Patent Application
20150377177
The present disclosure relates generally to a cylinder liner and, more particularly, to a cylinder liner having a roll-burnished shoulder.
An internal combustion engine, such as a diesel or gasoline engine, includes a cylinder block defining a plurality of cylinder bores. Pistons reciprocate within the cylinder bores to generate mechanical power. Typically, each cylinder bore includes a replaceable cylinder liner. The cylinder liner includes a cylindrical body that fits within the cylinder bore. The cylinder liner may also include a radial flange at a top end of the body that supports the cylinder liner on the engine block.
High stresses are induced in the cylinder liner during installation of the cylinder liner in the engine block and during operation of the engine. These stresses may be especially high near the flange that supports the cylinder liner on the engine block. Because of these high stresses, regions of the cylinder liner proximate the flange are prone to fatigue failure. Therefore, various strengthening operations may be performed on the cylinder liner to increase its strength in this critical region.
One exemplary operation used to increase the strength of the cylinder liner is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,732,699 to Wakade et al. that issued May 11, 2004 (the '699 patent). Specifically, the '699 patent discloses a cast iron cylinder liner with a radial upper flange having an arcuate fillet formed at the junction between the flange and an exterior surface of the cylinder liner. In the cylinder liner of the '699 patent, a portion of the material adjacent the arcuate fillet is laser hardened to increase the fatigue resistance of the material in this region.
Although using laser hardening in this region may increase the fatigue life of the cylinder liner, this approach may be less than optimal. For instance, implementation of laser hardening may increase the cost of the cylinder liner. Additionally, in some applications, a potential failure initiation site of the cylinder liner may not be easily accessible for laser hardening.
The cylinder liner of the present disclosure solves one or more of the problems set forth above and/or other problems in the art.
In one aspect, a cylinder liner is disclosed. The cylinder liner may include a hollow generally cylindrical body extending from a top end to a bottom end along a longitudinal axis, and an annular flange extending radially outwardly from the top end of the body. The cylinder liner may also include an annular recess adjacent the flange at a side closest to the bottom end of the body. The recess may have first and second axial ends, a substantially straight portion extending between the first and second axial ends, and at least one fillet formed at an intersection between the straight portion and at least one of the first and second axial ends. A roll-burnishing operation may be performed on the straight portion and the at least one fillet in a direction along the longitudinal axis.
In another aspect, a method of making a cylinder liner is disclosed. The method may include fabricating a hollow generally cylindrical body that extends from a top end to a bottom end along a longitudinal axis and an annular flange extending radially outwardly from the top end of the body. The method may also include performing a roll-burnishing operation along the longitudinal axis to form an annular recess adjacent the flange at a side closest to the bottom end of the body.
In yet another aspect, a cylinder liner is disclosed. The cylinder liner may include a hollow generally cylindrical body extending from a top end to a bottom end along a longitudinal axis, and an annular flange extending radially outwardly from the top end of the body. The method may also include an annular recess adjacent the flange at a side closest to the bottom end of the body. The recess may have a first fillet formed at an intersection between the flange and the recess, a second fillet formed at an intersection between the recess and an outer surface of the cylinder liner, and a substantially straight portion extending between and tangential with the first and second fillets. A roll-burnishing operation may be performed on the straight portion and at least one of the first and second fillets in a direction along the longitudinal axis.
Engine 10 may include, among other things, an assembly of pistons 12, connecting rods 14, and a crankshaft 16. Each piston 12 may be connected to crankshaft 16 by a corresponding one of connecting rods 14, such that movement of piston 12 results in rotation of crankshaft 16. These components may operate together to transform chemical energy in fuel into rotational motion of crankshaft 16 through a series of explosions within combustion chambers 18 of engine 10. These explosions may cause pistons 12 and connecting rods 14 of engine 10 to reciprocate within cylinders 20. In this manner, cylinders 20 may serve as pressure vessels in which the process of combustion takes place and as guides for pistons 12 sliding within them.
Cylinders 20 may be arranged within an engine block 22 in two banks positioned at an angle to each other. Each bank may include a group of cylinders 20 located on the same side of crankshaft 16 with their axes lying in a common plane passing through an axis of crankshaft 16. Each cylinder 20 may be sealed at its top by a cylinder head 26. Piston 12, reciprocable within cylinder 20, may thus define a variable-volume combustion chamber 18.
Cylinder liner 28 may be made of any type of steel or cast iron. In some embodiments, cylinder liner 28 is made of ductile or nodular iron. In other embodiments, cylinder liner 28 is made of steel or another type of cast iron, such as gray cast iron or vermicular iron. In the disclosed embodiment, cylinder liner 28 is made of gray cast iron.
As shown in
Shoulder 38 may also include an annular recess 42 adjacent to flange 40. More specifically, recess 42 may be formed adjacent to flange 40 at a side closest to a bottom end of cylinder liner 28. Recess 42 may be configured to receive a ring-shaped seal 44 that is provided between recess 42 and engine block 22. Seal 44 may be configured to seal off water and/or oil from leaking into combustion chamber 18. In some embodiments, seal 44 may embody an O-ring, however, any other seal known in the art may be used, as desired.
As shown in
Because of high combustion pressures and intense reciprocating motion of piston 12, flange 40 may experiences high stresses. In addition, fastener 36 may increase stress at flange 40 during installation of cylinder liner 28. Due to the proximity of fillets 46, 48 to flange 40, fillets 46, 48 are also high-stress regions that may act as fatigue crack initiation sites in cylinder liner 28. Typically, in prior art systems, fillets 46, 48 and straight portion 50 of cylinder liner 28 may be as-cast features of cylinder liner 28. Additionally, in some applications, shot-peening may be used on fillets 46, 48 after casting to induce compressive residual stresses in those areas. However, casting and/or shot-peening may be insufficient in these high-stress regions of cylinder liner 28. Specifically, casting and shot-peening may provide fewer compressive residual stresses than other machining operations. In addition, shot-peening may provide rougher surfaces and/or be inefficient in high-volume manufacturing. As a result, using only these machining operations may result in more rapid fatigue and/or cracking in these regions.
To overcome these difficulties, a roll-burnishing operation may be performed on fillets 46, 48 and/or straight portion 50. The roll-burnishing operation may involve a cylindrical roller (not shown) that is moved across surfaces of recess 42 at a substantially constant rate to produce smooth and consistent surfaces. It is contemplated that, in some embodiments, a single roller may be used to form fillets 46, 48 and/or straight portion 50. However, in other embodiments, multiple rollers may be used, if desired. A spindle (not shown) may also be used to rotate cylinder liner 28 during the roll-burnishing operation. The roll-burnishing may decrease roughness of the surfaces of cylinder liner 28 to assist with sealing. The roll-burnishing operation may also induce compressive residual stresses in cylinder liner 28 at shoulder 38. It is known that tensile residual stresses tend to accelerate fatigue crack initiation and propagation, and are therefore undesirable in a location that is prone to fatigue failure. Thus, by using the roll-burnishing operation, the residual stresses on the exposed surface of fillets 46, 48 and straight portion 50 of cylinder liner 28 may be transformed from tensile to compressive. The compressive residual stresses help delay fatigue crack initiation and propagation. Therefore, the roll-burnishing in these areas may improve fatigue life of the cylinder liner 28.
In some embodiments, the roll-burnishing operation may result in several unique dimensional features in shoulder 38. For example, the roll-burnishing operation may deform fillets 46, 48 and straight portion 50. In one embodiment, fillets 46, 48 and straight portion 50 may each have a deformation of about 0.05 mm after the roll-burnishing operation. The roll-burnishing operation may also produce a unique radius of curvature of each of fillets 46, 48. In some embodiments, fillets 46, 48 may have substantially the same radius of curvature. In other embodiments, fillet 48 may have a greater radius of curvature than fillet 46. In one embodiment, a radius of curvature R1 of fillet 46 may be about 1.10 to 4.0 min (e.g., 1.14 mm), and a radius of curvature R2 of fillet 48 may also be about 1.10 to 4.0 mm (e.g., about 1.14 mm). In this embodiment, a ratio of R1 to R2 may be about 1:1 to 1:3. Also in some embodiments, a length of straight portion 50 may be about 1 to 8 mm (e.g., about 6 mm). Further, in some embodiments, a depth of recess 42 may be about 1 to 2 mm (e.g., about 2 mm). These dimensional features of shoulder 38 may induce compressive residual stresses in these high-stress regions, thereby delaying fatigue crack initiation and propagation in these areas. In addition, these dimensional features may provide smooth mating surfaces for seal 44 that provide a tight seal and help prevent water and/or oil from leaking into combustion chamber 18. In particular, if a ratio of R1 to R2 is higher or lower than the desired ratios, recess 42 may provide an uneven mating surface for seal 44, which can lead to leakage of water and/or oil into combustion chamber 18.
The disclosed cylinder liner may be used in any application where it is desired to increase the reliability and operating life of the associated engine. The disclosed cylinder liner may include at least one fillet and a straight portion that are formed by a roll-burnishing operation to provide compressive residual stresses in a high stress region of the cylinder liner. The compressive residual stresses may help to delay fatigue crack initiation and propagation in these high stress regions. An exemplary method of creating the disclosed cylinder liner will now be described.
Referring to
A roll-burnishing operation may then be performed on shoulder 38 to induce compressive residual stresses within recess 42. Specifically, the roll-burnishing operation may be performed on at least one of fillets 46, 48 and straight portion 50 of recess 42 (step 402). In one embodiment, the roll-burnishing operation may be performed on both fillets 46, 48. The roll-burnishing operation may also be performed on straight portion 50 in a direction along longitudinal axis 32 (shown in
In some embodiments, cylinder liner 28 may be positioned on the spindle, and be rotated by the spindle at a high speed. Then, the roller may be pressed against cylinder liner 28 at fillet 48, and be moved in a direction along longitudinal axis 32 toward flange 40 as it is presses against straight portion 50 and fillet 46. The roller may continue this process until the desired depth of deformation (e.g., about 0.05 mm) is achieved at the surfaces of fillets 46, 48 and straight portion 50. It is contemplated that, in some embodiments, this process may take multiple passes to achieve the desired depth. However, in other embodiments, a single stroke passing from fillet 46, through straight portion 50, and to fillet 48 may be used to roll-burnish all of these surfaces. In this embodiment, since these surfaces may all be formed without an additional process step, cost may be reduced. It is further contemplated that cylinder liner may be heated and/or lubricated to assist the roll-burnishing operation, if desired.
As discussed above, since the residual stress state at fillets 46, 48 and straight portion 50 may be compressive, initiation (if any) of a fatigue crack in this region should be delayed. Fatigue life of the cylinder liner 28 may thus be improved.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the disclosed cylinder liner. Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the disclosed cylinder liner. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope being indicated by the following claims and their equivalents.
