Patent Grant
10634087
Various embodiments relate to an internal combustion engine with a cylinder block structure for reducing bore distortion.
During engine operation, a cylinder bore may distort from a cylindrical shape. The cylinder bore distortion may result in the piston rings having difficulty conforming to the cylinder wall during engine operation as the bore shape changes, and this in turn may lead to higher blow-by of combustion gases, increased engine oil or lubricant consumption, and additional engine noise. As engine design moves towards higher power density engines with reduced size and weight and increased cooling requirements, challenges arise in reducing or controlling cylinder bore distortion based on packaging and other design constraints.
In an embodiment, an engine is provided with a cylinder block having a plurality of siamesed cylinders positioned between first and second sides and first and second end of the block. The plurality of cylinders includes at least one cylinder positioned between first and second end cylinders. The block defines a series of head bolt bores with two bores at each end of the block and two bores positioned between adjacent cylinders such that each cylinder is surrounded by four bores of the series of bores. The block defines a cooling jacket extending continuously about an outer perimeter of the plurality of cylinders, and the jacket has a first floor connected to a second floor with the second floor being offset above the first floor to be positioned between the first floor and a deck face of the block. The second floor extends continuously along the first side of the block from an intermediate region of the first end cylinder to an intermediate region of the second end cylinder such that at least one head bolt bore associated with each cylinder is directly adjacent to the second floor. The second floor is configured to decouple a relationship between the cooling jacket and the series of head bolts for each cylinder and reduce fourth order bore distortion for each cylinder.
In another embodiment, an engine is provided with a block defining a cooling jacket extending continuously about an outer perimeter of first and second siamesed cylinders. The block defines a series of head bolt bores intersecting a deck face such that each cylinder is surrounded by four bores. The jacket has a first floor and a second floor. The second floor is offset above the first floor and extends along an intake side of the block between midpoints of the first and second cylinders, respectively.
In yet another embodiment, a method of forming an engine block to reduce fourth order bore distortion is provided. An engine block is formed with first and second cylinders positioned between first and second sides and first and second end of the block. A series of head bolt bores is formed in the block with two bores at each end of the block and two bores positioned between adjacent cylinders such that each cylinder is surrounded by four bores of the series of bores. A cooling jacket is formed to extend continuously about an outer perimeter of the first and second cylinders, and is formed with a first floor connected to a second floor. The second floor is offset above the first floor to be positioned between the first floor and a deck face of the block. The second floor is formed to extend continuously along the first side of the block from an intermediate region of the first cylinder to an intermediate region of the second cylinder such that one head bolt bore associated with each cylinder is directly adjacent to the second floor. The second floor is positioned to decouple a relationship between a depth of the cooling jacket and the series of head bolts for each cylinder and reduce fourth order bore distortion for each cylinder.
As required, detailed embodiments of the present disclosure are provided herein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary and may be embodied in various and alternative forms. The figures are not necessarily to scale; some features may be exaggerated or minimized to show details of particular components. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present disclosure.
A fuel injector 46 delivers fuel from a fuel system directly into the combustion chamber 24 such that the engine is a direct injection engine. A low pressure or high pressure fuel injection system may be used with the engine 20, or a port injection system may be used in other examples. An ignition system includes a spark plug 48 that is controlled to provide energy in the form of a spark to ignite a fuel air mixture in the combustion chamber 24. In other embodiments, other fuel delivery systems and ignition systems or techniques may be used, including compression ignition.
The engine 20 includes a controller and various sensors configured to provide signals to the controller for use in controlling the air and fuel delivery to the engine, the ignition timing, the power and torque output from the engine, the exhaust system, and the like. Engine sensors may include, but are not limited to, an oxygen sensor in the exhaust system 40, an engine coolant temperature sensor, an accelerator pedal position sensor, an engine manifold pressure (MAP) sensor, an engine position sensor for crankshaft position, an air mass sensor in the intake manifold 38, a throttle position sensor, an exhaust gas temperature sensor in the exhaust system 40, and the like.
In some embodiments, the engine 20 is used as the sole prime mover in a vehicle, such as a conventional vehicle, or a stop-start vehicle. In other embodiments, the engine may be used in a hybrid vehicle where an additional prime mover, such as an electric machine, is available to provide additional power to propel the vehicle.
Each cylinder 22 may operate under a four-stroke cycle including an intake stroke, a compression stroke, an ignition stroke, and an exhaust stroke. In other embodiments, the engine may operate with a two stroke cycle. During the intake stroke, the intake valve 42 opens and the exhaust valve 44 closes while the piston 34 moves from the top of the cylinder 22 to the bottom of the cylinder 22 to introduce air from the intake manifold to the combustion chamber. The piston 34 position at the top of the cylinder 22 is generally known as top dead center (TDC). The piston 34 position at the bottom of the cylinder is generally known as bottom dead center (BDC).
During the compression stroke, the intake and exhaust valves 42, 44 are closed. The piston 34 moves from the bottom towards the top of the cylinder 22 to compress the air within the combustion chamber 24.
Fuel is introduced into the combustion chamber 24 and ignited. In the engine 20 shown, the fuel is injected into the chamber 24 and is then ignited using spark plug 48. In other examples, the fuel may be ignited using compression ignition.
During the expansion stroke, the ignited fuel air mixture in the combustion chamber 24 expands, thereby causing the piston 34 to move from the top of the cylinder 22 to the bottom of the cylinder 22. The movement of the piston 34 causes a corresponding movement in crankshaft 36 and provides for a mechanical torque output from the engine 20.
During the exhaust stroke, the intake valve 42 remains closed, and the exhaust valve 44 opens. The piston 34 moves from the bottom of the cylinder to the top of the cylinder 22 to remove the exhaust gases and combustion products from the combustion chamber 24 by reducing the volume of the chamber 24. The exhaust gases flow from the combustion cylinder 22 to the exhaust system 40 as described below and to an after-treatment system such as a catalytic converter.
The intake and exhaust valve 42, 44 positions and timing, as well as the fuel injection timing and ignition timing may be varied for the various engine strokes.
The engine 20 has a cylinder block 70 and a cylinder head 72 that cooperate with one another to form the combustion chambers 24. A head gasket (not shown) may be positioned between the block 70 and the head 72 to seal the chamber 24. The cylinder block 70 has a block deck face that corresponds with and mates with a head deck face of the cylinder head 72 along part line 74. The block 70 and head 72 are connected to one another via fasteners, such as head bolts inserted into head bolt bores formed in the head 72 and block 70.
The engine 20 includes a cooling system 80 to remove heat from the engine 20. The amount of heat removed from the engine 20 may be controlled by a cooling system controller, the engine controller, one or more thermostats, and the like. The system 80 may be integrated into the engine 20 as one or more cooling jackets that are cast, machined, or other formed in the engine and in the block 70. The system 80 has one or more cooling circuits that may contain an ethylene glycol/water antifreeze mixture, another water-based fluid, or another coolant as the working fluid. In one example, the cooling circuit has a first cooling jacket 84 in the cylinder block 70 and a second cooling jacket 86 in the cylinder head 72 with the jackets 84, 86 in fluid communication with each other. In another example, jacket 86 is independently controlled and is separate from jacket 84. The block 70 and the head 72 may have additional cooling jackets. Coolant in the cooling circuit 80 and jackets 84, 86 flows from an area of high pressure towards an area of lower pressure.
The fluid system 80 has one or more pumps 88. In a cooling system 80, the pump 88 provides fluid in the circuit to fluid passages in the cylinder block 70, and then to the head 72. The cooling system 80 may also include valves or thermostats (not shown) to control the flow or pressure of coolant, or direct coolant within the system 80. The cooling passages in the jacket 84 in the cylinder block 70 may be adjacent to one or more of the combustion chambers 24 and cylinders 22. Similarly, the cooling passages in the jacket 86 in the cylinder head 72 may be adjacent to one or more of the combustion chambers 24 and the exhaust ports for the exhaust valves 44. Fluid flows from the cylinder head 72 and out of the engine 20 to a heat exchanger 90 such as a radiator where heat is transferred from the coolant to the environment or to another medium.
The cylinder block 100 is illustrated as having four cylinders 112, and for use in a v-configuration engine with another similar block 100. In other examples of the present disclosure, the block 100 may have any number of cylinders, and the block 100 and cylinders may be arranged for use with other engine configurations, including in-line, and the like.
The cylinders 112 include two end cylinders 114, and two intermediate cylinders 116. The end cylinders 114 are positioned adjacent to one of the ends 106, 108 of the block. The cylinders 112 are shown as being formed from a liner assembly that provides for siamesed cylinders, or cylinders that are connected at an interbore region 118. In various examples, the cylinders 112 may be free standing, or may have various passages extending through the interbore region, for example, for cooling purposes.
The block 100 defines a series of head bolt bores 120 that intersect the deck face 110 and extend to a blind depth in the block 100. The head bolt bores 120 are formed in the block 100 material, for example, in a column. The head bolt bores cooperate with corresponding bores in a cylinder head, and apertures in a head gasket, to connect the head to the block 100 and assemble the engine. The block 100 defines the series of head bolt bores 120 with two bores at each end of the block and two bores positioned between adjacent cylinders such that each cylinder 112 is surrounded by four of the bores of the series of bores.
The series of bores 120 includes two bores on either end of the block, and two bores positioned between adjacent cylinders. For example, an end cylinder 114 has two associated bores 122 positioned between the cylinder 114 and the first end 106, and two associated bores 124 positioned in an interbore region 118 between the end cylinder 114 and the adjacent intermediate cylinder 116. The intermediate cylinder 116 has four surrounding associated head bolt bores 120 provided by the bores 124, and the next pair of bores 126 positioned in the next interbore region 118. Therefore, the bores in the interbore regions 118 are shared by adjacent cylinders 112.
The series of bores 120 are therefore arranged as pairs of head bolt bores that are spaced along the longitudinal axis of the block A, with the bores in the pair of bores being positioned opposite one another relative to the axis. For example, a pair of bores is provided by each of bores 122, bores 124, bores 126, and bores 128.
The block 100 also defines a cooling jacket 140 or cooling passage that extends continuously around an outer perimeter of the cylinders 112. The cooling jacket 140 therefore forms a continuous passage that extends alongside the first and second sides 102, 104 and the first and second ends 106, 108 of the block 100. As shown, the cooling passage 140 intersects the deck face 110 discontinuously or intermittently, such that the block 100 has a semi-open deck face with sections extending across an upper region of the cooling jacket 140 in an intermediate region of each cylinder 112 on both sides 102, 104 of the block. In other examples, the cooling jacket 140 may intersect the block deck face 110 continuously such that the block 100 has an open deck face. In another example, the cooling jacket 140 may generally not intersect the deck face 110 such that the block 100 has a closed deck face. For blocks 100 with closed, open or semi-open deck faces, cylinder bore distortion may be different as the block 100 provides different structure and support about the cylinders 112.
The jacket 140 may be formed with an inner wall 142 and an outer wall 144. A base wall or floor 146 extends between the inner and outer walls 142, 144. The shape of the floor of the jacket 140 is described in greater detail below. At least the inner wall 142 of the jacket 140 may generally follow the shape of the outer perimeter of the plurality of cylinders 112.
The material of the block 100 defines a series of head bolt columns 150 shown in
Each head bolt support column 150 has an inner wall 152 defining the associated bore including the counterbore section 130 and the threaded section 132. Each head bolt column 150 also forms an outer wall 154 that forms a portion of the outer wall 144 of the cooling jacket. The outer walls 154 of each of the head bolt support columns 150 are convex such that each head bolt column 150 protrudes into the cooling jacket 140. Each support column 150 for the bores 120 protrudes into the cooling jacket 140 along an outer perimeter of the cooling jacket.
The cooling jacket 140 has a continuous floor or base wall 146 that extends around an outer perimeter of the plurality of cylinders 112. The continuous floor 146 has a split floor design such that the floor includes a first floor 160, or first floor portion, and a second floor 162, or second floor portion, that are offset from one another. The first floor 160 is connected to the second floor 162 by first and second transition ramps 164 or regions. As shown, the first floor and the second floor are each provided by a continuous, substantially planar surface.
The second floor 162 is an upper floor, and is offset above the first floor 160 by a distance D such that the second floor 162 is positioned between the first floor 160 and the deck face 110. The second floor 162 extends continuously along one side of the block 100. In the example shown, the second floor 162 extends from an intermediate region 166 of one end cylinder 114 to an intermediate region 166 of the other end cylinder 114. In a further example, the second floor 162 extends continuously between midpoints of the first and second end cylinders 114, respectively.
The first floor 160 therefore extends from the intermediate region 166 of one end cylinder 114 on the first side 102 to the intermediate region 166 of the second end cylinder 114 on the first side 102 via the first end 106, the second side 104, and the second end 108. The cooling jacket floor 146 therefore is provided by the first floor 160, second floor 162, and the two connecting transition ramps 164. Of course, a drain region, a cutaway in the floor providing clearance for a component or flow entry or exit path, or the like may be provided in the cooling jacket 140 while remaining in the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.
As shown, the first floor 160 and the second floor 162 are parallel or substantially parallel to one another, e.g. within five degrees. The first and second floors 160, 162 are also each parallel or substantially parallel to the deck face 110 of the block, e.g. within five degrees.
The second floor 162 extends such that at least one head bolt bore 120 associated with each cylinder 112 is directly adjacent to the second floor 162. Therefore, the second floor 162 is directly adjacent to the intermediate bores 124, 126, 128 on the first side 102 of the block 100, as the floor 162 begins and ends in an intermediate region 166 of the end cylinders 114. In the example shown, the second floor 162 is directly adjacent to one bore 124, 128 associated with each of the end cylinders 114, and directly adjacent to two bores 124, 126, 128 associated with each of the intermediate cylinders 116. The second floor 162 is configured to decouple a relationship between the cooling jacket 140 and the series of head bolt bores 120 for each cylinder 112 and reduce fourth order bore distortion for each cylinder, as described below in greater detail.
In other examples, the second floor 162 may be positioned to extend along the second side 104 of the engine; however, this results in a smaller volume of the cooling jacket 140 on the generally warmer exhaust side.
Based on the positioning of the second floor 162, the first floor 160 extends from the intermediate region 166 of the first end cylinder 114 on the first side 102 to the intermediate region 166 of the second end cylinder 114 on the first side 102 via the first end, the second side 104, and the second end 108 such that the remaining head bolt bores associated with each cylinder are directly adjacent to the first floor 160. In the example shown, the first floor 160 is directly adjacent to three bores associated with each of the end cylinders 114, and directly adjacent to two bores associated with each of the intermediate cylinders 116 on the second side 104 of the block.
As described above and shown in the Figures, the second floor 162 is positioned radially between at least one of the four bores associated with each cylinder 112. The first floor 160 is positioned radially between at least another of the four bores associated with each cylinder 112. Therefore each cylinder 112 has a bore that is directly adjacent to the first floor 160 and a bore that is directly adjacent to the second floor 162. The offset D between the floors 160, 162 causes the cooling jacket 140 to have different depths adjacent to the bores, and this change causes a disruption in cylinder bore distortion harmonics, and acts to reduce the fourth order cylinder bore distortion.
The second floor 162 is offset above the first floor 160 by at least a distance between the cooling jacket and one of the bores directly adjacent to the second floor. In one example, the second floor 162 is offset above the first floor 160 by ten millimeters. In other example, the second floor 162 may be offset above the first floor 160 by more than ten millimeters.
The first and second floors 160, 162 are provided as continuous sections, and the cooling jacket 140 therefore only has two transition ramps 164. The cooling jacket 140 floor 146 according to the present disclosure therefore provides for a minimal impact on the coolant flow in the jacket, for example, in terms of coolant flow direction, pressure, and the like. Additionally, by providing only two transition ramps 164 and two continuous floor portions 160, 162, the number of stress risers in the block 100 is also limited.
In
As shown in
In
In
Generally, cylinder bore 112 distortion may be described through a variety of geometric parameters that may be generally measured as trigonometric progressions. The data may be expressed as a summation of sinusoidal functions divided into different orders. The shape of the cylinder bore 112 may be described by variables including order, amplitude, and phase shift. The definition of the shape describes the deviation of the actual cylinder bore cross-sectional shape from an ideal circle being inscribed within the actual bore geometry. Fourier decomposition analysis may be used to separate the bore distortion shape into the different harmonic orders, and these harmonic orders are used to analyze the effect on functional parameters such as ring tension.
Geometric engine parameters that may be used to describe cylinder bore distortion include counterbore depth, cooling jacket depth, cylinder block deck thickness, the deck configuration such as open or semi-open deck and the locations of the connections, the diameter of the head bolt column, the cylinder liner thickness, and the like. In high performance, high power density engines, packaging and other constraints may limit the control or reduction of fourth order cylinder bore distortion. The engine according to the present disclosure provides for reduced cylinder block bore fourth order distortion.
In a conventional engine, the cooling jacket has a uniform depth, and the head bolt counterbore depth is also uniform, where the counterbore depth is the location of the first thread engagement of cylinder bolts and equates to the location of the step 134 in
The present disclosure decouples the interaction and constant relationship between counterbore depth and cooling jacket depth by changing the relationship for at least one bolt per cylinder to rebalance the harmonic orders and reduce fourth order cylinder bore distortion. The present disclosure changes the depth of the cooling jacket 140 by providing an offset second floor 162 to decouple the relationship and reduce fourth order cylinder bore distortion.
For the engine block 100 according to the present disclosure, with four head bolt bores 120 associated with each cylinder 112, orders higher than fourth order are generally insignificant for bore distortion. Thus, the distorted shape may be described by Fourier coefficients through the fourth order. By lowering cylinder bore distortion, and in particular, lowering fourth order distortion, the engine of the present disclosure operates with reduced friction, better piston-to-bore sealing, and reduced blow-by of combustion gases, and the engine according to the present disclosure operates with reduced engine oil consumption, improved performance, and reduced engine noise.
The engine of the present disclosure provides for a reduced fourth order cylinder bore distortion by using a split-level or non-uniform depth of the cylinder block cooling jacket 140. The depth of the cooling jacket 140 between intake and exhaust sides 102, 104 of the cylinder block 100 would be is offset or separated in such a way that the distortion height between intake and exhaust sides 102, 104 of the block is different.
A computational analysis was conducted for the block of
A similar computational analysis was conducted for the block of
The engine block 100 is formed at step 202 with at least first and second cylinders 112 positioned between first and second sides 102, 104 and first and second ends 106, 108 of the block. The engine block 100 may be formed using a casting process, including sand casting or die casting. The engine block 100 may be formed from various materials, including aluminum or an alloy thereof.
A series of head bolt bores 120 are formed in the block at step 204 with two bores at each end of the block and two bores positioned between adjacent cylinders such that each cylinder 112 is surrounded by four bores of the series of bores. The bores 120 may be generally formed using a drilling or other machining process. A portion of the bore is tapped to provide a threaded section 132. Another portion of the bore is counterbored or otherwise machined to provide the counterbore section 130.
The cooling jacket 140 is formed in the block at step 206 to extend continuously about an outer perimeter of the first and second cylinders 112. The cooling jacket 140 may be formed during the casting or other formation process for the block 100, such that the cooling jacket is formed from a lost core or sand core that is positioned within a tool to form the block, with any lost core material removed after the block is formed. In this example, a cooling jacket core may be formed prior to step 202 as shown in
The cooling jacket 140 is formed with a first floor 160 connected to a second floor 162, the second floor being offset above the first floor to be positioned between the first floor and a deck face 110 of the block. The second floor 162 is formed to extend continuously along the first side of the block from an intermediate region of the first cylinder to an intermediate region of the second cylinder such that one head bolt bore associated with each cylinder is directly adjacent to the second floor. The position of the second floor 162 decouples a relationship between a depth of the cooling jacket and the series of head bolts for each cylinder and reducing fourth order cylinder bore distortion for each cylinder. Each of the first and second floors 160, 162 is formed to be parallel with the deck face of the block.
At step 208, additional machining processes may be performed on the block including milling the deck face, boring or honing the cylinder walls and the like.
The engine is assembled at step 210 by positioning the head gasket and the cylinder head relative to the block 100, and then connecting the head to the block 100 by inserting head bolts into the head bolt bores 120. Spacers or other inserts may also be inserted into the counterbore sections 130 along with the head bolts.
While exemplary embodiments are described above, it is not intended that these embodiments describe all possible forms of the disclosure. Rather, the words used in the specification are words of description rather than limitation, and it is understood that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Additionally, the features of various implementing embodiments may be combined to form further embodiments of the disclosure.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6152090 | Fujimoto et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 8256389 | Nomura et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 20160138521 | Tofukuji | May 2016 | A1 |
| 20170175611 | Wakamoto | Jun 2017 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20180230935 A1 | Aug 2018 | US |
