitution. Compounds herein identified by name or structure as one particular tautomeric form are intended to include other tautomeric forms unless otherwise specified (e.g., in the case of purine rings, unless otherwise indicated, if a compound name or structure described the 9H tautomer, it would be understood that the 7H tautomer is also encompassed).
Compounds of the invention can exist in the form of atropisomers (i.e., conformational diastereoisomers) that can be stable at ambient temperature and separable, e.g., by chromatography. For example, compounds of the invention in which Cy1 is 2,3-dichlorophenyl, or any of the embodiments thereof, can exist in the form of atropisomers in which the conformation of the phenyl relative to the remainder of the molecule is as shown by the partial formulae Formula (II-A) or Formula (II-B) below. Reference to the compounds described herein or any of the embodiments is understood to include all such atropisomeric forms of the compounds, including, without limitation, the atropisomeric forms represented by Formula (II-A) or Formula (II-B) below. Without being limited by any theory, it is understood that, for a given compound, the atropisomer represented by Formula (II-A) is generally more potent as an inhibitor of KRAS (including G12C, G12D or G12V mutated forms of KRAS) than the atropisomer represented by Formula (II-B).
Compounds of the invention can also include all isotopes of atoms occurring in the intermediates or final compounds. Isotopes include those atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers. For example, isotopes of hydrogen include tritium and deuterium. One or more constituent atoms of the compounds of the invention can be replaced or substituted with isotopes of the atoms in natural or non-natural abundance. In some embodiments, the compound includes at least one deuterium atom. For example, one or more hydrogen atoms in a compound of the present disclosure can be replaced or substituted by deuterium. In some embodiments, the compound includes two or more deuterium atoms. In some embodiments, the compound includes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 deuterium atoms.
Substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium, may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements, and hence may be preferred in some circumstances. (A. Kerekes et.al. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 54, 201-210; R. Xu et.al. J. Label Compd. Radiopharm. 2015, 58, 308-312).
Unless otherwise stated, when a position is designated specifically as “D” or “deuterium,” the position is understood to have deuterium at an abundance that is at least 3000 times greater than the natural abundance of deuterium, which is 0.015% (i.e., at least 45% incorporation of deuterium). In embodiments, the compounds provided herein have an isotopic enrichment factor for each designated deuterium atom of at least 3500 (52.5% deuterium incorporation at each designated deuterium atom), at least 4000 (60% deuterium incorporation), at least 4500 (67.5% deuterium incorporation), at least 5000 (75% deuterium), at least 5500 (82.5% deuterium incorporation), at least 6000 (90% deuterium incorporation), at least 6333.3 (95% deuterium incorporation), at least 6466.7 (97% deuterium incorporation), at least 6600 (99% deuterium incorporation), or at least 6633.3 (99.5% deuterium incorporation).
The term “compound” is intended, unless otherwise specified, to include all stereoisomers, including without limitation geometric isomers, configurational isomers, conformational isomers, rotational isomers, and atropisomers, of the structures depicted, including each of the embodiments thereof. The term is also intended to refer to compounds described herein regardless of how they are prepared, e.g., synthetically, through biological process (e.g., metabolism or enzyme conversion), or a combination thereof.
All compounds, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, can be found together with other substances such as water and solvents (e.g., hydrates and solvates) or can be isolated. When in the solid state, the compounds described herein and salts thereof may occur in various forms and may, e.g., take the form of solvates, including hydrates. The compounds may be in any solid state form, such as a polymorph or solvate, so unless clearly indicated otherwise, reference in the specification to compounds and salts thereof should be understood as encompassing any solid state form of the compound.
In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein, or salts thereof, are substantially isolated. “Substantially isolated” means that the compound is at least partially or substantially separated from the environment in which it was formed or detected. Partial separation can include, e.g., a composition enriched in the compounds of the invention. Substantial separation can include compositions containing at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 97%, or at least about 99% by weight of the compounds of the invention, or salt thereof.
The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to those compounds, materials, compositions and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
The expressions “ambient temperature” and “room temperature” are understood in the art, and refer generally to a temperature, e.g., a reaction temperature, that is about the temperature of the room in which the reaction is carried out, e.g., a temperature from about 20° C. to about 30° C.
The present disclosure also includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds described herein, including any of the embodiments thereof. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by converting an existing acid or base moiety to its salt form. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and the like. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention include the non-toxic salts of the parent compound formed, e.g., from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, non-aqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol or butanol) or acetonitrile (MeCN) are preferred. Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th Ed., (Mack Publishing Company, Easton, 1985), p. 1418, Berge et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 1977, 66(1), 1-19 and in Stahl et al., Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use, (Wiley, 2002). In some embodiments, the compounds described herein include the N-oxide forms.
Compounds of the invention, including salts thereof, can be prepared using known organic synthesis techniques and can be synthesized according to any of numerous possible synthetic routes, such as those in the Schemes below.
The reactions for preparing compounds of the invention can be carried out in suitable solvents which can be readily selected by one of skill in the art of organic synthesis. Suitable solvents can be substantially non-reactive with the starting materials (reactants), the intermediates or products at the temperatures at which the reactions are carried out, e.g., temperatures which can range from the solvent's freezing temperature to the solvent's boiling temperature. A given reaction can be carried out in one solvent or a mixture of more than one solvent. Depending on the particular reaction step, suitable solvents for a particular reaction step can be selected by the skilled artisan.
Preparation of compounds of the invention can involve the protection and deprotection of various chemical groups. The need for protection and deprotection, and the selection of appropriate protecting groups, can be readily determined by one skilled in the art. The chemistry of protecting groups is described, e.g., in Kocienski, Protecting Groups, (Thieme, 2007); Robertson, Protecting Group Chemistry, (Oxford University Press, 2000); Smith et al., March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, 6th Ed. (Wiley, 2007); Peturssion et al., “Protecting Groups in Carbohydrate Chemistry,” J. Chem. Educ., 1997, 74(11), 1297; and Wuts et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 4th Ed., (Wiley, 2006).
Reactions can be monitored according to any suitable method known in the art. For example, product formation can be monitored by spectroscopic means, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (e.g., 1H or 13C), infrared spectroscopy, spectrophotometry (e.g., UV-visible), mass spectrometry or by chromatographic methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LCMS), or thin layer chromatography (TLC).
Compounds can be purified by those skilled in the art by a variety of methods, including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (“Preparative LCMS Purification: Improved Compound Specific Method Optimization” Karl F. Blom, Brian Glass, Richard Sparks, Andrew P. Combs J. Combi. Chem. 2004, 6(6), 874-883) and normal phase silica chromatography.
The Scheme below provides general guidance in connection with preparing the compounds of the invention. One skilled in the art would understand that the preparations shown in the Scheme can be modified or optimized using general knowledge of organic chemistry to prepare various compounds of the invention.
Compounds of formula 1-22 can be prepared via the synthetic route outlined in Scheme 1. Halogenation of starting material 5-1 with an appropriate reagent, such as N-chloro-succinimide (NCS), affords intermediate 1-2 (Hal is a halide, such as F, Cl, Br, or I). Compound 1-3 can be prepared by treating 1-2 with reagents such as triphosgene. Intermediate 1-3 can then react with ester 1-4 to deliver the nitro compound 1-5, which can be treated with an appropriate reagent (e.g. POCl3) to afford compound 1-6. A SNAr reaction of intermediate 1-6 with amine 1-7 (PG1 is an appropriate protecting group, such as Boc) can be carried out to generate compound 1-8. The thiomethoxy group in 1-9 is then be installed via SNAr reaction. Protection of the amino group affords intermediate 1-10, which can be reduced in the presence of reducing agents (e.g. Fe in acetic acid) to provide 1-11. The halogen of 1-11 (Hal) can be converted to ethyl cyano group via transition metal mediated coupling to obtain 1-12. Diazotization and reduction of the amino group in 1-12 affords intermediate 1-13, which after protecting group (PG) removal provides 1-14. Sonogashira coupling followed by cyclization affords 1-15. Coupling of bromo of 1-15, under standard Suzuki Cross-Coupling conditions, or standard Stille cross-coupling conditions, gives 1-16. The thiomethoxy group in 1-16 can optionally be converted to R2 via transition metal mediated coupling or other suitable methods to obtain 1-17. The subsequent removal of PG2 in compound 1-17 provides 1-18. Compounds 1-18 undergo urea formation with isocyanates (X is a leaving group, such as Hal, OTs) to afford compound 1-19, which can be further cyclized to obtain 1-20. Coupling of urea of 1-20, under Buchwald amination, or other coupling conditions, gives 1-21. 1-21 can optically undergo functionalization before deprotection of protecting group PG1 to afford compound 1-22. The order of the above described chemical reactions can be rearranged as appropriate to suite the preparation of different analogues.
For the synthesis of particular compounds, the general schemes described above and specific methods described herein for preparing particular compounds can be modified. For example, the products or intermediates can be modified to introduce particular functional groups. Alternatively, the substituents can be modified at any step of the overall synthesis by methods know to one skilled in the art, e.g., as described by Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations: A Guide to Functional Group Preparations (Wiley, 1999); and Katritzky et al. (Ed.), Comprehensive Organic Functional Group Transformations (Pergamon Press 1996).
Starting materials, reagents and intermediates whose synthesis is not described herein are either commercially available, known in the literature, or may be prepared by methods known to one skilled in the art.
It will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that the processes described are not the exclusive means by which compounds of the invention may be synthesized and that a broad repertoire of synthetic organic reactions is available to be potentially employed in synthesizing compounds of the invention. The person skilled in the art knows how to select and implement appropriate synthetic routes. Suitable synthetic methods of starting materials, intermediates and products may be identified by reference to the literature, including reference sources such as: Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry, Vols. 1-107 (Elsevier, 1963-2012); Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry Vols. 1-49 (Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 1964-2012); Carreira, et al. (Ed.) Science of Synthesis, Vols. 1-48 (2001-2010) and Knowledge Updates KU2010/1-4; 2011/1-4; 2012/1-2 (Thieme, 2001-2012); Katritzky, et al. (Ed.) Comprehensive Organic Functional Group Transformations, (Pergamon Press, 1996); Katritzky et al. (Ed.); Comprehensive Organic Functional Group Transformations II (Elsevier, 2nd Edition, 2004); Katritzky et al. (Ed.), Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry (Pergamon Press, 1984); Katritzky et al., Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry II, (Pergamon Press, 1996); Smith et al., March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, 6th Ed. (Wiley, 2007); Trost et al. (Ed.), Comprehensive Organic Synthesis (Pergamon Press, 1991).
Compounds of the present disclosure, including the compounds of Formula (I), or any of the embodiments thereof, are useful for therapy as described in further detail below. The present disclosure provides compounds of Formula (I), for use as a medicament, or for use in medicine. The present disclosure provides compounds of Formula (I), for use as a medicament, or for use in treating disease, as described in further detail below. The present disclosure also provides the use of compounds of Formula (I), or any of the embodiments thereof, as a medicament, or for treating disease, as described in further detail below. The present disclosure also provides the use of compounds of Formula (I), or any of the embodiments thereof, in the manufacture of medicament for treating disease, as described in further detail below.
Compounds of the present disclosure are KRAS inhibitors and, thus, are useful in treating diseases and disorders associated with activity of KRAS. For the uses described herein, any of the compounds of Formula (I), including any of the embodiments thereof, may be used.
In particular, compounds of the invention are KRAS inhibitors having activity against one or more mutant forms of KRAS, and, thus, are useful in treating diseases and disorders associated with the presence or activity of mutant forms of KRAS, such as G12C, G12D, and/or the G12V mutant forms of KRAS.
The Ras family is comprised of three members: KRAS, NRAS and HRAS. RAS mutant cancers account for about 25% of human cancers. KRAS is the most frequently mutated isoform in human cancers: 85% of all RAS mutations are in KRAS, 12% in NRAS, and 3% in HRAS (Simanshu, D. et al. Cell 170.1 (2017):17-33). KRAS mutations are prevalent amongst the top three most deadly cancer types: pancreatic (97%), colorectal (44%), and lung (30%) (Cox, A. D. et al. Nat Rev Drug Discov (2014) 13:828-51). The majority of RAS mutations occur at amino acid residues/codons 12, 13, and 61; Codon 12 mutations are most frequent in KRAS. The frequency of specific mutations varied between RAS genes and G12D mutations are most predominant in KRAS whereas Q61R and G12R mutations are most frequent in NRAS and HRAS. Furthermore, the spectrum of mutations in a RAS isoform differs between cancer types. For example, KRAS G12D mutations predominate in pancreatic cancers (51%), followed by colorectal adenocarcinomas (45%) and lung cancers (17%) (Cox, A. D. et al. Nat Rev Drug Discov (2014) 13:828-51). In contrast, KRAS G12C mutations predominate in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comprising 11-16% of lung adenocarcinomas (nearly half of mutant KRAS is G12C), as well as 2-5% of pancreatic and colorectal adenocarcinomas, respectively (Cox, A. D. et al. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. (2014) 13:828-51). Using shRNA knockdown thousands of genes across hundreds of cancer cell lines, genomic studies have demonstrated that cancer cells exhibiting KRAS mutations are highly dependent on KRAS function for cell growth (McDonald, R. et al. Cell 170 (2017): 577-592). Taken together, these findings suggested that KRAS mutations play a critical role in human cancers, therefore development of the inhibitors targeting mutant KRAS may be useful in the clinical treatment of diseases that have characterized by a KRAS mutation.
Taken together, these findings indicate that KRAS mutations play a critical role in human cancers. Development of inhibitors targeting KRAS, including mutant KRAS, will therefore be useful in the clinical treatment of diseases that are characterized by involvement of KRAS, including diseases characterized by the involvement or presence of a KRAS mutation.
Diseases that can be treated with the compounds of Formula (I) include cancers. The cancers can include adrenal cancer, acinic cell carcinoma, acoustic neuroma, acral lentiginous melanoma, acrospiroma, acute eosinophilic leukemia, acute erythroid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, acute monocytic leukemia, acute promyelocytic leukemia, adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, adenoma, adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, adenosquamous carcinoma, adipose tissue neoplasm, adrenocortical carcinoma, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, aggressive NK-cell leukemia, AIDS-related lymphoma, alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, alveolar soft part sarcoma, ameloblastic fibroma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, anaplastic thyroid cancer, angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, angiomyolipoma, angiosarcoma, astrocytoma, atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor, B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, basal cell carcinoma, biliary tract cancer, bladder cancer, blastoma, bone cancer, Brenner tumor, Brown tumor, Burkitt's lymphoma, breast cancer, brain cancer, carcinoma, carcinoma in situ, carcinosarcoma, cartilage tumor, cementoma, myeloid sarcoma, chondroma, chordoma, choriocarcinoma, choroid plexus papilloma, clear-cell sarcoma of the kidney, craniopharyngioma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, Degos disease, desmoplastic small round cell tumor, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, dysgerminoma, embryonal carcinoma, endocrine gland neoplasm, endodermal sinus tumor, enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma, esophageal cancer, fetus in fetu, fibroma, fibrosarcoma, follicular lymphoma, follicular thyroid cancer, ganglioneuroma, gastrointestinal cancer, germ cell tumor, gestational choriocarcinoma, giant cell fibroblastoma, giant cell tumor of the bone, glial tumor, glioblastoma multiforme, glioma, gliomatosis cerebri, glucagonoma, gonadoblastoma, granulosa cell tumor, gynandroblastoma, gallbladder cancer, gastric cancer, hairy cell leukemia, hemangioblastoma, head and neck cancer, hemangiopericytoma, hematological malignancy, hepatoblastoma, hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, intestinal cancer, kidney cancer, laryngeal cancer, lentigo maligna, lethal midline carcinoma, leukemia, leydig cell tumor, liposarcoma, lung cancer, lymphangioma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphoepithelioma, lymphoma, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, liver cancer, small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, MALT lymphoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, malignant triton tumor, mantle cell lymphoma, marginal zone B-cell lymphoma, mast cell leukemia, mediastinal germ cell tumor, medullary carcinoma of the breast, medullary thyroid cancer, medulloblastoma, melanoma, meningioma, merkel cell cancer, mesothelioma, metastatic urothelial carcinoma, mixed Mullerian tumor, mucinous tumor, multiple myeloma, muscle tissue neoplasm, mycosis fungoides, myxoid liposarcoma, myxoma, myxosarcoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, neurinoma, neuroblastoma, neurofibroma, neuroma, nodular melanoma, ocular cancer, oligoastrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, oncocytoma, optic nerve sheath meningioma, optic nerve tumor, oral cancer, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, Pancoast tumor, papillary thyroid cancer, paraganglioma, pinealoblastoma, pineocytoma, pituicytoma, pituitary adenoma, pituitary tumor, plasmacytoma, polyembryoma, precursor T-lymphoblastic lymphoma, primary central nervous system lymphoma, primary effusion lymphoma, primary peritoneal cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, pharyngeal cancer, pseudomyxoma peritonei, renal cell carcinoma, renal medullary carcinoma, retinoblastoma, rhabdomyoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, Richter's transformation, rectal cancer, sarcoma, Schwannomatosis, seminoma, Sertoli cell tumor, sex cord-gonadal stromal tumor, signet ring cell carcinoma, skin cancer, small blue round cell tumors, small cell carcinoma, soft tissue sarcoma, somatostatinoma, soot wart, spinal tumor, splenic marginal zone lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma, synovial sarcoma, Sezary's disease, small intestine cancer, squamous carcinoma, stomach cancer, T-cell lymphoma, testicular cancer, thecoma, thyroid cancer, transitional cell carcinoma, throat cancer, urachal cancer, urogenital cancer, urothelial carcinoma, uveal melanoma, uterine cancer, verrucous carcinoma, visual pathway glioma, vulvar cancer, vaginal cancer, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, Warthin's tumor, and Wilms' tumor. In some embodiments, the cancer can be adenocarcinoma, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, bladder cancer, blastoma, bone cancer, breast cancer, brain cancer, carcinoma, myeloid sarcoma, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, glioblastoma multiforme, glioma, gallbladder cancer, gastric cancer, head and neck cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, intestinal cancer, kidney cancer, laryngeal cancer, leukemia, lung cancer, lymphoma, liver cancer, small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, mesothelioma, multiple myeloma, ocular cancer, optic nerve tumor, oral cancer, ovarian cancer, pituitary tumor, primary central nervous system lymphoma, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, pharyngeal cancer, renal cell carcinoma, rectal cancer, sarcoma, skin cancer, spinal tumor, small intestine cancer, stomach cancer, T-cell lymphoma, testicular cancer, thyroid cancer, throat cancer, urogenital cancer, urothelial carcinoma, uterine cancer, vaginal cancer, or Wilms' tumor.
The cancer types in which KRAS harboring G12C, G12V and G12D mutations are implicated and that can be treated using compounds of Formula (I), or any of the embodiments thereof, include, but are not limited to: carcinomas (e.g., pancreatic, colorectal, lung, bladder, gastric, esophageal, breast, head and neck, cervical skin, thyroid); hematopoietic malignancies (e.g., myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), chronic and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML and JMML), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and multiple myeloma (MM)); and other neoplasms (e.g., glioblastoma and sarcomas). In addition, KRAS mutations were found in acquired resistance to anti-EGFR therapy (Knickelbein, K. et al. Genes & Cancer, (2015): 4-12). KRAS mutations were found in immunological and inflammatory disorders (Fernandez-Medarde, A. et al. Genes & Cancer, (2011): 344-358) such as Ras-associated lymphoproliferative disorder (RALD) or juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) caused by somatic mutations of KRAS or NRAS.
Compounds of the present disclosure, including any of the embodiments thereof, can inhibit the activity of the KRAS protein. For example, compounds of the present disclosure can be used to inhibit activity of KRAS in a cell or in an individual or patient in need of inhibition of the enzyme by administering an inhibiting amount of one or more compounds of the present disclosure to the cell, individual, or patient.
As KRAS inhibitors, the compounds of the present disclosure, or any of the embodiments thereof, are useful in the treatment of various diseases associated with abnormal expression or activity of KRAS. Compounds which inhibit KRAS will be useful in providing a means of preventing the growth or inducing apoptosis in tumors, or by inhibiting angiogenesis. It is therefore anticipated that compounds of the present disclosure will prove useful in treating or preventing proliferative disorders such as cancers. In particular, tumors with activating mutants of receptor tyrosine kinases or upregulation of receptor tyrosine kinases may be particularly sensitive to the inhibitors.
In an aspect, provided herein is a method of inhibiting KRAS activity, said method comprising contacting a compound of the instant disclosure with KRAS. In an embodiment, the contacting comprises administering the compound to a patient.
In an aspect, provided herein is a method of inhibiting a KRAS protein harboring a G12C mutation, said method comprising contacting a compound of Formula (I), or any of the embodiments thereof, with KRAS.
In an aspect, provided herein is a method of inhibiting a KRAS protein harboring a G12D mutation, said method comprising contacting a compound of Formula (I), or any of the embodiments thereof, with KRAS harboring a G12D mutation.
In an aspect, provided herein is a method of inhibiting a KRAS protein harboring a G12V mutation, said method comprising contacting a compound of Formula (I), or any of the embodiments thereof, with KRAS harboring a G12V mutation.
In another aspect, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or disorder associated with inhibition of KRAS interaction, said method comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or any of the embodiments thereof.
In an embodiment, the disease or disorder is an immunological or inflammatory disorder. In another embodiment, the immunological or inflammatory disorder is Ras-associated lymphoproliferative disorder or juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia caused by somatic mutations of KRAS.
In yet another aspect, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or disorder associated with inhibiting a KRAS protein harboring a G12C mutation, said method comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of a compound of Formula (I), or any of the embodiments thereof,
In yet another aspect, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or disorder associated with inhibiting a KRAS protein harboring a G12D mutation, said method comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or any of the embodiments thereof.
In another aspect, provided herein is a method of treating a disease or disorder associated with inhibiting a KRAS protein harboring a G12V mutation, said method comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or any of the embodiments thereof.
In another aspect, provided herein is also a method of treating cancer in a patient in need thereof comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or any of the embodiments thereof.
In still another aspect, provided herein is also a method of treating cancer in a patient in need thereof comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or any of the embodiments thereof, wherein the cancer is characterized by an interaction with a KRAS protein harboring a G12C mutation.
In still another aspect, provided herein is also a method of treating cancer in a patient in need thereof comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or any of the embodiments thereof, wherein the cancer is characterized by an interaction with a KRAS protein harboring a G12D mutation.
In another aspect, provided herein is also a method of treating cancer in a patient in need thereof comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or any of the embodiments thereof, wherein the cancer is characterized by an interaction with a KRAS protein harboring a G12V mutation.
In yet another aspect, provided herein is a method for treating a cancer in a patient, said method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of any one of the compounds disclosed herein, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
In an embodiment, the cancer is selected from carcinomas, hematological cancers, sarcomas, and glioblastoma. In another embodiment, the hematological cancer is selected from myeloproliferative neoplasms, myelodysplastic syndrome, chronic and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, and multiple myeloma. In yet another embodiment, the carcinoma is selected from pancreatic, colorectal, lung, bladder, gastric, esophageal, breast, head and neck, cervical, skin, and thyroid.
In an aspect, provided herein is a method for treating a disease or disorder associated with inhibition of KRAS interaction or a mutant thereof, in a patient in need thereof, comprising the step of administering to the patient a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a composition comprising a compound disclosed herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with another therapy or therapeutic agent as described herein.
In an embodiment, the cancer is selected from hematological cancers, sarcomas, lung cancers, gastrointestinal cancers, genitourinary tract cancers, liver cancers, bone cancers, nervous system cancers, gynecological cancers, and skin cancers.
In another embodiment, the lung cancer is selected from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), small cell lung cancer, bronchogenic carcinoma, squamous cell bronchogenic carcinoma, undifferentiated small cell bronchogenic carcinoma, undifferentiated large cell bronchogenic carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, alveolar carcinoma, bronchiolar carcinoma, bronchial adenoma, chondromatous hamartoma, mesothelioma, pavicellular and non-pavicellular carcinoma, bronchial adenoma, and pleuropulmonary blastoma.
In yet another embodiment, the lung cancer is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In still another embodiment, the lung cancer is adenocarcinoma.
In an embodiment, the gastrointestinal cancer is selected from esophagus squamous cell carcinoma, esophagus adenocarcinoma, esophagus leiomyosarcoma, esophagus lymphoma, stomach carcinoma, stomach lymphoma, stomach leiomyosarcoma, exocrine pancreatic carcinoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, pancreatic insulinoma, pancreatic glucagonoma, pancreatic gastrinoma, pancreatic carcinoid tumors, pancreatic vipoma, small bowel adenocarcinoma, small bowel lymphoma, small bowel carcinoid tumors, Kaposi's sarcoma, small bowel leiomyoma, small bowel hemangioma, small bowel lipoma, small bowel neurofibroma, small bowel fibroma, large bowel adenocarcinoma, large bowel tubular adenoma, large bowel villous adenoma, large bowel hamartoma, large bowel leiomyoma, colorectal cancer, gall bladder cancer, and anal cancer.
In an embodiment, the gastrointestinal cancer is colorectal cancer.
In another embodiment, the cancer is a carcinoma. In yet another embodiment, the carcinoma is selected from pancreatic carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, esophageal carcinoma, breast carcinoma, head and neck carcinoma, cervical skin carcinoma, and thyroid carcinoma.
In still another embodiment, the cancer is a hematopoietic malignancy. In an embodiment, the hematopoietic malignancy is selected from multiple myeloma, acute myelogenous leukemia, and myeloproliferative neoplasms.
In another embodiment, the cancer is a neoplasm. In yet another embodiment, the neoplasm is glioblastoma or sarcomas.
In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for treating a KRAS-mediated disorder in a patient in need thereof, comprising the step of administering to said patient a compound according to the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable composition thereof.
In some embodiments, diseases and indications that are treatable using the compounds of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to hematological cancers, sarcomas, lung cancers, gastrointestinal cancers, genitourinary tract cancers, liver cancers, bone cancers, nervous system cancers, gynecological cancers, and skin cancers.
Exemplary hematological cancers include lymphomas and leukemias such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), mantle cell lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (including relapsed or refractory NHL and recurrent follicular), Hodgkin lymphoma, myeloproliferative diseases (e.g., primary myelofibrosis (PMF), polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocytosis (ET), 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome, myelodysplasia syndrome (MDS), T-cell acute lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-ALL), multiple myeloma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, adult T-cell leukemia, Waldenstrom's Macroglubulinemia, hairy cell lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, chronic myelogenic lymphoma and Burkitt's lymphoma.
Exemplary sarcomas include chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, angiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, myxoma, rhabdomyoma, rhabdosarcoma, fibroma, lipoma, harmatoma, lymphosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and teratoma.
Exemplary lung cancers include non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), small cell lung cancer, bronchogenic carcinoma (squamous cell, undifferentiated small cell, undifferentiated large cell, adenocarcinoma), alveolar (bronchiolar) carcinoma, bronchial adenoma, chondromatous hamartoma, mesothelioma, pavicellular and non-pavicellular carcinoma, bronchial adenoma and pleuropulmonary blastoma.
Exemplary gastrointestinal cancers include cancers of the esophagus (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, lymphoma), stomach (carcinoma, lymphoma, leiomyosarcoma), pancreas (exocrine pancreatic carcinoma, ductal adenocarcinoma, insulinoma, glucagonoma, gastrinoma, carcinoid tumors, vipoma), small bowel (adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, carcinoid tumors, Kaposi's sarcoma, leiomyoma, hemangioma, lipoma, neurofibroma, fibroma), large bowel (adenocarcinoma, tubular adenoma, villous adenoma, hamartoma, leiomyoma), colorectal cancer, gall bladder cancer and anal cancer.
Exemplary genitourinary tract cancers include cancers of the kidney (adenocarcinoma, Wilm's tumor [nephroblastoma], renal cell carcinoma), bladder and urethra (squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma), prostate (adenocarcinoma, sarcoma), testis (seminoma, teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratocarcinoma, choriocarcinoma, sarcoma, interstitial cell carcinoma, fibroma, fibroadenoma, adenomatoid tumors, lipoma) and urothelial carcinoma.
Exemplary liver cancers include hepatoma (hepatocellular carcinoma), cholangiocarcinoma, hepatoblastoma, angiosarcoma, hepatocellular adenoma, and hemangioma.
Exemplary bone cancers include, for example, osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma), fibrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, malignant lymphoma (reticulum cell sarcoma), multiple myeloma, malignant giant cell tumor chordoma, osteochronfroma (osteocartilaginous exostoses), benign chondroma, chondroblastoma, chondromyxofibroma, osteoid osteoma, and giant cell tumors
Exemplary nervous system cancers include cancers of the skull (osteoma, hemangioma, granuloma, xanthoma, osteitis deformans), meninges (meningioma, meningiosarcoma, gliomatosis), brain (astrocytoma, meduoblastoma, glioma, ependymoma, germinoma (pinealoma), glioblastoma, glioblastoma multiform, oligodendroglioma, schwannoma, retinoblastoma, congenital tumors, neuro-ectodermal tumors), and spinal cord (neurofibroma, meningioma, glioma, sarcoma), neuroblastoma, Lhermitte-Duclos disease and pineal tumors.
Exemplary gynecological cancers include cancers of the breast (ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, breast sarcoma, triple-negative breast cancer, HER2-positive breast cancer, inflammatory breast cancer, papillary carcinoma), uterus (endometrial carcinoma), cervix (cervical carcinoma, pre-tumor cervical dysplasia), ovaries (ovarian carcinoma (serous cystadenocarcinoma, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, unclassified carcinoma), granulosa-thecal cell tumors, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors, dysgerminoma, malignant teratoma), vulva (squamous cell carcinoma, intraepithelial carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, fibrosarcoma, melanoma), vagina (clear cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, botryoid sarcoma (embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma), and fallopian tubes (carcinoma).
Exemplary skin cancers include melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, Merkel cell skin cancer, moles dysplastic nevi, lipoma, angioma, dermatofibroma, and keloids.
Exemplary head and neck cancers include glioblastoma, melanoma, rhabdosarcoma, lymphosarcoma, osteosarcoma, squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, oral cancer, laryngeal cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, nasal and paranasal cancers, thyroid and parathyroid cancers, tumors of the eye, tumors of the lips and mouth and squamous head and neck cancer.
The compounds of the present disclosure can also be useful in the inhibition of tumor metastasis.
In addition to oncogenic neoplasms, the compounds of the invention are useful in the treatment of skeletal and chondrocyte disorders including, but not limited to, achrondroplasia, hypochondroplasia, dwarfism, thanatophoric dysplasia (TD) (clinical forms TD I and TD II), Apert syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, Jackson-Weiss syndrome, Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrate syndrome, Pfeiffer syndrome, and craniosynostosis syndromes. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a patient suffering from a skeletal and chondrocyte disorder.
In some embodiments, compounds described herein can be used to treat Alzheimer's disease, HIV, or tuberculosis.
The term “8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome” refers to myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms associated with eosinophilia and abnormalities of FGFR1.
The term “cell” refers to a cell that is in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo. In some embodiments, an ex vivo cell can be part of a tissue sample excised from an organism such as a mammal. In some embodiments, an in vitro cell can be a cell in a cell culture. In some embodiments, an in vivo cell is a cell living in an organism such as a mammal.
The term “contacting” refers to the bringing together of indicated moieties in an in vitro system or an in vivo system. For example, “contacting” KRAS with a compound described herein includes the administration of a compound described herein to an individual or patient, such as a human, having KRAS, as well as, for example, introducing a compound described herein into a sample containing a cellular or purified preparation containing KRAS.
The terms “individual,” “subject,” or “patient,” are used interchangeably, and refer to any animal, including mammals, preferably mice, rats, other rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, swine, cattle, sheep, horses, or primates, and most preferably humans.
The phrase “therapeutically effective amount” refers to the amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent such as an amount of any of the solid forms or salts thereof as disclosed herein that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue, system, animal, individual or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician. An appropriate “effective” amount in any individual case may be determined using techniques known to a person skilled in the art.
The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient” refers to a pharmaceutically-acceptable material, composition, or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, solvent, or encapsulating material. Excipients or carriers are generally safe, non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable and include excipients or carriers that are acceptable for veterinary use as well as human pharmaceutical use. In one embodiment, each component is “pharmaceutically acceptable” as defined herein. See, e.g., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st ed.; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, Pa., 2005; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 6th ed.; Rowe et al., Eds.; The Pharmaceutical Press and the American Pharmaceutical Association: 2009; Handbook of Pharmaceutical Additives, 3rd ed.; Ash and Ash Eds.; Gower Publishing Company: 2007; Pharmaceutical Preformulation and Formulation, 2nd ed.; Gibson Ed.; CRC Press LLC: Boca Raton, Fla., 2009.
The term “treating” or “treatment” refers to inhibiting a disease; for example, inhibiting a disease, condition, or disorder in an individual who is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomology of the disease, condition, or disorder (i.e., arresting further development of the pathology and/or symptomology) or ameliorating the disease; for example, ameliorating a disease, condition, or disorder in an individual who is experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomology of the disease, condition, or disorder (i.e., reversing the pathology and/or symptomology) such as decreasing the severity of the disease.
The term “prevent,” “preventing,” or “prevention” comprises the prevention of at least one symptom associated with or caused by the state, disease or disorder being prevented.
Compounds of the present disclosure, including the compounds of Formula (I), or any of the embodiments thereof, may be useful in therapy when used in combination with one or more additional pharmaceutical agents, as described in further detail below.
a. Cancer Therapies
Compounds of the present disclosure, including the compounds of Formula (I), or any of the embodiments thereof, may be useful in treatment of cancer when used in combination with one or more additional pharmaceutical agents, as described in further detail below.
Cancer cell growth and survival can be impacted by dysfunction in multiple signaling pathways. Thus, it is useful to combine different enzyme/protein/receptor inhibitors, exhibiting different preferences in the targets which they modulate the activities of, to treat such conditions. Targeting more than one signaling pathway (or more than one biological molecule involved in a given signaling pathway) may reduce the likelihood of drug-resistance arising in a cell population, and/or reduce the toxicity of treatment.
One or more additional pharmaceutical agents such as, for example, chemotherapeutics, anti-inflammatory agents, steroids, immunosuppressants, immune-oncology agents, metabolic enzyme inhibitors, chemokine receptor inhibitors, and phosphatase inhibitors, as well as targeted therapies such as Bcr-Abl, Flt-3, EGFR, HER2, JAK, c-MET, VEGFR, PDGFR, c-Kit, IGF-1R, RAF, FAK, and CDK4/6 kinase inhibitors such as, for example, those described in WO 2006/056399 can be used in combination with the compounds of the present disclosure for treatment of KRAS-associated diseases, disorders or conditions. Other agents such as therapeutic antibodies can be used in combination with the compounds of the present disclosure for treatment of KRAS-associated diseases, disorders or conditions. The one or more additional pharmaceutical agents can be administered to a patient simultaneously or sequentially.
In some embodiments, the KRAS inhibitor is administered or used in combination with a BCL2 inhibitor or a CDK4/6 inhibitor.
The compounds as disclosed herein can be used in combination with one or more other enzyme/protein/receptor inhibitors therapies for the treatment of diseases, such as cancer and other diseases or disorders described herein. Examples of diseases and indications treatable with combination therapies include those as described herein. Examples of cancers include solid tumors and non-solid tumors, such as liquid tumors, blood cancers. Examples of infections include viral infections, bacterial infections, fungus infections or parasite infections. For example, the compounds of the present disclosure can be combined with one or more inhibitors of the following kinases for the treatment of cancer: Akt1, Akt2, Akt3, BCL2, CDK4/6, TGF-3R, PKA, PKG, PKC, CaM-kinase, phosphorylase kinase, MEKK, ERK, MAPK, mTOR, EGFR, HER2, HER3, HER4, INS—R, IDH2, IGF-1R, IR—R, PDGFαR, PDGFβR, PI3K (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and multiple or selective), CSF1R, KIT, FLK-II, KDR/FLK-1, FLK-4, flt-1, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, c-Met, PARP, Ron, Sea, TRKA, TRKB, TRKC, TAM kinases (Axl, Mer, Tyro3), FLT3, VEGFR/Flt2, Flt4, EphA1, EphA2, EphA3, EphB2, EphB4, Tie2, Src, Fyn, Lck, Fgr, Btk, Fak, SYK, FRK, JAK, ABL, ALK and B-Raf. In some embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure can be combined with one or more of the following inhibitors for the treatment of cancer or infections. Non-limiting examples of inhibitors that can be combined with the compounds of the present disclosure for treatment of cancer and infections include an FGFR inhibitor (FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3 or FGFR4, e.g., pemigatinib (INCB54828), INCB62079), an EGFR inhibitor (also known as ErB-1 or HER-1; e.g., erlotinib, gefitinib, vandetanib, orsimertinib, cetuximab, necitumumab, or panitumumab), a VEGFR inhibitor or pathway blocker (e.g. bevacizumab, pazopanib, sunitinib, sorafenib, axitinib, regorafenib, ponatinib, cabozantinib, vandetanib, ramucirumab, lenvatinib, ziv-aflibercept), a PARP inhibitor (e.g., olaparib, rucaparib, veliparib or niraparib), a JAK inhibitor (JAK1 and/or JAK2; e.g., ruxolitinib or baricitinib; or JAK1; e.g., itacitinib (INCB39110), INCB052793, or INCB054707), an IDO inhibitor (e.g., epacadostat, NLG919, or BMS-986205, MK7162), an LSD1 inhibitor (e.g., GSK2979552, INCB59872 and INCB60003), a TDO inhibitor, a PI3K-delta inhibitor (e.g., parsaclisib (INCB50465) or INCB50797), a PI3K-gamma inhibitor such as PI3K-gamma selective inhibitor, a Pim inhibitor (e.g., INCB53914), a CSF1R inhibitor, a TAM receptor tyrosine kinases (Tyro-3, Axl, and Mer; e.g., INCB081776), an adenosine receptor antagonist (e.g., A2a/A2b receptor antagonist), an HPK1 inhibitor, a chemokine receptor inhibitor (e.g., CCR2 or CCR5 inhibitor), a SHP1/2 phosphatase inhibitor, a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDAC) such as an HDAC8 inhibitor, an angiogenesis inhibitor, an interleukin receptor inhibitor, bromo and extra terminal family members inhibitors (for example, bromodomain inhibitors or BET inhibitors such as INCB54329 and INCB57643), c-MET inhibitors (e.g., capmatinib), an anti-CD19 antibody (e.g., tafasitamab), an ALK2 inhibitor (e.g., zilurgisertib); or combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, the compound or salt described herein is administered with a PI3Kδ inhibitor. In some embodiments, the compound or salt described herein is administered with a JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, the compound or salt described herein is administered with a JAK1 or JAK2 inhibitor (e.g., baricitinib or ruxolitinib). In some embodiments, the compound or salt described herein is administered with a JAK1 inhibitor. In some embodiments, the compound or salt described herein is administered with a JAK1 inhibitor, which is selective over JAK2.
Example antibodies for use in combination therapy include, but are not limited to, trastuzumab (e.g., anti-HER2), ranibizumab (e.g., anti-VEGF-A), bevacizumab (AVASTIN™, e.g., anti-VEGF), panitumumab (e.g., anti-EGFR), cetuximab (e.g., anti-EGFR), rituxan (e.g., anti-CD20), and antibodies directed to c-MET.
One or more of the following agents may be used in combination with the compounds of the present disclosure and are presented as a non-limiting list: a cytostatic agent, cisplatin, doxorubicin, taxotere, taxol, etoposide, irinotecan, camptosar, topotecan, paclitaxel, docetaxel, epothilones, tamoxifen, 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, temozolomide, cyclophosphamide, SCH 66336, R115777, L778,123, BMS 214662, IRESSA™ (gefitinib), TARCEVA™ (erlotinib), antibodies to EGFR, intron, ara-C, adriamycin, cytoxan, gemcitabine, uracil mustard, chlormethine, ifosfamide, melphalan, chlorambucil, pipobroman, triethylenemelamine, triethylenethiophosphoramine, busulfan, carmustine, lomustine, streptozocin, dacarbazine, floxuridine, cytarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, fludarabine phosphate, oxaliplatin, leucovirin, ELOXATIN™ (oxaliplatin), pentostatine, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, bleomycin, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, mithramycin, deoxycoformycin, mitomycin-C, L-asparaginase, teniposide 17.alpha.-ethinylestradiol, diethylstilbestrol, testosterone, Prednisone, Fluoxymesterone, Dromostanolone propionate, testolactone, megestrolacetate, methylprednisolone, methyltestosterone, prednisolone, triamcinolone, chlorotrianisene, hydroxyprogesterone, aminoglutethimide, estramustine, medroxyprogesteroneacetate, leuprolide, flutamide, toremifene, goserelin, carboplatin, hydroxyurea, amsacrine, procarbazine, mitotane, mitoxantrone, levamisole, navelbene, anastrazole, letrazole, capecitabine, reloxafine, droloxafine, hexamethylmelamine, avastin, HERCEPTIN™ (trastuzumab), BEXXAR™ (tositumomab), VELCADE™ (bortezomib), ZEVALIN™ (ibritumomab tiuxetan), TRISENOX™ (arsenic trioxide), XELODA™ (capecitabine), vinorelbine, porfimer, ERBITUX™ (cetuximab), thiotepa, altretamine, melphalan, trastuzumab, lerozole, fulvestrant, exemestane, ifosfomide, rituximab, C225 (cetuximab), Campath (alemtuzumab), clofarabine, cladribine, aphidicolon, rituxan, sunitinib, dasatinib, tezacitabine, Sml1, fludarabine, pentostatin, triapine, didox, trimidox, amidox, 3-AP, and MDL-101,731.
The compounds of the present disclosure can further be used in combination with other methods of treating cancers, for example by chemotherapy, irradiation therapy, tumor-targeted therapy, adjuvant therapy, immunotherapy or surgery. Examples of immunotherapy include cytokine treatment (e.g., interferons, GM-CSF, G-CSF, IL-2), CRS-207 immunotherapy, cancer vaccine, monoclonal antibody, bispecific or multi-specific antibody, antibody drug conjugate, adoptive T cell transfer, Toll receptor agonists, RIG-1 agonists, oncolytic virotherapy and immunomodulating small molecules, including thalidomide or JAK1/2 inhibitor, PI3Kδ inhibitor and the like. The compounds can be administered in combination with one or more anti-cancer drugs, such as a chemotherapeutic agent. Examples of chemotherapeutics include any of: abarelix, aldesleukin, alemtuzumab, alitretinoin, allopurinol, altretamine, anastrozole, arsenic trioxide, asparaginase, azacitidine, bevacizumab, bexarotene, baricitinib, bleomycin, bortezomib, busulfan intravenous, busulfan oral, calusterone, capecitabine, carboplatin, carmustine, cetuximab, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cladribine, clofarabine, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, dalteparin sodium, dasatinib, daunorubicin, decitabine, denileukin, denileukin diftitox, dexrazoxane, docetaxel, doxorubicin, dromostanolone propionate, eculizumab, epirubicin, erlotinib, estramustine, etoposide phosphate, etoposide, exemestane, fentanyl citrate, filgrastim, floxuridine, fludarabine, fluorouracil, fulvestrant, gefitinib, gemcitabine, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, goserelin acetate, histrelin acetate, ibritumomab tiuxetan, idarubicin, ifosfamide, imatinib mesylate, interferon alfa 2a, irinotecan, lapatinib ditosylate, lenalidomide, letrozole, leucovorin, leuprolide acetate, levamisole, lomustine, meclorethamine, megestrol acetate, melphalan, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, methoxsalen, mitomycin C, mitotane, mitoxantrone, nandrolone phenpropionate, nelarabine, nofetumomab, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, pamidronate, panitumumab, pegaspargase, pegfilgrastim, pemetrexed disodium, pentostatin, pipobroman, plicamycin, procarbazine, quinacrine, rasburicase, rituximab, ruxolitinib, sorafenib, streptozocin, sunitinib, sunitinib maleate, tamoxifen, temozolomide, teniposide, testolactone, thalidomide, thioguanine, thiotepa, topotecan, toremifene, tositumomab, trastuzumab, tretinoin, uracil mustard, valrubicin, vinblastine, vincristine, vinorelbine, vorinostat, and zoledronate.
Additional examples of chemotherapeutics include proteasome inhibitors (e.g., bortezomib), thalidomide, revlimid, and DNA-damaging agents such as melphalan, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, etoposide, carmustine, and the like.
Example steroids include corticosteroids such as dexamethasone or prednisone.
Example Bcr-Abl inhibitors include imatinib mesylate (GLEEVAC™), nilotinib, dasatinib, bosutinib, and ponatinib, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Other example suitable Bcr-Abl inhibitors include the compounds, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, of the genera and species disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,521,184, WO 04/005281, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,745,437.
Example suitable Flt-3 inhibitors include midostaurin, lestaurtinib, linifanib, sunitinib, sunitinib, maleate, sorafenib, quizartinib, crenolanib, pacritinib, tandutinib, PLX3397 and ASP2215, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Other example suitable Flt-3 inhibitors include compounds, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, as disclosed in WO 03/037347, WO 03/099771, and WO 04/046120.
Example suitable RAF inhibitors include dabrafenib, sorafenib, and vemurafenib, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Other example suitable RAF inhibitors include compounds, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, as disclosed in WO 00/09495 and WO 05/028444.
Example suitable FAK inhibitors include VS-4718, VS-5095, VS-6062, VS-6063, B1853520, and GSK2256098, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Other example suitable FAK inhibitors include compounds, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, as disclosed in WO 04/080980, WO 04/056786, WO 03/024967, WO 01/064655, WO 00/053595, and WO 01/014402.
Example suitable CDK4/6 inhibitors include palbociclib, ribociclib, trilaciclib, lerociclib, and abemaciclib, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Other example suitable CDK4/6 inhibitors include compounds, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, as disclosed in WO 09/085185, WO 12/129344, WO 11/101409, WO 03/062236, WO 10/075074, and WO 12/061156.
In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure can be used in combination with one or more other kinase inhibitors including imatinib, particularly for treating patients resistant to imatinib or other kinase inhibitors.
In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure can be used in combination with a chemotherapeutic in the treatment of cancer, and may improve the treatment response as compared to the response to the chemotherapeutic agent alone, without exacerbation of its toxic effects. In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure can be used in combination with a chemotherapeutic provided herein. For example, additional pharmaceutical agents used in the treatment of multiple myeloma, can include, without limitation, melphalan, melphalan plus prednisone [MP], doxorubicin, dexamethasone, and Velcade (bortezomib). Further additional agents used in the treatment of multiple myeloma include Bcr-Abl, Flt-3, RAF and FAK kinase inhibitors. In some embodiments, the agent is an alkylating agent, a proteasome inhibitor, a corticosteroid, or an immunomodulatory agent. Examples of an alkylating agent include cyclophosphamide (CY), melphalan (MEL), and bendamustine. In some embodiments, the proteasome inhibitor is carfilzomib. In some embodiments, the corticosteroid is dexamethasone (DEX). In some embodiments, the immunomodulatory agent is lenalidomide (LEN) or pomalidomide (POM). Additive or synergistic effects are desirable outcomes of combining a CDK2 inhibitor of the present disclosure with an additional agent.
The agents can be combined with the present compound in a single or continuous dosage form, or the agents can be administered simultaneously or sequentially as separate dosage forms.
The compounds of the present disclosure can be used in combination with one or more other inhibitors or one or more therapies for the treatment of infections. Examples of infections include viral infections, bacterial infections, fungus infections or parasite infections.
In some embodiments, a corticosteroid such as dexamethasone is administered to a patient in combination with the compounds of the disclosure where the dexamethasone is administered intermittently as opposed to continuously.
The compounds of Formula (I) or any of the embodiments thereof as described herein, a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or salts thereof can be combined with another immunogenic agent, such as cancerous cells, purified tumor antigens (including recombinant proteins, peptides, and carbohydrate molecules), cells, and cells transfected with genes encoding immune stimulating cytokines. Non-limiting examples of tumor vaccines that can be used include peptides of melanoma antigens, such as peptides of gp100, MAGE antigens, Trp-2, MARTI and/or tyrosinase, or tumor cells transfected to express the cytokine GM-CSF.
The compounds of Formula (I) or any of the embodiments thereof as described herein, a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or salts thereof can be used in combination with a vaccination protocol for the treatment of cancer. In some embodiments, the tumor cells are transduced to express GM-CSF. In some embodiments, tumor vaccines include the proteins from viruses implicated in human cancers such as Human Papilloma Viruses (HPV), Hepatitis Viruses (HBV and HCV) and Kaposi's Herpes Sarcoma Virus (KHSV). In some embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure can be used in combination with tumor specific antigen such as heat shock proteins isolated from tumor tissue itself. In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I) or any of the formulas as described herein, a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or salts thereof can be combined with dendritic cells immunization to activate potent anti-tumor responses.
The compounds of the present disclosure can be used in combination with bispecific macrocyclic peptides that target Fe alpha or Fe gamma receptor-expressing effectors cells to tumor cells. The compounds of the present disclosure can also be combined with macrocyclic peptides that activate host immune responsiveness.
In some further embodiments, combinations of the compounds of the disclosure with other therapeutic agents can be administered to a patient prior to, during, and/or after a bone marrow transplant or stem cell transplant. The compounds of the present disclosure can be used in combination with bone marrow transplant for the treatment of a variety of tumors of hematopoietic origin.
The compounds of Formula (I) or any of the formulas as described herein, a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or salts thereof can be used in combination with vaccines, to stimulate the immune response to pathogens, toxins, and self-antigens. Examples of pathogens for which this therapeutic approach may be particularly useful, include pathogens for which there is currently no effective vaccine, or pathogens for which conventional vaccines are less than completely effective. These include, but are not limited to, HIV, Hepatitis (A, B, & C), Influenza, Herpes, Giardia, Malaria, Leishmania, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa.
Viruses causing infections treatable by methods of the present disclosure include, but are not limit to human papillomavirus, influenza, hepatitis A, B, C or D viruses, adenovirus, poxvirus, herpes simplex viruses, human cytomegalovirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, Ebola virus, measles virus, herpes virus (e.g., VZV, HSV-1, HAV-6, HSV-II, and CMV, Epstein Barr virus), flaviviruses, echovirus, rhinovirus, coxsackie virus, cornovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, mumps virus, rotavirus, measles virus, rubella virus, parvovirus, vaccinia virus, HTLV virus, dengue virus, papillomavirus, molluscum virus, poliovirus, rabies virus, JC virus and arboviral encephalitis virus.
Pathogenic bacteria causing infections treatable by methods of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, chlamydia, rickettsial bacteria, mycobacteria, staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci, meningococci and conococci, klebsiella, proteus, serratia, pseudomonas, legionella, diphtheria, salmonella, bacilli, cholera, tetanus, botulism, anthrax, plague, leptospirosis, and Lyme's disease bacteria.
Pathogenic fungi causing infections treatable by methods of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, Candida (albicans, krusei, glabrata, tropicalis, etc.), Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus (fumigatus, niger, etc.), Genus Mucorales (mucor, absidia, rhizopus), Sporothrix schenkii, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Coccidioides immitis and Histoplasma capsulatum.
Pathogenic parasites causing infections treatable by methods of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, Entamoeba histolytica, Balantidium coli, Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba sp., Giardia lambia, Cryptosporidium sp., Pneumocystis carinii, Plasmodium vivax, Babesia microti, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani, Toxoplasma gondi, and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.
When more than one pharmaceutical agent is administered to a patient, they can be administered simultaneously, separately, sequentially, or in combination (e.g., for more than two agents).
Methods for the safe and effective administration of most of these chemotherapeutic agents are known to those skilled in the art. In addition, their administration is described in the standard literature. For example, the administration of many of the chemotherapeutic agents is described in the “Physicians' Desk Reference” (PDR, e.g., 1996 edition, Medical Economics Company, Montvale, NJ), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in its entirety.
b. Immune-Checkpoint Therapies
Compounds of the present disclosure can be used in combination with one or more immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of diseases, such as cancer or infections. Exemplary immune checkpoint inhibitors include inhibitors against immune checkpoint molecules such as CBL-B, CD20, CD28, CD40, CD70, CD122, CD96, CD73, CD47, CDK2, GITR, CSF1R, JAK, PI3K delta, PI3K gamma, TAM, arginase, HPK1, CD137 (also known as 4-1 BB), ICOS, A2AR, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, CTLA-4, LAG3, TIM3, TLR (TLR7/8), TIGIT, CD112R, VISTA, PD-1, PD-L1 and PD-L2. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint molecule is a stimulatory checkpoint molecule selected from CD27, CD28, CD40, ICOS, OX40, GITR and CD137. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitory checkpoint molecule selected from A2AR, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, CTLA-4, IDO, KIR, LAG3, PD-1, TIM3, TIGIT, and VISTA. In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein can be used in combination with one or more agents selected from KIR inhibitors, TIGIT inhibitors, LAIR1 inhibitors, CD160 inhibitors, 2B4 inhibitors and TGFR beta inhibitors.
In some embodiments, the compounds provided herein can be used in combination with one or more agonists of immune checkpoint molecules, e.g., OX40, CD27, GITR, and CD137 (also known as 4-1 BB).
In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is anti-PD1 antibody, anti-PD-L1 antibody, or anti-CTLA-4 antibody.
In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of PD-1 or PD-L1, e.g., an anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody is nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, durvalumab, avelumab, cemiplimab, atezolizumab, avelumab, tislelizumab, spartalizumab (PDR001), cetrelimab (JNJ-63723283), toripalimab (JS001), camrelizumab (SHR-1210), sintilimab (IB1308), AB122 (GLS-010), AMP-224, AMP-514/MEDI-0680, BMS936559, JTX-4014, BGB-108, SHR-1210, MED14736, FAZ053, BCD-100, KN035, CS1001, BAT1306, LZM009, AK105, HLX10, SHR-1316, CBT-502 (TQB2450), A167 (KL-A167), STI-A101 (ZKAB001), CK-301, BGB-A333, MSB-2311, HLX20, TSR-042, or LY3300054. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of PD-1 or PD-L1 is one disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,488,802, 7,943,743, 8,008,449, 8,168,757, 8,217,149, or 10,308,644; U.S. Publ. Nos. 2017/0145025, 2017/0174671, 2017/0174679, 2017/0320875, 2017/0342060, 2017/0362253, 2018/0016260, 2018/0057486, 2018/0177784, 2018/0177870, 2018/0179179, 2018/0179201, 2018/0179202, 2018/0273519, 2019/0040082, 2019/0062345, 2019/0071439, 2019/0127467, 2019/0144439, 2019/0202824, 2019/0225601, 2019/0300524, or 2019/0345170; or PCT Pub. Nos. WO 03042402, WO 2008156712, WO 2010089411, WO 2010036959, WO 2011066342, WO 2011159877, WO 2011082400, or WO 2011161699, which are each incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of PD-L1 is INCB086550.
In some embodiments, the PD-L1 inhibitor is selected from the compounds in Table A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
In some embodiments, the antibody is an anti-PD-1 antibody, e.g., an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is nivolumab, pembrolizumab, cemiplimab, spartalizumab, camrelizumab, cetrelimab, toripalimab, sintilimab, AB122, AMP-224, JTX-4014, BGB-108, BCD-100, BAT1306, LZM009, AK105, HLX10, or TSR-042. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is nivolumab, pembrolizumab, cemiplimab, spartalizumab, camrelizumab, cetrelimab, toripalimab, or sintilimab. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is pembrolizumab. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is nivolumab. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is cemiplimab. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is spartalizumab. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is camrelizumab. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is cetrelimab. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is toripalimab. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is sintilimab. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is AB1122. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is AMP-224. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is JTX-4014. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is BGB-108. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is BCD-100. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is BAT1306. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is LZM009. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is AK105. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is HLX10. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody is TSR-042. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody is nivolumab or pembrolizumab. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody is MGA012 (INCMGA0012; retifanlimab). In some embodiments, the anti-PD1 antibody is SHR-1210. Other anti-cancer agent(s) include antibody therapeutics such as 4-1 BB (e.g., urelumab, utomilumab). In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of PD-L1, e.g., an anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody is atezolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab, tislelizumab, BMS-935559, MED14736, atezolizumab (MPDL3280A; also known as RG7446), avelumab (MSB0010718C), FAZ053, KN035, CS1001, SHR-1316, CBT-502, A167, STI-A101, CK-301, BGB-A333, MSB-2311, HLX20, or LY3300054. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is atezolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab, or tislelizumab. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is atezolizumab. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is avelumab. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is durvalumab. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is tislelizumab. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is BMS-935559. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is MED14736. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is FAZ053. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is KN035. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is CS1001. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is SHR-1316. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is CBT-502. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is A167. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is STI-A101. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is CK-301. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is BGB-A333. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is MSB-2311. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is HLX20. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is LY3300054.
In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is a small molecule that binds to PD-L1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is a small molecule that binds to and internalizes PD-L1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is a compound selected from those in US 2018/0179201, US 2018/0179197, US 2018/0179179, US 2018/0179202, US 2018/0177784, US 2018/0177870, US 2019/0300524, and US 2019/0345170, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of KIR, TIGIT, LAIR1, CD160, 2B4 and TGFR beta.
In some embodiments, the inhibitor is MCLA-145.
In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of CTLA-4, e.g., an anti-CTLA-4 antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-CTLA-4 antibody is ipilimumab, tremelimumab, AGEN1884, or CP-675,206.
In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of LAG3, e.g., an anti-LAG3 antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-LAG3 antibody is BMS-986016, LAG525, INCAGN2385, or eftilagimod alpha (IMP321).
In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of CD73. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of CD73 is oleclumab.
In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of TIGIT. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of TIGIT is OMP-31M32.
In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of VISTA. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of VISTA is JNJ-61610588 or CA-170.
In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of B7-H3. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of B7-H3 is enoblituzumab, MGD009, or 8H9.
In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of KIR. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of KIR is lirilumab or IPH4102.
In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of A2aR. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of A2aR is CPI-444.
In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of TGF-beta. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of TGF-beta is trabedersen, galusertinib, or M7824.
In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of PI3K-gamma. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of PI3K-gamma is IPI-549.
In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of CD47. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of CD47 is Hu5F9-G4 or TTI-621.
In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of CD73. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of CD73 is MED19447.
In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of CD70. In some embodiments, the inhibitor of CD70 is cusatuzumab or BMS-936561.
In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of TIM3, e.g., an anti-TIM3 antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-TIM3 antibody is INCAGN2390, MBG453, or TSR-022.
In some embodiments, the inhibitor of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of CD20, e.g., an anti-CD20 antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-CD20 antibody is obinutuzumab or rituximab.
In some embodiments, the agonist of an immune checkpoint molecule is an agonist of OX40, CD27, CD28, GITR, ICOS, CD40, TLR7/8, and CD137 (also known as 4-1 BB).
In some embodiments, the agonist of CD137 is urelumab. In some embodiments, the agonist of CD137 is utomilumab.
In some embodiments, the agonist of an immune checkpoint molecule is an inhibitor of GITR. In some embodiments, the agonist of GITR is TRX518, MK-4166, INCAGN1876, MK-1248, AMG228, BMS-986156, GWN323, MED11873, or MED16469. In some embodiments, the agonist of an immune checkpoint molecule is an agonist of OX40, e.g., OX40 agonist antibody or OX40L fusion protein. In some embodiments, the anti-OX40 antibody is INCAGN01949, MED10562 (tavolimab), MOXR-0916, PF-04518600, GSK3174998, BMS-986178, or 9B12. In some embodiments, the OX40L fusion protein is MED16383.
In some embodiments, the agonist of an immune checkpoint molecule is an agonist of CD40. In some embodiments, the agonist of CD40 is CP-870893, ADC-1013, CDX-1140, SEA-CD40, R07009789, JNJ-64457107, APX-005M, or Chi Lob 7/4.
In some embodiments, the agonist of an immune checkpoint molecule is an agonist of ICOS. In some embodiments, the agonist of ICOS is GSK-3359609, JTX-2011, or MEDI-570.
In some embodiments, the agonist of an immune checkpoint molecule is an agonist of CD28. In some embodiments, the agonist of CD28 is theralizumab.
In some embodiments, the agonist of an immune checkpoint molecule is an agonist of CD27. In some embodiments, the agonist of CD27 is varlilumab.
In some embodiments, the agonist of an immune checkpoint molecule is an agonist of TLR7/8. In some embodiments, the agonist of TLR7/8 is MEDI9197.
The compounds of the present disclosure can be used in combination with bispecific antibodies. In some embodiments, one of the domains of the bispecific antibody targets PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, GITR, OX40, TIM3, LAG3, CD137, ICOS, CD3 or TGF3 receptor. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody binds to PD-1 and PD-L1. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody that binds to PD-1 and PD-L1 is MCLA-136. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody binds to PD-L1 and CTLA-4. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody that binds to PD-L1 and CTLA-4 is AK 04.
In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure can be used in combination with one or more metabolic enzyme inhibitors. In some embodiments, the metabolic enzyme inhibitor is an inhibitor of IDO1, TDO, or arginase. Examples of IDO1 inhibitors include epacadostat, NLG919, BMS-986205, PF-06840003, IOM2983, RG-70099 and LY338196. Inhibitors of arginase inhibitors include INCB1158.
As provided throughout, the additional compounds, inhibitors, agents, etc. can be combined with the present compound in a single or continuous dosage form, or they can be administered simultaneously or sequentially as separate dosage forms.
When employed as pharmaceuticals, the compounds of the present disclosure can be administered in the form of pharmaceutical compositions. Thus, the present disclosure provides a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), a compound as recited in any of the claims and described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or any of the embodiments thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. These compositions can be prepared in a manner well known in the pharmaceutical art, and can be administered by a variety of routes, depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is indicated and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical (including transdermal, epidermal, ophthalmic and to mucous membranes including intranasal, vaginal and rectal delivery), pulmonary (e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal or intranasal), oral or parenteral. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal intramuscular or injection or infusion; or intracranial, e.g., intrathecal or intraventricular, administration. Parenteral administration can be in the form of a single bolus dose, or may be, e.g., by a continuous perfusion pump. Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable.
This invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions which contain, as the active ingredient, the compound of the present disclosure or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients. In some embodiments, the composition is suitable for topical administration. In making the compositions of the invention, the active ingredient is typically mixed with an excipient, diluted by an excipient or enclosed within such a carrier in the form of, e.g., a capsule, sachet, paper, or other container. When the excipient serves as a diluent, it can be a solid, semi-solid, or liquid material, which acts as a vehicle, carrier or medium for the active ingredient. Thus, the compositions can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols (as a solid or in a liquid medium), ointments containing, e.g., up to 10% by weight of the active compound, soft and hard gelatin capsules, suppositories, sterile injectable solutions and sterile packaged powders.
In preparing a formulation, the active compound can be milled to provide the appropriate particle size prior to combining with the other ingredients. If the active compound is substantially insoluble, it can be milled to a particle size of less than 200 mesh. If the active compound is substantially water soluble, the particle size can be adjusted by milling to provide a substantially uniform distribution in the formulation, e.g., about 40 mesh.
The compounds of the invention may be milled using known milling procedures such as wet milling to obtain a particle size appropriate for tablet formation and for other formulation types. Finely divided (nanoparticulate) preparations of the compounds of the invention can be prepared by processes known in the art see, e.g., WO 2002/000196.
Some examples of suitable excipients include lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water, syrup and methyl cellulose. The formulations can additionally include: lubricating agents such as talc, magnesium stearate and mineral oil; wetting agents; emulsifying and suspending agents; preserving agents such as methyl- and propylhydroxy-benzoates; sweetening agents; and flavoring agents. The compositions of the invention can be formulated so as to provide quick, sustained or delayed release of the active ingredient after administration to the patient by employing procedures known in the art.
In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises silicified microcrystalline cellulose (SMCC) and at least one compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the silicified microcrystalline cellulose comprises about 98% microcrystalline cellulose and about 2% silicon dioxide w/w.
In some embodiments, the composition is a sustained release composition comprising at least one compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one component selected from microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and polyethylene oxide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least one compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate and polyethylene oxide. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises magnesium stearate or silicon dioxide. In some embodiments, the microcrystalline cellulose is Avicel PH102™. In some embodiments, the lactose monohydrate is Fast-flo 316™. In some embodiments, the hydroxypropyl methylcellulose is hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 2208 K4M (e.g., Methocel K4 M Premier™) and/or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 2208 K100LV (e.g., Methocel KOOLV™). In some embodiments, the polyethylene oxide is polyethylene oxide WSR 1105 (e.g., Polyox WSR 1105™).
In some embodiments, a wet granulation process is used to produce the composition. In some embodiments, a dry granulation process is used to produce the composition.
The compositions can be formulated in a unit dosage form, each dosage containing from about 5 to about 1,000 mg (1 g), more usually about 100 mg to about 500 mg, of the active ingredient. In some embodiments, each dosage contains about 10 mg of the active ingredient. In some embodiments, each dosage contains about 50 mg of the active ingredient. In some embodiments, each dosage contains about 25 mg of the active ingredient. The term “unit dosage forms” refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other mammals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient.
The components used to formulate the pharmaceutical compositions are of high purity and are substantially free of potentially harmful contaminants (e.g., at least National Food grade, generally at least analytical grade, and more typically at least pharmaceutical grade). Particularly for human consumption, the composition is preferably manufactured or formulated under Good Manufacturing Practice standards as defined in the applicable regulations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. For example, suitable formulations may be sterile and/or substantially isotonic and/or in full compliance with all Good Manufacturing Practice regulations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
The active compound may be effective over a wide dosage range and is generally administered in a therapeutically effective amount. It will be understood, however, that the amount of the compound actually administered will usually be determined by a physician, according to the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compound administered, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient's symptoms and the like.
The therapeutic dosage of a compound of the present invention can vary according to, e.g., the particular use for which the treatment is made, the manner of administration of the compound, the health and condition of the patient, and the judgment of the prescribing physician. The proportion or concentration of a compound of the invention in a pharmaceutical composition can vary depending upon a number of factors including dosage, chemical characteristics (e.g., hydrophobicity), and the route of administration. For example, the compounds of the invention can be provided in an aqueous physiological buffer solution containing about 0.1 to about 10% w/v of the compound for parenteral administration. Some typical dose ranges are from about 1 μg/kg to about 1 g/kg of body weight per day. In some embodiments, the dose range is from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg of body weight per day. The dosage is likely to depend on such variables as the type and extent of progression of the disease or disorder, the overall health status of the particular patient, the relative biological efficacy of the compound selected, formulation of the excipient, and its route of administration. Effective doses can be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems.
For preparing solid compositions such as tablets, the principal active ingredient is mixed with a pharmaceutical excipient to form a solid preformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of a compound of the present invention. When referring to these preformulation compositions as homogeneous, the active ingredient is typically dispersed evenly throughout the composition so that the composition can be readily subdivided into equally effective unit dosage forms such as tablets, pills and capsules. This solid preformulation is then subdivided into unit dosage forms of the type described above containing from, e.g., about 0.1 to about 1000 mg of the active ingredient of the present invention.
The tablets or pills of the present invention can be coated or otherwise compounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage of prolonged action. For example, the tablet or pill can comprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage component, the latter being in the form of an envelope over the former. The two components can be separated by an enteric layer which serves to resist disintegration in the stomach and permit the inner component to pass intact into the duodenum or to be delayed in release. A variety of materials can be used for such enteric layers or coatings, such materials including a number of polymeric acids and mixtures of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, cetyl alcohol and cellulose acetate.
The liquid forms in which the compounds and compositions of the present invention can be incorporated for administration orally or by injection include aqueous solutions, suitably flavored syrups, aqueous or oil suspensions, and flavored emulsions with edible oils such as cottonseed oil, sesame oil, coconut oil, or peanut oil, as well as elixirs and similar pharmaceutical vehicles.
Compositions for inhalation or insufflation include solutions and suspensions in pharmaceutically acceptable, aqueous or organic solvents, or mixtures thereof, and powders. The liquid or solid compositions may contain suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients as described supra. In some embodiments, the compositions are administered by the oral or nasal respiratory route for local or systemic effect. Compositions can be nebulized by use of inert gases. Nebulized solutions may be breathed directly from the nebulizing device or the nebulizing device can be attached to a face mask, tent, or intermittent positive pressure breathing machine. Solution, suspension, or powder compositions can be administered orally or nasally from devices which deliver the formulation in an appropriate manner.
Topical formulations can contain one or more conventional carriers. In some embodiments, ointments can contain water and one or more hydrophobic carriers selected from, e.g., liquid paraffin, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, propylene glycol, white Vaseline, and the like. Carrier compositions of creams can be based on water in combination with glycerol and one or more other components, e.g., glycerinemonostearate, PEG-glycerinemonostearate and cetylstearyl alcohol. Gels can be formulated using isopropyl alcohol and water, suitably in combination with other components such as, e.g., glycerol, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and the like. In some embodiments, topical formulations contain at least about 0.1, at least about 0.25, at least about 0.5, at least about 1, at least about 2 or at least about 5 wt % of the compound of the invention. The topical formulations can be suitably packaged in tubes of, e.g., 100 g which are optionally associated with instructions for the treatment of the select indication, e.g., psoriasis or other skin condition.
The amount of compound or composition administered to a patient will vary depending upon what is being administered, the purpose of the administration, such as prophylaxis or therapy, the state of the patient, the manner of administration and the like. In therapeutic applications, compositions can be administered to a patient already suffering from a disease in an amount sufficient to cure or at least partially arrest the symptoms of the disease and its complications. Effective doses will depend on the disease condition being treated as well as by the judgment of the attending clinician depending upon factors such as the severity of the disease, the age, weight and general condition of the patient and the like.
The compositions administered to a patient can be in the form of pharmaceutical compositions described above. These compositions can be sterilized by conventional sterilization techniques, or may be sterile filtered. Aqueous solutions can be packaged for use as is, or lyophilized, the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterile aqueous carrier prior to administration. The pH of the compound preparations typically will be between 3 and 11, more preferably from 5 to 9 and most preferably from 7 to 8. It will be understood that use of certain of the foregoing excipients, carriers or stabilizers will result in the formation of pharmaceutical salts.
The therapeutic dosage of a compound of the present invention can vary according to, e.g., the particular use for which the treatment is made, the manner of administration of the compound, the health and condition of the patient, and the judgment of the prescribing physician. The proportion or concentration of a compound of the invention in a pharmaceutical composition can vary depending upon a number of factors including dosage, chemical characteristics (e.g., hydrophobicity), and the route of administration. For example, the compounds of the invention can be provided in an aqueous physiological buffer solution containing about 0.1 to about 10% w/v of the compound for parenteral administration. Some typical dose ranges are from about 1 μg/kg to about 1 g/kg of body weight per day. In some embodiments, the dose range is from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg of body weight per day. The dosage is likely to depend on such variables as the type and extent of progression of the disease or disorder, the overall health status of the particular patient, the relative biological efficacy of the compound selected, formulation of the excipient, and its route of administration. Effective doses can be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems.
Another aspect of the present invention relates to labeled compounds of the disclosure (radio-labeled, fluorescent-labeled, etc.) that would be useful not only in imaging techniques but also in assays, both in vitro and in vivo, for localizing and quantitating KRAS protein in tissue samples, including human, and for identifying KRAS ligands by inhibition binding of a labeled compound. Substitution of one or more of the atoms of the compounds of the present disclosure can also be useful in generating differentiated ADME (Adsorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion). Accordingly, the present invention includes KRAS binding assays that contain such labeled or substituted compounds.
The present disclosure further includes isotopically-labeled compounds of the disclosure. An “isotopically” or “radio-labeled” compound is a compound of the disclosure where one or more atoms are replaced or substituted by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number typically found in nature (i.e., naturally occurring). Suitable radionuclides that may be incorporated in compounds of the present disclosure include but are not limited to 2H (also written as D for deuterium), 3H (also written as T for tritium), 11C 13C, 14C, 13N, 15N, 15O, 17O, 18O, 18F, 35S, 36Cl, 82Br, 75Br, 76Br, 77Br, 123I, 124I, 125I and 131I. For example, one or more hydrogen atoms in a compound of the present disclosure can be replaced by deuterium atoms (e.g., one or more hydrogen atoms of a C1-6 alkyl group of Formula I can be optionally substituted with deuterium atoms, such as —CD3 being substituted for —CH3). In some embodiments, alkyl groups in Formula I can be perdeuterated.
One or more constituent atoms of the compounds presented herein can be replaced or substituted with isotopes of the atoms in natural or non-natural abundance. In some embodiments, the compound includes at least one deuterium atom. In some embodiments, the compound includes two or more deuterium atoms. In some embodiments, the compound includes 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, or 1-6 deuterium atoms. In some embodiments, all of the hydrogen atoms in a compound can be replaced or substituted by deuterium atoms.
Synthetic methods for including isotopes into organic compounds are known in the art (Deuterium Labeling in Organic Chemistry by Alan F. Thomas (New York, N.Y., Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1971; The Renaissance of H/D Exchange by Jens Atzrodt, Volker Derdau, Thorsten Fey and Jochen Zimmermann, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 7744-7765; The Organic Chemistry of Isotopic Labelling by James R. Hanson, Royal Society of Chemistry, 2011). Isotopically labeled compounds can be used in various studies such as NMR spectroscopy, metabolism experiments, and/or assays.
Substitution with heavier isotopes, such as deuterium, may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements, and hence may be preferred in some circumstances. (see e.g., A. Kerekes et. al. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 54, 201-210; R. Xu et. al. J. Label Compd. Radiopharm. 2015, 58, 308-312). In particular, substitution at one or more metabolism sites may afford one or more of the therapeutic advantages.
The radionuclide that is incorporated in the instant radio-labeled compounds will depend on the specific application of that radio-labeled compound. For example, for in vitro adenosine receptor labeling and competition assays, compounds that incorporate 3H, 14C, 82Br, 125I, 131I or 35S can be useful. For radio-imaging applications 11C, 18F, 125I, 123I, 124I, 131I, 75Br, 76Br or 77Br can be useful.
It is understood that a “radio-labeled” or “labeled compound” is a compound that has incorporated at least one radionuclide. In some embodiments, the radionuclide is selected from 3H, 14C, 125I, 35S and 82Br.
The present disclosure can further include synthetic methods for incorporating radio-isotopes into compounds of the disclosure. Synthetic methods for incorporating radio-isotopes into organic compounds are well known in the art, and an ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize the methods applicable for the compounds of disclosure.
A labeled compound of the invention can be used in a screening assay to identify and/or evaluate compounds. For example, a newly synthesized or identified compound (i.e., test compound) which is labeled can be evaluated for its ability to bind a KRAS protein by monitoring its concentration variation when contacting with the KRAS, through tracking of the labeling. For example, a test compound (labeled) can be evaluated for its ability to reduce binding of another compound which is known to bind to a KRAS protein (i.e., standard compound). Accordingly, the ability of a test compound to compete with the standard compound for binding to the KRAS protein directly correlates to its binding affinity. Conversely, in some other screening assays, the standard compound is labeled and test compounds are unlabeled. Accordingly, the concentration of the labeled standard compound is monitored in order to evaluate the competition between the standard compound and the test compound, and the relative binding affinity of the test compound is thus ascertained.
The present disclosure also includes pharmaceutical kits useful, e.g., in the treatment or prevention of diseases or disorders associated with the activity of KRAS, such as cancer or infections, which include one or more containers containing a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or any of the embodiments thereof. Such kits can further include one or more of various conventional pharmaceutical kit components, such as, e.g., containers with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, additional containers, etc., as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Instructions, either as inserts or as labels, indicating quantities of the components to be administered, guidelines for administration, and/or guidelines for mixing the components, can also be included in the kit.
The invention will be described in greater detail by way of specific examples. The following examples are offered for illustrative purposes, and are not intended to limit the invention in any manner. Those of skill in the art will readily recognize a variety of non-critical parameters which can be changed or modified to yield essentially the same results. The compounds of the Examples have been found to inhibit the activity of KRAS according to at least one assay described herein.
Experimental procedures for compounds of the invention are provided below. Preparatory LC-MS purifications of some of the compounds prepared were performed on Waters mass directed fractionation systems. The basic equipment setup, protocols, and control software for the operation of these systems have been described in detail in the literature. See e.g. “Two-Pump At Column Dilution Configuration for Preparative LC-MS,” K. Blom, J. Combi. Chem., 4, 295 (2002); “Optimizing Preparative LC-MS Configurations and Methods for Parallel Synthesis Purification,” K. Blom, R. Sparks, J. Doughty, G. Everlof, T. Haque, A. Combs, J. Combi. Chem., 5, 670 (2003); and “Preparative LC-MS Purification: Improved Compound Specific Method Optimization,” K. Blom, B. Glass, R. Sparks, A. Combs, J. Combi. Chem., 6, 874-883 (2004). The compounds separated were typically subjected to analytical liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) for purity check.
The compounds separated were typically subjected to analytical liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) for purity check under the following conditions: Instrument; Agilent 1100 series, LC/MSD, Column: Waters Sunfire™ C18 5 μm particle size, 2.1×5.0 mm, Buffers: mobile phase A: 0.025% TFA in water and mobile phase B: acetonitrile; gradient 2% to 80% of B in 3 minutes with flow rate 2.0 mL/minute.
Some of the compounds prepared were also separated on a preparative scale by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with MS detector or flash chromatography (silica gel) as indicated in the Examples. Typical preparative reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) column conditions are as follows:
pH=2 purifications: Waters Sunfire™ C18 5 μm particle size, 19×100 mm column, eluting with mobile phase A: 0.1% TFA (trifluoroacetic acid) in water and mobile phase B: acetonitrile; the flow rate was 30 mL/minute, the separating gradient was optimized for each compound using the Compound Specific Method Optimization protocol as described in the literature [see “Preparative LCMS Purification: Improved Compound Specific Method Optimization,” K. Blom, B. Glass, R. Sparks, A. Combs, J. Comb. Chem., 6, 874-883 (2004)]. Typically, the flow rate used with the 30×100 mm column was 60 mL/minute.
pH=10 purifications: Waters XBRIDGE® C18 5 μm particle size, 19×100 mm column, eluting with mobile phase A: 0.15% NH4OH in water and mobile phase B: acetonitrile; the flow rate was 30 mL/minute, the separating gradient was optimized for each compound using the Compound Specific Method Optimization protocol as described in the literature [See “Preparative LCMS Purification: Improved Compound Specific Method Optimization,” K. Blom, B. Glass, R. Sparks, A. Combs, J. Comb. Chem., 6, 874-883 (2004)].
Typically, the flow rate used with 30×100 mm column was 60 mL/minute.” The following abbreviations may be used herein: AcOH (acetic acid); Ac2O (acetic anhydride); aq. (aqueous); atm. (atmosphere(s)); Boc (t-butoxycarbonyl); Boc2O (di-t-butyl dicarbonate); BOP ((benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate); br (broad); Cbz (carboxybenzyl); calc. (calculated); d (doublet); dd (doublet of doublets); DBU (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene); DCM (dichloromethane); DIAD (N, N′-diisopropyl azidodicarboxylate); DIEA (N,N-diisopropylethylamine); DIPEA (N, N-diisopropylethylamine); DIBAL (diisobutylaluminium hydride); DMF (N, N-dimethylformamide); Et (ethyl); Ex. (Example); EtOAc (ethyl acetate); FCC (flash column chromatography); g (gram(s)); h (hour(s)); HATU (N, N, N′, N′-tetramethyl-O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)uronium hexafluorophosphate); HCl (hydrochloric acid); HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography); Hz (hertz); J (coupling constant); LCMS (liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry); LDA (lithium diisopropylamide); m (multiplet); M (molar); mCPBA (3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid); MS (Mass spectrometry); Me (methyl); MeCN (acetonitrile); MeOH (methanol); mg (milligram(s)); MgSO4 (magnesium sulfate); min. (minutes(s)); mL (milliliter(s)); mmol (millimole(s)); N (normal); NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate); NCS (N-chlorosuccinimide); NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate); NaOH (sodium hydroxide); NEt3 (triethylamine); NH4OH (ammonium hydroxide); nM (nanomolar); NMP (N-methylpyrrolidinone); NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy); OTf (trifluoromethanesulfonate); Ph (phenyl); pM (picomolar); PPT (precipitate); RP-HPLC (reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography); r.t. (room temperature), s (singlet); sat. (saturated); t (triplet or tertiary); TBS (tert-butyldimethylsilyl); tert (tertiary); tt (triplet of triplets); TFA (trifluoroacetic acid); THF (tetrahydrofuran); μg (microgram(s)); μL (microliter(s)); μM (micromolar); wt % (weight percent). Brine is saturated aqueous sodium chloride. In vacuo is under vacuum.
1-Iodopyrrolidine-2,5-dione (21.15 g 94 mmol) was added to a solution of 2-amino-4-bromo-3-fluorobenzoic acid (20 g 85 mmol) in DMF (200 mL) and the reaction was stirred at 80° C. for 3 h. The mixture was cooled with ice water and then water (500 mL) was added. The precipitate was filtered, washed with water, and dried to provide the desired product as a solid. LC-MS calc. for C7H5BrFINO2+ (M+H)+: m/z=359.9, 361.9; found 359.9, 361.9.
Triphosgene (9.07 g 30.6 mmol) was added to a solution of 2-amino-4-bromo-3-fluoro-5-iodobenzoic acid (22 g, 61.1 mmol) in dioxane (200 mL) and then the reaction was stirred at 80° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture was cooled with ice water and then filtered. The solid was washed with EtOAc to provide the desired product as a solid. LC-MS calc. for C8H3BrFINO3+ (M+H)+: m/z=385.8, 387.8; found 385.8, 387.8.
DIPEA (18.1 mL, 146 mmol) was added to a solution of ethyl 2-nitroacetate (11.6 mL, 146 mmol) and 7-bromo-8-fluoro-6-iodo-2H-benzo[d][1,3]oxazine-2,4(1H)-dione (20 g, 73.0 mmol) in toluene (200 mL) at r.t. and the reaction was stirred at 95° C. for 3 h. The reaction was cooled, filtered, and washed with small amount of hexanes to provide the desired product. LC-MS calc. for C9H4BrFIN2O4+ (M+H)+: m/z=428.8, 430.8; found 428.8, 430.8.
DIPEA (8.14 mL, 46.6 mmol) was added to a mixture of 7-bromo-8-fluoro-6-iodo-3-nitroquinoline-2,4-diol (10 g 23.31 mmol) in POCl3 (10.86 mL, 117 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at 100° C. for 2 h. The solvent was removed under vacuum and then dried via azeotropic distillation with toluene (3×) to provide the crude material which was purified with flash column chromatography. LC-MS calc. for C9H2BrCl2FIN2O2+ (M+H)+: m/z=464.8, 466.8; found 464.8, 466.8.
To a solution of Intermediate 1 (25 g 53.7 mmol) and tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-amino-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (10.6 g 53.7 mmol) in MeCN (200 mL) was added DIPEA (14.0 mL, 81 mmol) and the reaction mixture was heated to 60° C. for 1 h. Ice chips and water (100 mL) were added and the suspension was stirred for 15 min. The solids were filtered, rinsed with water, and air dried under vacuum overnight. The solid obtained was suspended in MeCN (200 mL) and cooled to 0° C. A solution of sodium thiomethoxide (11.3 g 161 mmol) in MeOH (30 mL) was slowly added and the reaction mixture was stirred at this temperature for 1 h. Ice and water were added, and the solid was filtered and air dried. The filtrate was extracted with EtOAc and combined with the solid. The combined product was used without purification. LC-MS calc. for C20H22BrFIN4O4S+ (M+H)+: m/z=639.0, 641.0; found 639.1, 641.0.
To a solution of tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-((7-bromo-8-fluoro-6-iodo-2-(methylthio)-3-nitroquinolin-4-yl)amino)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (34.3 g 53.7 mmol) in THF (200 mL) was added NEt3 (18.7 mL, 134 mmol), DMAP (0.66 g 5.37 mmol), and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (23.4 g 107 mmol) sequentially at room temperature, and the reaction mixture was heated to 50° C. for 3 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed with saturated NaHCO3 and brine. The organic layer was dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated. The product was used without purification. LC-MS calc. for C21H22BrFIN4O6S+ (M-tBu+H)+: m/z=682.9, 684.9; found 682.9, 684.9.
A 1-L flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer was charged with tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-((7-bromo-8-fluoro-6-iodo-2-(methylthio)-3-nitroquinolin-4-yl)(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (39.7 g 53.7 mmol), MeOH (75 mL), water (75 mL), and THF (75 mL). Iron powder (15.0 g 268 mmol) and ammonium chloride (14.4 g 268 mmol) were added, and the reaction mixture was stirred at 70° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc and filtered through a pad of diatomaceous earth. The layers were separated and the organic layer was washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, filtered and concentrated. The product was used in next step without further purification. LC-MS calc. for C21H24BrFIN4O4S+ (M-tBu+H)+: m/z=653.0, 655.0; found 653.0, 655.0.
To a solution of tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-((3-amino-7-bromo-8-fluoro-6-iodo-2-(methylthio)quinolin-4-yl)(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (36.7 g 51.7 mmol) in DMF (200 mL) was added Pd(PPh3)4(12.0 g 10.4 mmol), tetramethylammonium formate (30% w/w in water, 94 mL, 207 mmol), DIPEA (22.6 mL, 129 mmol), and acrylonitrile (49.3 mL, 0.129 mol). The headspace was purged with nitrogen and the reaction mixture was stirred at 80° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and water was added. The crude mixture was extracted with EtOAc and the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated. The product was purified by flash column chromatography (5-40% EtOAc/DCM) to yield the title compound as a dark-brown solid (11.5 g 18.1 mmol, 38% over 5 steps). LC-MS calc. for C28H36BrFN5O4S+ (M+H)+: m/z=636.2 638.2; found 636.3, 638.2.
To a mixture of tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-((3-amino-7-bromo-6-(2-cyanoethyl)-8-fluoro-2-(methylthio)quinolin-4-yl)(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (19 g 29.8 mmol) in MeCN (200 mL) cooled to −20° C. was slowly added sulfuric acid (40% w/w in water, 14.1 mL, 85.6 mmol). To the mixture was slowly added a solution of sodium nitrite (4.12 g, 59.7 mmol) in water (8 mL) over approximately 10 min to keep the internal temperature of the reaction mixture between −20° C. and −10° C. The reaction mixture was kept stirring within the same temperature range for an additional 5 min. After this time, solution of potassium iodide (19.8 g 119 mmol) in water (8 mL) was slowly added to the reaction mixture to keep reaction temperature between −10° C. and −5° C. After complete addition, the reaction mixture was kept stirring in the same temperature range for an additional 10 min. Upon reaction completion, sat. aq. sodium thiosulfate (50 mL) was added. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (200 mL×3). Combined organic phase was washed with water (150 mL) followed by brine (150 mL), dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo. The product was used in the next step without purification. LC-MS calc. for C24H26BrFIN4O4S+ (M-tBu+H)+: m/z=691.0, 693.0; found 691.0, 693.0.
To a mixture of tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-((7-bromo-6-(2-cyanoethyl)-8-fluoro-3-iodo-2-(methylthio)quinolin-4-yl)(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (8 g 14.6 mmol) in MeCN (20 mL) was added TFA (80 mL), and the mixture was stirred at 21° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness. The residue was diluted with THF (100 mL) and Et3N (20.4 mL, 146 mmol) was slowly added. After stirring for approximately 5 min, Boc2O (5.10 mL, 21.9 mmol) was added in one portion. The reaction mixture was left to stir at 21° C. for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with water (50 mL) and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (100 mL×3). The combined organic phase was washed with water (100 mL) followed by brine (100 mL), dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The product was purified by flash column chromatography (5-40% acetone/hexanes) to yield the title compound as a dark-brown solid (5.1 g 36% over 2 steps). LC-MS calc. for C23H26BrFIN4O2S+ (M+H)+: m/z=647.0, 649.0; found 647.0, 649.0.
A vial was charged with tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-((3-amino-7-bromo-6-(2-cyanoethyl)-8-fluoro-2-(methylthio)quinolin-4-yl)(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (Intermediate 2, Step 4) (12.7 g 19.95 mmol), (2,3-dichlorophenyl)boronic acid (5.71 g 29.9 mmol, 1.5 eq.), potassium fluoride (4.64 g 80.0 mmol, 4 eq.), bis(di-tert-butyl(4-dimethylaminophenyl)phosphine)dichloropalladium(II) (2.12 g 2.99 mmol, 0.15 eq.), 1,4-dioxane (180 mL) and water (18 mL). The reaction mixture was sparged with nitrogen for 5 minutes, and then heated to 100° C. for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and partitioned between water (100 mL) and EtOAc (100 mL). The layers were separated, then the organic layer was washed with brine (2×80 mL) and dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The crude residue was purified by flash column chromatography (0-50% EtOAc/DCM) to afford the desired product (9.8 g 14.0 mmol, 70%). LC-MS calc. for C34H39Cl2FN5O4S+ (M+H)+: m/z=702.2; found 702.3.
To a solution of tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-((3-amino-6-(2-cyanoethyl)-7-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-8-fluoro-2-(methylthio)quinolin-4-yl)(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (9.8 g 13.95 mmol) in acetonitrile (140 mL) was added sulfuric acid (50 wt. %, 3.72 mL, 34.9 mmol, 2.5 eq.) dropwise at −20° C. Sat. aq. solution of sodium nitrite (1.93 g 28.0 mmol, 2 eq.) was slowly added to maintain internal temperature between −20 and −15° C. After stirring for 30 minutes, sat. aq. solution of potassium iodide (9.26 g 55.8 mmol, 4 eq.) was slowly added to maintain internal temperature between −20 and −15° C. After stirring for 5 minutes, the reaction was quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO3 and sat. aq. sodium thiosulfate and diluted with DCM. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer extracted with DCM. The combined organic fractions were dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated. The crude residue was purified by flash column chromatography (0-100% EtOAc/hexanes) to afford the desired product (9.3 g 11.4 mmol, 82%). LC-MS calc. for C34H37Cl2FIN4O4S+ (M+H)+: m/z=813.1; found 813.1.
A flask was charged with tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(6-(2-cyanoethyl)-7-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-8-fluoro-3-iodo-2-methylquinolin-4-yl)amino)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (9.3 g 11.4 mmol), DCM (50 mL) and TFA (50 mL). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated. To the crude residue was added 50 mL DCM, and the solution was concentrated again. To the crude residue was added THF (50 mL), TEA (18.64 mL, 10 eq.) and Boc2O (3.74 g 17.15 mmol, 1.5 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO3, diluted with DCM, and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM, and the combined organic extracts were dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated. Purification by flash column chromatography (0-100% Ethyl acetate/hexanes) afforded the desired product (6.5 g 10.5 mmol, 92%). LC-MS calc. for C29H29Cl2FIN4O2S+ (M+H)+: m/z=713.1; found 713.2.
To the reaction mixture of (R)-but-3-yn-2-amine hydrochloride (1.0 g 9.47 mmol) in acetonitrile (48 mL) was added NEt3 (2.90 mL, 20.84 mmol) and 1-[2-trimethylsilyl)ethoxycarbonyloxy]pyrrolidin-2,5-dione (2.457 g 9.47 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The reaction was then quenched with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with 1N aq. NaOH, 1M aq. HCl, water and brine, dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The product was used in the next step directly without further purification.
Under an atmosphere of nitrogen, a reaction mixture of tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-((7-bromo-6-(2-cyanoethyl)-8-fluoro-3-iodo-2-(methylthio)quinolin-4-yl)amino)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (Intermediate 2, 1.0 g 1.545 mmol), 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl (R)-but-3-yn-2-ylcarbamate (0.494 g 2.317 mmol), NEt3 (0.646 mL, 4.63 mmol), copper(I) iodide (0.294 g 1.545 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0) (0.18 g 0.154 mmol) was stirred at 70° C. in DMF (7.72 mL) for 2 h. After cooling down to room temperature, Cs2CO3 (1.510 g 4.63 mmol) was then added to the reaction mixture. The reaction was then stirred at 95° C. for 30 minutes. Upon completion, the mixture was quenched with water and a small amount of 30% aq. NH4OH, then extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (0-60% EtOAc in Hexanes) to afford the product (800 mg, 71% yield). LCMS calc. for C33H43BrFN5O4SSi (M+H)+: m/z=732.2; found 732.2.
Under the atmosphere of nitrogen, the reaction mixture of tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-(7-bromo-8-(2-cyanoethyl)-6-fluoro-4-(methylthio)-2-((R)-1-(((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)carbonyl)amino)ethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-1-yl)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (800 mg, 1.092 mmol), (2,3-dichlorophenyl)boronic acid (1042 mg, 5.46 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (252 mg, 0.218 mmol) and potassium phosphate, tribasic (1390 mg, 6.55 mmol) in 1,4-Dioxane (18.72 mL)/Water (3.12 mL) were stirred at 110° C. for 3 h. After that, the reaction was cooled down to room temperature and more (2,3-dichlorophenyl)boronic acid (1042 mg, 5.46 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was back filled with nitrogen and stirred at 110° C. for another 3 h. The reaction mixture were then poured into water, extracted with ethyl acetate, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (0-60% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide the desired product as light yellow solid (700 mg, 80% yield). LCMS calc. for C39H47Cl2FN5O4SSi (M+H)+: m/z=798.2; found 798.4.
Under the atmosphere of nitrogen, the a mixture of tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-(8-(2-cyanoethyl)-7-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-(methylthio)-2-((R)-1-(((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)carbonyl)amino)ethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-1-yl)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (700 mg, 0.876 mmol), methylboronic acid (262 mg, 4.38 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (304 mg, 0.263 mmol) and Copper(I) 3-methylsalicylate (564 mg, 2.63 mmol) was added 1,4-Dioxane (2.92 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 110° C. for 3 h. The reaction was quenched with water and saturated aq. NH4OH, then extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (0-80% EtOAc in hexanes) to provide the desired product as light yellow solid (480 mg, 88% yield). LCMS calc. for C39H47Cl2FN5O4Si (M+H)+: m/z=766.3; found 766.4.
To a solution of tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-(8-(2-cyanoethyl)-7-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-methyl-2-((R)-1-(((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)carbonyl)amino)ethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-1-yl)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (480 mg, 0.626 mmol) in Tetrahydrofuran (6.26 mL) was added TBAF (939 μL, 0.939 mmol) and the reaction mixture was heated at 65° C. for 2 h. After cooling down to room temperature, the reaction was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated and used directly for the next step. LCMS calc. for C33H35Cl2FN5O2(M+H)+: m/z=622.2; found 622.3.
To the reaction mixture of tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-(2-((R)-1-aminoethyl)-8-(2-cyanoethyl)-7-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-methyl-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-1-yl)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (Intermediate 3, 500 mg, 0.803 mmol) in acetonitrile (8 mL) was added NEt3 (336 μL, 2.409 mmol) and 1-chloro-3-isocyanatopropane (124 μL, 1.205 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The reaction was then concentrated and used directly for the next step without further purification. LCMS calc. for C37H41Cl3FN6O3(M+H)+: m/z=741.2; found 741.3.
To a solution of tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-(2-((R)-1-(3-(3-chloropropyl)ureido)ethyl)-8-(2-cyanoethyl)-7-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-methyl-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-1-yl)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (0.5 g 0.674 mmol) in DMF (3.4 mL) was added NaH (0.054 g 1.348 mmol) and the resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for overnight. The reaction was quenched by saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, then extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (0-10% MeOH in dichloromethane) to afford the desired product (400 mg, 85% yield). LCMS calc. for C37H40Cl2FN6O3(M+H)+: m/z=705.3; found 705.3.
To a 1 dram vial charged with tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-(8-(2-cyanoethyl)-7-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-methyl-2-((R)-1-(2-oxotetrahydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)ethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-1-yl)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (400 mg, 0.567 mmol), 4-Bromopyridine hydrochloride (221 mg, 1.134 mmol) and XantPhos Pd G3 (161 mg, 0.170 mmol) in dioxane (5.7 mL) was added sodium tert-butoxide (163 mg, 1.701 mmol). The vial was capped under nitrogen and stirred rapidly at 95° C. for 1 h via magnetic stirring. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled down to room temperature, diluted with acetonitrile and filtered through Silica Prep Thiol. The filtrate was then purified prep-LCMS (XBRIDGE® C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% TFA, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to afford the peak 1 and peak 2 products as a TFA salt in the form of a white amorphous powder. The white amorphous peak 1 and peak 2 products were then dissolved in DCM/TFA solution (1:1 ratio, a total of 5 mL), and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes to remove the Boc protecting group. The reaction was then concentrated and diluted with acetonitrile, which was purified prep-LCMS (XBRIDGE® C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% TFA, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to afford the product as a TFA salt in the form of a white amorphous powder.
Diastereomer 1. Peak 1. LC-MS calc. for C37H35Cl2FN7O (M+H)+: m/z=682.3; found 682.3. This is the desired (potent) diastereoisomer.
1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6, mixture of conformers) δ 9.81 (s, 0.7H), 9.52 (s, 0.3H), 8.77-8.69 (m, 2H), 8.53 (s, 0.7H), 8.25-8.16 (m, 1H), 8.13 (s, 0.3H), 8.08-8.00 (m, 2H), 7.87-7.81 (m, 1H), 7.63-7.52 (m, 2H), 7.31 (s, 0.7H), 6.99 (s, 0.3H), 5.82-5.73 (m, 0.7H), 5.66 (s, 0.3H), 5.66-5.61 (m, 0.3H), 5.41 (s, 0.7H), 5.23 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 0.7H), 4.87 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 0.3H), 4.10-3.66 (m, 3H), 3.12-3.02 (m, 1H), 3.02-2.95 (m, 1H), 2.94-2.80 (m, 5H), 2.80-2.61 (m, 2H), 3.02-2.95 (m, 1H), 2.32 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 0.3H), 2.17 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 0.7H), 2.05-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.70 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 1.60 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 1.53 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 0.7H).
Diastereomer 2. Peak 2. LC-MS calc. for C37H35Cl2FN7O (M+H)+: m/z=682.3; found 682.3.
To a 1 dram vial charged with tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-(8-(2-cyanoethyl)-7-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-methyl-2-((R)-1-(2-oxotetrahydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)ethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-1-yl)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (20 mg, 0.028 mmol), bromobenzene (10 mg, 0.057 mmol) and XantPhos Pd G3 (8.1 mg, 0.009 mmol) in dioxane (0.3 mL) was added sodium tert-butoxide (8.2 mg, 0.085 mmol). The vial was capped under nitrogen and stirred rapidly at 95° C. for 1 h via magnetic stirring. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled down to room temperature, diluted with acetonitrile and filtered through Silica Prep Thiol. The filtrate was concentrated and dissolved in TFA solution (1.0 mL), and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes to remove the Boc protecting group. The reaction was then concentrated and diluted with acetonitrile, which was purified prep-LCMS (XBRIDGE® C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% TFA, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to afford the product as a TFA salt in the form of a white amorphous powder.
Diastereomer 1. Peak 1. LC-MS calc. for C38H36Cl2FN6O (M+H)+: m/z=681.3; found 681.3.
Diastereomer 2. Peak 2. LC-MS calc. for C38H36Cl2FN6O (M+H)+: m/z=681.3; found 681.3. This is the desired (potent) diastereoisomer.
To a 1 dram vial charged with tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-(8-(2-cyanoethyl)-7-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-methyl-2-((R)-1-(2-oxotetrahydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)ethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-1-yl)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (20 mg, 0.028 mmol), 1-bromo-4-fluorobenzene (10 mg, 0.057 mmol) and XantPhos Pd G3 (8.1 mg, 0.009 mmol) in dioxane (0.3 mL) was added sodium tert-butoxide (8.2 mg, 0.085 mmol). The vial was capped under nitrogen and stirred rapidly at 95° C. for 1 h via magnetic stirring. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled down to room temperature, diluted with acetonitrile and filtered through Silica Prep Thiol. The filtrate was concentrated and dissolved in TFA solution (1.0 mL), and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes to remove the Boc protecting group. The reaction was then concentrated and diluted with acetonitrile, which was purified prep-LCMS (XBRIDGE® C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% TFA, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to afford the product as a TFA salt in the form of a white amorphous powder.
Diastereomer 1. Peak 1. LC-MS calc. for C38H35Cl2F2N6O (M+H)+: m/z=699.2; found 699.3.
Diastereomer 2. Peak 2. LC-MS calc. for C38H35Cl2F2N6O (M+H)+: m/z=699.2; found 699.3. This is the desired (potent) diastereoisomer.
To a 1 dram vial charged with tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-(8-(2-cyanoethyl)-7-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-methyl-2-((R)-1-(2-oxotetrahydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)ethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-1-yl)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (20 mg, 0.028 mmol), 2-bromopyridine (9.0 mg, 0.057 mmol) and XantPhos Pd G3 (8.1 mg, 0.009 mmol) in dioxane (0.3 mL) was added sodium tert-butoxide (8.2 mg, 0.085 mmol). The vial was capped under nitrogen and stirred rapidly at 95° C. for 1 h via magnetic stirring. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled down to room temperature, diluted with acetonitrile and filtered through Silica Prep Thiol. The filtrate was concentrated and dissolved in TFA solution (1.0 mL), and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes to remove the Boc protecting group. The reaction was then concentrated and diluted with acetonitrile, which was purified prep-LCMS (XBRIDGE® C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% TFA, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to afford the product as a TFA salt in the form of a white amorphous powder.
Diastereomer 1. Peak 1. LC-MS calc. for C37H35Cl2FN7O (M+H)+: m/z=682.3; found 682.3.
Diastereomer 2. Peak 2. LC-MS calc. for C37H35Cl2FN7O (M+H)+: m/z=682.3; found 682.3. This is the desired (potent) diastereoisomer.
To a 1 dram vial charged with tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-(8-(2-cyanoethyl)-7-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-methyl-2-((R)-1-(2-oxotetrahydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)ethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-1-yl)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (20 mg, 0.028 mmol), 4-bromo-3-fluoropyridine (15.0 mg, 0.085 mmol) and XantPhos Pd G3 (8.1 mg, 0.009 mmol) in dioxane (0.3 mL) was added sodium tert-butoxide (8.2 mg, 0.085 mmol). The vial was capped under nitrogen and stirred rapidly at 110° C. for 3 h via magnetic stirring. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled down to room temperature, diluted with acetonitrile and filtered through Silica Prep Thiol. The filtrate was concentrated and dissolved in TFA solution (1.0 mL), and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes to remove the Boc protecting group. The reaction was then concentrated and diluted with acetonitrile, which was purified prep-LCMS (XBRIDGE® C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.15% NH4OH, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to afford the title compound as peak 1 and peak 2 (atropisomers). Fractions containing peaks 1 and 2 were frozen on dry ice independently and lyophilized for two days to yield the title compound(s) as free bases (white amorphous powder).
Diastereomer 1. Peak 1. LC-MS calc. for C37H34Cl2F2N7O (M+H)+: m/z=700.2; found 700.3.
Diastereomer 2. Peak 2. LC-MS calc. for C37H34Cl2F2N7O (M+H)+: m/z=700.2; found 700.3. This is the desired (potent) diastereoisomer.
To a 1 dram vial charged with tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-(8-(2-cyanoethyl)-7-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-methyl-2-((R)-1-(2-oxotetrahydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)ethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-1-yl)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (20 mg, 0.028 mmol), 4-bromo-2-fluoropyridine (10.0 mg, 0.057 mmol) and XantPhos Pd G3 (8.1 mg, 0.009 mmol) in dioxane (0.3 mL) was added sodium tert-butoxide (8.2 mg, 0.085 mmol). The vial was capped under nitrogen and stirred rapidly at 95° C. for 1 h via magnetic stirring. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled down to room temperature, diluted with acetonitrile and filtered through Silica Prep Thiol. The filtrate was concentrated and dissolved in TFA solution (1.0 mL), and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes to remove the Boc protecting group. The reaction was then concentrated and diluted with acetonitrile, which was purified prep-LCMS (XBRIDGE® C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% TFA, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to afford the product as a TFA salt in the form of a white amorphous powder.
Diastereomer 1. Peak 1. LC-MS calc. for C37H34Cl2F2N7O (M+H)+: m/z=700.2; found 700.3.
Diastereomer 2. Peak 2. LC-MS calc. for C37H34Cl2F2N7O (M+H)+: m/z=700.2; found 700.3. This is the desired (potent) diastereoisomer.
This compound was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 2, using 2-bromo-5-fluoropyridine instead of bromobenzene as coupling partner. Two stereoisomers were isolated.
Diastereomer 1. Peak 1. LC-MS calc. for C37H34Cl2F2N7O (M+H)+: m/z=700.2; found 700.3.
Diastereomer 2. Peak 2. LC-MS calc. for C37H34Cl2F2N7O (M+H)+: m/z=700.2; found 700.3. This is the desired (potent) diastereoisomer.
This compound was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 2, using 4-bromothieno[2,3-b]pyridine instead of bromobenzene as coupling partner. Two stereoisomers were isolated.
Diastereomer 1. Peak 1. LC-MS calc. for C39H35Cl2FN70S (M+H)+: m/z=738.2; found 738.3.
Diastereomer 2. Peak 2. LC-MS calc. for C37H35Cl2FN70S (M+H)+: m/z=738.2; found 738.3. This is the desired (potent) diastereoisomer.
This compound was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 2, using 4-chloropyridazine instead of bromobenzene as coupling partner. The compound was isolated as a mixture of diastereomers. LC-MS calc. for C36H34Cl2FN8O (M+H)+: m/z=683.2; found 683.3.
This compound was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 2, using 5-chloropyrimidine instead of bromobenzene as coupling partner. Two stereoisomers were isolated.
Diastereomer 1. Peak 1. LC-MS calc. for C36H34Cl2FN8O (M+H)+: m/z=683.2; found 683.2.
Diastereomer 2. Peak 2. LC-MS calc. for C36H34Cl2FN8O (M+H)+: m/z=683.2; found 683.2. This is the desired (potent) diastereoisomer.
This compound was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 2, using 4-chloropyrimidine instead of bromobenzene as coupling partner. Two stereoisomers were isolated.
Diastereomer 1. Peak 1. LC-MS calc. for C36H34Cl2FN8O (M+H)+: m/z=683.2; found 683.2.
Diastereomer 2. Peak 2. LC-MS calc. for C36H34Cl2FN8O (M+H)+: m/z=683.2; found 683.2. This is the desired (potent) diastereoisomer.
This compound was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 2, using 4-bromo-2-(difluoromethyl)pyridine instead of bromobenzene as coupling partner. Two stereoisomers were isolated.
Diastereomer 1. Peak 1. LC-MS calc. for C38H35Cl2F3N7O (M+H)+: m/z=732.2; found 732.2.
Diastereomer 2. Peak 2. LC-MS calc. for C38H35Cl2F3N7O (M+H)+: m/z=732.2; found 732.2. This is the desired (potent) diastereoisomer.
This compound was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 5, using 3-iodo-2-methoxypyridine instead of 4-bromo-3-fluoropyridine as coupling partner. Two stereoisomers were isolated.
Diastereomer 1. Peak 1. LC-MS calc. for C38H37Cl2FN7O2(M+H)+: m/z=712.2; found 712.2.
Diastereomer 2. Peak 2. LC-MS calc. for C38H37Cl2FN7O2(M+H)+: m/z=712.2; found 712.2. This is the desired (potent) diastereoisomer.
To a solution of tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-(8-(2-cyanoethyl)-7-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-(methylthio)-2-((R)-1-(((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)carbonyl)amino)ethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-1-yl)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate from Intermediate 4, step 3 (630 mg, 0.789 mmol) in DMF (8 mL) was added cesium fluoride (479 mg, 3.15 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 3 h. Upon completion, the reaction solution was cooled down to room temperature and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organics were then washed with brine, dried over MgSO4, concentrated and used directly for the next step without further purification. LCMS calc. for C33H35Cl2FN5O2S (M+H)+: m/z=654.2; found 654.2.
To the reaction mixture of tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-(2-((R)-1-aminoethyl)-8-(2-cyanoethyl)-7-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-(methylthio)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-1-yl)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (500 mg, 0.764 mmol) and NEt3 (319 μL, 2.291 mmol) in acetonitrile (8 mL) were added 1-chloro-3-isocyanatopropane (118 μL, 1.146 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. After that, the mixture was concentrated to give a solid residue and used directly for the next step without further purification. LCMS calc. for C37H41Cl3FN6O3S (M+H)+: m/z=773.2; found 773.3.
To a solution of tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-(2-((R)-1-(3-(3-chloropropyl)ureido)ethyl)-8-(2-cyanoethyl)-7-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-(methylthio)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-1-yl)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (0.7 g 0.904 mmol) in DMF (9.04 mL) was added NaH (0.072 g 1.808 mmol) and the resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for overnight. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated bicarbonate solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed with H2O, saturated brine, dried over MgSO4, filtered and evaporated to dryness. The resulting crude material was purified by flash column chromatography to afford light yellow solid (520 mg, 78% yield). LCMS calc. for C37H40Cl2FN6O3S (M+H)+: m/z=737.2; found 737.4.
Under the atmosphere of nitrogen, the reaction mixture of tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-(8-(2-cyanoethyl)-7-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-(methylthio)-2-((R)-1-(2-oxotetrahydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)ethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-1-yl)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (230 mg, 0.312 mmol), 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (469 μL, 2.494 mmol), Copper(I) 3-methylsalicylate (201 mg, 0.935 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (90 mg, 0.078 mmol) were stirred at 110° C. for 8 h. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled down to room temperature and filtered through diatomaceous earth. The filtrate was then concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography to give product as light yellow solid (180 mg, 79% yield) LCMS calc. for C39H42Cl2FN6O3 (M+H)+: m/z=731.2; found 731.2.
Under the atmosphere of nitrogen, a reaction vial charged with tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-(8-(2-cyanoethyl)-7-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-6-fluoro-2-((R)-1-(2-oxotetrahydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)ethyl)-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-1-yl)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (130 mg, 0.178 mmol), 4-bromopyridine hydrochloride (69.1 mg, 0.355 mmol), XantPhos Pd G3 (50.5 mg, 0.053 mmol), and sodium tert-butoxide (51.2 mg, 0.533 mmol) were stirred at 95° C. for 1 h. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled to room temperature, quenched with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organics were concentrated and the resulting residue were purified by flash column chromatography to give product as light yellow solid (110 mg, 77% yield). LCMS calc. for C44H45Cl2FN7O3(M+H)+: m/z=808.3; found 808.4.
To a reaction vial charged with tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-(8-(2-cyanoethyl)-7-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-6-fluoro-2-((R)-1-(2-oxo-3-(pyridin-4-yl)tetrahydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)ethyl)-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-1-yl)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (150 mg, 0.185 mmol) in THF (1484 μL)/Water (371 μL) was added potassium osmate dihydrate (0.683 mg, 1.855 μmol). After stirring the reaction at room temperature for 5 min, sodium periodate (198 mg, 0.927 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture were then stirred at room temperature for 5 h. Upon completion, the reaction was quenched by water, extracted with ethyl acetate, and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified by flash column chromatography to give product as light yellow solid (120 mg, 77% yield). LCMS calc. for C43H43Cl2FN7O4(M+H)+: m/z=810.3; found 810.4.
To the solution of tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-(4-acetyl-8-(2-cyanoethyl)-7-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-6-fluoro-2-((R)-1-(2-oxo-3-(pyridin-4-yl)tetrahydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)ethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-1-yl)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (80 mg, 0.099 mmol) in MeOH (987 μL) at 0° C. was added sodium borohydride (5.60 mg, 0.148 mmol). The reaction mixture was then warmed up to room temperature and stirred for another 30 minutes. Upon completion, the reaction was concentrated and dissolved in DCM/TFA solution (3.0 mL). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes to remove the Boc protecting group. The reaction was then concentrated and diluted with acetonitrile, which was purified prep-LCMS (XBRIDGE® C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% TFA, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to afford the product as a TFA salt in the form of a white amorphous powder.
Diastereomer 1. Peak 1. LC-MS calc. for C38H37Cl2FN7O2(M+H)+: m/z=712.2; found 712.2. This is the desired (potent) diastereoisomer.
Diastereomer 2. Peak 2. LC-MS calc. for C38H37Cl2FN7O2(M+H)+: m/z=712.2; found 712.2.
To a solution of 3-bromo-5-chloro-4-methylphenol (4.69 g 21.18 mmol) and DIPEA (11.10 mL, 63.5 mmol) in DCM (60.5 mL) was added chloro(methoxy)methane (3.22 mL, 42.4 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 20° C. for 1 h. Upon completion, the reaction was quenched with satd. aq. NH4Cl and diluted with DCM. The organic layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with additional DCM. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified by flash column chromatography to afford the title compound. (4.5 g 75% yield).
Under a nitrogen atmosphere, the reaction mixture of 1-bromo-3-chloro-5-(methoxymethoxy)-2-methylbenzene (4.05 g 15.25 mmol) and 2-Isopropoxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (4.67 mL, 22.88 mmol) in THF (76 mL) at −78° C. was added n-butyllithium (13.35 mL, 21.35 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h. The reaction was then quenched by NH4Cl solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organics were concentrated and purified through flash column chromatography to afford the title compound (3.8 g 80% yield).
To the reaction mixture of (R)-but-3-yn-2-amine hydrochloride (1 g 9.43 mmol) and NEt3 (3.29 mL, 23.58 mmol) in acetonitrile (24 mL) were added 1-chloro-3-isocyanatopropane (1.162 mL, 11.32 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. After that, the mixture were concentrated and dissolved in DMF (24.00 mL), which is followed by the addition of NaH (0.566 g 14.15 mmol). The reaction mixture were stirred at room temperature for another 5 h. Upon completion, the reaction was poured into saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, extracted with EtOAc. The combined organics were dried over MgSO4, concentrated and used directly without further purification. LCMS calc. for C8H12N2O (M+H)+: m/z=153.1; found 153.1.
Under an atmosphere of nitrogen, the reaction mixture of tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-((7-bromo-6-(2-cyanoethyl)-8-fluoro-3-iodo-2-(methylthio)quinolin-4-yl)amino)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (Intermediate 2, 1.0 g 1.545 mmol), (R)-1-(but-3-yn-2-yl)tetrahydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one (0.353 g 2.317 mmol), NEt3 (1.077 mL, 7.72 mmol), copper(I) iodide (0.294 g 1.545 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (0.357 g 0.309 mmol) was stirred at 60° C. in DMF (7.72 mL) for 1 h. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled down to room temperature, Cs2CO3 (1.510 g 4.63 mmol) was then added. The reaction mixture was then stirred at 65° C. for 1 h. Upon completion, the mixture was quenched with water and a small amount of 30% aq NH4OH, then extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography to provide the desired product as light yellow solid (0.74 g 71% yield). LCMS calc. for C31H37BrFN6O3S (M+H)+: m/z=671.2; found 671.3.
Under the atmosphere of nitrogen, the reaction mixture of 2-(3-chloro-5-(methoxymethoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (168 mg, 0.536 mmol), tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-(7-bromo-8-(2-cyanoethyl)-6-fluoro-4-(methylthio)-2-((R)-1-(2-oxotetrahydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)ethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-1-yl)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate AmPhos Pd Cl2 (31.6 mg, 0.045 mmol) and potassium fluoride (69.2 mg, 1.191 mmol) was stirred at 100° C. for 45 min. The reaction was cooled down to room temperature and filtered through diatomaceous earth. The filtrate was concentrated, purified by flash column chromatography to provide the desired product as light yellow solid (95 mg, 54% yield). LCMS calc. for C40H46ClFN6O5S (M+H)+: m/z=777.3; found 777.4.
Under the atmosphere of nitrogen, the a mixture of tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-(7-(3-chloro-5-(methoxymethoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-8-(2-cyanoethyl)-6-fluoro-4-(methylthio)-2-((R)-1-(2-oxotetrahydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)ethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-1-yl)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (170 mg, 0.219 mmol), methylboronic acid (105 mg, 1.750 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (76 mg, 0.066 mmol) and Copper(I) 3-methylsalicylate (141 mg, 0.656 mmol) in 1,4-Dioxane (2187 μL) was stirred at 110° C. for 10 h. The reaction was quenched with water and sat. aq. NH4OH, then extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography to provide the desired product as light yellow solid (100 mg, 61% yield). LCMS calc. for C40H47ClFN6O5 (M+H)+: m/z=745.3; found 745.3.
Under the atmosphere of nitrogen, a reaction vial charged with tert-butyl (1R,4R,5S)-5-(7-(3-chloro-5-(methoxymethoxy)-2-methylphenyl)-8-(2-cyanoethyl)-6-fluoro-4-methyl-2-((R)-1-(2-oxotetrahydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)ethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolin-1-yl)-2-azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane-2-carboxylate (20 mg, 0.027 mmol), 4-bromopyridine hydrochloride (10.44 mg, 0.054 mmol), XantPhos Pd G3 (7.63 mg, 8.05 μmol), and sodium tert-butoxide (7.73 mg, 0.081 mmol) were stirred at 95° C. for 1 h. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled to room temperature, diluted with acetonitrile and filtered through Silica Prep Thiol. The filtrate was concentrated and dissolved in TFA solution (1.0 mL), and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes to remove the Boc protecting group. The reaction was then concentrated and diluted with acetonitrile, which was purified prep-LCMS (XBRIDGE® C18 column, eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% TFA, at flow rate of 60 mL/min) to afford the product as a TFA salt in the form of a white amorphous powder. LC-MS calc. for C38H38ClFN7O2(M+H)+: m/z=678.3; found 678.3.
Additional Example compounds within the scope of the present disclosure were also prepared and are listed in Table B below.
The inhibitor potency of the exemplified compounds was determined in a fluorescence based guanine nucleotide exchange assay, which measures the exchange of bodipy-GDP (fluorescently labeled GDP) for GppNHp (Non-hydrolyzable GTP analog) to generate the active state of KRAS in the presence of SOS1 (guanine nucleotide exchange factor). Inhibitors were serially diluted in DMSO and a volume of 0.1 μL was transferred to the wells of a black low volume 384-well plate. 5 μL/well volume of bodipy-loaded KRAS G12D diluted to 2.5 nM in assay buffer (25 mM Hepes pH 7.5, 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM mgCl2 and 0.01% Brij-35) was added to the plate and pre-incubated with inhibitor for 4 h at ambient temperature. Appropriate controls (enzyme with no inhibitor or with a G12D inhibitor) were included on the plate. The exchange was initiated by the addition of a 5 μL/well volume containing 1 mM GppNHp and 300 nM SOS1 in assay buffer. The 10 μL/well reaction concentration of the bodipy-loaded KRAS G12D, GppNHp, and SOS1 were 2.5 nM, 500 uM, and 150 nM, respectively. The reaction plates were incubated at ambient temperature for 2 h, a time estimated for complete GDP-GTP exchange in the absence of inhibitor. For the KRAS G12V mutant, similar guanine nucleotide exchange assays were used with 2.5 nM as final concentration for the bodipy loaded KRAS proteins and 3 h incubation after adding GppNHp-SOS1 mixture. A cyclic peptide described to selectively bind G12D mutant (Sakamoto et al., BBRC 484.3 (2017), 605-611) or internal compounds with confirmed binding were used as positive controls in the assay plates. Fluorescence intensities were measured on a PheraStar plate reader instrument (BMG Labtech) with excitation at 485 nm and emission at 520 nm.
Either GraphPad prism or Genedata Screener SmartFit was used to analyze the data. The IC50 values were derived by fitting the data to a four parameter logistic equation producing a sigmoidal dose-response curve with a variable Hill coefficient.
The KRAS_G12D and KRAS_G12V exchange assay IC50 data are provided in Tables C and D below. The symbol “t” indicates IC50≤100 nM, “††” indicates IC50>100 nM but ≤1 μM; and “†††” indicates IC50 is >1 μM but ≤5 μM, “††††” indicates IC50 is >5 μM but ≤10 μM. “NA” indicates IC50 not available. For certain compounds that were isolated as more atropisomers and/or diastereoisomers, the value for the most potent isomer is quoted.
The potency of additional compounds disclosed herein is provided in Table D below.
MIA PaCa-2 (KRAS G12C; ATCC® CRL-1420), NCI-H358 (KRAS G12C; ATCC® CRL-5807), A427 (KRAS G12D; ATCC® HTB53), HPAFII (KRAS G12D; ATCC® CRL-1997), YAPC (KRAS G12V; DSMZ ACC382), SW480 (KRAS G12V; ATCC® CRL-228) and NCI-H838 (KRAS WT; ATCC® CRL-5844) cells are cultured in RPMI 1640 media supplemented with 10% FBS (Gibco/Life Technologies). Eight hundred cells per well in RPMI 1640 media supplemented with 2% FBS are seeded into white, clear bottomed 384-well Costar tissue culture plates containing 50 nL dots of test compounds (final concentration is a 1:500 dilution, with a final concentration in 0.2% DMSO). Plates are incubated for 3 days at 370° C., 5% CO2. At the end of the assay, 25 ul/well of CellTiter-Glo reagent (Promega) is added. Luminescence is read after 15 minutes with a PHERAstar (BMG). Data are analyzed in Genedata Screener using SmartFit for IC50 values.
MIA PaCa-2 (KRAS G12C; ATCC® CRL-1420), NCI-H358 (KRAS G12C; ATCC® CRL-5807), A427 (KRAS G12D; ATCC® HTB53), HPAFII (KRAS G12D; ATCC® CRL-1997), YAPC (KRAS G12V; DSMZ ACC382), SW480 (KRAS G12V; ATCC® CRL-228) and NCI-H838 (KRAS WT; ATCC® CRL-5844) cells are purchased from ATCC and maintained in RPMI 1640 media supplemented with 10% FBS (Gibco/Life Technologies). The cells are plated at 5000 cells per well (8 uL) into Greiner 384-well low volume, flat-bottom, and tissue culture treated white plates and incubated overnight at 370° C., 5% CO2. The next morning, test compound stock solutions are diluted in media at 3× the final concentration and 4 uL are added to the cells, with a final concentration of 0.1% of DMSO. The cells are incubated with the test compounds for 4 h (G12C and G12V) or 2 hrs (G12D) at 37° C., 5% CO2. Four uL of 4× lysis buffer with blocking reagent (Cisbio) are added to each well and plates are rotated gently (300 rpm) for 30 minutes at room temperature. Four uL per well of Cisbio anti Phospho-ERK 1/2 d2 is mixed with anti Phospho-ERK 1/2 Cryptate (1:1), and added to each well, incubated overnight in the dark at room temperature. Plates are read on the Pherastar plate reader at 665 nm and 620 nm wavelengths. Data are analyzed in Genedata Screener using SmartFit for IC50 values.
MIA PaCa-2 cells (KRAS G12C; ATCC® CRL-1420), HPAF-II (KRAS G12D; ATCC® CRL-1997) and YAPC (KRAS G12V; DSMZ ACC382) are maintained in RPMI 1640 with 10% FBS (Gibco/Life Technologies). For MIA PaCa-2 assay, cells are seeded into 96 well tissue culture plates (Corning #3596) at 25000 cells per well in 100 uL media and cultured for 2 days at 37° C., 5% CO2 before the assay. For HPAF-II and YAPC assay, cells are seeded in 96 well tissue culture plates at 50000 cells per well in 100 uL media and cultured for 1 day before the assay. Whole Blood are added to the 1 uL dots of compounds (prepared in DMSO) in 96 well plates and mixed gently by pipetting up and down so that the concentration of the compound in blood is 1× of desired concentration, in 0.5% DMSO. The media is aspirated from the cells and 50 uL per well of whole blood with test compound is added and incubated for 4 h for MIA PaCa and YAPC assay; or 2 h for HPAF-II assay, respectively at 37° C., 5% CO2. After dumping the blood, the plates are gently washed twice by adding PBS to the side of the wells and dumping the PBS from the plate onto a paper towel, tapping the plate to drain well. Fifty ul/well of 1× lysis buffer #1 (Cisbio) with blocking reagent (Cisbio) and Benzonase nuclease (Sigma Cat #E1014-5KU, 1:10000 final concentration) is then added and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes with shaking (250 rpm). Following lysis, 16 μL of lysate is transferred into 384-well Greiner small volume white plate using an Assist Plus (Integra Biosciences, NH). Four uL of 1:1 mixture of anti Phospho-ERK 1/2 d2 and anti Phospho-ERK 1/2 Cryptate (Cisbio) is added to the wells using the Assist Plus and incubated at room temperature overnight in the dark. Plates are read on the Pherastar plate reader at 665 nm and 620 nm wavelengths. Data are analyzed in Genedata Screener using SmartFit for IC50 values.
The 96-Well Ras Activation ELISA Kit (Cell Biolabs Inc; #STA441) uses the Raf1 RBD (Rho binding domain) bound to a 96-well plate to selectively pull down the active form of Ras from cell lysates. The captured GTP-Ras is then detected by a pan-Ras antibody and HRP-conjugated secondary antibody.
MIA PaCa-2 (KRAS G12C; ATCC® CRL-1420), NCI-H358 (KRAS G12C; ATCC® CRL-5807), A427 (KRAS G12D; ATCC® HTB53), HPAFII (KRAS G12D; ATCC® CRL-1997), YAPC (KRAS G12V; DSMZ ACC382), SW480 (KRAS G12V; ATCC® CRL-228) and NCI-H838 (KRAS WT; ATCC® CRL-5844) cells are maintained in RPMI 1640 with 10% FBS (Gibco/Life Technologies). The cells are seeded into 96 well tissue culture plates (Corning #3596) at 25000 cells per well in 100 uL media and cultured for 2 days at 37° C., 5% CO2 so that they are approximately 80% confluent at the start of the assay. The cells are treated with compounds for either 4 h or overnight at 37° C., 5% CO2. At the time of harvesting, the cells are washed with PBS, drained well and then lysed with 50 μL of the 1× Lysis buffer (provided by the kit) plus added Halt Protease and Phosphatase inhibitors (1:100) for 1 h on ice.
The Raf-1 RBD is diluted 1:500 in Assay Diluent (provided in kit) and 100 μL of the diluted Raf-1 RBD is added to each well of the Raf-1 RBD Capture Plate. The plate is covered with a plate sealing film and incubated at room temperature for 1 h on an orbital shaker. The plate is washed 3 times with 250 μL 1× Wash Buffer per well with thorough aspiration between each wash. 50 μL of Ras lysate sample (10-100 μg) is added per well in duplicate. A “no cell lysate” control is added in a couple of wells for background determination. 50 μL of Assay Diluent is added to all wells immediately to each well and the plate is incubated at room temperature for 1 h on an orbital shaker. The plate is washed 5 times with 250 μL 1× Wash Buffer per well with thorough aspiration between each wash. 100 μL of the diluted Anti-pan-Ras Antibody is added to each well and the plate is incubated at room temperature for 1 h on an orbital shaker. The plate is washed 5 times as previously. 100 μL of the diluted Secondary Antibody, HRP Conjugate is added to each well and the plate is incubated at room temperature for 1 h on an orbital shaker. The plate is washed 5 times as previously and drained well. 100 μL of Chemiluminescent Reagent (provided in the kit) is added to each well, including the blank wells. The plate is incubated at room temperature for 5 minutes on an orbital shaker before the luminescence of each microwell is read on a plate luminometer. The % inhibition is calculated relative to the DMSO control wells after a background level of the “no lysate control” is subtracted from all the values. IC50 determination is performed by fitting the curve of inhibitor percent inhibition versus the log of the inhibitor concentration using the GraphPad Prism 7 software.
The cellular potency of compounds is determined by measuring phosphorylation of KRAS downstream effectors extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK), ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK), AKT (also known as protein kinase B, PKB) and downstream substrate S6 ribosomal protein.
To measure phosphorylated extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK), ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK), AKT and S6 ribosomal protein, cells (details regarding the cell lines and types of data produced are further detailed in Table E) are seeded overnight in Corning 96-well tissue culture treated plates in RPMI medium with 10% FBS at 4×104 cells/well. The following day, cells are incubated in the presence or absence of a concentration range of test compounds for 4 h at 37° C., 5% CO2. Cells are washed with PBS and lysed with 1× lysis buffer (Cisbio) with protease and phosphatase inhibitors (Thermo Fisher, 78446). Ten or twenty μg of total protein lysates is subjected to SDS-PAGE and immunoblot analysis using following antibodies: phospho-ERK1/2-Thr202/Tyr204 (#9101L), total-ERK1/2 (#9102L), phosphor-AKT-Ser473 (#4060L), phospho-p90RSK-Ser380 (#11989S) and phospho-S6 ribosomal protein-Ser235/Ser236 (#2211S) are from Cell Signaling Technologies (Danvers, MA).
MIA-PaCa-2 (KRAS G12C), H358 (KRAS G12C), HPAF-II (KRAS G12D), AGS (KRAS G12D), SW480 (KRAS G12V) or YAPC (KRAS G12V) human cancer cells are obtained from the American Type Culture Collection and maintained in RPMI media supplemented with 10% FBS. For efficacy studies experiments, 5×106 cells are inoculated subcutaneously into the right hind flank of 6- to 8-week-old BALB/c nude mice (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA, USA). When tumor volumes are approximately 150-250 mm3, mice are randomized by tumor volume and compounds are orally administered. Tumor volume is calculated using the formula (L×W2)/2, where L and W refer to the length and width dimensions, respectively. Tumor growth inhibition is calculated using the formula (1−(VT/VC))×100, where VT is the tumor volume of the treatment group on the last day of treatment, and VC is the tumor volume of the control group on the last day of treatment. Two-way analysis of variance with Dunnett's multiple comparisons test is used to determine statistical differences between treatment groups (GraphPad Prism). Mice are housed at 10-12 animals per cage, and are provided enrichment and exposed to 12-hour light/dark cycles. Mice whose tumor volumes exceeded limits (10% of body weight) are humanely euthanized by CO2 inhalation. Animals are maintained in a barrier facility fully accredited by the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care, International. All of the procedures are conducted in accordance with the US Public Service Policy on Human Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and with Incyte Animal Care and Use Committee Guidelines.
Caco-2 cells are grown at 37° C. in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 in DMEM growth medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum, 1% (v/v) nonessential amino acids, penicillin (100 U/mL), and streptomycin (100 μg/mL). Confluent cell monolayers are subcultured every 7 days or 4 days for Caco-2 by treatment with 0.05% trypsin containing 1 μM EDTA. Caco-2 cells are seeded in 96-well Transwell plates. The seeding density for Caco-2 cells is 14,000 cells/well. DMEM growth medium is replaced every other day after seeding. Cell monolayers are used for transport assays between 22 and 25 days for Caco-2 cells.
Cell culture medium is removed and replaced with HBSS. To measure the TEER, the HBSS is added into the donor compartment (apical side) and receiver compartment (basolateral side). The TEER is measured by using a REMS Autosampler to ensure the integrity of the cell monolayers. Caco-2 cell monolayers with TEER values≥300 Ω·cm2 are used for transport experiments. To determine the Papp in the absorptive direction (A-B), solution of test compound (50 μM) in HBSS is added to the donor compartment (apical side), while HBSS solution with 4% BSA is added to the receiver compartment (basolateral side). The apical volume was 0.075 mL, and the basolateral volume is 0.25 mL. The incubation period is 120 minutes at 37° C. in an atmosphere of 5% CO2. At the end of the incubation period, samples from the donor and receiver sides are removed and an equal volume of acetonitrile is added for protein precipitation. The supernatants are collected after centrifugation (3000 rpm, Allegra X-14R Centrifuge from Beckman Coulter, Indianapolis, IN) for LCMS analysis. The permeability value is determined according to the equation:
where the flux rate (F, mass/time) is calculated from the slope of cumulative amounts of compound of interest on the receiver side, SA is the surface area of the cell membrane, VD is the donor volume, and MD is the initial amount of the solution in the donor chamber.
The Caco-2 data are provided in Table F below. The symbol “+” indicates a Caco-2 value of 50.5, “++” indicates a Caco-2 value of >0.5 but ≤1; and “+++” indicates a Caco-2 value of >1. “NA” indicates IC50 not available.
The whole blood stability of the exemplified compounds is determined by LC-MS/MS. The 96-Well Flexi-Tier™ Block (Analytical Sales & Services, Inc, Flanders, NJ) is used for the incubation plate containing 1.0 mL glass vials with 0.5 mL of blood per vial (pooled gender, human whole blood sourced from BIOIVT, Hicksville, NY or similar). Blood is pre-warmed in water bath to 37° C. for 30 minutes. 96-deep well analysis plate is prepared with the addition of 100 μL ultrapure water/well. 50 μL chilled ultrapure water/well is added to 96-deep well sample collection plate and covered with a sealing mat. 1 μL of 0.5 mM compound working solution (DMSO:water) is added to the blood in incubation plate to reach final concentrations of 1 μM, mixed by pipetting thoroughly and 50 μL is transferred 50 into the T=0 wells of the sample collection plate. Blood is allowed to sit in the water for 2 minutes and then 400 μL stop solution/well is added (acetonitrile containing an internal standard). The incubation plate is placed in the Incu-Shaker CO2 Mini incubator (Benchmark Scientific, Sayreville, NJ) at 37° C. with shaking at 150 rpm. At 1, 2 and 4-hr, the blood samples are mixed thoroughly by pipetting and 50 μL is transferred into the corresponding wells of the sample collection plate. Blood is allowed to sit in the water for 2 minutes and then 400 μL of stop solution/well is added. The collection plate is sealed and vortexed at 1700 rpm for 3 minutes (VX-2500 Multi-Tube Vortexer, VWR International, Radnor, PA), and samples are then centrifuged in the collection plate at 3500 rpm for 10 minutes (Allegra X-14R Centrifuge Beckman Coulter, Indianapolis, IN). 100 μL of supernatant/well is transferred from the sample collection plate into the corresponding wells of the analysis plate. The final plate is vortexed at 1700 rpm for 1 minute and analyze samples by LC-MS/MS. The peak area ratio of the 1, 2, and 4 hr samples relative to T=0 is used to determine the percent remaining. The natural log of the percent remaining versus time is used determine a slope to calculate the compounds half-life in blood (t1/2=0.693/slope).
For in vitro metabolic stability experiments, test compounds are incubated with human liver microsomes at 37° C. The incubation mixture contains test compounds (1 μM), NADPH (2 mM), and human liver microsomes (0.5 mg protein/mL) in 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The mixture is pre-incubated for 2 min at 37° C. before the addition of NADPH. Reactions are commenced upon the addition of NADPH and quenched with ice-cold MeOH at 0, 10, 20, and 30 min. Terminated incubation mixtures are analyzed using LC-MS/MS system. The analytical system consisted of a Shimadzu LC-30AD binary pump system and SIL-30AC autosampler (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Columbia, MD) coupled with a Sciex Triple Quad 6500+ mass spectrometer from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA). Chromatographic separation of test compounds and internal standard is achieved using a Hypersil Gold C18 column (50×2.1 mm, 5 μM, 175 Å) from ThermoFisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). Mobile phase A consists of 0.1% formic acid in water, and mobile phase B consists of 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile. The total LC-MS/MS runtime can be 2.75 minutes with a flow rate of 0.75 mL/min. Peak area integrations and peak area ratio calculations are performed using Analyst software (version 1.6.3) from Applied Biosystems.
The in vitro intrinsic clearance, CLint, in vitro, is calculated from the t1/2 of test compound disappearance as CLint, in vitro=(0.693/t1/2)×(1/Cprotein), where Cprotein is the protein concentration during the incubation, and t1/2 is determined by the slope (k) of the log-linear regression analysis of the concentration versus time profiles; thus, t1/2=ln 2/k. The CLint, in vitro values are scaled to the in vivo values for human by using physiologically based scaling factors, hepatic microsomal protein concentrations (45 mg protein/g liver), and liver weights (21 g/kg body weight). The equation CLint=CLin, in vitro×(mg protein/g liver weight)×(g liver weight/kg body weight) is used. The in vivo hepatic clearance (CLH) is then calculated by using CLint and hepatic blood flow, Q (20 mL·min−1·kg−1 in humans) in the well-stirred liver model disregarding all binding from CLH=(Q×CLint)/(Q+CLint). The hepatic extraction ratio was calculated as CLH divided by Q.
For in vivo pharmacokinetic experiments, test compounds are administered to male Sprague Dawley rats or male and female Cynomolgus monkeys intravenously or via oral gavage. For intravenous (IV) dosing, test compounds are dosed at 0.5 to 1 mg/kg using a formulation of 10% dimethylacetamide (DMAC) in acidified saline via IV bolus for rat and 5 min or 10 min IV infusion for monkey. For oral (PO) dosing, test compounds are dosed at 1.0 to 3.0 mg/kg using 5% DMAC in 0.5% methylcellulose in citrate buffer (pH 2.5). Blood samples are collected at predose and various time points up to 24 h postdose. All blood samples are collected using EDTA as the anticoagulant and centrifuged to obtain plasma samples. The plasma concentrations of test compounds are determined by LC-MS methods. The measured plasma concentrations are used to calculate PK parameters by standard noncompartmental methods using Phoenix® WinNonlin software program (version 8.0, Pharsight Corporation).
In rats and monkeys, cassette dosing of test compounds are conducted to obtain preliminary PK parameters.
In vivo pharmacokinetic experiments with male beagle dogs may be performed under the conditions described above.
This assay is designed to characterize an increase in CYP inhibition as a test compounds is metabolized over time. Potential mechanisms for this include the formation of a tight-binding, quasi-irreversible inhibitory metabolite complex or the inactivation of P450 enzymes by covalent adduct formation of metabolites. While this experiment employs a 10-fold dilution to diminish metabolite concentrations and therefore effects of reversible inhibition, it is possible (but not common) that a metabolite that is an extremely potent CYP inhibitor could result in a positive result.
The results are from a cocktail of CYP specific probe substrates at 4 times their Km concentrations for CYP2C9, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4 (midazolam) using human liver microsomes (HLM). The HLMs can be pre-incubated with test compounds at a concentration 10 μM for 30 min in the presence (+N) or absence (—N) of a NADPH regenerating system, diluted 10-fold, and incubated for 8 min in the presence of the substrate cocktail with the addition of a fresh aliquot of NADPH regenerating system. A calibration curve of metabolite standards can be used to quantitatively measure the enzyme activity using LC-MS/MS. In addition, incubations with known time dependent inhibitors, tienilic aicd (CYP2C9), ticlopidine (CYP2C19), paroxetine (CYP2D6), and troleandomycin (CYP3A4), used as positive controls are pre-incubated 30 min with or without a NADPH regenerating system.
The analytical system consists of a Shimadzu LC-30AD binary pump system and SIL-30AC autosampler (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Columbia, MD) coupled with a Sciex Triple Quad 6500+ mass spectrometer from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA). Chromatographic separation of test compounds and internal standard can be achieved using an ACQUITY UPLC BEH 130A, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7 μm HPLC column (Waters Corp, Milford, MA). Mobile phase A consists of 0.1% formic acid in water, and mobile phase B consists of 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile. The total LC-MS/MS runtime will be 2.50 minutes with a flow rate of 0.9 mL/min. Peak area integrations and peak area ratio calculations are performed using Analyst software (version 1.6.3) from Applied Biosystems.
The percentage of control CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 activity remaining following preincubation of the compounds with NADPH is corrected for the corresponding control vehicle activity and then calculated based on 0 minutes as 100%. A linear regression plot of the natural log of % activity remaining versus time for each isozyme is used to calculate the slope. The −slope is equal to the rate of enzyme loss, or the Kobs.
Various modifications of the invention, in addition to those described herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Each reference, including without limitation all patent, patent applications, and publications, cited in the present application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/496,870 filed Apr. 18, 2023, the entire content of which is incorporated herein.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63496870 | Apr 2023 | US |
