Patent Application
20090298177
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to Diaminoketothiazole (DAT1) end to the process of preparation thereof.
Further this invention also relates to the use of Diaminoketothiazole (DAT1) as a microtubule inhibitor, a probe for tubulin-microtubule system and a cytotoxic agent.
2. Description of Related Art
Microtubules are a topic of intense research because of their important and multiple functions in the cell. Many of the potential anticancer agents act on microtubules and arrest mitosis as during mitotic cell division, microtubules play a crucial role by maintaining proper spindle function. Microtubule effectors work in two ways, they can interfere with microtubule dynamics and they can shift the tubulin-microtubule equilibrium in the cell by either inducing or inhibiting microtubule polymerization. There are three major classes of microtubule effectors. Taxanes stabilize microtubules by blocking disassembly. Vinca alkaloids and colchicine site binders destabilize microtubules by the inhibition of assembly of tubulin molecules, the major component of microtubules. Taxanes like Paclitaxel, docetaxel and vinca alkaloids like vincristine and vinblastine are well characterized and widely used clinically in different types of malignancies.
The main drawback of Taxanes and vinca alkaloids is that their use is limited by the development of drug resistance, neurotoxicity and limited availability leading to very high expenses involved.
The derivatives of diaminoketothiazoles have received much attention lately as inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases and glycogen synthase kinase-3. These are thus claimed to be useful for the treatment of malignancies and Alzheimer's disease, impaired glucose tolerance, Type 1 and 2 diabetes.
For the synthesis of diaminoketothiazoles, there exist only few methods. The first method makes use of a cyanothiourea derivative to provide the (C—N—C—S) atoms required for the thiazole construction and the remaining C atom is sourced from an alpha-haloketone. The second method utilizes thiocarbamoylamidine derivatives as the source of the (C—N—C—S) four-atom complement.
In the third approach, an S-alkyldithiobiuret serves as synthon for providing the (C—N—C—S) four-atom complement. These methods are usually suited for the solution phase synthesis of the title compounds. However, in the light of combinatorial library synthesis, solid phase methods are much more desirable. Such approaches allow rapid synthesis of a large number of analogue molecules that can be later subjected to bioactivity screening.
An object of this invention is to propose a Diaminoketothiazole (DAT1) and a novel process for the preparation thereof.
Another object of this invention is to propose a new solid phase synthesis of diaminoketothiazoles.
Further object of this invention is to propose a useful method for the synthesis of diaminoketothiazoles on a solid support.
Still further object of this invention is to propose a process of synthesis of diaminoketothiazoles (DAT1) which is cheap and cost effective.
Another object of this invention is to propose DAT1 as a microtubule inhibitor and cytotoxic agent.
Still another object of this invention is to propose diaminoketothiazoles for the treatment of cancer and other disease using its microtubule inhibition activity.
Yet another object of this invention is to propose diaminoketothiazoles as a probe for structure-function studies of tubulin-microtubule system.
According to this invention there is provided a Diaminoketothiazole (DAT1). Further, according to this invention there is also provided a process for the solid phase synthesis of diaminoketothiazoles comprising, reacting aminomethylpolystyrene beads with 1-[N-(arylthiocarbamoyl)amidino]-3,5-dimethylpyrazole to produce N—(N-arylthiocarbamoyl)-N-guanidinomethyl polystyrene (2); reacting said N—(N-arylthiocarbamoyl)-N-guanidinomethyl polystyrene with alpha haloketones in the presence of a base which produces the acyclic S-alkyl intermediate derivative (3); subjecting the said intermediate thus formed directly, without isolation, to the step of cyclisation to obtain the intermediate cyclic thiazoline (4); subjecting the intermediate thus formed to a step of eliminative aromatization again directly, without isolation, to produce diaminoketothiazole in the solution; filtering the said solution to remove the polymer beads, if any, and impurities and subsequently isolating 5-aroyl-4-amino-2-arylaminothiazoles from the solution by precipitation.
According to another embodiment of this invention, there is provided the use of diaminoketothiazole as a microtubule inhibitor, a tubulin binding agent and a cytotoxic agent.
The present invention relates to the solid phase synthesis of diaminoketothiazoles on polymer beads. The details of the new invention are described below.
Polymer beads comprising DVB-cross linked chloromethylpolystyrene such as 2% by wt, was converted to aminomethylpolystyrene (AMPS) by a reported method. The aminomethylpolystyrene beads so obtained were then reacted by a new method with 1-[(N-arylthiocarbamoyl)amidino]-3,5-dimethylpyrazole 1 which acts as a thiocarbamoyl group transfer agent. This converts the amino group on the polymer bead into a N—(N-arylthiocarbamoyl)guanidine group giving novel N—(N-arylthiocarbamoyl)-N′-guanidinomethyl polystyrene 2 (AGMPS) is on reaction with alpha haloketones in the presence of a base gives the acyclic S-alkyl intermediate derivative 3, which then directly and in citu undergoes a cyclisation to the next intermediate cyclic thiazoline 4, followed by an eliminative aromatisation step in which the aminomethyl polystyrene acts as a leaving group, thus leading to the release of diaminoketothiazole 5 in solution. A filtration removes the polymer, dilution of the solvent with water cleanly precipitates the product 5-aroyl-4-amino-2-arylaminothiazoles 5.
DAT1 distorts microtubules in HeLa cells as well as inhibits the in vitro assembly of microtubular proteins. It exhibits cytotoxicity in different types of cancer cell lines and is much more active than paclitaxel and somewhat more active than vinblastine in drug resistant cancer cells. It is much less toxic to normal cells than cancer cells. Moreover, its synthesis is quite cheap compared to the cost involved in the synthesis of taxanes and vinca alkaloids.
The compound DAT1 was tested for its cytotoxicity on human cervical, uterus and colon cancer cell lines and mouse fibrocercoma cells. Cell lines were obtained from ATCC, USA and NCCS, Pune, India. MTT assay, which correlates a formazan dye formation with the number of viable cells, was used for this purpose. The widely used anticancer drugs paclitaxel, vinblastine or the antimitotic drug colchicine were used for comparison. In 5 out of the 9 cell lines tested, DAT1 showed activity with IC5 values in a range of 0.05-0.3 μM, and in 2 cell lines, the values were in the range of 1-5 μM (Table 1). These values were either comparable or 5-20 times lower than paclitaxel and vinblastine. Subsequently, DAT1 was tested on the multidrug resistant cell line MES-SA/DX5, which is resistant to a number of important antimitotic and anticancer agents, viz, colchicine, paclitaxel, vinca alkaloids, doxorubicin etc. It was found to be 15 and 2 times more active than paclitaxel and vinblastine respectively.
The cell survival in the normal immortalized cell line IMR 90 (lung epithelial) was good after the treatment of DAT1 in a concentration which was much more than the IC50 values in all the cancer cell lines tested. In comparison, the cell survival was less upon vinblastine treatment and similar upon paclitaxel treatment in similar concentrations (data not shown).
As many of the potential anticancer drugs are antimitotic and microtubule effectors, DAT1 was tested for its effect on microtubule assembly. A spectrophotometric assay was used for this purpose where turbidity at 350 nm was used to quantitate amount of microtubule polymers formed from microtubular proteins.
The in vivo effect of DAT1 on microtubules was tested on HeLa (cervical cancer cell line) cells after an incubation of 48 hours and staining the microtubule network by an antitubulin antibody followed by a Rhodamine labeled secondary antibody.
As tubulin is the major component of microtubulin the effect of DAT1 on purified tubulin was checked. DAT1 absorbs light with absorption maxima at 212 nm, 283 nm and 374 nm in methanol. Although DAT1 doesn't exhibit any fluorescence by itself in aqueous solution, when incubated with tubulin, it showed fluorescence with an emission maximum of 457 nm upon excitation at 374 nm. The fluorescence intensity increased with the increase in concentration of tubulin showing that it bound to tubulin.
To measure the binding affinity and stoichiometry of DAT1 binding to tubulin, a titration of tubulin with DAT1 at 24° C., was performed and the fluorescence values at 450 nm were noted upon excitation at 374 nm. A Kd (Dissociation constant) value of 2.9±1 μM and a stoichiometry of 1 were calculated (mean of three experiments) from a scatchard plot.
All these observations place DAT1 in a suitable position for consideration as a good microtubule inhibitor, a suitable probe for the structure-function studies of tubulin-microtubule system and a potential anticancer agent. The physical (IR spectral, NMR and MS spectral) data are shown in Table 2.
Aminomethylpolystyrene resin beads (2 g, 2.13 meq. NH2/g resin) was swelled in acetonitrile (5 ml). To the swelled resin, a solution of 1-[(N-arylthiocarbamoyl)amidino]-3,5-dimethylpyrazole 1 (2 molar equivalents) in acetonitrile (10 mL) was added. The mixture was then refluxed for 12-15 h. The resin beads were then removed by filtration, washed repeatedly with warm and then cold acetonitrile (3×10 ml), then with petroleum ether (60-80° b.p) (2×10 ml) and then dried in vacuum. The S capacity of the resin was then estimated by digestion and gravimetry by standard procedures. This was found to be in the range 0.98-1.32 meg/g resin.
The above arylthiocarbamoyl resin (AGMPS) was swelled in N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) (5 ml). To this, the respective alpha-bromoketone (molar equivalent as per S-capacity) in DMF (2 ml) was added followed by two molar equivalents of triethylamine.
The mixture was warmed to 50-60° C. for 2-5 h. The resin beads were removed by filtration, washed with DMF and the pooled filtrate and washings were carefully diluted by ice-cold water (100 ml). The precipitated 5-aroyl-4-amino-2-arylaminothiazoles 5 were collected by filtration and purified by crystallization or column chromatography on silica gel. A few typical results in the preparation of thiazole 5 is given below.
MTT assay was used to determine the number of viable cells upon drug addition. Cells were seeded in microtitre plates (generally 5×103 cells per well) and were incubated with different concentrations of the cytotoxic agents for 48 h. Subsequently, 100 μl of MTT solution (0.6 mg/ml) was added per well and incubated at 37° C. for additional 2 h. The amount of formazan salt was quantified in quadruplicates by recording the absorbance at 570 nm using a Biorad Plate reader. The growth inhibition constants (IC50) were calculated from the semi-logarithmic dose response plots using the nonlinear regression program Origin. All the experiments were done for at least three times.
Microtubular protein was prepared from goat brains by two cycles of temperature dependent assembly-disassembly process in PEM buffer (100 mM PIPES, pH 6.9, 1 mM MgCl2 & 1 mM EGTA) with 1 mM GTP at 37° C. For the polymerization experiments it was followed by one more cycle in PEM. Tubulin was purified from 2×MTP using glutamate buffer for assembly.
MTP polymerization, in the presence or absence of DAT1, was measured by the time course of the turbidity at 37° C. at 345 nm. A Shimadzu UV-1601 double beam spectrophotometer fitted with a temperature-controlled circulating water bath was used for this purpose.
HeLa cells were incubated with the drug for 24 h at 37° C., washed with PBS and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde at 4° C. Subsequently, they were washed and permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X-100 in PBS or 20 min at 37° C. Microtubules were stained by a mouse monoclonal antibody against β-tubulin in 1:100 dilution followed by a Rhodamine conjugated goat antimouse antibody in 1:50 dilution and were observed by a Nikon Eclipse TE300 microscope.
Emission spectra of DAT1 in presence of tubulin were recorded from 400 nm to 600 nm using an excitation wavelength of 374 nm. Excitation and emission bandpasses are 2.5 nm each and the fluorescence values recorded are uncorrected. All fluorescence measurements were performed in a Perkin-Elmer model LS50B Luminescence spectrometer.
The binding parameters of DAT1 binding to tubulin were measured from fluorescence data by the standard Scatchard analysis. The binding constants and stoichiometries were determined from Scatchard plot using 2 μM tubulin and varying DAT1 over 0.2-20 μM. Fluorescence values were recorded at 450 nm using an excitation wavelength of 350 nm to reduce the absorbance of DAT1. Inner filter effect corrections were performed to minimize the effect of high absorbance of the fluorophore.
Different concentrations of DAT1, paclitaxel and vinblastine or colchicine were incubated at 37° C. with the different cell lines. After 48 hours, drug containing media were removed and MTT assay were done as described in the examples IC50 values (growth inhibition constants) were calculated using the nonlinear regression program Origin. The average of three experiments is shown.
1H NMR δ
This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/578,566, filed Jan. 8, 2008 and entitled “DAT1”, which is the United States National phase application of PCT/IN04/00108, filed Apr. 16, 2004. The entire contents of the above-referenced applications are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11578566 | Jan 2008 | US |
| Child | 12509809 | US |
