Patent Grant
8044263
The present invention relates to the field of plant molecular biology, more particularly to regulation of gene expression in plants.
Expression of heterologous DNA sequences in a plant host is dependent upon the presence of an operably-linked promoter that is functional within the plant host. Choice of the promoter sequence will determine when and where within the plant the heterologous DNA sequence is expressed. Where continuous expression is desired throughout the cells of a plant, constitutive promoters are utilized. In contrast, where gene expression in response to a stimulus is desired, inducible promoters are the regulatory elements of choice. Where expression in specific tissues or organs is desired, tissue-preferred promoters are used. That is, these promoters can drive expression in specific tissues or organs. Additional regulatory sequences upstream and/or downstream from the core promoter sequence can be included in expression cassettes of transformation vectors to bring about varying levels of expression of heterologous nucleotide sequences in a transgenic plant. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,018.
Regulatory sequences may also be useful in controlling temporal and/or spatial expression of endogenous DNA. For example, specialized tissues are involved in fertilization and seed development. Identification of promoters which are active in these seed tissues is of interest.
In grain crops of agronomic importance, seed formation is the ultimate goal of plant development. Seeds are harvested for use in food, feed, and industrial products. The quantities and proportions of protein, oil, and starch components in those seeds determine their utility and value.
The timing of seed development is critical. Environmental conditions at any point prior to fertilization through seed maturation may affect the quality and quantity of seed produced. In particular, the first 10 to 12 days after pollination (the lag phase) are critical in maize seed development. Several developmental events during the lag phase are important determinants of the fate of subsequent seed growth and development. (Cheikh, N. et al., Plant Physiology 106:45-51 (1994)) Therefore, a means to influence plant development, particularly in response to stress during this phase of growth, is of interest. Identification of a promoter sequence active in tissues of developing seeds exposed to abiotic stresses would be useful.
Specialized plant tissues are central to seed development. Following fertilization, developing seeds become sinks for carbon translocated via the phloem from sites of photosynthesis. However, developing cereal seeds have no direct vascular connections with the plant; instead, a short-distance transport mechanism operates to move the assimilates from the vascular tissues to the endosperm and embryo. For example, in maize, photosynthate enters the seed via the pedicel; in wheat, via the nucellar projection and the aleurone layer. It is possible that this short-distance assimilate pathway between the phloem and the endosperm can operate to regulate the rate of sucrose transport into the grain. (Bewley, J. D., and M. Black. Seeds: Physiology of Development and Germination. N.Y., Plenum Press, 1985. pp. 38-39) Therefore, a promoter active in gene expression within these specialized tissues, such as the pedicel, may have significant effects on grain development.
During rapid seed growth, sucrose is unloaded passively from the phloem into the apoplast of the pedicel parenchyma and inverted to hexose sugars by a cell-wall-bound acid invertase. The hydrolysis of sucrose in the apoplast maintains a favorable gradient for continued unloading from the phloem and provides hexoses that are taken up by the basal endosperm cells. It has been shown that seeds induced to abort, in vitro, have only low levels of invertase activity in the pedicel. (Hanft, J. M. et al. (1986) Plant Physiol. 81:503-510)
Water stress to the plant around anthesis often results in seed abortion or restricted development. Studies suggest that sucrose continues to unload from the phloem at low ovary water potential, but it accumulates in the symplasm and apoplasm of the pedicel because of low invertase activity. (Zinselmeier, C., et al., (1995) Plant Physiol. 107:385-391) This conclusion is supported by the findings of Miller and Chourey (Plant Cell 4: 297-305 (1992)), who showed that developmental failure of miniature-1 seeds of maize was linked to lack of invertase activity in the pedicel tissue during the early stages of seed development.
Other specialized plant tissues are also closely involved in the critical processes of fertilization and seed development. For example, in maize, the carpels, which make up the ovary wall, become the pericarp, a tough, protective outer seed covering. The scutellum, along with the endosperm, is involved in translocation of assimilates to the developing embryo. The aleurone, the surface layer of endosperm cells, develops to serve as a source of enzymes necessary in germination. (Kiesselbach, T. A. The Structure and Reproduction of Corn. N.Y., Cold Spring Harbor Press, 1999)
To achieve yield stability in high-density plantings, under drought conditions, or in other adverse environments, modification of carbohydrate metabolism during early ear and kernel development may be desirable. Effective control of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism is dependent on identification and use of a promoter with high levels of tissue and temporal specificity. Specifically desired expression targets include pedicel, pericarp, and nucellus tissue during a period 14 days before pollination to 14 days after pollination.
In light of the important contributions of these specialized seed tissues to proper grain development, identification of a promoter sequence affecting gene expression in these tissues would be useful. Further, it would be desirable to identify a promoter sequence active in these specific tissues at appropriate, critical times. Even more desirable would be the identification of a promoter sequence active in these specific tissues at appropriate, critical times, which is not negatively affected by environmental stress to the plant.
The maize Glb1 gene encodes globulin-1, a major embryo storage protein. (Kriz, A. L., et al. (1986) Plant Physiol. 82:1069-1075) Glb1 is expressed in the developing maize seed during embryo development. (Belanger, F. C., et al. (1989) Plant Physiol. 91:636-643) The promoter region of Glb1 has been identified, cloned, and introduced into tobacco plants by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. (Liu, S., et al. (1996) Plant Cell Reports 16:158-162) The transformed plants demonstrate that the Glb1 promoter has desirable temporal and tissue specificity. However, the Glb1 promoter is positively regulated by abscisic acid (ABA). (Kriz, A. L., et al. (1990) Plant Physiol. 92:538-542; Paiva, R., et al., (1994) Planta 192:332-339) Levels of the plant hormone ABA are known to fluctuate under conditions of cold or desiccation. (Himmelbach, A., et al. (1998) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 353:1439-1444) Thus, the activity of the Glb1 promoter can be differentially affected by environmental stress.
A maize cytokinin oxidase gene has been isolated and sequenced (GenBank entry AF044603). Cytokinin oxidase inactivates cytokinins, members of a class of plant hormones important in the control of cell division and in regulation of plant growth and structure. Elevated cytokinin levels are associated with the development of seeds in higher plants; exogenous cytokinin application has been shown to directly correlate with increased kernel yield in maize. Thus, control of the level of cytokinin oxidase has been suggested as a tool in improving grain yield. Manipulation of cytokinin oxidase activity has also been proposed as a means to achieve greater disease resistance or other improved plant characteristics. (See WO 99/06571, herein incorporated by reference.)
However, a novel and heretofore undescribed utility of the isolated cytokinin oxidase gene is as a source of a promoter sequence with spatial and temporal specificity and which may be induced by cytokinins. A full-length promoter sequence of the isolated maize cytokinin oxidase gene, and functional fragments and variants thereof, and the use of such sequences with heterologous nucleotide sequences of interest, are described in the present invention. Unless otherwise specified, the notation “ckx1-2” in reference to the subject promoter includes SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 4, and any functional fragments or variants thereof.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a novel nucleotide sequence for modulating gene expression in a plant.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an isolated promoter capable of driving transcription in a tissue-preferred manner.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an isolated promoter sequence responsive to the presence of cytokinin.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method of improved control of an endogenous or exogenous product in a transformed plant.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method for effecting useful changes in the phenotype of a transformed plant.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method for producing a novel product in a transformed plant.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method for producing a novel function in a transformed plant.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method for modulating the timing or rate of development of the seed of a transformed plant.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method for regulating the accumulation of photosynthetic products in the developing seed of a transformed plant.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method for regulating the production of phytohormones involved in seed development.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method for regulating the level of cytokinin oxidase activity within a plant.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method for regulating the cell cycle machinery of seeds during their development.
Therefore, in one aspect, the present invention relates to an isolated nucleic acid comprising a member selected from the group consisting of:
In other aspects, the present invention relates to expression cassettes comprising the promoter operably linked to a nucleotide sequence, vectors containing said expression cassette, and plants stably transformed with at least one said expression cassette.
In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method for modulating expression in the seed, root, stalk, or vascular tissue of a stably transformed plant comprising the steps of (a) transforming a plant cell with an expression cassette comprising the promoter of the present invention operably linked to at least one nucleotide sequence; (b) growing the plant cell under plant growing conditions and (c) regenerating a stably transformed plant from the plant cell wherein said linked nucleotide sequence is expressed in the seed, root, stalk, or vascular tissue.
(A) GUS staining of a leaf section showing strong labeling in a large vascular strand (LVS) and small vascular strands (SVS). Bar=250 μm.
(B) Close-up of a leaf section showing GUS staining in the protoxylem (px) and bundle sheath cells (bs) of a large vascular strand. Note the absence of staining in the phloem zone (ph). Bar=170 μm.
(C) GUS staining of a coleoptile cross-section showing strong labeling in the vascular bundles (VB). Bar=3 mm.
(D) Close-up of a transverse coleoptile section showing intense labeling in the vascular bundles. Bar=500 μm.
(E) Staining of lateral root showing GUS staining in the vascular bundle. Bar=250 μm.
(F) Staining of a primary root showing activity in emerging lateral root. Bar=250 μm.
s=stomata, c=cortex, m×=metaxylem, p=parenchyma
In accordance with the invention, a nucleotide sequence is provided that favors initiation of transcription in specific tissues, including tissues of developing seed; roots, especially root vascular tissue; stalk tissue; and premeiotic anther tissue. The sequence of the invention comprises transcriptional initiation regions associated with said tissues. Thus, the compositions of the present invention comprise a novel nucleotide sequence for a plant promoter, more particularly a tissue-preferred promoter.
By “seed” or “kernel” is intended to include the grain or ripened ovule of a plant, or more broadly, a propagative plant structure. The terms “seed” and “kernel” are used interchangeably herein.
“Operably linked,” as used herein, includes reference to a functional linkage between a promoter and a second sequence, wherein the promoter sequence initiates and mediates transcription of the DNA corresponding to the second sequence. Generally, operably linked means that the nucleic acid sequences being linked are contiguous and, where necessary to join two protein coding regions, contiguous and in the same reading frame. An endogenous promoter is operably linked to the endogenous coding region which it regulates.
As used herein, the term “plant” includes reference to whole plants and their progeny; plant cells; plant parts or organs, such as embryos, pollen, ovules, seeds, flowers, kernels, ears, cobs, leaves, husks, stalks, stems, roots, root tips, anthers, silk and the like. Plant cell, as used herein, further includes, without limitation, cells obtained from or found in: seeds, suspension cultures, embryos, meristematic regions, callus tissue, leaves, roots, shoots, gametophytes, sporophytes, pollen, and microspores. Plant cells can also be understood to include modified cells, such as protoplasts, obtained from the aforementioned tissues. The class of plants which can be used in the methods of the invention is generally as broad as the class of higher plants amenable to transformation techniques, including both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. Particularly preferred plant are maize, canola, and soybean.
By “heterologous nucleotide sequence” is intended a sequence that is not naturally occurring with the promoter sequence. While this nucleotide sequence is heterologous to the promoter sequence, it may be homologous (native) or heterologous (foreign) to the plant host.
By “promoter” is intended a regulatory region of DNA usually comprising a TATA box capable of directing RNA polymerase II to initiate RNA synthesis at the appropriate transcription initiation site for a particular coding sequence. A promoter can additionally comprise other recognition sequences generally positioned upstream or 5′ to the TATA box, referred to as upstream promoter elements, which influence the transcription initiation rate. It is recognized that having identified the nucleotide sequences for the promoter region disclosed herein, it is within the state of the art to isolate and identify further regulatory elements in the 5′ untranslated region upstream from the particular promoter region identified herein. Thus the promoter region disclosed herein is generally further defined by comprising upstream regulatory elements such as those responsible for tissue and temporal expression of the coding sequence, enhancers and the like. In the same manner, the promoter elements which enable expression in the desired tissue such as the seed can be identified, isolated, and used with other core promoters to confirm seed-preferred expression. Promoter elements, such as those conferring cytokinin inducibility, may also be identified and isolated for use with other core promoters.
The isolated promoter sequence of the present invention can be modified to provide for a range of expression levels of the heterologous nucleotide sequence. Less than the entire promoter region can be utilized and the ability to drive tissue-preferred expression retained. However, it is recognized that expression levels of mRNA can be decreased with deletions of portions of the promoter sequence. Thus, the promoter can be modified to be a weak or strong promoter. Generally, by “weak promoter” is intended a promoter that drives expression of a coding sequence at a low level. By “low level” is intended levels of about 1/10,000 transcripts to about 1/100,000 transcripts to about 1/500,000 transcripts. Conversely, a strong promoter drives expression of a coding sequence at a high level, or at about 1/10 transcripts to about 1/100 transcripts to about 1/1000 transcripts. Generally, at least about 20 nucleotides of an isolated promoter sequence will be used to drive expression of a nucleotide sequence.
It is recognized that to increase transcription levels, enhancers can be utilized in combination with the promoter regions of the invention. Enhancers are nucleotide sequences that act to increase the expression of a promoter region. Enhancers are known in the art and include the SV40 enhancer region, the 35S enhancer element, and the like.
By “tissue-preferred” promoter is meant a sequence which preferentially initiates transcription in certain tissues, such as leaves, roots, or seeds. A tissue-preferred promoter also may drive expression in certain tissues types in one or more organs; for example, in vascular tissues of roots or leaves.
By “seed-preferred” is intended favored expression in the seed, including at least one of embryo, seed or kernel, pericarp, endosperm, nucellus, aleurone, pedicel, and the like.
The term “isolated” refers to material, such as a nucleic acid or a protein, which is: (1) substantially or essentially free from components which normally accompany or interact with it as found in its natural environment. The isolated material optionally comprises material not found with the material in its natural environment; or (2) if the material is in its natural environment, the material has been synthetically altered or synthetically produced by deliberate human intervention and/or placed at a different location within the cell. The synthetic alteration or creation of the material can be performed on the material within or apart from its natural state. For example, a naturally-occurring nucleic acid becomes an isolated nucleic acid if it is altered or produced by non-natural, synthetic methods, or if it is transcribed from DNA which has been altered or produced by non-natural, synthetic methods. The isolated nucleic acid may also be produced by the synthetic re-arrangement (“shuffling”) of a part or parts of one or more allelic forms of the polynucleotide of interest. Likewise, a naturally-occurring nucleic acid (e.g., a promoter) becomes isolated if it is introduced to a different locus of the genome. Nucleic acids which are “isolated,” as defined herein, are also referred to as “heterologous” nucleic acids.
Methods for isolation of promoter regions are well known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,797,859; 6,720,480; and 6,617,498, hereby incorporated by reference.
One sequence for the promoter region of the present invention is set forth in SEQ ID NO.: 4.
The promoter region of the invention may be isolated from any plant, including, but not limited to maize (Zea mays), canola (Brassica napus, Brassica rapa ssp.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), rice (Oryza sativa), rye (Secale cereale), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum vulgare), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), wheat (Triticum aestivum), soybean (Glycine max), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), potato (Solanum tuberosum), peanut (Arachis hypogaea), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatus), cassaya (Manihot esculenta), coffee (Cofea spp.), coconut (Cocos nucifera), pineapple (Ananas comosus), citrus trees (Citrus spp.), cocoa (Theobroma cacao), tea (Camellia sinensis), banana (Musa spp.), avocado (Persea americana), fig (Ficus casica), guava (Psidium guajava), mango (Mangifera indica), olive (Olea europaea), oat (Avena sativa), vegetables, ornamentals, and conifers. Preferably, plants include maize, rice, soybean, sunflower, safflower, canola, wheat, rye, alfalfa, and sorghum.
Promoter sequences from other plants may be isolated according to well-known techniques based on their sequence homology to the promoter sequence set forth herein. In these techniques, all or part of the known promoter sequence is used as a probe which selectively hybridizes to other sequences present in a population of cloned genomic DNA fragments (i.e. genomic libraries) from a chosen organism. Methods are readily available in the art for the hybridization of nucleic acid sequences.
The entire promoter sequence or portions thereof can be used as a probe capable of specifically hybridizing to corresponding promoter sequences. To achieve specific hybridization under a variety of conditions, such probes include sequences that are unique and are preferably at least about 10 nucleotides in length, and most preferably at least about 20 nucleotides in length. Such probes can be used to amplify corresponding promoter sequences from a chosen organism by the well-known process of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This technique can be used to isolate additional promoter sequences from a desired organism or as a diagnostic assay to determine the presence of the promoter sequence in an organism. Examples include hybridization screening of plated DNA libraries (either plaques or colonies; see e.g. Innis et al., eds., (1990) PCR Protocols, A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press).
Use of in situ hybridization preserves cellular morphology for subsequent interpretation and analysis. The following articles provide an overview of the various hybridization assay formats: Singer et al., Biotechniques 4(3): 230-250 (1986); Haase et al., Methods in Virology, Vol. VII, pp. 189-226 (1984); Wilkinson, The theory and practice of in situ hybridization in: In situ Hybridization, D. G. Wilkinson, Ed., IRL Press, Oxford University Press, Oxford; and Nucleic Acid Hybridization: A Practical Approach, Hames, B. D. and Higgins, S. J., Eds., IRL Press (1987).
The terms “stringent conditions” or “stringent hybridization conditions” include reference to conditions under which a probe will hybridize to its target sequence, to a detectably greater degree than to other sequences (e.g., at least 2-fold over background). Stringent conditions are target-sequence-dependent and will differ depending on the structure of the polynucleotide. By controlling the stringency of the hybridization and/or washing conditions, target sequences can be identified which are 100% complementary to a probe (homologous probing). Alternatively, stringency conditions can be adjusted to allow some mismatching in sequences so that lower degrees of similarity are detected (heterologous probing). Generally, probes of this type are in a range of about 1000 nucleotides in length to about 250 nucleotides in length.
An extensive guide to the hybridization of nucleic acids is found in Tijssen, Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology—Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes, Part I, Chapter 2 “Overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of nucleic acid probe assays”, Elsevier, New York (1993); and Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Chapter 2, Ausubel, et al., Eds., Greene Publishing and Wiley-Interscience, New York (1995). See also Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.).
In general, sequences that correspond to the promoter sequence of the present invention and hybridize to the promoter sequence disclosed herein will be at least 50% homologous, 70% homologous, and even 85% homologous or more with the disclosed sequence. That is, the sequence similarity between probe and target may range, sharing at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, and even about 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence similarity.
Specificity is typically the function of post-hybridization washes, the critical factors being the ionic strength and temperature of the final wash solution. Generally, stringent wash temperature conditions are selected to be about 5° C. to about 2° C. lower than the melting point (Tm) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH. The melting point, or denaturation, of DNA occurs over a narrow temperature range and represents the disruption of the double helix into its complementary single strands. The process is described by the temperature of the midpoint of transition, Tm, which is also called the melting temperature. Formulas are available in the art for the determination of melting temperatures.
Preferred hybridization conditions for the promoter sequence of the invention include hybridization at 42° C. in 50% (w/v) formamide, 6×SSC, 0.5% (w/v) SDS, 100 μg/ml salmon sperm DNA. Exemplary low stringency washing conditions include hybridization at 42° C. in a solution of 2×SSC, 0.5% (w/v) SDS for 30 minutes and repeating. Exemplary moderate stringency conditions include a wash in 2×SSC, 0.5% (w/v) SDS at about 50° C. for 30 minutes and repeating. Exemplary high stringency conditions include a wash in 2×SSC, 0.5% (w/v) SDS, at about 65° C. for 30 minutes and repeating. Sequences that correspond to the promoter of the present invention may be obtained using all the above conditions. For purposes of defining the invention, the high stringency conditions are used.
Methods of alignment of sequences for comparison are well-known in the art. Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison may be conducted by the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math. 2: 482 (1981); by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443 (1970); by the search for similarity method of Pearson and Lipman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85: 2444 (1988); by computerized implementations of these algorithms, including, but not limited to: CLUSTAL in the PC/Gene program by Intelligenetics, Mountain View, Calif.; GAP, BESTFIT, BLAST, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group (GCG), 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis., USA. See Higgins and Sharp, Gene 73: 237-244 (1988); Higgins and Sharp, CABIOS 5: 151-153 (1989); Corpet, et al., Nucleic Acids Research 16: 10881-90 (1988); Huang, et al., Computer Applications in the Biosciences 8: 155-65 (1992), and Pearson, et al., Methods in Molecular Biology 24: 307-331 (1994).
Identity to the sequence of the present invention would mean a polynucleotide sequence having at least 80% sequence identity, more preferably at least 85% sequence identity, and most preferably at least 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity, wherein the percent sequence identity is based on the entire promoter region.
Fragments of a promoter nucleotide sequence disclosed herein are also encompassed by this invention. Such fragments will comprise at least about 20 contiguous nucleotides, preferably at least about 50 contiguous nucleotides, more preferably at least about 75 contiguous nucleotides, even more preferably at least about 100 contiguous nucleotides of the promoter nucleotide sequence disclosed herein. Such fragments will usually comprise the TATA recognition motif of the promoter sequence. Such fragments can be obtained by use of restriction enzymes to cleave the naturally-occurring promoter nucleotide sequences disclosed herein; by synthesizing a nucleotide sequence; through the use of PCR technology, and the like. See particularly, Mullis et al. (1987) Methods Enzymol. 155:335-350, and Erlich, ed. (1989) PCR Technology (Stockton Press, New York).
Such fragments encompass, for example, sequences capable of driving tissue-preferred expression, elements responsible for temporal or tissue specificity, elements responsive to a phytohormone, and sequences useful as probes to identify similar sequences. Of particular interest are fragments which comprise one or more putative cis-elements, such as the as-1 like TGACG motif required for cytokinin response (Lam and Chua (1989) The Plant Cell 1:1147-1156; Benfey and Chua (1990) Science 250:959-966). Three putative as-1 like motifs are present in SEQ ID NO.: 4, at positions 958-962; 1334-1338; and 2408-2412.
Biologically active variants of the promoter sequence are also encompassed by the composition of the present invention, including variants resulting from site-directed mutagenesis. A regulatory “variant” is a modified form of a regulatory sequence wherein one or more bases have been modified, removed or added. For example, a routine way to remove part of a DNA sequence is to use an exonuclease in combination with DNA amplification to produce unidirectional nested deletions of double stranded DNA clones. A commercial kit for this purpose is sold under the trade name Exo-Size™ (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.). Briefly, this procedure entails incubating exonuclease III with DNA to progressively remove nucleotides in the 3′ to 5′ direction at 5′ overhangs, blunt ends or nicks in the DNA template. However, exonuclease III is unable to remove nucleotides at 3′, 4-base overhangs. Timed digestion of a clone with this enzyme produces unidirectional nested deletions.
One example of a regulatory sequence variant is a promoter formed by one or more deletions from a larger promoter. The 5′ portion of a promoter up to the TATA box near the transcription start site can be deleted without abolishing promoter activity, as described by Zhu et al., The Plant Cell 7: 1681-89 (1995). Such variants should retain promoter activity, particularly the ability to drive expression in specific tissues. Promoter activity can be measured by Northern blot analysis, reporter activity measurements when using transcriptional fusions, and the like. See, for example, Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.), herein incorporated by reference.
The nucleotide sequence for the promoter of the invention, as well as fragments and variants thereof, can be provided in expression cassettes along with heterologous nucleotide sequences for expression in the plant of interest, more particularly in specific tissues of the plant. Such an expression cassette is provided with a plurality of restriction sites for insertion of the nucleotide sequence to be under the transcriptional regulation of the promoter. These expression cassettes are useful in the genetic manipulation of any plant to achieve a desired phenotypic response. This may be achieved by increasing expression of endogenous or exogenous products in the specific tissues of interest. Alternatively, there may be a reduction of expression of one or more endogenous products, particularly enzymes or cofactors.
General categories of genes of interest for the purposes of the present invention include, for example, those genes involved in information, such as Zinc fingers, those involved in communication, such as kinases, and those involved in housekeeping, such as heat shock proteins. Transgenes may include genes encoding important traits for agronomic quality, insect resistance, disease resistance, herbicide resistance, and grain characteristics. Other groups of transgenes may be used to effect expression of exogenous products such as enzymes, cofactors, and hormones from plants and other eukaryotes as well as from prokaryotic organisms. It is recognized that any gene of interest can be operably linked to the promoter of the invention and expressed in specific tissues.
Modifications that affect grain traits include alterations in the levels of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Likewise, increased levels of lysine- and sulfur-containing amino acids may be desired, as well as modifications of the amount and/or type of starch contained in the seed. Examples of hordothionin protein modifications are described in PCT publications WO94/16078 dated 21 Jul. 1994 and WO96/38563 dated 5 Dec. 1996; U.S. Pat. No. 5,885,801 issued Mar. 23, 1999, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,703,049 issued Dec. 30, 1997; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Additional examples are lysine- and/or sulfur-rich seed protein encoded by the soybean 2S albumin described in PCT publication WO97/35023 dated 25 Sep. 1997, and the chymotrypsin inhibitor from barley, Williamson et al. (1987) Eur. J. Biochem. 165:99-106, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference.
Derivatives of the following genes can be made by site-directed mutagenesis to increase the level of preselected amino acids in the encoded polypeptide. For example, the gene encoding the barley high lysine polypeptide (BHL), is derived from barley chymotrypsin inhibitor, PCT publication WO98/20133 dated 14 May 1998. Other proteins include methionine-rich plant proteins such as from sunflower seed, Lilley et al. (1989) Proceedings of the World Congress on Vegetable Protein Utilization in Human Foods and Animal Feedstuffs, Applewhite, H. (ed.); American Oil Chemists Soc., Champaign, Ill.:497-502; corn, Pedersen et al. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261:6279; Kirihara et al. (1988) Gene 71:359, both incorporated herein by reference; and rice, Musumura et al. (1989) Plant Mol. Biol. 12:123. Other important genes encode latex, Floury 2, growth factors, seed storage factors and transcription factors.
Agronomic traits in seeds can be improved by altering expression of genes that affect seed growth and development during environmental stress, Cheikh-N et al., (1994) Plant Physiol. 106(1):45-51, and genes controlling carbohydrate metabolism to reduce seed abortion in maize, Zinselmeier et al. (1995) Plant Physiol. 107(2):385-391. In certain embodiments, the promoter of the instant invention modulates expression of genes encoding proteins which act as cell cycle regulators, or which affect carbohydrate metabolism or phytohormone levels, as has been shown in tobacco and canola with other tissue-preferred promoters. (Ma, Q. H., et al., (1998) Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 25(1): 53-59; Roeckel, P., et al., (1997) Transgenic Research 6(2):133-141.) Expression of heterologous nucleotides under the direction of the promoter may result in maintenance of a desirable phenotype that might otherwise be altered under adverse environmental conditions.
Insect resistance genes may encode resistance to pests that reduce yield, such as rootworm, cutworm, European corn borer, and the like. Such genes include, for example, Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin genes, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,366,892; 5,747,450; 5,737,514; 5,723,756; 5,593,881; Geiser et al. (1986) Gene 48:109; lectins, Van Damme et al. (1994) Plant Mol. Biol. 24:825; and the like.
Genes encoding disease resistance traits include detoxification genes, such as against fumonisin (PCT publication WO96/06175, dated 29 Feb. 1996); avirulence (avr) and disease resistance (R) genes (Jones et al. (1994) Science 266:789; Martin et al. (1993) Science 262:1432; Mindrinos et al. (1994) Cell 78:1089); and the like.
Alterations in gene expression may also affect the type or amount of products of commercial interest; for example, starch for the production of paper, textiles and ethanol. Another important commercial use of transformed plants is the production of polymers and bioplastics such as is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,321 issued Feb. 11, 1997. Genes such as B-Ketothiolase, PHBase (polyhydroxybutyrate synthase) and acetoacetyl-CoA reductase (see Schubert et al. (1988) J. Bacteriol 170(12):5837-5847) facilitate expression of polyhyroxyalkanoates (PHAs).
The nucleotide sequence operably linked to the promoter disclosed herein can be an antisense sequence for a targeted gene. By “antisense sequence” is intended a nucleotide sequence that is in inverse orientation to the 5′-to-3′ normal orientation of that nucleotide sequence. When delivered into a plant cell, expression of the antisense DNA sequence prevents normal expression of the DNA nucleotide sequence for the targeted gene. The antisense nucleotide sequence encodes an RNA transcript that is complementary to and capable of hybridizing with the endogenous messenger RNA (mRNA) produced by transcription of the DNA nucleotide sequence for the targeted gene. In this case, production of the native protein encoded by the targeted gene is inhibited to achieve a desired phenotypic response. Thus the promoter sequence disclosed herein can be operably linked to antisense DNA sequences to reduce or inhibit expression of a native protein in the plant.
The expression cassette may also include, at the 3′ terminus of the heterologous nucleotide sequence of interest, a transcriptional and translational termination region functional in plants. The termination region can be native with the promoter nucleotide sequence of the present invention, can be native with the DNA sequence of interest, or can be derived from another source. Convenient termination regions are available from the Ti-plasmid of A. tumefaciens, such as the octopine synthase and nopaline synthase termination regions. See also, Guerineau et al. (1991) Mol. Gen. Genet. 262:141-144; Proudfoot (1991) Cell 64:671-674; Sanfacon et al. (1991) Genes Dev. 5:141-149; Mogen et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2:1261-1272; Munroe et al. (1990) Gene 91:151-158; Ballas et al. 1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17:7891-7903; Joshi et al. (1987) Nucleic Acid Res. 15:9627-9639.
The expression cassettes can additionally contain 5′ leader sequences. Such leader sequences can act to enhance translation. Translation leaders are known in the art and include: picornavirus leaders, for example, EMCV leader (Encephalomyocarditis 5′ noncoding region), Elroy-Stein et al. (1989) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 86:6126-6130; potyvirus leaders, for example, TEV leader (Tobacco Etch Virus), Allison et al. (1986); MDMV leader (Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus), Virology 154:9-20; human immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein (BiP), Macejak et al. (1991) Nature 353:90-94; untranslated leader from the coat protein mRNA of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV RNA 4), Jobling et al. (1987) Nature 325:622-625); tobacco mosaic virus leader (TMV), Gallie et al. (1989) Molecular Biology of RNA, pages 237-256; and maize chlorotic mottle virus leader (MCMV) Lommel et al. (1991) Virology 81:382-385. See also Della-Cioppa et al. (1987) Plant Physiology 84:965-968. The cassette can also contain sequences that enhance translation and/or mRNA stability such as introns.
In those instances where it is desirable to have the expressed product of the heterologous nucleotide sequence directed to a particular organelle, particularly the plastid, amyloplast, or to the endoplasmic reticulum, or secreted at the cell's surface or extracellularly, the expression cassette can further comprise a coding sequence for a transit peptide. Such transit peptides are well known in the art and include, but are not limited to, the transit peptide for the acyl carrier protein, the small subunit of RUBISCO, plant EPSP synthase, and the like.
In preparing the expression cassette, the various DNA fragments can be manipulated, so as to provide for the DNA sequences in the proper orientation and, as appropriate, in the proper reading frame. Toward this end, adapters or linkers can be employed to join the DNA fragments or other manipulations can be involved to provide for convenient restriction sites, removal of superfluous DNA, removal of restriction sites, or the like. For this purpose, in vitro mutagenesis, primer repair, restriction digests, annealing, and resubstitutions, such as transitions and transversions, can be involved.
As noted herein, the present invention provides vectors capable of expressing genes of interest under the control of the promoter. In general, the vectors should be functional in plant cells. At times, it may be preferable to have vectors that are functional in E. coli (e.g., production of protein for raising antibodies, DNA sequence analysis, construction of inserts, obtaining quantities of nucleic acids). Vectors and procedures for cloning and expression in E. coli are discussed in Sambrook et al. (supra).
In certain embodiments the nucleic acid sequences of the present invention can be stacked with any combination of polynucleotide sequences of interest in order to create a plant with a desired phenotype with respect to one or more traits. For example, a hairpin construct of Example 6 may be “stacked” with a ckx1-2::csg construct such as is described in Example 5. The combinations generated may include multiple copies of any one or more of the polynucleotides of interest.
These stacked combinations can be created by any method including but not limited to cross breeding plants by any conventional or TopCross methodology, or genetic transformation. If the traits are stacked by genetically transforming the plants, the polynucleotide sequences of interest can be combined at any time and in any order. For example, a transgenic plant comprising one or more desired traits can be used as the target to introduce further traits by subsequent transformation. The traits can be introduced simultaneously in a co-transformation protocol with the polynucleotides of interest provided by any combination of transformation cassettes. For example, if two sequences will be introduced, the two sequences can be contained in separate transformation cassettes (trans) or contained on the same transformation cassette (cis). Expression of the sequences can be driven by the same promoter or by different promoters. In certain cases, it may be desirable to introduce a transformation cassette that will suppress the expression of a polynucleotide of interest. This may be combined with any combination of other suppression cassettes or overexpression cassettes to generate the desired combination of traits in the plant.
Vectors that are functional in plants can be binary plasmids derived from Agrobacterium. Such vectors are capable of transforming plant cells. These vectors contain left and right border sequences that are required for integration into the host (plant) chromosome. At a minimum, between these border sequences is the gene to be expressed under control of the promoter. In certain embodiments, a selectable marker and a reporter gene are also included. For ease of obtaining sufficient quantities of vector, a bacterial origin that allows replication in E. coli is preferred.
Reporter genes can be included in the transformation vectors. Examples of suitable reporter genes known in the art can be found in, for example, Jefferson et al. (1991) in Plant Molecular Biology Manual, ed. Gelvin et al. (Kluwer Academic Publishers), pp. 1-33; DeWet et al. (1987) Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:725-737; Goff et al. (1990) EMBO J. 9:2517-2522; Kain et al. (1995) BioTechniques 19:650-655; and Chiu et al. (1996) Current Biology 6:325-330.
Selectable marker genes for selection of transformed cells or tissues can be included in the transformation vectors. These can include genes that confer antibiotic resistance or resistance to herbicides. Examples of suitable selectable marker genes include, but are not limited to, genes encoding resistance to chloramphenicol, Herrera Estrella et al. (1983) EMBO J. 2:987-992; methotrexate, Herrera Estrella et al. (1983) Nature 303:209-213; Meijer et al. (1991) Plant Mol. Biol. 16:807-820; hygromycin, Waldron et al. (1985) Plant Mol. Biol. 5:103-108; Zhijian et al. (1995) Plant Science 108:219-227; streptomycin, Jones et al. (1987) Mol. Gen. Genet. 210:86-91; spectinomycin, Bretagne-Sagnard et al. (1996) Transgenic Res. 5:131-137; bleomycin, Hille et al. (1990) Plant Mol. Biol. 7:171-176; sulfonamide, Guerineau et al. (1990) Plant Mol. Biol. 15:127-136; bromoxynil, Stalker et al. (1988) Science 242:419-423; glyphosate, Shaw et al. (1986) Science 233:478-481; phosphinothricin, DeBlock et al. (1987) EMBO J. 6:2513-2518.
Other genes that could serve utility in the recovery of transgenic events but might not be required in the final product would include, but are not limited to, examples such as GUS (β-glucuronidase), Jefferson (1987) Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 5:387); GFP (green florescence protein), Chalfie et al. (1994) Science 263:802; luciferase, Teeri et al. (1989) EMBO J. 8:343; and the maize genes encoding for anthocyanin production, Ludwig et al. (1990) Science 247:449.
The transformation vector comprising the particular promoter sequence of the present invention, operably linked to a heterologous nucleotide sequence of interest in an expression cassette, can be used to transform any plant. In this manner, genetically modified plants, plant cells, plant tissue, seed, and the like can be obtained. Transformation protocols can vary depending on the type of plant or plant cell, i.e., monocot or dicot, targeted for transformation. Suitable methods of transforming plant cells include microinjection, Crossway et al. (1986) Biotechniques 4:320-334; electroporation, Riggs et al. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:5602-5606; Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, see for example, Townsend et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055; direct gene transfer, Paszkowski et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3:2717-2722; and ballistic particle acceleration, see for example, Sanford et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050; Tomes et al. (1995) in Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods, ed. Gamborg and Phillips (Springer-Verlag, Berlin); and McCabe et al. (1988) Biotechnology 6:923-926. Also see Weissinger et al. (1988) Annual Rev. Genet. 22:421-477; Sanford et al. (1987) Particulate Science and Technology 5:27-37 (onion); Christou et al. (1988) Plant Physiol. 87:671-674 (soybean); McCabe et al. (1988) Bio/Technology 6:923-926 (soybean); Datta et al. (1990) Biotechnology 8:736-740 (rice); Klein et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:4305-4309 (maize); Klein et al. (1988) Biotechnology 6:559-563 (maize); Klein et al. (1988) Plant Physiol. 91:440-444 (maize); Fromm et al. (1990) Biotechnology 8:833-839; Hooydaas-Van Slogteren et al. (1984) Nature (London) 311:763-764; Bytebier et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:5345-5349 (Liliaceae); De Wet et al. (1985) in The Experimental Manipulation of Ovule Tissues, ed. G. P. Chapman et al. (Longman, New York), pp. 197-209 (pollen); Kaeppler et al. (1990) Plant Cell Reports 9:415-418; and Kaeppler et al. (1992) Theor. Appl. Genet. 84:560-566 (whisker-mediated transformation); D. Halluin et al. (1992) Plant Cell 4:1495-1505 (electroporation); Li et al. (1993) Plant Cell Reports 12:250-255 and Christou et al. (1995) Annals of Botany 75:407-413 (rice); Osjoda et al. (1996) Nature Biotechnology 14:745-750 (maize via Agrobacterium tumefaciens); all of which are herein incorporated by reference.
The cells that have been transformed can be grown into plants in accordance with conventional ways. See, for example, McCormick et al. (1986) Plant Cell Reports 5:81-84. These plants can then be grown, and pollinated with the same transformed strain or different strains. The resulting plant having appropriate expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic can then be identified. Two or more generations can be grown to ensure that the desired phenotype is stably maintained and inherited.
All publications and patent applications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the level of those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. All publications and patent applications herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
The following examples are offered by way of illustration and not by way of limitation.
To determine expression patterns of cytokinin oxidase (cytox) in maize, in situ hybridization was performed using the protocol of Jackson, D. P. (1991) (In situ Hybridization in Plants, Molecular Plant Pathology: A Practical Approach, D. J. Bowles, S. J. Gurr, and M. McPherson, eds. Oxford University Press, England, pp. 63-74). Sense and antisense mRNA probes of about 1 kb corresponding to cytox cDNA were labeled non-isotopically with digoxigenin and incubated with fixed sections of maize tissues from immature ear (7 weeks after planting), kernel at silking (9 weeks after planting), kernels at 8 and 12 days after pollination (DAP), primary root tip at the V6 stage, and premeiotic anthers. Following extensive washing to remove unbound probe, sections were incubated with alkaline phosphatase-conjugated anti-digoxigenin antibody to detect areas of probe hybridization. Cytox mRNA was detected specifically with the antisense probe; the sense probe did not hybridize, therefore serving as a negative control.
In immature ears, there is low-level expression throughout the ear tissue and developing flower. Expression is slightly elevated in the tissue subtending the flower (pedicel region), in vascular bundles of the ear and silk, megaspore mother cell (developing embryo sac) and rudimentary anthers.
Two weeks later, at the time of silking, expression is still low in the developing ovule (nucellus and upper carpel walls), but is strongly elevated in pedicel and part of the vascular bundles in the pedicel, as well as in glumes.
In kernels at 8 DAP, cytox is strongly expressed in the pericarp, nucellus, pedicel, and endosperm (except the basal endosperm transfer region). It is weak or absent in the embryo and placental-chalazal region. Some regions of the pedicel show lower levels of expression, whereas the vascular strands show a strong signal. Analysis of transverse sections probed with cytox reveal that the cells of the vascular bundles that show strong signal are protoxylem and protophloem elements. Metaxylem and metaphloem (the more mature elements) show no signal.
In 12 DAP kernels, strong cytox expression is observed in the pedicel (especially vascular bundles) and intermediate expression in pericarp and endosperm. Expression is low in embryo, basal part of endosperm and placental-chalazal region.
In primary roots, strong cytox expression is seen in all tissues of the cell elongation zone, starting about 6 mm above the root tip. Signal is strong in vascular bundles, even in those that extend into the region of lower signal towards the root tip. Signal is low or absent in root meristem and root cap, except for the outermost layer (epidermis).
In premeiotic anthers, a strong signal is observed in the glumes and the outer layers of the anther wall. The signal is weaker in tapetum and microspores.
The Agrobacterium strain utilized in this example was modified to contain nucleic acid encoding the cytokinin oxidase promoter and a GUS reporter gene to be expressed in the transformed cells.
The vectors of this example were constructed using standard molecular biology techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art. A reporter gene and a selectable marker gene were inserted between the T-DNA borders of a superbinary vector. The reporter gene was the b-glucuronidase (GUS) gene (Jefferson, R. A. et al., 1986, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 83:8447-8451) into whose coding region was inserted the second intron from the potato ST-LS1 gene (Vancanneyt et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 220:245-250, 1990), to produce intron-GUS, in order to prevent expression of the gene in Agrobacterium (see Ohta, S. et al., 1990, Plant Cell Physiol. 31(6):805-813). A fragment containing bases 2 to 310 from the terminator of the potato proteinase inhibitor (pinII) gene (An et al., Plant Cell 1:115-122, 1989) was blunt-end ligated downstream of the GUS coding sequence, to create the GUS expression cassette.
For the selectable marker, a Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter with a duplicated enhancer region (2X35S; bases −421 to −90 and −421 to +2 from Gardner et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 9:2871-2888, 1981) was created. A fragment containing the first intron of the maize alcohol dehydrogenase gene ADH1-S (Dennis et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 12:3983-3990, 1984) was inserted downstream of the 35S promoter. The BAR coding sequence (Thompson et al., EMBO J. 6:2519-2523, 1987) was cloned downstream of the leader sequence, with the pinII terminator ligated downstream of BAR, to create the BAR expression cassette.
In summary, the plasmid was constructed by inserting the GUS expression cassette and the BAR expression cassette between the right and left T-DNA borders in pSB11. The GUS cassette was inserted proximal to the right T-DNA border. The ckx1-2 promoter fragment (SEQ ID NO: 1) was inserted into the vector in front of the intron-GUS gene. The plasmid pSB11 was obtained from Japan Tobacco Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). The construction of pSB11 from pSB21 and the construction of pSB21 from starting vectors has been described by Komari et al. (1996, Plant J. 10:165-174). The T-DNA of this plasmid was integrated into the superbinary plasmid pSB1 (Saito et al., EP 672 752 A1) by homologous recombination between the two plasmids. The plasmid pSB1 was also obtained from Japan Tobacco Inc. E. coli strain HB101 containing the plasmid containing the ckx1-2 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 1) was mated with Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 harboring pSB1 to create the cointegrate plasmid in the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 using the method of Ditta et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:7347-7351, 1980). (See also U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,840 for a further discussion of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.)
The resulting co-integrated plasmid, the product from the tri-parental mating described above, was transformed into the genotypes (1) Hi-II and (2) Hi-II×PHN46. (See U.S. Pat. No. 5,567,861 for more information about PHN46.) TO plants were generated and promoter analysis was conducted on T1 seed from both genotypes.
The ckx1-2 promoter of SEQ ID NO: 1 was isolated using the Genome Walker™ cloning kit with genomic DNA from the inbred B73. The procedure for promoter isolation is described in the User Manual for the Genome Walker™ cloning kit sold by Clontech Laboratories, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif. (Genome Walker™ User Manual Clontech PT3042-1 version PR68687)
The promoter was fused to GUS. Maize embryos were transformed with the ckx1-2 (SEQ ID NO: 1): GUS construct via Agrobacterium. After regeneration, leaf discs of 8-week old T0 plants were assayed for GUS activity. GUS staining was detected in three independent transgenic events and the event showing the strongest signal was used for further analysis. Strong GUS staining was found in the leaf midrib and in small and large vascular strands (
Based on the analysis of ckx1-2 (SEQ ID NO.: 1): GUS transgenic plants, several constructs were generated for transformation into maize. These constructs contained the ckx1-2 promoter fused to polynucleotides that encode proteins involved in the synthesis of cytokinins and the stimulation of the cell cycle.
A maize bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library derived from inbred Mo17 was screened using a probe representing the ckx1-2 promoter sequence previously identified (see SEQ ID NO: 1). The Qiagen® Large-Construct Kit (Qiagen, Inc., 27220 Turnberry Lane, Valencia, Calif. 91355) was used according to the manufacurer's instructions to isolate BAC DNA from positive clones. Using the GenomeWalker™ cloning kit (Clontech Laboratories, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.) according to the manufacturer's instructions, and appropriate sequence-specific primers (see SEQ ID NO: 5-9), 3.3. kb of sequence 5′ to the ckx1-2 coding sequence was amplified and sequenced (SEQ ID NO: 4).
An example of one predicted phenotype of a transgenic event containing a ckx1-2::csg (cytokinin synthesis gene) construct is described here. External application of cytokinins has previously been shown to stimulate cytokinin oxidase activity in plants. Using a leaf disc assay and in vitro kernel culture, it has been demonstrated that this induction occurs at the transcript level, which likely means that cytokinin application causes an increase in cytokinin oxidase promoter activity. Research also showed, in vivo, that in developing kernels, cytokinin oxidase transcripts accumulate in response to an increase in cytokinin levels. It has been demonstrated in numerous experiments that application of cytokinins enhances sink strength. In addition, there is experimental evidence which indicates that abiotic stress (in particular heat stress) causes an elevation in cytokinin oxidase message in developing kernels. Thus, it is predicted that under normal environmental conditions or transient abiotic stress conditions, cytokinin levels in sink tissues (such as developing kernels) of ckx1-2::csg events would maintain sink activity (cell division, amyloplast differentiation, etc.) with either an enhanced or stabilized grain yield. The interest in using this promoter also derives from the fact that, since it reacts to cytokinin in vivo, it most likely directs expression in or around the tissue where natural cytokinin biosynthesis occurs in plants. Based on work in Urtica dioica, Pisum sativum and maize, it has been shown that cytokinins are translocated in the plant via the xylem. Interestingly, a mutant in a cytokinin receptor-kinase (Cre1) has been shown to display abnormal vascular differentiation in Arabidopsis. Thus, one would predict that maize events containing a ckx1-2::csg construct would also produce more cytokinins in leaf and root vasculature. This synthesis of cytokinins would stimulate the ckx1-2 promoter, which in turn would initiate more cytokinin production. In summary, the overall elevation in cytokinins in the plant would both increase the sink strength of a particular organ (such as the kernel) and enhance overall growth of the plant by stimulating vascular cell division and/or differentiation.
The ckx1-2 promoter of the present invention can be used in constructs designed to downregulate cytokinin oxidase. For example, certain embodiments comprise a construct comprising a segment of the ckx1-2 promoter such that, upon expression, self-hybridization of the RNA results in formation of hairpin RNA (hpRNA), resulting in transcriptional gene silencing of the native cytokinin oxidase gene. That is, the embodiment comprises a nucleotide sequence which, when expressed in a cell, forms a hairpin RNA molecule (hpRNA), which suppresses (i.e., reduces or eliminates) expression of the endogenous cytokinin oxidase gene from its endogenous promoter. The ability of hpRNAs to suppress expression of a gene has been described (see, e.g., Matzke et al. (2001) Curr. Opin. Genet. Devel. 11:221-227; Scheid et al. (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 99:13659-13662; Waterhouse and Helliwell (2003) Nature Reviews Genetics 4:29-38; Aufsaftz et al (2002) Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. 99(4):16499-16506; Sijen et al., Curr. Biol. (2001) 11:436-440).
The promoter which is operably linked to the nucleotide sequence encoding the hpRNA can be any promoter that is active in plant cells, particularly a promoter that is active (or can be activated) in reproductive tissues of a plant. As such, the promoter can be, for example, a constitutively active promoter, an inducible promoter, a tissue-specific promoter, a tissue-preferred promoter, a developmental stage specific promoter, or a developmental stage preferred promoter.
A hairpin may target a single promoter or may target two or more promoters by means of a single transcribed RNA. The hairpin-encoding region may be located in any appropriate position within the construct, such as within an intron of an encoded gene or within 5′ or 3′ non-coding regions, or may be the sole expressed element of the construct.
Methods for preparing said constructs and transforming plants may be as previously described (for example, see Cigan et al., Sex Plant Reprod. 14:135-142, 2001).
Said constructs for downregulating cytokinin oxidase expression may be used in combination with constructs or methods to increase cytokinin biosynthesis activity, such as those described in Example 5.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/051,893, filed Mar. 20, 2008, to be issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,741,534, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/074,144, filed Mar. 7, 2005 and now U.S. Pat. No. 7,371,925, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/109,488, filed Mar. 28, 2002 and now U.S. Pat. No. 6,921,815, which claims the benefit of and incorporates by reference U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/279,805, filed Mar. 29, 2001.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
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| 7230168 | Huang et al. | Jun 2007 | B2 |
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| 9906571 | Feb 1999 | WO |
| WO2004090143 | Oct 2004 | WO |
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| 20100325752 A1 | Dec 2010 | US |
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| 60279805 | Mar 2001 | US |
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| Parent | 11074144 | Mar 2005 | US |
| Child | 12051893 | US |
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| Parent | 12051893 | Mar 2008 | US |
| Child | 12819888 | US |
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| Parent | 10109488 | Mar 2002 | US |
| Child | 11074144 | US |
