Patent Application
20110200535
This invention relates to novel compounds suitable for labelling or already labelled by 18F, methods of preparing such a compound, compositions comprising such compounds, kits comprising such compounds or compositions and uses of such compounds, compositions or kits for therapy and diagnostic imaging by positron emission tomography (PET).
Molecular imaging has the potential to detect disease progression or therapeutic effectiveness earlier than most conventional methods in the fields of oncology, neurology and cardiology. Of the several promising molecular imaging technologies having been developed such as optical imaging, MRI, SPECT and PET, PET is of particular interest for drug development because of its high sensitivity and ability to provide quantitative and kinetic data.
For example positron emitting isotopes include carbon, iodine, fluorine, nitrogen, and oxygen. These isotopes can replace their non-radioactive counterparts in target compounds to produce tracers that function biologically and are chemically identical to the original molecules for PET imaging. Among these isotopes 18F is the most convenient labelling isotope due to its relatively long half life (111 min) which permits the preparation of diagnostic tracers and subsequent study of biochemical processes. In addition, its low β+ energy (634 keV) is also advantageous.
The nucleophilic aromatic and aliphatic [18F]-fluoro-fluorination reaction is of great importance for [18F]-fluoro-labelled radiopharmaceuticals which are used as in vivo imaging agents targeting and visualizing diseases, e.g. solid tumours or diseases of brain. A very important technical goal in using [18F]-fluoro-labelled radiopharmaceuticals is the quick preparation and administration of the radioactive compound due to the fact that the 18F isotopes have a half-life of about only 111 minutes.
A couple of methods are known to introduce F-18 to an aromatic ring (Coenen, Fluorine-18 Labeling Methods: Features and Possibilities of Basic Reactions, (2006), in: Schubiger P. A., Friebe M., Lehmann L., (eds), PET-Chemistry—The Driving Force in Molecular Imaging. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 15-50). One of the later discoveries is the replacement of an iodonium leaving group with [18F]fluoride, compare e.g. WO2005061415(A1), WO2005097713(A1), WO2007010534(A2), WO2007073200(A1) and WO2007141529(A1).
Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) is expressed in most organs and its expression is reported to be increased in activated microglia in the brain which are the smallest type of glial cells acting as the immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia are related to other phagocytic cells including macrophages and dendritic cells. Microglia are thought to be highly mobile cells that play numerous important roles in protecting the nervous system. They are also thought to play a role in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, dementia, multiple sclerosis and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Microglia are responsible for producing an inflammatory reaction to insults (J. Neuroinflammation, 2004, Jul. 30; 1(1):14).
It is an important goal for the design of a sufficient CNS-PET tracer that the pharmacokinetics in the brain is optimized. Thus, the PET ligand should enter the brain rapidly in sufficient amount. A high fraction of these molecules should then bind tightly to the target. Subsequently those molecules which have not bound should be eliminated from the surrounding area (“wash-out” from the brain) in order to achieve an image with a high signal to background ratio. The C-11 isotope labeled version of PK11195 (1a) has been widely used for the in vivo imaging of neuroinflammation and PBRs, but its signal in the brain was not high enough for stable quantitative analysis.
Furthermore, it has been shown that the development of superior positron-emitting ligands, like [18F]DPA714 (1.2), [11C]DAA1106 (2) (e.g. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 Apr. 29; 371(2-3):197-204 and Life Sci. 1999; 64(16):1455-64) and [18F]fluoroethyl-DAA1106 (3) (e.g. J. Nucl. Med., (2006), 47, 43-50), for visualization of PBRs is possible: The compounds 2 and 3 have a higher binding affinity to PBR and a higher accumulation in the brain than [11C]PK11195 (1.1a).
The non-radioactive version of compound 2 is claimed by the patent family related to WO99/006353, whereas the compound 3 is claimed by the patent family related to U.S. Pat. No. 6,870,069.
Recently, new [F-18] and [C-11] labelled PBR ligands has been published, called [18F]FEPPA, (4) and (5), respectively (Nuclear Medicine and Biology, 35, (2008), 305-314 and J. Med. Chem. (2008), 51, 17-30, respectively). “[18F]-FEPPA [compound 4] showed moderate brain uptake [standard uptake value (SUV) of 0.6 at 5 min] and a slow washout (SUV of 0.35 after 60 min)” (cited from Nuclear Medicine and Biology, 35, (2008)). Thus, compound 4 leads to an image with a relatively low to signal-to-noise ratio.
Derivatives of such kind have been also covered by patent application WO2007/060157 and members of the corresponding patent family.
It would be desirable to have new F-18 labeled compounds and methods available to image diseases which go along with increased level of PBR receptor, especially to have imaging agents and methods available which are to easy to realize and which are able to image certain levels of PBR receptor with a sufficient signal to background ratio. This task is solved with the following invention (compare
JP 2000-001476 describes similar compounds as disclosed here and their use for treatment of diseases.
In a first aspect the present invention is directed to compounds of formula I.
wherein
The term “anion of inorganic or organic acids” as employed, herein refers to the corresponding base of mineral acids, including but not limited to: acids such as carbonic, nitric or sulphuric acid, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen iodide, phosphoric acid, perchloric acid or to the corresponding base of appropriate organic acids which includes but not limited to: acids such as aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, araliphatic and heterocyclic carboxylic and sulphonic acids, examples of which are formic, acetic, trifluoracetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, gluconic, lactic, malic, fumaric, pyruvic, benzoic, anthranilic, mesylic, fumaric, salicylic, phenylacetic, mandelic, embonic, methansulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, pantothenic, toluenesulfonic, 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutane-1-sulfonic acid and sulfanilic acid.
The term “corresponding base” as employed herein refers to an acid being dissociated after the proton is donated.
In one embodiment of general formula I, L is R3; these are the aforementioned “precursor compounds”.
Preferred “precursor compounds having formula I” are
In another embodiment of general formula I, L is [18F]fluoro, these are the 18F-labelled compounds having formula I.
Preferred “F-18 labelled compounds having formula I” are
In yet another embodiment of general formula I, L is [19F]fluoro, these are the aforementioned “standard reference compounds having formula I”.
Preferred “standard reference compounds having formula I” are
R3 is a leaving group which is known or obvious to someone skilled in the art and which is taken from but not limited to those described or named in Synthesis (1982), p. 85-125, table 2 (p. 86; (the last entry of this table 2 needs to be corrected: “n-C4F9S(O)2—O— nonaflat” instead of “n-C4H9S(O)2—O— nonaflat”), Carey and Sundberg, Organische Synthese, (1995), page 279-281, table 5.8; or Netscher, Recent Res. Dev. Org. Chem., 2003, 7, 71-83, scheme 1, 2, 10 and 15 and others). (Coenen, Fluorine-18 Labeling Methods: Features and Possibilities of Basic Reactions, (2006), in: Schubiger P. A., Friebe M., Lehmann L., (eds), PET-Chemistry—The Driving Force in Molecular Imaging. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 15-50, explicitly: scheme 4 pp. 25, scheme 5 pp 28, table 4 pp 30, FIG. 7 pp 33).
It should be clear that wherever in this description the terms “aryl”, “heteroaryl” or any other term referring to an aromatic system is used, this also includes the possibility that such aromatic system is substituted by one or more appropriate substituents, such as OH, halo, (C1-C6)alkyl, CF3, CN, (C1-C6)alkenyl, (C1-C6)alkynyl, (C1-C6)alkoxy, NH2, NO2, S(O)2OH, —S(O)2NH2 etc.
The term “aryl” as employed herein by itself or as part of another group refers to monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic groups containing from 6 to 12 carbons in the ring portion, preferably 6-10 carbons in the ring portion, such as phenyl, naphthyl or tetrahydronaphthyl, which themselves can be substituted with one, two or three substituents independently and individually selected from the group comprising halo, nitro, ((C1-C6)alkyl)carbonyl, cyano, nitrile, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, ((C1-C6)alkyl)-sulfonyl, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C1-C6)alkoxy and ((C1-C6))alkylsulfanyl. As outlined above such “aryl” may additionally be substituted by one or several substituents.
The term “heteroaryl” as employed herein refers to groups having 5 to 14 ring atoms; 6, 10 or 14 π (pi) electrons shared in a cyclic array; and containing carbon atoms (which can be substituted with halo, nitro, (C1-C6)carbonyl, cyano, nitrile, trifluoromethyl, (C1-C6)sulfonyl, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C1-C6)alkoxy or (C1-C6)sulfanyl) and 1, 2, 3 or 4 oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur heteroatoms (where examples of heteroaryl groups are: thienyl, benzo[b]thienyl, naphtho[2,3-b]thienyl, thianthrenyl, furyl, furanyl, pyranyl, isobenzofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, chromenyl, xanthenyl, phenoxathiinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, purinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, isoquinolyl, quinolyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, pteridinyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, carbazolyl, carbolinyl, phenanthridinyl, acridinyl, perimidinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, isothiazolyl, phenothiazinyl, isoxazolyl, furazanyl and phenoxazinyl groups).
Heteroaryl can be substituted with one, two or three substituents independently and individually selected from the group comprising halo, nitro, ((C1-C6)alkyl)carbonyl, cyano, nitrile, hydroxyl, trifluoromethyl, ((C1-C6)alkyl)sulfonyl, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C1-C6)alkenyl, (C1-C6)alkynyl, (C1-C6)alkoxy and (C1-C6)sulfanyl. As outlined above such “heteroaryl” may additionally be substituted by one or several substituents.
As used hereinafter in the description of the invention and in the claims, the term “alkyl”, by itself or as part of another group, refers to a straight chain or branched chain alkyl group with 1 to 10 carbon atoms such as, for example methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, heptyl, hexyl, decyl. Alkyl groups can also be substituted, such as by halogen atoms, hydroxyl groups, C1-C4 alkoxy groups or C6-C12 aryl groups (which, in turn, can also be substituted, such as by 1 to 3 halogen atoms). More preferably alkyl is C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C4 alkyl.
As used hereinafter in the description of the invention and in the claims, the term “alkenyl” and “alkynyl” is similarly defined as for alkyl, but contain at least one carbon-carbon double or triple bond, respectively.
As used hereinafter in the description of the invention and in the claims, the term “alkoxy (or alkyloxy)” refer to alkyl groups respectively linked by an oxygen atom, with the alkyl portion being as defined above.
As used herein in the description of the invention and in the claims, the substituent G3 as defined above and being part of the substituents “alkyl”, “alkenyl”, “alkynyl” and “alkoxy” can be attached at any carbon of the corresponding substituent “alkyl”, “alkenyl”, “alkynyl” and “alkoxy”. Thus, e.g. the term “(G3-(C1-C8)alkoxy)aryl” does include different possibilities regarding positional isomerism, e.g. (G3-CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—O-)aryl, (CH3—CH2—CH2—C H(G3)-CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—O—)aryl, and (CH(—CH2—CH2-G3) (—CH2—CH3)—CH2—CH2—CH2—O—)aryl, etc.
Whenever the term “substituted” is used, it is meant to indicate that one or more hydrogens on the atom indicated in the expression using “substituted” is replaced with a selection from the indicated group, provided that the indicated atom's normal valency is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a chemically stable compound, i.e. a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into a pharmaceutical composition. The substituent groups may be selected from halogen atoms (fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo), hydroxyl groups, —SO3H, nitro, ((C1-C6)alkyl)carbonyl, cyano, nitrile, trifluoromethyl, ((C1-C6)alkyl)sulfonyl, (C1-C6)alkyl, (C2-C6)alkenyl, (C1-C6)alkynyl, (C1-C6)alkoxy and (C1-C6)sulfanyl.
In a second aspect of the invention the 18F-labelled compounds of formula I, and the 19F standard reference compounds of formula I are provided as a medicament or pharmaceutical.
The invention relates also to the use of the 18F-labelled compounds of formula I, and of the 19F standard reference compounds of formula I for the manufacture of a medicament or a pharmaceutical for treatment.
In a more preferred embodiment the use concerns the treatment of a CNS disease. CNS diseases include but are not limited to: inflammatory and autoimmune, allergic, infectious and toxin-triggered and ischemia-triggered diseases, pharmacologically triggered inflammation with pathophysiological relevance, neuroinflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases.
More preferably, the CNS disease is selected from multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, dementia with Levy bodies, leukoencephalopathy, epilepsy, neuropathic pain, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's Disease, encephalopathies, brain tumors, depression, drug abuse, chronic inflammatory intestinal diseases, atheroma, atherosclerosis, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, pharmacologically triggered inflammation, systemic inflammation of unclear origin.
In one embodiment the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.
The present invention is also directed to a method of treatment of a disease of the central nervous system, as defined above, comprising the step of introducing into a patient a suitable quantity of a compound of formula I, preferably an 18F-labelled compound of formula I, or of a 19F standard reference compound of formula I.
In a third aspect of the invention, 18F-labelled compounds of formula I are provided as diagnostic imaging agent or imaging agent, preferably as imaging agent for PET applications. It is obvious to persons skilled in the art that compounds of formula I and related derivatives, e.g. compound of formula I wherein L=iodo (e.g. I-123) are suited as imaging agents for SPECT applications.
The invention relates also to the use of 18F-labelled compounds of formula I for the manufacture of an imaging agent.
In a more preferred embodiment the use concerns the imaging of CNS diseases. CNS diseases include but are not limited to inflammatory and autoimmune, allergic, infectious and toxin-triggered and ischemia-triggered diseases, pharmacologically triggered inflammation with pathophysiological relevance, neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases.
More preferably, the CNS disease is selected from multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, dementia with Levy bodies, leukoencephalopathy, epilepsy, neuropathic pain, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's Disease, encephalopathies, brain tumors, depression, drug abuse, chronic inflammatory intestinal diseases, atheroma, atherosclerosis, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, pharmacologically triggered inflammation, systemic inflammation of unclear origin.
The present invention is also directed to a method of imaging comprising the step of introducing into a patient a detectable quantity of an 18F-labelled compound of formula I and imaging said patient.
It has been found out that compounds of formula I show a good initial brain uptake and a good elimination at later timepoints. This fact is expressed by the ratio of brain uptake in mice at 2 min to 30 min (uptake percentage of injected dose per one gram tissue (% ID/g)). The higher the ratio value the better the signal to background ratio. Thus, e.g. compound 21 has a superior ratio of 4.85 to compared to e.g. FEDAA (3) which shows a ratio of 2.00 and DPA-714 (1.2) showing a ratio of 2.43 (compare
In a fourth aspect of the invention, pharmaceutical compositions are provided comprising a compound according to formula I, preferably 18F-labelled compounds of formula I, or 19F standard reference compounds of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an inorganic or organic acid thereof, a hydrate, a complex, an ester, an amide, a solvate or a prodrug thereof. Preferably the pharmaceutical composition comprises a physiologically acceptable carrier, diluent, adjuvant or excipient.
In a preferred embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention comprise a compound of formula I that is a pharmaceutical acceptable salt, hydrate, complex, ester, amide, solvate or a prodrug thereof.
As used hereinafter in the description of the invention and in the claims, the terms “inorganic acid” and “organic acid”, refer to mineral acids, including, but not being limited to: acids such as carbonic, nitric, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, phosphoric acid, perchloric, perchloric or sulphuric acid or the acidic salts thereof such as potassium hydrogen sulphate, or to appropriate organic acids which include, but are not limited to: acids such as aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, araliphatic, heterocyclic, carboxylic and sulphonic acids, examples of which are formic, acetic, trifluoracetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, gluconic, lactic, malic, fumaric, pyruvic, benzoic, anthranilic, mesylic, fumaric, salicylic, phenylacetic, mandelic, embonic, methansulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, pantothenic, toluenesulfonic, trifluoromethanesulfonic, 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutane-1-sulfonic acid and sulfanilic acid, respectively.
In a fifth aspect of the invention, a radiopharmaceutical composition is provided comprising an 18F-labelled compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an inorganic or organic acid thereof, a hydrate, a complex, an ester, an amide, a solvate or a prodrug thereof.
Preferably the pharmaceutical composition comprises a physiologically acceptable carrier, diluent, adjuvant or excipient.
The compounds according to the present invention, preferably the radioactively labeled compounds according to Formula I provided by the invention may be administered intravenously in any pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, e.g. conventional medium such as an aqueous saline medium, or in blood plasma medium, as a pharmaceutical composition for intravenous injection. Such medium may also contain conventional pharmaceutical materials such as, for example, pharmaceutically acceptable salts to adjust the osmotic pressure, buffers, preservatives and the like. Among the preferred media are physiological saline solution and plasma.
Suitable pharmaceutical acceptable carriers are known to someone skilled in the art. In this regard reference can be made to e.g. Remington's Practice of Pharmacy, 13th ed. and in J. of. Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Vol. 52, No. 5, September-October, p. 238-311, included herein by reference.
The concentration of the compounds of formula I, preferably of the 18F-labelled compound according to the present invention and the pharmaceutically to acceptable carrier, for example, in an aqueous medium, varies with the particular field of use. A sufficient amount is present in the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier when satisfactory visualization of the imaging target (e.g. PBR (translocator, or an inflammed region or a tumor) is achievable.
The compounds according to the present invention, in particular the 18F-radioactively labeled compounds according to the present invention, i.e. the 18F-labelled compounds of formula I, provided by the invention may be administered intravenously in any pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, e.g., conventional medium such as an aqueous saline medium, or in blood plasma medium, as a pharmaceutical composition for intravenous injection. Such medium may also contain conventional pharmaceutical materials such as, for example, pharmaceutically acceptable salts to adjust the osmotic pressure, buffers, preservatives and the like. Among the preferred media are normal saline and plasma. Suitable pharmaceutical acceptable carriers are known to the person skilled in the art. In this regard reference can be made to e.g., Remington's Practice of Pharmacy, 11th ed. and in J. of. Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Vol. 52, No. 5, September-October, p. 238-311.x
In accordance with the invention, the radiolabeled compounds having general chemical Formula I either as a neutral composition or as a salt with a pharmaceutically acceptable counter-ion are administered in a single unit injectable dose. Any of the common carriers known to those with skill in the art, such as sterile saline solution or plasma, can be utilized after radiolabelling for preparing the injectable solution to diagnostically image various organs, tumors and the like in accordance with the invention. Generally, the unit dose to be administered for a diagnostic agent has a radioactivity of about 0.1 mCi to about 100 mCi, preferably 1 mCi to 20 mCi. For a radiotherapeutic agent, the radioactivity of the therapeutic unit dose is about 10 mCi to 700 mCi, preferably 50 mCi to 400 mCi. The solution to be injected at unit dosage is from about 0.01 ml to about 30 ml. For diagnostic purposes after intravenous administration, imaging of the organ or disease in vivo can take place in a matter of a few minutes. However, imaging takes place, if desired, in hours or even longer, after injecting into patients. In most instances, a sufficient amount of the administered dose will accumulate in the area to be imaged within about 0.1 of an hour to permit the taking of scintigraphic images. Any conventional method of scintigraphic imaging for diagnostic purposes can be utilized in accordance with this invention.
As used hereinafter in the description of the invention and in the claims, the term “prodrug” means any covalently bonded compound, which releases the active parent pharmaceutical according to formula I, preferably the 18F labelled compound of formula I.
The term “prodrug” as used throughout this text means the pharmacologically acceptable derivatives such as esters, amides and phosphates, such that the resulting in vivo biotransformation product of the derivative is the active drug as defined in the compounds of formula (I). The reference by Goodman and Gilman (The Pharmaco-logical Basis of Therapeutics, 8 ed, McGraw-HiM, Int. Ed. 1992, “Biotransformation of Drugs”, p 13-15) describing prodrugs generally is hereby incorporated. Prodrugs of a compound of the present invention are prepared by modifying functional groups present in the compound in such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to the parent compound. Prodrugs of the compounds of the present invention include those compounds wherein for instance a hydroxy group, such as the hydroxy group on the asymmetric carbon atom, or an amino group is bonded to any group that, when the prodrug is administered to a patient, cleaves to form a free hydroxyl or free amino, respectively.
Typical examples of prodrugs are described for instance in WO 99/33795, WO 99/33815, WO 99/33793 and WO 99/33792 all incorporated herein by reference.
Prodrugs can be characterized by excellent aqueous solubility, increased bioavailability and are readily metabolized into the active inhibitors in vivo.
It is obvious for somebody skilled in the art that the radiofluorination reaction of compounds of formula I wherein L is R3, can cause side products and compounds which are not represented by formula I. These products are characterized by the circumstance that e.g. L is hydroxyl or —N(Me)2, (goes optionally along with nucleophilic aromatic substation reactions) or that e.g. L is hydroxyl, that e.g the precursor compound dimerizes as ether or that the leaving group is eliminated resulting in a corresponding alkene (goes optionally along with aliphatic nucleophilic substitution reactions). Such side products and similar derivatives are typically separated from the reaction mixture but can be still part in certain amounts in the radiopharmaceutical composition administered to a patient or mammal.
In a sixth aspect the present invention is directed to compounds of Formula I, wherein L is [19F]fluoro,
preferred compounds of formula I, with L being [19F]fluoro are:
If a chiral center or another form of an isomeric center is present in a compound according to the present invention, all forms of such stereoisomer, including enantiomers and diastereoisomers, are intended to be covered herein. Compounds containing a chiral center may be used as racemic mixture or as an enantiomerically enriched mixture or the racemic mixture may be separated using well-known techniques and an individual enantiomer maybe used alone. In cases in which compounds have unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds double bonds, both the (Z)-isomer and (E)-isomers are within the scope of this invention. In cases wherein compounds may exist in tautomeric forms, such as keto-enol tautomers, each tautomeric form is contemplated as being included within this invention whether existing in equilibrium or predominantly in one form.
Unless otherwise specified, when referring to the compounds of formula the present invention per se as well as to any pharmaceutical composition thereof the present invention includes all of the hydrates, salts, solvates, complexes, and prodrugs of the compounds of the invention. Prodrugs are any covalently bonded compounds, which releases the active parent pharmaceutical according to formula I.
The term “halo” refers to fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I).
In a seventh aspect the present invention is directed to compounds of formula IV
wherein
R10 is selected from the group comprising (C1-C6)alkyl and hydrogen;
R16 is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, halo, trifluoromethyl, (C1-C5)alkyl, (C2-C5)alkynyl), (C2-C5)alkenyl and (C1-C5)alkoxy;
A3 and A4 are the same or different and of the structure (R12)(R4)(R5)phenyl;
R12 is selected from the group comprising R13 and hydrogen;
R13 is hydroxy,
with the proviso that compounds of formula VI contain exactly one R13;
R4 and R6 are independently and individually, at each occurrence, selected from the group comprising hydrogen, halo, trifluoromethyl, (C1-C5)alkyl, (C2-C5)alkynyl), (C2-C5)alkenyl and (C1-C5)alkoxy;
including all isomeric forms of said compound, including but not limited to enantiomers and diastereoisomers as well as racemic mixtures,
and any pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, complex or prodrug thereof.
In a preferred embodiment R16 is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, iodo, methyl, methoxy and trifluoromethyl;
in a more preferred embodiment R16 is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, iodo and methyl;
in an even more preferred embodiment R16 is selected from the group comprising hydrogen and chloro;
in the most preferred embodiment R16 is hydrogen;
in a preferred embodiment R4 and R5 are independently and individually, at each occurrence, selected from the group comprising hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, methyl, methoxy and trifluoromethyl;
in a more preferred embodiment R4 and R5 are independently and individually, at each occurrence, selected from the group comprising hydrogen, fluoro, methyl, and methoxy;
in a preferred embodiment R10 is selected from the group comprising methyl and hydrogen;
with the proviso that compounds of formula VI contain exactly one R12.
In a eighth aspect of the present invention is directed to a method for obtaining compounds of Formula I, wherein L is [18F]fluoro or [19F]fluoro.
Surprisingly two methods have been identified for obtaining such compounds.
In a first embodiment, a precursor compound according to formula I, wherein L is R3 as defined above, is reacted with an F-fluorinating agent.
Preferably, said F-fluorinating agent is a compound comprising F-anions, preferably a compound selected from the group comprising 4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[8.8.8]-hexacosane KF, i.e. crownether salt Kryptofix KF, KF, HF, KHF2, CsF, NaF and tetraalkylammonium salts of F, such as N(butyl)4F (tetrabutylammonium fluoride), and wherein F=18F or 19F.
More specifically, with respect to 18F-labelled compounds of formula I, the first embodiment of a radiolabeling method for obtaining an 18F-labelled compound of formula I comprises the step of
The term “radiolabelling” a molecule, as used herein, usually refers to the introduction of an 18F-atom into the molecule.
The fluorination agent is defined as above, wherein F=18F.
In a second embodiment, a method of synthesis of compounds of Formula I, wherein L is [18F]fluoro or [19F]fluoro, comprises the steps:
wherein F in Formula IV is [18F]fluoro or [19]fluoro,
a is an integer from 0 to 5, preferably from 0 to 2, more preferably from 0 to 1,
B is a leaving group, preferably halo, in particular chloro, bromo, iodo, mesyloxy, tosyloxy, trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy, nona-fluorobutylsulfonyloxy, (4-bromo-phenyl)sulfonyloxy, (4-nitro-phenyl)sulfonyloxy, (2-nitro-phenyl)sulfonyloxy, (4-isopropyl-phenyl)sulfonyloxy, (2,4,6-tri-isopropyl-phenyl)sulfonyloxy, (2,4,6-trimethyl-phenyl)sulfonyloxy, (4-tertbutyl-phenyl)sulfonyloxy, and (4-methoxy-phenyl)sulfonyloxy;
R10 is selected from the group comprising (C1-C6)alkyl and hydrogen;
R16 is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, halo, trifluoromethyl, (C1-C5)alkyl, (C2-C5)alkynyl), (C2-C5)alkenyl and (C1-C5)alkoxy;
A3 and A4 are the same or different and of the structure (R12)(R4)(R5)phenyl;
R12 is selected from the group comprising R13 and hydrogen;
R13 is hydroxy,
with the proviso that compounds of formula VI contain exactly one R13;
R4 and R5 are independently and individually, at each occurrence, selected from the group comprising hydrogen, halo, trifluoromethyl, (C1-C5)alkyl, (C2-C5)alkynyl), (C2-C5)alkenyl and (C1-C5)alkoxy;
in a preferred embodiment R4 and R5 are independently and individually, at each occurrence, selected from the group comprising hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, methyl, methoxy and trifluoromethyl;
in a more preferred embodiment R4 and R5 are independently and individually, at each occurrence, selected from the group comprising hydrogen, fluoro, methyl, and methoxy;
in a preferred embodiment R10 is selected from the group comprising hydrogen and methyl;
in a preferred embodiment R16 is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, iodo methyl, methoxy and trifluoromethyl;
in a more preferred embodiment R16 is selected from the group comprising hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, iodo and methyl;
in an even more preferred embodiment R16 is selected from the group comprising hydrogen and chloro;
in the most preferred embodiment R16 is hydrogen;
wherein said F-fluorinating agent is as defined above,
and wherein F=18F or 19F,
with the proviso that compounds of formula VI contain exactly one R12.
Preferably, B is selected from the group comprising iodo, bromo, chloro, mesyloxy, tosyloxy, trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy, and nona-fluorobutylsulfonyloxy.
More specifically the second embodiment of a radiolabeling method for obtaining an 18F-labelled compound of formula I comprises the steps of
The 18F-labelled compound of Formula IV is
or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of an inorganic or organic acid thereof, hydrates, complexes, esters, amides, solvates or prodrugs thereof,
wherein
The compound of Formula V is
or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of an inorganic or organic acid thereof, hydrates, complexes, esters, amides, solvates or prodrugs thereof,
wherein
In a preferred embodiment, the fluorination agent is a fluorine radioactive isotope derivative.
More preferably the fluorine radioactive isotope derivative is a 18F derivative.
More preferably, the 18F derivative is 4,7,13,16,21,24-Hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[8.8.8]-hexacosane K18F (crownether salt Kryptofix K18F), K18F, H18F, KH18F2, Cs18F, Na18F or tetraalkylammonium salt of 18F (e.g. [F-18]tetrabutylammonium fluoride). More preferably, the fluorination agent is K18F, H18F, or KH18F2, most preferably K18F (18F fluoride anion).
The radiofluorination reaction can be carried out, for example in a typical reaction vessel (e.g. Wheaton vial) which is known to someone skilled in the art or in a microreactor. The reaction can be heated by typical methods, e.g. oil bath, heating block or microwave. The radiofluorination reactions are carried out in dimethylformamide with potassium carbonate as base and “kryptofix” as crown-ether. But also other solvents can be used which are well known to experts. These possible conditions include, but are not limited to: dimethylsulfoxide and acetonitrile as solvent and tetraalkyl ammonium and tetraalkyl phosphonium carbonate as base. Water and/or alcohol can be involved in such a reaction as co-solvent. The radiofluorination reactions are conducted for one to 60 minutes. Preferred reaction times are five to 50 minutes. Further preferred reaction times are 10 to 40 min. These and other conditions for such radiofluorinations are known to persons skilled in the art (Coenen, Fluorine-18 Labeling Methods: Features and Possibilities of Basic Reactions, (2006), in: Schubiger P. A., Friebe M., Lehmann L., (eds), PET-Chemistry—The Driving Force in Molecular Imaging. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 15-50). The radiofluorination can be carried out in a “hot-cell” and/or by use of a module (review: Krasikowa, Synthesis Modules and Automation in F-18 labeling (2006), in: Schubiger P. A., Friebe M., Lehmann L., (eds), PET-Chemistry—The Driving Force in Molecular Imaging. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 289-316) which allows an automated or semi-automated synthesis.
Furthermore, the invention provides for a composition comprising a compound according to the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
In one embodiment said compound is an 18F-labelled compound.
In another embodiment said compound is a 19F-labelled compound.
In yet another embodiment said compound is a precursor compound.
The invention also provides for a compound according to the present invention, preferably an 18F- or 19F-labelled compound according the present invention, or a composition according to the present invention for use as a pharmaceutical or diagnostic agent or imaging agent.
The invention also provides for the use of a compound according to the present invention, preferably an 18F- or 19F-labelled compound according to the present invention, or a composition according to the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or diagnosis and/or imaging of diseases of the central nervous system (CNS).
The invention also provides for an 18F-labelled compound of formula I or a composition containing such compound for use as a diagnostic agent or imaging agent, in particular for diseases of the central nervous system.
The invention also provides for a kit comprising a sealed vial containing a predetermined quantity of a compound
a) which is a precursor compound having formula I, or
b) a compound of formula V and a compound of formula VI, as defined above.
The invention also provides for a method for detecting the presence of PBR receptor (translocator protein) in a patient's body, preferably for imaging a disease of the central nervous system in a patient, comprising:
introducing into a patient's body a detectable amount of an 18F-labelled compound according to the present invention or a composition comprising such compound,
and detecting said compound or said composition by positron emission tomography (PET).
The invention also provides for a method of treatment of a disease of the central nervous system comprising the step of introducing into a patient a suitable quantity of a compound according to the present invention, preferably of an 18F- or 19F-labelled compound according to the present invention.
The general synthesis scheme of the tricyclic scaffold comprising aromatic ring systems A, B and C is shown in scheme 1: Thus, compounds of type E1 are alkylated with phenol anions towards compounds of type E2 whereas “(N)” represents a nitrogen containing substituent, preferably nitro, and “(X)” represents a leaving group; e.g. halo. The substituent “(N)” is converted to an aniline derivative E3 by methods which are known to persons skilled in the art (e.g. if “(N)” is nitro then a hydrogenation reaction leads to the desired compound E3). The reductive amination reaction with aldehydes of type E8 leads anilines of type E4.
Compounds of type E3 can also be converted to compounds of E5 by amidation or N-acetylation reaction which are known to people skilled in the art.
Compounds of type E4 can be converted to amides of type 6. But also alkylation reactions of compounds of type E5 with alkylating agents of type E9 representing the “C-ring” lead to compounds of type E6. There are two approaches to introduce the F-18 label (and optionally also the corresponding F-19 label). For example the installation of a suited leaving group can be achieved by mesylation of the corresponding alcohol (compare scheme 2: (9)→(10)). But also the alkylation reaction of small F-18 labelled building blocks (prosthetic groups, E10) can be used to link them to a nucleophilic functional group being introduced to compounds of type E6 (compare scheme 3, (15)→(19)).
Scheme 2 describes a particular example of methods to synthesize compounds of formula I:
Aniline 6 (J. Med. Chem. (2002), 45, 23, 5182-5185) and aldehyde 7 (EP1894915A1) are converted in a reductive amination reaction using sodium tris(acetoxy)borohydride. The subsequent acetylation reaction of the crude secondary aniline leads to the desired product 8. Tetrahydropyranyl ether 8 is cleaved under acidic conditions using PPTS in methanol. The desired alcohol 9 is converted to the corresponding mesylate 10 using mesyl chloride and triethyl and hünig's base in dichloromethane. The subsequent fluorination with KF and kryptofix leads to the desired [F-18] labelled compound 11. The radiofluorination reaction can be carried out, for example in a typical reaction vessel (e.g. Wheaton vial) which is known to someone skilled in the art or in a microreactor. The reaction can be heated by typical methods, e.g. oil bath, heating block or microwave. The radiofluorination reactions are carried out in dimethylformamide with potassium carbonate as base and “kryptofix” as crown-ether. But also other solvents can be used which are well known to experts. These possible conditions include, but are not limited to: dimethylsulfoxide and acetonitril as solvent and tetraalkyl ammonium and tetraalkyl phosphonium carbonate as base. Water and/or alcohol can be involved in such a reaction as co-solvent. The radiofluorination reactions are conducted for one to 60 minutes. Preferred reaction times are five to 50 minutes. Further preferred reaction times are 10 to min. This and other conditions for such radiofluorination are known to experts (Coenen, Fluorine-18 Labeling Methods: Features and Possibilities of Basic Reactions, (2006), in: Schubiger P. A., Friebe M., Lehmann L., (eds), PET-Chemistry—The Driving Force in Molecular Imaging. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 15-50). The radiofluorination can be carried out in a “hot-cell” and/or by use of a module (review: Krasikowa, Synthesis Modules and Automation in F-18 labeling (2006), in: Schubiger P. A., Friebe M., Lehmann L., (eds), PET-Chemistry—The Driving Force in Molecular Imaging. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 289-316) which allows an automated or semi-automated synthesis.
Another approach is shown as example in scheme 3: Aniline 12 (ABCR) and aldehyde 13 (Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. (2007), 2614-2617) are reacted with each other by reductive amination reaction using sodium tris(acetoxy)borohydride. Subsequent acetylation of the crude product leads to the desired product 14. Benzyl ether 14 is cleaved by methods which are known to persons skilled in the art. Typically heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation with hydrogen and palladium on charcoal is used to obtain phenol 15. Phenol 15 can be either alkylated with [18F]-fluoro ethyl-bromide (which is generated from 2-bromo ethyl triflate (Bioorg. Med. Chem.; 11; 12; 2003; 2519-2528)) to obtain compound 19. The alkylation of compound 15 with 2-benzyloxy-ethyl bromide using sodium carbonate as base in acetonitril leads to compound 16. Compound 15 can also be alkylated with 1-fluoro-2-iodoethane or with 1-bromo-2-fluoroethane. The product of this conversion is the corresponding F-19 reference standard 20 for radiofluorination experiments using mesylate 18. Mesylate 18 can be prepared from alcohol 17 by use of mesylchloride and triethylamine in dichloromethane. The hydrogenation of the benzyl ether 16 with hydrogen on palladium/charcoal in iso-propanol leads to the aforementioned alcohol 17.
Similar compounds which can be generated by described methods are:
Scheme 4 shows another approach to synthesize compounds of formula I:
Compound 22 (scheme 4) is generated from 3-nitro-2-phenoxypyridine by oxidation with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (e.g. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry; English; 50; 1; 2007; 2-5). Bromination of alcohol 22 is carried out with phosphoric tribromide (e.g. Tetrahedron Letters; English; 32; 34; 1991; 4263-4266) towards compound 23. Reduction of the nitro group of compound 23 is performed using iron powder in acid (e.g. Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des to Pays-Bas; 64; 1945; 102, 104)
Reductive amination (e.g. Journal of Organic Chemistry (2004), 69, 35) of 2-methoxy benzaldehyde with aniline 24 leads to amine 25 which can be acetylated towards amide 26. Radiolabelling of bromo pyridine 26 with F-18 potassium fluoride leads to the desired compound F-18 labelled 27. Radiolabeling procedures of fluoro pyridines are well known to skilled persons in the field (Dolle et al., (2006), in: Schubiger P. A., Friebe M., Lehmann L., (eds), PET-Chemistry—The Driving Force in Molecular Imaging. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg).
Non-radioactive Fluorination of compound 26 with potassium fluoride or tetrabutylammonium reagent leads to corresponding F-19 reference compound. The compounds of the invention can be used in methods for imaging, diagnosing and treating central nervous system disorders and neurodegenerative disorders. A preferred method of imaging is PET. Central nervous system or neurodegenerative disorders can be but are not limited to Alzheimer's disease, dementia, multiple sclerosis, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Bars represent 1000 μm (D, F, H) and 100 μm (E, G, I). Slices are located at −3.1 mm bregma. Regions of interest for quantification and calculation of the respective hippocampus I cerebellum ratio are marked by dotted circles.
Bars represent 1000 μm (D, F, H) and 100 μm (E, G, I). Slices are located at −3.1 mm bregma. Regions of interest for quantification and calculation of the respective hippocampus/cerebellum ratio are marked by dotted circles.
Signal-to-background ratio expressed as hippocampus/cerebellum ratio calculated from quantified ex vivo autoradiography signals from brain slices of kainic acid treated rats.
A: Fluorination with Non-Radioactive [F-19]Fluoride
To a solution of 1 eq. starting material in acetonitrile (2 ml/eq.) 1.1 eq. potassium fluoride and kryptofix (1.1 eq.) are added. The reaction mixture is heated by microwave (130° C., 15 min) and cooled to room temperature again. The reaction mixture is diluted with 10 ml diethyl ether and 10 ml water. The organic phase is separated. The aqueous phase is extracted three times with 10 ml diethyl ether. The combined organic phases are washed with brine and dried with magnesium sulfate. The solvent is evaporated and the residue is purified by column chromatography with ethyl acetate-hexane gradient.
B: Fluorination with Radioactive [F-18]Fluoride
Aqueous [18F]Fluoride (0.1-5 GBq) was trapped on a QMA cartridge and eluted with 5 mg K2.2.2 in 0.95 ml MeCN +1 mg K2CO3 in 50 μl water into a Wheaton vial (5 ml). The solvent is removed by heating at 120° C. for 10 mins under a stream of nitrogen. Anhydrous MeCN (1 ml) is added and evaporated as before. This step is repeated three times. A solution of starting material (1 mg) in 300 μl anhydrous DMF is added. After heating at 120° C. for 10 min the crude reaction mixture is analyzed using analytical HPLC: ACE3-C18 50 mm×4.6 mm; solvent gradient: start 5% acetonitril-95% acetonitril in water in 7 min., flow: 2 ml/min. The desired F-18 labeled product is confirmed by co-injection with the corresponding non-radioactive F-19 fluoro-standard on the analytical HPLC. The crude product is pre-purified via a C18 SPE cartridge and (50-2500 MBq) of that pre-purified product are purified by preparative HPLC: ACE 5-C18-HL 250 mm×10 mm; 62% isocratic acetonitril in water 25 min., flow: 3 ml/min The desired product is obtained (30-2000 MBq) as reconfirmed by co-injection with the non-radioactive F-19 fluoro standard on the analytical HPLC. The sample was diluted with 60 ml water and immobilized on a Chromafix C18 (S) cartridge, which was washed with 5 ml water and eluted with 1 ml ethanol to deliver 20-1800 MBq product in 1000 μl EtOH.
To a stirred solution of 1 eq. starting material (phenol derivative) and 1.5 eq. potassium carbonate in dimethyl formamide 3 ml/1 eq. is added 2.5 mmol alkylating agent. The reaction mixture is heated at 70° C. for 6 hours or by microwave to 110° C. for 15 min. The solvent of the reaction mixture is evaporated. Water and methyl tert-butyl ether are added. The organic phase is separated. The aqueous phase is extracted three times with methyl tert-butyl ether diethyl ether. The combined organic phases are washed with water, brine and dried with magnesium sulfate. The solvent is evaporated and the residue is purified by column chromatography with ethyl acetate-hexane gradient.
To a solution of 1 eq. starting material and 1.5 eq. diisopropyl ethyl amine in 3 ml/mmol dichloromethane was added 1.3 eq. mesyl chloride in some dichloromethane dropwisely at −10° C. The stirred reaction mixture was warmed over a period of 4.5 h to room temperature and diluted with dichloromethane. The organic phase was washed with saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, water and brine. The organic phase was dried with magnesium sulfate. The crude product was purified by silica column chromatography (ethyl acetate-hexane gradient).
To a solution of 1 eq. starting material in dichloromethane (1.4 ml/eq.) and pyridine (1.4 ml/eq.) pyridine was added (1.1 eq.) aryl sulfonyl chloride in dichloromethane (1 ml/eq.) dropwisely at −10° C. The stirred, reaction mixture was warmed over a period of 4.5 h to room temperature and diluted with dichloromethane. The organic phase was washed with 0.25 N sulfuric acid (three times), saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, water and brine. The organic phase was dried with magnesium sulfate. The crude product was purified by silica column chromatography (ethyl acetate-hexane gradient).
To a stirred solution of ca. 20-50 mg palladium on coal (10%)) isopropanol (8 ml per 1 mmol starting material) benzyl ether (educt) were added in some iso-propanol. The reaction mixture is stirred at hydrogen atmosphere for 16-20 hours. The reaction mixture is filtered; and the solvent is evaporated. The residue is purified by column chromatography with ethyl acetate-hexane gradient.
L(2): Hydrogenation with Iron
To a stirred solution of 1 eq. starting material (nitro derivative) and 5 eq. iron powder in ethanol (˜86 eq) 1 ml/eq. HCl (37% aqueous solution) is added. The solution is refluxed for 1 hour. The solution is cooled to 0° C. 1N NaOH (40 ml/mmol starting material) is added dropwisely. Dichloromethane and brine are added. The organic phase is separated. The aqueous solution is extracted trice with dichloromethane. The combined organic phases are washed with brine and dried with magnesium sulfate. The solvent is evaporated. The residue is purified by column chromatography with ethyl acetate-hexane gradient.
A stirred solution of aldehyde (1 eq.) and amine (1 eq.) in 60 ml dichloroethane (pH=5) was adjusted with glacial acetic acid to pH=5. To this solution was to added 70 mmol sodium tris-acetoxy hydro borane. The reaction mixture was stirred over night and diluted with 5 ml water. The pH value was adjusted with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to pH=8-9. The mixture was extracted three times with dichloromethane. The combined organic phases were washed with water and brine and were dried with magnesium sulfate. The desired crude product was obtained after evaporation. The crude product was diluted in dry pyridine (1.3 ml/mmol starting material) and was cooled to 0° C. To this stirred solution was added 1.25 eq. acetic acid anhydride drop by drop. The reaction mixture was stirred over night and reduced to a third of its volume and diluted with dichloromethane (2 ml/mmol) and water (2 ml/mmol). The aqueous phase is extracted three times with dichloromethane. The combined organic phases are washed with brine and dried with magnesium sulfate. The solvent is evaporated and the residue is purified by column chromatography with ethyl acetate-hexane gradient.
0.15 eq. PPTS is added to a solution of 1 eq. tetrahydropyranyl ether in 7 ml/mmol methanol. The reaction mixture is stirred over night and poured onto a stirred solution of ice-water and tert-butyl methyl ether. The organic phase is separated. The aqueous phase is extracted three times with tert-butyl methyl ether. The combined organic phases are washed with diluted sodium hydrogen carbonate, brine and dried with magnesium sulfate. The solvent is evaporated and the residue is purified by column chromatography with ethyl acetate-hexane gradient.
4.1 g (20 mmol) 2-(4-fluorophenoxy)pyridin-3-amine (Helv. Chim. Acta; 48; 1965; 336-347) and 5.7 g (20 mmol) 2-[2-(benzyloxy)ethoxy]-5-methoxybenzaldehyde (EP1894915A1) were converted according to general procedure W. The desired product was obtained in quantitative yield.
MS-ESI: 517 (M++1, 100).
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 69.75%; H, 5.66%; N, 5.42%.
Determined: C, 69.72%; H, 5.67%; N, 5.40%.
The desired product 1b (1.15 g) was obtained from 1a (1.67 g, 3.23 mmol) according to the general procedure “L” in 83% yield.
MS-ESI: 427 (M++1, 100).
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 64.78%; H, 5.44%; N, 6.57%.
Determined: C, 64.75%; H, 5.45%; N, 6.56%.
The desired product 1c was obtained in 97% yield (350 mg) from 1b (300 mg, 0.7 mmol) according to the general procedure “I”.
MS-ESI: 505 (M++1, 100).
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 57.13%; H, 4.99%; N, 5.55%.
Determined: C, 57.14%; H, 5.00%; N, 5.56%.
The desired product (1d) was obtained from (1c) according to general procedure “B”.
The desired product 1e was obtained according general procedure “H” in 82% yield (82 mmol) from 100 mmol 2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde (Aldrich) and 250 mmol 1-bromo-2-fluoroethane (Aldrich).
MS-ESI: 199 (M++1, 100). (Aldrich).
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 60.60%; H, 5.59%.
Determined: C, 60.61%; H, 5.59%.
The desired product 1f was obtained from 1.51 mmol (309 mg) 2-(4-fluorophenoxy)pyridin-3-amine (Helv. Chim. Acta; 0.48; 1965; 336-347) and 1.51 mmol (300 mg) 1e in 88.2% yield (572 mg) according to the general procedure “W”.
MS-ESI: 429 (M++1, 100). (Aldrich).
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 64.48%; H, 5.18%; N, 6.54%.
Determined: C, 64.46%; H, 5.19%; N, 6.54%.
The desired product 2a was obtained from 463 mg 5-methoxy-2-[2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)ethoxy]benzaldehyde (EP1894915A1) and 340 mg 2-(4-methoxyphenoxy)pyridin-3-amine (J. Org. Chem.; 60; 16; 1995; 4991-4994) in 55% yield according to the general procedure “W”.
MS-ESI: 523 (M++1, 100).
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 66.65%; H, 6.56%; N, 5.36%.
Determined: C, 66.63%; H, 6.57%; N, 5.35%.
The desired product 2b was obtained in 73% yield (265 mg) from 2a (432 mg, 0.83 mmol) according to the general procedure “Z”.
MS-ESI: 439 (M++1, 100).
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 65.74%; H, 5.98%; N, 6.39%.
Determined: C, 65.73%; H, 5.97%; N, 6.39%.
The desired product 2c was obtained in 96% yield (289 mg) from 2b (256 mg, 0.58 mmol) according to the general procedure “I”.
MS-ESI: 517 (M++1, 100).
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 58.13%; H, 5.46%; N, 5.42%.
Determined: C, 58.16%; H, 5.47%; N, 5.41%.
The desired product (2d) was obtained from (2c) according to general procedure “B”.
The desired product 2e was obtained from 0.3 mmol (64.3 mg) 2-(4-methoxyphenoxy)pyridin-3-amine (J. Org. Chem.; 60; 16; 1995; 4991-4994) and 58.9 mg (0.3 mmol) 1e in 76% yield (100 mg) according to the general procedure “W”.
MS-ESI: 441 (M++1, 100) (Aldrich)
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 65.44% H. 5.72%; N, 6.36%.
Determined: C, 65.42%; H, 5.71%; N, 6.37%
The desired product 3a was obtained from 449 mg 5-methoxy-2-[2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)ethoxy]benzaldehyde (EP1894915A1) and 500 mg 2-(4-iodophenoxy)pyridin-3-amine J. Chem. Soc. (1931), 529, 533 in 75% yield (747 mg) according to the general procedure “W”.
MS-ESI: 619 (M++1, 100).
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 54.38%; H, 5.05%; N, 4.53%.
Determined: C, 54.38%; H, 5.05%; N, 4.53%.
The desired product 3b was obtained in 75% yield (459 mg) from 3a (707 mg, 1.14 mmol) according to the general procedure “Z”.
MS-ESI: 535 (M++1, 100).
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 51.70%; H, 4.34%; N, 5.24%.
Determined: C, 51.72%; H, 4.35%; N, 5.23%.
The desired product 3c was obtained in 96% yield (494 mg) from 3b (431 mg, 0.81 mmol) according to the general procedure “I”.
MS-ESI: 613 (M++1, 100).
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 47.07%; H, 4.11%; N, 4.57%.
Determined: C, 47.10%; H, 4.12%; N, 4.56%.
The desired product (3d) was obtained from (3c) according to general procedure “B”,
The desired product 3e was obtained from 0.23 mmol (71 mg) 2-(4-iodophenoxy)pyridin-3-amine J. Chem. Soc. (1931), 529, 533 and 45.1 mg (0.23 mmol) 1e in 37% yield (37.2 mg) according to the general procedure “W”.
MS-ESI: 537 (M++1, 100).
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 51.51%; H, 4.13%; N, 5.22%.
Determined: C, 51.53%; H, 4.14%; N, 5.21%.
The desired product 4a was obtained from 0.25 g (1.22 mmol) 2-(4-fluorophenoxy)pyridin-3-amine (ABCR) and 342 mg (1.17 mmol) 5-methoxy-2-[2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)ethoxy]benzaldehyde (EP1894915A1) in 66% yield (412 mg) according to general procedure W.
MS-ESI: 511 (M++1, 100).
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 65.87%; H, 6.12%; N, 5.49%.
Determined: C, 65.85%; H, 6.11%; N, 5.49%.
The desired product 4b was obtained in 84% yield (140 mg) from 4a (200 mg, 0.39 mmol) according to the general procedure “Z”.
MS-ESI: 427 (M++1, 100).
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 65.87%; H, 6.12%; N, 5.49%.
Determined: C, 65.85%; H, 6.11%; N, 5.49%.
The desired product 4c was obtained in 71% yield (102 mg) from 4b (122 mg, 0.29 mmol) according to the general procedure “I”.
MS-ESI: 505 (M++1, 100).
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 57.13%; H, 4.99%; N, 5.55%.
Determined: C, 57.15%; H, 5.00%; N, 5.56%.
The desired product (4d) was obtained from 4c according to general procedure “B”.
The desired product 4e was obtained from 103 mg (0.5 mmol) 2-(4-fluorophenoxy)pyridin-3-amine (ABCR) and 100 mg (0.5 mmol) 1e in 74% yield (159 mg) according to the general procedure “W”.
MS-ESI: 429 (M++1, 100).
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 64.48%; H, 5.18%; N, 6.54%.
Determined: C, 64.47%; H, 5.19%; N, 6.53%.
250 mg (1.17 mg) 2-(2,3-dimethylphenoxy)pyridin-3-amine (ABCR) and 327 mg (1.17 mg) 5-methoxy-2-[2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)ethoxy]benzaldehyde (EP1894915A1) were converted according to general procedure W. The desired product 5a (442 mg) was obtained in 73% yield.
MS-ESI: 621 (M++1, 100).
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 69.21%; H, 6.97%; N, 5.38%.
Determined: C, 69.20%; H, 6.98%; N, 5.37%.
The desired product 5b was obtained in 73% yield (122 mg) from 5a (200 mg, 0.38 mmol) according to the general procedure “Z”.
MS-ESI: 437 (M++1, 100).
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 68.79%; H, 6.47%; N, 6.42%.
Determined: C, 68.77%; H, 6.46%; N, 6.43%.
The desired product 5c was obtained in 60% yield (74 mg) from 4b (105 mg, 0.24 mmol) according to the general procedure “I”.
MS-ESI: 515 (M++1, 100).
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 60.69%; H, 5.88%; N, 5.44%.
Determined: C, 60.68%; H, 5.89%; N, 5.43%.
The desired product (5d) was obtained from 5c according to general procedure “B”.
The desired product 5e was obtained from 108 mg (0.5 mg) 2-(2,3-dimethylphenoxy)pyridin-3-amine (ABCR) and 100 mg (0.5 mmol) 1e in 17% yield (38 mg) according to the general procedure “W”.
MS-ESI: 439 (M++1, 100) (Aldrich)
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 68.48%; H, 6.21%; N, 6.39%.
Determined: C, 68.46%; H, 6.22%; N, 6.38%.
244 mg (1.31 mmol) 2-(phenoxy)pyridin-3-amine (J. Med. Chem. (2002), 45, 23, 5182) and 367 mg (1.31 mmol) 5-methoxy-2-[2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)ethoxy]benzaldehyde (EP1894915A1) were converted according to general procedure W. The desired product 6a was obtained in 50% yield (322 mg; 648 micromol).
MS-ESI: 492 (M++1, 100)
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 68.28%; H, 6.55%; N, 5.69%.
Determined: C, 68.27%; H, 6.56%; N, 5.68%.
The desired product 6b (438 micromol; 179 mg) was obtained in 73% yield from 6a (295 mg, 0.6 mmol) according to the general procedure “Z”.
MS-ESI: 409 (M++1, 100).
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 67.63%; H, 5.92%; N, 6.86%.
Determined: C, 67.62%; H, 5.93%; N, 6.85%.
The desired product 6c was obtained in 94% yield (146 mg, 0.3 mmol) from 6b (130 mg, 0.32 mmol) according to the general procedure “I”.
MS-ESI: 487 (M++1, 100).
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 59.25%; H, 5.39%; N, 5.76%.
Determined: C, 59.27%; H, 5.40%; N, 5.77%.
The desired product (6d) was obtained from 6c according to general procedure “B”.
The desired product 6e was obtained from 244 mg (1.31 mmol) 2-(phenoxy)pyridin-3-amine (J. Med. Chem. (2002), 45, 23, 5182) and 260 mg (1.31 mmol) 1e in 82% yield (442 mg) according to the general procedure “W”.
MS-ESI: 411 (M++1, 100) (Aldrich)
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 67.31%; H, 5.65%; N, 6.83%.
Determined: C, 67.30%; H, 5.66%; N, 6.82%.
The desired product 7a was synthesized according to a modified procedure by Alsaidi et al. (Synthesis; 11; 1980; 921-924) using 2-chloro-3-nitro-pyridine (Aldrich) and 4-(2-tetrahydropyranyloxy-ethoxy)-phenol (J. Med. Chem. (1998), 41, 9, 1540-1554). The desired product 7a was obtained in 76% yield.
MS-ESI: 361 (M++1, 100).
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 59.99%; H, 5.59%; N, 7.77%.
Determined: C, 60.00%; H, 5.58%; N, 7.75%.
The desired product 7b (526 mg; 1.6 mmol) was obtained from 7a (722 mg; 2.0 mmol) according to the general procedure “L2”.
MS-ESI: 330 (M++1, 100).
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 65.44%; H, 6.71%; N, 8.48%.
Determined: C, 65.42%; H, 6.70%; N, 8.47%.
MS-ESI: 537 (M++1, 100).
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 67.15%; H, 6.76%; N, 5.22%.
Determined: C, 67.12%; H, 6.75%; N, 5.21%. The desired product 7c (436 mg) was obtained from 7b (1.21 mmol; 400 mg) and 2,5-dimethoxy-benzaldehyde (Aldrich) according to general procedure W with the exception that not acetic acid anhydride but propionyl chloride was used. The desired product was obtained in 67% yield (0.81 mmol).
The desired product 7d was obtained in 75% yield (0.49 mmol; 221 mg) from 7c (350 mg, 0.65 mmol) according to the general procedure “Z”.
MS-ESI: 453 (M++1, 100).
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 66.36%; H, 6.24%; N, 6.19%.
Determined: C, 66.36%; H, 6.24%; N, 6.19%.
MS-ESI: 607 (M++1, 100).
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 63.35%; H, 5.65%; N, 4.62%.
Determined: C, 63.33%; H, 5.65%; N, 4.63%.
The desired product 7e (0.26 mmol; 158 mg) was obtained from 7d (0.33 mmol, 150 mg) according to the general procedure K in 75% yield.
The desired product (7f) was obtained from (7e) according to general procedure
The desired product 7g (48 mg; 0.106 mmol) was synthesized from 7f (0.156 mmol; 94 mg) according to the general procedure “A” in 68% yield
MS-ESI: 455 (M++1, 100).
Elementary analysis:
Calculated: C, 66.07%; H, 5.99%; N, 6.16%.
Determined: C, 66.07%; H, 5.99%; N, 6.16%.
The aim of the present invention was to find an improved F-18 labelled compound in comparison to the current state of the art that can be used to detect activated microglia by means of PET Imaging targeting the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) also known as 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO). As the data of the present invention demonstrate, the compounds [18F]-2d and [18F]-5d surprisingly showed an improved signal-to-background ratio in kainic acid induced brain lesions in rats compared to the known tracers [18F]-FEDAA1106 (3) and [18F]-DPA-714 (1.2).
The biodistribution of [18F]-2d and [18F]-5d was investigated in healthy male NMRI mice (28.3-35.6 g body weight, n=3 animals per time point) at 2, 5, 30, 60 and 180/240 min after intravenous injection of 0.264 MBq [18F]-2d and 0.268 MBq [18F]-5d per animal, respectively. Until the indicated time points urine and faeces were quantitatively collected. At the respective time points the mice were sacrificed and the tissues were removed. [18F]-radioactivity was analyzed in a gamma counter (Tab. 1.1, 2.1 and 1.2, 2.2).
[18F]-2d showed a high initial brain uptake of [18F]-radioactivity (1.37±0.04% injected dose/g at 2 min p.i.) and a high initial elimination of ca. 72% of the radioactivity from the brain 30 min p.i. (0.37±0.04% injected dose/g;
The excretion of radioactivity during the observed time period was mainly via urine (urine 13.09±1.33% injected dose, faeces 0.59±0.61% injected dose at 180 min p.i.) (Tab. 1.1).
[18F]-5d showed a high initial brain uptake of [18F]-radioactivity (1.61±0.23% injected dose/g at 2 min p.i.) and a high initial elimination of ca. 73% of the radioactivity from the brain 30 min p.i. (0.44±0.15% injected dose/g;
The excretion of radioactivity during the observed time period was mainly via urine (urine 15.24±1.25% injected dose, faeces 0.74±1.01% injected dose at 240 min p.i.) (Tab. 1.2).
Using a rat kainic acid induced epilepsy model and respective sham controls the accumulation of [18F]-2d and [18F]-5d was visualized ex vivo. In brief, epilepsy was induced in rats by injecting kainic acid i.p. At day eight after the start of the kainic acid treatment [18F]-2d and [18F]-5d were injected into the tail vein of the rats and their sham treated controls (PBS instead of kainic acid) at a dose of 25.8-35.8 MBq (approximately 1.0 μg) per rat. Thirty minutes after intravenous injection the rats were sacrificed, the brains were taken out, snap frozen and sliced transversally in a cryostat. The slices were exposed to PhosphoImager plates over night. The resulting autoradiographic signals were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively (
The autoradiographic signals were quantified. The signal intensity in a hippocampal region of interest (ROI) was measured and compared to a ROI in the cerebellum, that was used as reference region. The signal-to-background ratio was expressed as hippocampus/cerebellum ratio (Tab. 3,
Surprisingly, the signal-to-background ratio induced by [18F]-2d and [18F]-5d as well as their elimination from the brain was superior to that of known substances as [18F]-FEDAA1106 (3) and [18F]-DPA-714 (1.2) (Tab. 3) while all four compounds are high affinity PBR ligands, that do not bind to the CBR (central diazepine receptor) (Tab. 4).
Table 1.1: Excretion of [18F]-radioactivity via urine and faeces after [18F]-2d injection in normal mice detected via a gamma-counter, given in % injected dose.
Table 1.2: Excretion of [I F]-radioactivity via urine and faeces after [18F]-5d injection in normal mice detected via a gamma-counter, given in % injected dose.
Table 2.1: Biodistribution of [18F]-radioactivity at different time points after [18F]-2d injection in normal mice detected via a gamma-counter in the respective organs, given in % injected dose/g (n=3 per time point). The uptake of the tracer in the different organs is consistent with the known local constitutive expression of the PBR.
Table 2.2: Biodistribution of [18F]-radioactivity at different time points after [18F]-5d injection in normal mice detected via a gamma-counter in the respective organs, given in % injected dose/g (n=3 per time point). The uptake of the tracer in the different organs is consistent with the known local constitutive expression of the PBR.
Table 3: Comparison of different parameters of [18F]-2d, [18F]-5d, [18F]-FEDAA1106 (3) and [18F]-DPA-714 (1.2).
Table 4: Comparison of different parameters of [19F]-2e, [19F]-5e, [19F]-FEDAA1106 and [19F]-DPA-714
In particular, the invention relates to
1. A compound of formula I
5. A compound according to any of the foregoing counts which is selected from the group of compounds consisting of
7. A compound of the formula
8. The compound according to any of counts 1-4 wherein L is not fluoro, in particular not [18F]fluoro and not [19F]fluoro.
9. The compound according to any of counts 1-4, wherein L is [18F]fluoro or a compound of count 5, 6 or 7 wherein the mesyloxy-group and the tosyloxy-group is replaced by [18F]fluoro.
10. The compound according to any of counts 1-4, wherein L is [19F]fluoro or a compound of count 5, 6 or 7, wherein the mesyloxy-group and the tosyloxy-group is replaced by [19F]fluoro.
11. A method of synthesis of a compound as defined in count 9 or 10, in which a compound according to count 1-8 is reacted with an F-fluorinating agent, wherein F=18F or 19F.
12. The method according to count 11, wherein said F-fluorinating agent is a compound consisting of F-anions, preferably a compound selected from the group consisting of 4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[8.8.8]-hexacosane K F, i.e. crownether salt Kryptofix KF, KF, HF, KHF2, CsF, NaF and tetraalkylammonium salts of F, such as [18F]tetrabutylammonium fluoride, and wherein F=18F or 19F.
13. A compound of formula VI
wherein
R10 is selected from the group consisting of (C1-C6)alkyl and hydrogen;
R16 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, trifluoromethyl, (C1-C5)alkyl, (C2-C5)alkynyl), (C2-C5)alkenyl and (C1-C5)alkoxy;
A3 and A4 are the same or different and of the structure (R12)(R4)(R5)phenyl;
R12 is selected from the group consisting of R13 and hydrogen;
R13 is hydroxy;
with the proviso that compounds of formula VI contain exactly one R13.
R4 and R5 are independently and individually, at each occurrence, selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, trifluoromethyl, (C1-C5)alkyl, (C2-C5)alkynyl, (C2-C5)alkenyl and (C1-C5)alkoxy;
including all isomeric forms of said compound, including but not limited to enantiomers and diastereoisomers as well as racemic mixtures,
and any pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, complex or prodrug thereof.
14. A method of synthesis of a compound as defined in count 9 or count 10, consisting of the steps:
with an F-fluorinating agent to yield a compound of formula IV,
wherein F in Formula IV is [18F]fluoro or [19F]fluoro,
a is an integer from 0 to 5,
B is a leaving group,
R10 is selected from the group consisting of (C1-C6)alkyl and hydrogen;
R16 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, trifluoromethyl, (C1-C5)alkyl, (C2-C5)alkynyl), (C2-C5)alkenyl and (C1-C5)alkoxy;
A3 and A4 are the same or different and of the structure (R12)(R4)(R5)phenyl;
R12 is selected from the group consisting of R13 and hydrogen;
R13 is hydroxy,
with the proviso that compounds of formula VI contain exactly one R13;
R4 and R5 are independently and individually, at each occurrence, selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, trifluoromethyl, (C1-C5)alkyl, (C2-C5)alkynyl), (C2-C5)alkenyl and (C1-C5)alkoxy;
including all isomeric forms of said compound, including but not limited to enantiomers and diastereoisomers as well as racemic mixtures,
and any pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, complex or prodrug thereof
and
wherein said F-fluorinating agent is as defined in count 10,
and wherein F=18F or 19F,
with the proviso that compounds of formula VI contain exactly one R13.
15. The method according to count 14, wherein B is selected from the group consisting of iodo, bromo, chloro, mesyloxy, tosyloxy, trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy, and nona-fluorobutylsulfonyloxy.
16. A composition consisting of a compound according to any of counts 1-10 and 13 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
17. The composition according to count 16, wherein said compound is a compound according to count 9.
18. The composition according to count 16, wherein said compound is a compound according to count 10.
19. The composition according to count 16, wherein said compound is a compound according to count 8.
20. The composition according to count 16, wherein said compound is a compound according to count 13.
21. A compound according to any of counts 1-10, preferably a compound according to count 8 or 9, 31 or 32 or a composition according to any of counts 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or 36 as a pharmaceutical or diagnostic agent or imaging agent.
22. Use of a compound according to any of counts 1-10, preferably a compound according to count 9, 10, 31 or 32 or a composition according to any of counts 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or diagnosis and/or imaging of diseases of the central nervous system (CNS).
23. A compound according to count 9, 31 or 32 or a composition according to count 17 or 36 for use as a diagnostic agent or imaging agent, in particular for diseases of the central nervous system.
24. A kit consisting of a sealed vial containing a predetermined quantity of a compound according to
a) count 5 or count 8,
b) count 13 or
b) formula V and VI, as defined in any of counts 14-15.
25. A method for detecting the presence of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (translocator protein) in a patient's body, preferably for imaging a disease of the central nervous system in a patient, consisting of:
introducing into a patient's body a detectable amount of a compound according to count 9, 32 or 33 or a composition according to count 17 or 36,
and detecting said compound or said composition by positron emission tomography (PET).
Preferred diseases of the central nervous system are Alzheimer's disease, dementia, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
26. A method of treatment of a disease of the central nervous system consisting of the step of introducing into a patient a suitable quantity of a compound according to any of counts 1-10 and 13, preferably of a compound according to count 9 or 10.
Preferred central nervous diseases are Alzheimer's disease, dementia, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
27. A method of monitoring the therapy effect on a patient of a therapeutic agent useful for the treatment of a neurodegenerative disorder by imaging a patient treated with the agent using a compound according to count 9, 32 or 33.
The method of imaging is preferably PET.
28. A method for monitoring the response to a therapy in a mammal having a neurodegenerative disorder, consisting of the steps
29. A method according to count 25, wherein steps a), b), and/or c) are repeated as necessary.
The neurodegenerative disorder of counts 26-28 is preferably selected from the group of disorders consisting of Alzheimer's disease, dementia, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
30. Compounds of count 9, 32 or 33 and related derivatives, wherein 18F is replaced by iodo (e.g. 1-123). These compounds are suited as imaging agents for SPECT applications.
31. Use of the compounds of count 27 in SPECT applications.
32. A compound according to count 9 having the structure
33. A compound according to count 9 having the structure
34. A compound according to counts 32 and 33 as a diagnostic compound.
35. A compound according to counts 32 and 33 as a diagnostic compound useful for PET imaging of Alzheimer's disease.
36. A pharmaceutical or diagnostic composition comprising a compound according to counts 32 and 33.
37. A diagnostic composition according, to count 36 for PET imaging of Alzheimer's Disease.
38. A kit comprising a sealed vial comprising a compound according to counts 32 or 33.
39. A pharmaceutical or diagnostic composition comprising a compound according to count 9.
40. A diagnostic composition comprising a compound according to claim 9 for PET imaging.
41. A diagnostic composition according to count 40 for imaging of a neural or CNS disease.
42. A diagnostic composition according to count 41, wherein the disease is Alzheimer's Disease.
43. A method of synthesising a compound according to count 32 or 33 comprising the steps of reacting a suitable precursor molecule with a F-18 fluorinating agent.
44. A method of synthesising a compound according to count 33, comprising fluorinating a compound having the formula
with a suitable F-18 fluorinating agent.
Furthermore the compounds according to count 9, 10, 31 or 32 or the compositions according to count 17 or 36 are useful in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. In a preferred embodiment, the method of diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis is PET imaging.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 08161903.3 | Aug 2008 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2009/005651 | 8/5/2009 | WO | 00 | 5/2/2011 |
