This invention generally relates to wireless code division multiple access communication systems. In particular, the invention relates to data detection of communications having non-uniform spreading factors in such systems.
In code division multiple access (CDMA) communication systems, multiple communications may be simultaneously sent over a shared frequency spectrum. Each communication is distinguished by the code used to transmit the communication. Data symbols of a communication are spread using chips of the code. The number of chips used to transmit a particular symbol is referred to as the spreading factor. To illustrate, for a spreading factor of sixteen (16), sixteen chips are used to transmit one symbol. Typical spreading factors (SF) are 16, 8, 4, 2 and 1 in TDD/CDMA communication systems.
In some CDMA communication systems to better utilize the shared spectrum, the spectrum is time divided into frames having a predetermined number of time slots, such as fifteen time slots. This type of system is referred to as a hybrid CDMA/time division multiple access (TDMA) communication system. One such system, which restricts uplink communications and downlink communications to particular time slots, is a time division duplex communication (TDD) system.
One approach to receive the multiple communications transmitted within the shared spectrum is joint detection. In joint detection, the data from the multiple communications is determined together. The joint detector uses the, known or determined, codes of the multiple communications and estimates the data of the multiple communications as soft symbols. Some typical implementations for joint detectors use zero forcing block linear equalizers (ZF-BLE) applying Cholesky or approximate Cholesky decomposition or fast Fourier transforms.
These implementations are typically designed for all the communications to have the same spreading factor. Simultaneously handling communications having differing spreading factors is a problem for such systems.
Accordingly, it is desirable to be able to handle differing spreading factors in joint detection.
A plurality of communication signals is received. Each communication signal has an associated code. At least two of the communication signals has a different spreading factor. The associated codes have a scrambling code period. A total system response matrix has blocks. Each block has one dimension of a length M and another dimension of a length based on in part M and the spreading factor of each communication. M is based on the scrambling code period. Data of the received plurality of communication signals is received using the constructed system response matrix.
The embodiments of the invention can generally be used with any type of CDMA system, such as a TDD/CDMA, TDMA/CDMA or frequency division duplex/CDMA communication system, as well as other types of communication systems.
Data symbols to be transmitted to the receiver 22 are processed by a modulation and spreading device 24 at the transmitter 20. The modulation and spreading device 24 spreads the data with the codes and at spreading factors assigned to the communications carrying the data. The communications are radiated by an antenna 26 or antenna array of the transmitter 20 through a wireless radio interface 28.
At the receiver 22, the communications, possibly along with other transmitters' communications, are received at an antenna 30 or antenna array of the receiver 22. The received signal is sampled by a sampling device 32, such as at the chip rate or at a multiple of the chip rate, to produce a received vector, r. The received vector is processed by a channel estimation device 36 to estimate the channel impulse responses for the received communications. The channel estimation device 36 may use a training sequence in the received communication, a pilot signal or another technique to estimate the impulse responses. A non-uniform spreading factor data detection device 34 uses the codes of the received communications and the estimated impulse responses to estimate soft symbols, d, of the spread data.
Data detection for codes having non-uniform spreading factors is illustrated in
The samples of the combined received K communications are collected over the observation interval as a received vector, r. The length in chips of ris the number of chips transmitted in the observation interval of each communication, Nc, added to the length of the channel impulse response, W, less one, (Nc+W−1).
A kth communication of the K communications as transmitted can be represented as x(k). An ith chip within a symbol boundary of each symbol is defined as xi(k) and is per Equation 1.
Ns(k) is the number of symbols of the kth communication in the observation interval. dn(k) is the symbol value of an nth symbol of the Ns(k) symbols. v(n,k) is the portion of the code sequence of the kth communication within the nth symbol boundary (v(n,k) is zero outside the nth symbol boundary). vi(n,k) is the ith chip of the portion of the code sequence within the symbol boundary (vi(n,k) is zero except for the ith chip within the nth symbol boundary).
Equation 1 can be extended to a matrix equation per Equation 2.
x(k)=V(k)d(k) Equation 2
V(k) is a spreading matrix for communication k and has Ns(k) columns and Nc rows. An nth column of V(k) is v(n,k).
After transmission through the wireless channel, x(k) experiences a channel impulse response h(k). h(k) is W chips in length. hj(k) is a jth chip of h(k). Ignoring noise, the contribution, r(k) of communication k to the received vector, r, is per Equation 3.
In matrix form, Equation 3 is per Equation 4.
r(k)=H(k)V(k)d(k) Equation 4
H(k) is the channel response matrix for communication k and has Nc columns and (Nc+W−1) rows. The support of an ith column of H(k) is the channel impulse response h(k). The first element of the support for an ith column of H(k) is the ith element of that column.
For each communication k, a system transmission matrix A(k) can be constructed per Equation 5.
A(k)=H(k)V(k) Equation 5
A total system transmission matrix can be formed by combining each communication's system response matrix A(k), such as per Equation 6.
A=[A(1), A(2), . . . , A(K)] Equation 6
However, such a total system response matrix A would have an extremely large bandwidth. To reduce the matrix bandwidth, a block-banded toeplitz matrix is constructed, having the columns of the matrix of Equation 6 rearranged.
The height, (M+W−1), of blocks in the matrix is based on the period of the scrambling code. In many communication systems, the scrambling code repeats over a specified number of chips. To illustrate for a TDD/CDMA communication system, the scrambling code repeats after 16 chips (M=16).
A maximum spreading code of the K communications or a maximum spreading code of the communication system is referred to as QMAX. To illustrate, a typical TDD/CDMA communication system has a maximum spreading factor of 16 and a receiver in such a system receives communications having spreading factors of 4 and 8. In such a system, QMAX may be 16 (the maximum of the system) or 8 (the maximum of the received communications).
If the scrambling code period is not an integer multiple of QMAX, a multiple of the period may be used instead of M for constructing the blocks. To illustrate, if QMAX is 16 and the period is 24, three times the period (48 chips) may be used, since it is evenly divisible by 16 and 24.
Initially, columns from A(1), A(2), . . . , A(K) are selected to construct the A matrix based on each k communication's spreading factor. For the first columns of the A matrix, M/Q1 of the first columns of A(1) are selected, as shown in
A second super column is constructed in the same manner by selecting the next columns in the A(1), A(2), . . . , A(K) matrices. The other super columns are constructed in the same manner.
Although this illustration selects columns from the matrices in numerical order, A(1), A(2), . . . , A(K), the order of the matrices can vary. Although the resource units can be arranged in any order and still achieve a reduced bandwidth, by placing resource units transmitted with the lowest spreading factors at the exterior of each block, the bandwidth may be further reduced. However, in some implementations, the potential reduction in bandwidth may not outweigh the added complexity for reordering the K communications.
Each super column is divided into blocks having M rows, as per Equation 8, (step 102).
As shown in Equation 8, the non-zero elements of each subsequent column is M rows (one block) lower in the matrix. The number of non-zero blocks in each column is L, which is per Equation 9.
The data detection can be modeled per Equation 10.
r=Ad+n Equation 10
where nis the noise vector. A zero-forcing solution to Equation 10 is per Equations 11 and 12.
AHr=Rd Equation 11
R=AHA Equation 12
where (·)H is a complex conjugate transpose operation (Hermetian).
A minimum mean square error solution to Equation 10 is per Equations 13 and 14.
AHr=Rd Equation 13
R=AHA+σ2I Equation 14
where σ2 is the noise variance and I is the identity matrix.
To solve either Equation 11 or 13 in a brute force approach, a matrix inversion of R, R−1, is required. Using the A matrix of Equation 8, the structure of the R matrix of either Equation 12 or 14 is per Equation 15.
As shown in Equation 15, the R matrix is block-banded and Toeplitz. As a result, solving either Equation 11 or 13 for dcan be readily implemented using a block Cholesky or approximate Cholesky decomposition, (step 104). Alternately, using a circulant approximation of the R matrix of Equation 9, a block fast Fourier transform approach can be used to solve for d, (step 104).
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/962,779, filed Dec. 21, 2007 now U.S. Pat. No 7,596,171, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/834,321, filed Apr. 28, 2004, now Issued U.S. Pat. No. 7,313,165 on Dec. 25, 2007, which claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/064,307, filed Jul. 1, 2002, now Issued U.S. Pat. No. 6,741,653 on May 24, 2004, which are incorporated by reference as if fully set forth.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 11962779 | Dec 2007 | US |
Child | 12549959 | US | |
Parent | 10834321 | Apr 2004 | US |
Child | 11962779 | US |