Patent Grant
11109019
This disclosure relates to data encoding and decoding.
The “background” description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent it is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description which may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, is neither expressly or impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure.
There are several video data encoding and decoding systems which involve transforming video data into a frequency domain representation, quantising the frequency domain coefficients and then applying some form of entropy encoding to the quantised coefficients. This can achieve compression of the video data. A corresponding decoding or decompression technique is applied to recover a reconstructed version of the original video data.
Current video codecs (coder-decoders) such as those used in H.264/MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) achieve data compression primarily by only encoding the differences between successive video frames. These codecs use a regular array of so-called macroblocks, each of which is used as a region of comparison with a corresponding macroblock in a previous video frame, and the image region within the macroblock is then encoded according to the degree of motion found between the corresponding current and previous macroblocks in the video sequence, or between neighbouring macroblocks within a single frame of the video sequence.
High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), also known as H.265 or MPEG-H Part 2, is a proposed successor to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. It is intended for HEVC to improve video quality and double the data compression ratio compared to 11.264, and for it to be scalable from 128×96 to 7680×4320 pixels resolution, roughly equivalent to bit rates ranging from 128 kbit/s to 800 Mbit/s.
In HEVC a so-called 4:2:0 block structure is proposed for consumer equipment, in which the amount of data used in each chroma channel is one quarter that in the luma channel. This is because subjectively people are more sensitive to brightness variations than to colour variations, and so it is possible to use greater compression and/or less information in the colour channels without a subjective loss of quality.
HEVC replaces the macroblocks found in existing H.264 and MPEG standards with a more flexible scheme based upon coding units (CUs), which are variable size structures.
Consequently, when encoding the image data in video frames, the CU sizes can be selected responsive to the apparent image complexity or detected motion levels, instead of using uniformly distributed macroblocks. Consequently far greater compression can be achieved in regions with little motion between frames and with little variation within a frame, whilst better image quality can be preserved in areas of high inter-frame motion or image complexity.
Each CU contains one or more variable-block-sized prediction units (PUs) of either intra-picture or inter-picture prediction type, and one or more transform units (TUs) which contain coefficients for spatial block transform and quantisation.
Moreover, PU and TU blocks are provided for each of three channels; luma (Y), being a luminance or brightness channel, and which may be thought of as a greyscale channel, and two colour difference or chrominance (chroma) channels; Cb and Cr. These channels provide the colour for the greyscale image of the luma channel. The terms Y, luminance and luma are used interchangeably in this description, and similarly the terms Cb and Cr, chrominance and chroma, are used interchangeably as appropriate, noting that chrominance or chroma can be used generically for “one or both of Cr and Cb”, whereas when a specific chrominance channel is being discussed it will be identified by the term Cb or Cr.
Generally PUs are considered to be channel independent, except that a PU has a luma part and a chroma part. Generally, this means that the samples forming part of the PU for each channel represent the same region of the image, so that there is a fixed relationship between the PUs between the three channels. For example, for 4:2:0 video, an 8×8 PU for Luma always has a corresponding 4×4 PU for chroma, with the chroma parts of the PU representing the same area as the luma part, but containing a smaller number of pixels because of the subsampled nature of the 4:2:0 chroma data compared to the luma data in 4:2:0 video. (In 4:4:4 the sampling rates are the same and so the same PU structures can be used for luma and chroma samples). The two chrome channels share intra-prediction information; and the three channels share inter-prediction information. Similarly, the TU structure also has a fixed relationship between the three channels.
However, for professional broadcast and digital cinema equipment, it is desirable to have less compression (or more information) in the chroma channels, and this may affect how current and proposed HEVC processing operates.
The present disclosure addresses or mitigates problems arising from this processing.
Respective aspects and features of the present disclosure are defined in the appended claims.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary, but are not restrictive, of the present technology.
A more complete appreciation of the disclosure and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Referring now to the drawings,
All of the data compression and/or decompression apparatus to be described below may be implemented in hardware, in software running on a general-purpose data processing apparatus such as a general-purpose computer, as programmable hardware such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or field programmable gate array (FPGA) or as combinations of these. In cases where the embodiments are implemented by software and/or firmware, it will be appreciated that such software and/or firmware, and non-transitory data storage media by which such software and/or firmware are stored or otherwise provided, are considered as embodiments of the present technology.
An input audio/video signal 10 is supplied to a video data compression apparatus 20 which compresses at least the video component of the audio/video signal 10 for transmission along a transmission route 30 such as a cable, an optical fibre, a wireless link or the like. The compressed signal is processed by a decompression apparatus 40 to provide an output audio/video signal 50. For the return path, a compression apparatus 60 compresses an audio/video signal for transmission along the transmission route 30 to a decompression apparatus 70.
The compression apparatus 20 and decompression apparatus 70 can therefore form one node of a transmission link. The decompression apparatus 40 and decompression apparatus 60 can form another node of the transmission link. Of course, in instances where the transmission link is uni-directional, only one of the nodes would require a compression apparatus and the other node would only require a decompression apparatus.
It will be appreciated that the compressed or encoded signal, and a storage medium storing that signal, are considered as embodiments of the present technology.
The techniques to be described below relate primarily to video data compression and decompression. It will be appreciated that many existing techniques may be used for audio data compression in conjunction with the video data compression techniques which will be described, to generate a compressed audio/video signal. Accordingly, a separate discussion of audio data compression will not be provided. It will also be appreciated that the data rate associated with video data, in particular broadcast quality video data, is generally very much higher than the data rate associated with audio data (whether compressed or uncompressed). It will therefore be appreciated that uncompressed audio data could accompany compressed video data to form a compressed audio/video signal. It will further be appreciated that although the present examples (shown in
A controller 343 controls the overall operation of the apparatus and, in particular when referring to a compression mode, controls the trial encoding processes (to be described below) by acting as a selector to select various modes of operation such as CU, PU and TU block sizes and whether the video data is to be encoded losslessly or otherwise.
Successive images of an input video signal 300 are supplied to an adder 310 and to an image predictor 320. The image predictor 320 will be described below in more detail with reference to
One reason why a residual image signal is generated is as follows. The data coding techniques to be described, that is to say the techniques which will be applied to the residual image signal, tend to work more efficiently when there is less “energy” in the image to be encoded. Here, the term “efficiently” refers to the generation of a small amount of encoded data; for a particular image quality level, it is desirable (and considered “efficient”) to generate as little data as is practicably possible. The reference to “energy” in the residual image relates to the amount of information contained in the residual image. If the predicted image were to be identical to the real image, the difference between the two (that is to say, the residual image) would contain zero information (zero energy) and would be very easy to encode into a small amount of encoded data. In general, if the prediction process can be made to work reasonably well, the expectation is that the residual image data will contain less information (less energy) than the input image and so will be easier to encode into a small amount of encoded data.
The remainder of the apparatus acting as an encoder (to encode the residual or difference image) will now be described. The residual image data 330 is supplied to a transform unit 340 which generates a discrete cosine transform (DCT) representation of the residual image data. The DCT technique itself is well known and will not be described in detail here. There are however aspects of the techniques used in the present apparatus which will be described in more detail below, in particular relating to the selection of different blocks of data to which the DCT operation is applied. These will be discussed with reference to
The output of the transform unit 340, which is to say, a set of DOT coefficients for each transformed block of image data, is supplied to a quantiser 350. Various quantisation techniques are known in the field of video data compression, ranging from a simple multiplication by a quantisation scaling factor through to the application of complicated lookup tables under the control of a quantisation parameter. The general aim is twofold. Firstly, the quantisation process reduces the number of possible values of the transformed data. Secondly, the quantisation process can increase the likelihood that values of the transformed data are zero. Both of these can make the entropy encoding process, to be described below, work more efficiently in generating small amounts of compressed video data.
A data scanning process is applied by a scan unit 360. The purpose of the scanning process is to reorder the quantised transformed data so as to gather as many as possible of the non-zero quantised transformed coefficients together, and of course therefore to gather as many as possible of the zero-valued coefficients together. These features can allow so-called run-length coding or similar techniques to be applied efficiently. So, the scanning process involves selecting coefficients from the quantised transformed data, and in particular from a block of coefficients corresponding to a block of image data which has been transformed and quantised, according to a “scanning order” so that (a) all of the coefficients are selected once as part of the scan, and (b) the scan tends to provide the desired reordering. One example scanning order which can tend to give useful results is a so-called up-right diagonal scanning order.
The scanned coefficients are then passed to an entropy encoder (EE) 370. Again, various types of entropy encoding may be used. Two examples are variants of the so-called CABAC (Context Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding) system and variants of the so-called CAVLC (Context Adaptive Variable-Length Coding) system. In general terms, CABAC is considered to provide a better efficiency, and in some studies has been shown to provide a 10-20% reduction in the quantity of encoded output data for a comparable image quality compared to CAVLC. However, CAVLC is considered to represent a much lower level of complexity (in terms of its implementation) than CABAC. Note that the scanning process and the entropy encoding process are shown as separate processes, but in fact can be combined or treated together. That is to say, the reading of data into the entropy encoder can take place in the scan order. Corresponding considerations apply to the respective inverse processes to be described below. Note that the current HEVC documents under consideration at the time of filing no longer include the possibility of a CAVLC coefficient encoder.
The output of the entropy encoder 370, along with additional data (mentioned above and/or discussed below), for example defining the manner in which the predictor 320 generated the predicted image, provides a compressed output video signal 380.
However, a return path is also provided because the operation of the predictor 320 itself depends upon a decompressed version of the compressed output data.
The reason for this feature is as follows. At the appropriate stage in the decompression process (to be described below) a decompressed version of the residual data is generated. This decompressed residual data has to be added to a predicted image to generate an output image (because the original residual data was the difference between the input image and a predicted image). In order that this process is comparable, as between the compression side and the decompression side, the predicted images generated by the predictor 320 should be the same during the compression process and during the decompression process. Of course, at decompression, the apparatus does not have access to the original input images, but only to the decompressed images. Therefore, at compression, the predictor 320 bases its prediction (at least, for inter-image encoding) on decompressed versions of the compressed images.
The entropy encoding process carried out by the entropy encoder 370 is considered to be “lossless”, which is to say that it can be reversed to arrive at exactly the same data which was first supplied to the entropy encoder 370. So, the return path can be implemented before the entropy encoding stage. Indeed, the scanning process carried out by the scan unit 360 is also considered lossless, but in the present embodiment the return path 390 is from the output of the quantiser 350 to the input of a complimentary inverse quantiser 420.
In general terms, an entropy decoder 410, the reverse scan unit 400, an inverse quantiser 420 and an inverse transform unit 430 provide the respective inverse functions of the entropy encoder 370, the scan unit 360, the quantiser 350 and the transform unit 340. For now, the discussion will continue through the compression process; the process to decompress an input compressed video signal will be discussed separately below.
In the compression process, the scanned coefficients are passed by the return path 390 from the quantiser 350 to the inverse quantiser 420 which carries out the inverse operation of the scan unit 360. An inverse quantisation and inverse transformation process are carried out by the units 420, 430 to generate a compressed-decompressed residual image signal 440.
The image signal 440 is added, at an adder 450, to the output of the predictor 320 to generate a reconstructed output image 460. This forms one input to the image predictor 320, as will be described below.
Turning now to the process applied to decompress a received compressed video signal 470, the signal is supplied to the entropy decoder 410 and from there to the chain of the reverse scan unit 400, the inverse quantiser 420 and the inverse transform unit 430 before being added to the output of the image predictor 320 by the adder 450. So, at the decoder side, the decoder reconstructs a version of the residual image and then applies this (by the adder 450) to the predicted version of the image (on a block by block basis) so as to decode each block. In straightforward terms, the output 460 of the adder 450 forms the output decompressed video signal 480. In practice, further filtering may be applied before the signal is output.
So, the apparatus of
There are two basic modes of prediction carried out by the image predictor 320: so-called intra-image prediction and so-called inter-image, or motion-compensated (MC), prediction. At the encoder side, each involves detecting a prediction direction in respect of a current block to be predicted, and generating a predicted block of samples according to other samples (in the same (intra) or another (inter) image). By virtue of the units 310 or 450, the difference between the predicted block and the actual block is encoded or applied so as to encode or decode the block respectively.
Intra-image prediction bases a prediction of the content of a block of the image on data from within the same image. This corresponds to so-called I-frame encoding in other video compression techniques. In contrast to I-frame encoding, where the whole image is intra-encoded, in the present embodiments the choice between intra- and inter-encoding can be made on a block-by-block basis, though in other embodiments the choice is still made on an image-by-image basis.
Motion-compensated prediction is an example of inter-image prediction and makes use of motion information which attempts to define the source, in another adjacent or nearby image, of image detail to be encoded in the current image. Accordingly, in an ideal example, the contents of a block of image data in the predicted image can be encoded very simply as a reference (a motion vector) pointing to a corresponding block at the same or a slightly different position in an adjacent image.
Returning to
The actual prediction, in the intra-encoding system, is made on the basis of image blocks received as part of the signal 460, which is to say, the prediction is based upon encoded-decoded image blocks in order that exactly the same prediction can be made at a decompression apparatus. However, data can be derived from the input video signal 300 by an intra-mode selector 520 to control the operation of the intra-image predictor 530.
For inter-image prediction, a motion compensated (MC) predictor 540 uses motion information such as motion vectors derived by a motion estimator 550 from the input video signal 300. Those motion vectors are applied to a processed version of the reconstructed image 460 by the motion compensated predictor 540 to generate blocks of the inter-image prediction.
Accordingly, the units 530 and 540 (operating with the estimator 550) each act as detectors to detect a prediction direction in respect of a current block to be predicted, and as a generator to generate a predicted block of samples (forming part of the prediction passed to the units 310 and 450) according to other samples defined by the prediction direction.
The processing applied to the signal 460 will now be described. Firstly, the signal is filtered by a filter unit 560, which will be describe in greater detail below. This involves applying a “deblocking” filter to remove or at least tend to reduce the effects of the block-based processing carried out by the transform unit 340 and subsequent operations. A sample adaptive offsetting (SAO) filter (described further below) may also be used. Also, an adaptive loop filter is applied using coefficients derived by processing the reconstructed signal 460 and the input video signal 300. The adaptive loop filter is a type of filter which, using known techniques, applies adaptive filter coefficients to the data to be filtered. That is to say, the filter coefficients can vary in dependence upon various factors. Data defining which filter coefficients to use is included as part of the encoded output datastream.
Adaptive filtering represents in-loop filtering for image restoration. An LCU can be filtered by up to 16 filters, with a choice of filter and an ALF on/off status (adaptive loop filter—see below) being derived in respect of each CU within the LCU. Currently the control is at the LCU level, not the CU level.
The filtered output from the filter unit 560 in fact forms the output video signal 480 when the apparatus is operating as a compression apparatus. It is also buffered in one or more image or frame stores 570; the storage of successive images is a requirement of motion compensated prediction processing, and in particular the generation of motion vectors. To save on storage requirements, the stored images in the image stores 570 may be held in a compressed form and then decompressed for use in generating motion vectors. For this particular purpose, any known compression/decompression system may be used. The stored images are passed to an interpolation filter 580 which generates a higher resolution version of the stored images; in this example, intermediate samples (sub-samples) are generated such that the resolution of the interpolated image is output by the interpolation filter 580 is 4 times (in each dimension) that of the images stored in the image stores 570 for the luminance channel of 4:2:0 and 8 times (in each dimension) that of the images stored in the image stores 570 for the chrominance channels of 4:2:0. The interpolated images are passed as an input to the motion estimator 550 and also to the motion compensated predictor 540.
In embodiments, a further optional stage is provided, which is to multiply the data values of the input video signal by a factor of four using a multiplier 600 (effectively just shifting the data values left by two bits), and to apply a corresponding divide operation (shift right by two bits) at the output of the apparatus using a divider or right-shifter 610. So, the shifting left and shifting right changes the data purely for the internal operation of the apparatus. This measure can provide for higher calculation accuracy within the apparatus, as the effect of any data rounding errors is reduced.
The way in which an image is partitioned for compression processing will now be described. At a basic level, an image to be compressed is considered as an array of blocks of samples. For the purposes of the present discussion, the largest such block under consideration is a so-called largest coding unit (LCU) 700 (
Three basic types of blocks will be described: coding units, prediction units and transform units. In general terms, the recursive subdividing of the LCUs allows an input picture to be partitioned in such a way that both the block sizes and the block coding parameters (such as prediction or residual coding modes) can be set according to the specific characteristics of the image to be encoded.
The LCU may be subdivided into so-called coding units (CU). Coding units are always square and have a size between 8×8 samples and the full size of the LCU 700. The coding units can be arranged as a kind of tree structure, so that a first subdivision may take place as shown in
As mentioned above, coding takes place as one LCU, then a next LCU, and so on. Within an LCU, coding is carried out CU by CU. Within a CU, coding is carried out for one TU, then a next TU and so on.
The intra-prediction process will now be discussed. In general terms, intra-prediction involves generating a prediction of a current block (a prediction unit) of samples from previously-encoded and decoded samples in the same image.
The block 810 represents an LCU; as discussed above, for the purposes of intra-image prediction processing, this may be subdivided into a set of smaller prediction units and transform units. An example of a current TU 830 is shown within the LCU 810.
The intra-image prediction takes into account samples coded prior to the current TU being considered, such as those above and/or to the left of the current TU. Source samples, from which the required samples are predicted, may be located at different positions or directions relative to the current TU. To decide which direction is appropriate for a current prediction unit, the mode selector 520 of an example encoder may test all combinations of available TU structures for each candidate direction and select the PU direction and TU structure with the best compression-efficiency.
The picture may also be encoded on a “slice” basis. In one example, a slice is a horizontally adjacent group of LCUs. But in more general terms, the entire residual image could form a slice, or a slice could be a single LCU, or a slice could be a row of LCUs, and so on. Slices can give some resilience to errors as they are encoded as independent units. The encoder and decoder states are completely reset at a slice boundary. For example, intra-prediction is not carried out across slice boundaries; slice boundaries are treated as image boundaries for this purpose.
In general terms, after detecting a prediction direction in respect of each prediction unit, the systems are operable to generate a predicted block of samples according to other samples defined by the prediction direction.
Variations of the block arrangements and of the CU, PU and TU structures will be discussed below. These will be discussed in the context of the apparatus of
The main substantive differences with respect to
The deblocking filter 1000 attempts to reduce distortion and to improve visual quality and prediction performance by smoothing the sharp edges which can form between CU, PU and TU boundaries when block coding techniques are used.
The SAO filter 1010 classifies reconstructed pixels into different categories and then attempts to reduce distortion by simply adding an offset for each category of pixels. The pixel intensity and edge properties are used for pixel classification. To further improve the coding efficiency, a picture can be divided into regions for localization of offset parameters.
The ALF 1020 attempts to restore the compressed picture such that the difference between the reconstructed and source frames is minimized. The coefficients of ALF are calculated and transmitted on a frame basis. The ALF can be applied to the entire frame or to local areas.
As noted above, the proposed HEVC documents use a particular chroma sampling scheme known as the 4:2:0 scheme. The 4:2:0 scheme can be used for domestic/consumer equipment. However, several other schemes are possible.
In particular, a so-called 4:4:4 scheme would be suitable for professional broadcasting, mastering and digital cinema, and in principle would have the highest quality and data rate.
Similarly, a so-called 4:2:2 scheme could be used in professional broadcasting, mastering and digital cinema with some loss of fidelity.
These schemes and their corresponding possible PU and TU block structures are described below.
In addition, other schemes include the 4:0:0 monochrome scheme.
In the 4:4:4 scheme, each of the three Y, Cb and Cr channels have the same sample rate. In principle therefore, in this scheme there would be twice as much chroma data as luma data.
Hence in HEVC, in this scheme each of the three Y, Cb and Cr channels would have corresponding PU and TU blocks that are the same size; for example an 8×8 luma block would have corresponding 8×8 chrome blocks for each of the two chroma channels.
Consequently in this scheme there would generally be a direct 1:1 relationship between block sizes in each channel.
In the 4:2:2 scheme, the two chroma components are sampled at half the sample rate of luma (for example using vertical or horizontal subsampling, but for the purposes of the present description, horizontal subsampling is assumed). In principle therefore, in this scheme there would be as much chroma data as luma data, though the chroma data would be split between the two chroma channels.
Hence in HEVC, in this scheme the Cb and Cr channels would have different size PU and TU blocks to the luma channel; for example an 8×8 luma block could have corresponding 4 wide×8 high chroma blocks for each chroma channel.
Notably therefore in this scheme the chroma blocks could be non-square, even though they correspond to square luma blocks.
In the currently proposed HEVC 4:2:0 scheme, the two chroma components are sampled at a quarter of the sample rate of luma (for example using vertical and horizontal subsampling). In principle therefore, in this scheme there is half as much chroma data as luma data, the chroma data being split between the two chroma channels.
Hence in HEVC, in this scheme again the Cb and Cr channels have different size PU and TU blocks to the luma channel. For example an 8×8 luma block would have corresponding 4×4 chroma blocks for each chroma channel.
The above schemes are colloquially known in the art as ‘channel ratios’, as in ‘a 4:2:0 channel ratio’; however it will be appreciated from the above description that in fact this does not always mean that the Y, Cb and Cr channels are compressed or otherwise provided in that ratio. Hence whilst referred to as a channel ratio, this should not be assumed to be literal. In fact, the correct ratios for the 4:2:0 scheme are 4:1:1 (the ratios for the 4:2:2 scheme and 4:4:4 scheme are in fact correct).
Before discussing particular arrangements with reference to
A Largest Coding Unit (LCU) is a root picture object. Typically, it covers the area equivalent to 64×64 luma pixels. It is recursively split to form a tree-hierarchy of Coding Units (CUs). In general terms, the three channels (one luma channel and two chroma channels) have the same CU tree-hierarchy. Having said this, however, depending upon the channel ratio, a particular luma CU may comprise a different number of pixels to the corresponding chroma CUs.
The CUs at the end of the tree-hierarchy, which is to say, the smallest CUs resulting from the recursive splitting process (which may be referred to as leaf CUs) are then split into Prediction Units (PUS). The three channels (luma and two chroma channels) have the same PU structure, except when the corresponding PU for a chroma channel would have too few samples, in which case just one PU for that channel is available. This is configurable, but commonly the minimum dimension of an intra PU is 4 samples; the minimum dimension of an inter PU is 4 luma samples (or 2 chroma samples for 4:2:0), The restriction on the minimum CU size always is large enough for at least one PU for any channel.
The leaf CUs are also split into Transform Units (TUs). The TUs can—and, when they are too big (for example, over 32×32 samples), must—be split into further TUs. A limit is applied so that TUs can be split down to a maximum tree depth, currently configured as 2 levels, i.e. there can be no more than 16 TUs for each CU. An illustrative smallest allowable TU size is 4×4 samples and the largest allowable TU size is 32×32 samples. Again, the three channels have the same TU structure wherever possible, but if a TU cannot be split to a particular depth for a given channel due to the size restriction, it remains at the larger size. The so-called non-square quad-tree transform arrangement (NSQT) is similar, but the method of splitting into four TUs need not be 2×2, but can be 4×1 or 1×4.
Referring to
So, for 4:4:4, the chroma channels have the same block sizes as the luma blocks shown in
For 4:2:2 and 4:2:0, the chrome blocks will each have fewer pixels than the corresponding luma block, according to the channel ratio.
The arrangements shown in
Note that 64×64 is currently a maximum CU size but this restriction could change.
Within each row 1100 . . . 1130, different PU options are shown applicable to that CU size. The TU options applicable to those PU configurations are shown horizontally aligned with the respective PU option(s).
Note that in several cases, multiple PU options are provided. As discussed above, the aim of the apparatus in selecting a PU configuration is to match (as closely as possible) the boundary of real objects in the picture, so that different prediction parameters can be applied to different real objects.
The block sizes and shapes and PUs are an encoder based decision, under the control of the controller 343. The current method involves conducting trials of many TU tree structures for many directions, getting the best “cost” at each level. Here, the cost may be expressed as a measure of the distortion, or noise, or errors, or bit rate resulting from each block structure. So, the encoder may try two or more (or even all available) permutations of block sizes and shapes within those allowed under the tree structures and hierarchies discussed above, before selecting the one of the trials which gives the lowest bit rate for a certain required quality measure, or the lowest distortion (or errors, or noise, or combinations of these measures) for a required bit rate, or a combination of these measures.
Given the selection of a particular PU configuration, various levels of splitting may be applied to generate the corresponding TUs. Referring to the row 1100, in the case of a 64×64 PU, this block size is too large for use as a TU and so a first level of splitting (from “level 0” (not split) to “level 1”) is compulsory, resulting in an array of four 32×32 luma TUs. Each of these may be subjected to further splitting in a tree hierarchy (from “level 1” to “level 2”) as required, with the splitting being carried out before transforming or quantising that TU is performed. The maximum number of levels in the TU tree is limited by (for example) the HEVC documents.
Other options are provided for PU sizes and shapes in the case of a 64×64 luma pixel CU. These are restricted to use only with inter-coded pictures and, in some cases, with the so-called AMP option enabled. AMP refers to Asymmetric Motion Partitioning and allows for PUs to be partitioned asymmetrically.
Similarly, in some cases options are provided for TU sizes and shapes. If NQST (non-square quad-tree transform, basically allowing a non-square TU) is enabled, then splitting to level 1 and/or level 2 can be carried out as shown, whereas if NQST is not enabled, the TU sizes follow the splitting pattern of the respective largest TU for that CU size.
Similar options are provided for other CU sizes.
In addition to the graphical representation shown in
4:2:0, 4:2:2 and 4:4:4 Block Structure Variants
It has been appreciated that both 4:2:0 and 4:4:4 schemes have square PU blocks for intra-prediction coding. Moreover, currently the 4:2:0 scheme permits 4×4 pixel PU & TU blocks.
In embodiments, it is consequently proposed that for the 4:4:4 scheme the recursion for CU blocks is permitted down to 4×4 pixels rather than 8×8 pixels, since as noted above in the 4:4:4 mode the luma and chroma blocks will be the same size (i.e. the chroma data is not subsampled) and so for a 4×4 CU no PU or TU will need to be less than the already allowed minimum of 4×4 pixels. This is therefore an example of selecting, for a particular coding unit, a size and shape of one or more prediction units each comprising luminance or chrominance samples from at least a subset of that coding unit, the selection of the prediction unit size and shape being the same for luminance samples and for chrominance samples.
Similarly, in the 4:4:4 scheme, in an embodiment each of the Y, Cr, Cb channels, or the Y and the two Cr, Cb channels together, could have respective CU tree-hierarchies. A flag may then be used to signal which hierarchy or arrangement of hierarchies is to be used. This approach could also be used for a 4:4:4 RGB colour space scheme. However, in an alternative, the tree hierarchies for chroma and luma may instead be independent.
In the example of an 8×8 CU in the 4:2:0 scheme, this results in four 4×4 luma PUs and one 4×4 chroma PU. Hence in the 4:2:2 scheme, having twice as much chroma data, one option is in this case is to have two 4×4 chroma PUs, where (for example) the bottom chroma block would correspond in position to the bottom left luma block. However, it is has been appreciated that using one non-square 4×8 chroma PU in this case would be more consistent with arrangements for the 4:2:0 chroma format.
In the 4:2:0 scheme there are in principle some non-square TU blocks permitted for certain classes of inter-prediction coding, but not for intra-prediction coding. However in inter-prediction coding, when non-square quad-tree transforms (NSQT) are disabled (which is the current default for the 4:2:0 scheme), all TUs are square. Hence in effect the 4:2:0 scheme currently enforces square TUs. For example, a 16×16 4:2:0 luma TU would correspond with respective Cb & Cr 8×8 4:2:0 Chroma TUs.
However, as noted previously, the 4:2:2 scheme can have non-square PUs. Consequently in an embodiment it is proposed to allow non-square TUs for the 4:2:2 scheme.
For example, whilst a 16×16 4:2:2 luma TU could correspond with two respective Cb & Cr 8×8 4:2:2 Chroma TUs, in this embodiment it could instead correspond with respective Cb & Cr 8×16 4:2:2 Chroma TUs.
Similarly, four 4×4 4:2:2 luma TUs could correspond with two respective 4×4 4:2:2 TUs, or in this embodiment could instead correspond with respective 4×8 Cb & Cr 4:2:2 TUs.
Having non-square chroma TUs, and hence fewer TUs, may be more efficient as they are likely to contain less information. However this may affect the transformation and scanning processes of such TUs, as will be described later.
Finally, for the 4:4:4 scheme it may be preferable to have the TU structure channel-independent, and selectable at the sequence, picture, slice or finer level.
As noted above, NSQT is currently disabled in the 4:2:0 scheme of HEVC. However, if for inter-picture prediction, NSQT is enabled and asymmetric motion partitioning (AMP) is permitted, this allows for PUs to be partitioned asymmetrically; thus for example a 16×16 CU may have a 4×16 PU and a 12×16 PU. In these circumstances, further considerations of block structure are important for each of the 4:2:0 and 4:2:2 schemes.
For the 4:2:0 scheme, in NSQT the minimum width/height of a TU may be restricted to 4 luma/chroma samples:
Hence in a non-limiting example a 16×4/16×12 luma PU structure has four 16×4 luma TUs and four 4×4 chrome TUs, where the luma TUs are in a 1×4 vertical block arrangement and the chroma TUs are in a 2×2 block arrangement.
In a similar arrangement where the partitioning was vertical rather than horizontal, a 4×16/12×16 luma PU structure has four 4×16 fume TUs and four 4×4 chroma TUs, where the luma TUs are in a 4×1 horizontal block arrangement and the chrome TUs are in a 2×2 block arrangement.
For the 4:2:2 scheme, in NSQT as a non-limiting example a 4×16/12×16 luma PU structure has four 4×16 luma TUs and four 4×8 chroma TUs, where the luma TUs are in a 4×1 horizontal block arrangement; the chroma TUs are in a 2×2 block arrangement.
However, it has been appreciated that a different structure can be considered for some cases. Hence in an embodiment, in NSQT as a non-limiting example 16×4/16×12 luma PU structure has four 16×4 luma TUs and four 8×4 chrome TUs, but now the luma and chroma TUs are in a 1×4 vertical block arrangement, aligned with the PU layout (as opposed to the 4:2:0 style arrangement of four 4×8 chrome TUs in a 2×2 block arrangement).
Similarly 32×8 PU can have four 16×4 luma TUs and four 8×4 chroma TUs, but now the luma and chroma TUs are in a 2×2 block arrangement.
Hence more generally, for the 4:2:2 scheme, in NSQT the TU block sizes are selected to align with the asymmetric PU block layout. Consequently the NSQT usefully allows TU boundaries to align with PU boundaries, which reduces high frequency artefacts that may otherwise occur.
In general terms, embodiments of the disclosure can relate to a video coding method, apparatus or program operable in respect of images of a 4:2:2 format video signal. An image to be encoded is divided into coding units, prediction units and transform units for encoding, a coding unit being a square array of luminance samples and the corresponding chrominance samples, there being one or more prediction units in a coding unit, and there being one or more transform units in a coding unit; in which a prediction unit is an elementary unit of prediction so that all samples within a single prediction unit are predicted using a common prediction technique, and a transform unit is a basic unit of transformation and quantisation.
A Non-square transform mode (such as an NSQT mode) is enabled so as to allow non-square prediction units. Optionally, asymmetric motion partitioning is enabled so as to allow asymmetry between two or more prediction units corresponding to a single coding unit.
The controller 343 controls the selection of transform unit block sizes to align with the prediction unit block layout, for example by detecting image features in the portion of the image corresponding to a PU and selecting TU block sizes in respect of that PU so as to align TU boundaries with edges of image features in the portion of the image.
The rules discussed above dictate which combinations of block sizes are available. The encoder may just try different combinations. As discussed above, a trial may include two or more, through to all available options. The trial encode processes can be carried out according to a cost function metric and a result selected according to an assessment of the cost function.
Given that there are three levels of variation, according to the CU size and shape, the PU size and shape and the TU size and shape, this could lead to a large number of permutations to be trial-encoded. To reduce this variation, the system could trial encode for a CU size by using an arbitrarily selected one of the PU/TU configurations allowable for each CU size; then, having selected a CU size, a PU size and shape could be selected by trial encoding the different PU options each with a single arbitrarily chosen TU configuration. Then, having selected a CU and PU, the system could try all applicable TU configurations to select a final TU configuration.
Another possibility is that some encoders may use a fixed choice of block configuration, or may allow a limited subset of the combinations set out in the discussions above.
Intra-Prediction
4:2:0 Intra-Prediction
Turning now to
By way of introduction,
HEVC allows chroma to have DC, Vertical, Horizontal, Planar, DM_CHROMA and LM_CHROMA modes.
DM_CHROMA indicates that the prediction mode to be used is the same as that of the co-located luma PU (i.e. one of the 35 shown in
LM_CHROMA (linear mode chroma) indicates that co-located luma samples (downsampled as appropriate to the channel ratios) are used to derive the predicted chroma samples. In this case, if the luma PU from which the DM_CHROMA prediction mode would be taken selected DC, Vertical, Horizontal or Planar, that entry in the chroma prediction list is replaced using mode 34. In the LM_CHROMA mode, the luma pixels from which the chroma pixels are predicted are scaled (and have an offset applied if appropriate) according to a linear relationship between luma and chroma. This linear relationship is derived from surrounding pixels, and the derivation can be carried out on a block by block basis, with the decoder finishing decoding one block before moving on to the next.
It is notable that the prediction modes 2-34 sample an angular range from 45 degrees to 225 degrees; that is to say, one diagonal half of a square. This is useful in the case of the 4:2:0 scheme, which as noted above only uses square chroma PUs for intra-picture prediction.
4:2:2 Intra-Prediction Variants
However, also as noted above the 4:2:2 scheme could have rectangular (non-square) chroma PUs even when the luma PUs are square. Or indeed, the opposite could be true: a rectangular luma PU could correspond to a square chroma PU. The reason for the discrepancy is that in 4:2:2, the chroma is subsampled horizontally (relative to the luma) but not vertically. So the aspect ratio of a luma block and a corresponding chroma block would be expected to be different.
Consequently, in an embodiment, for chroma Pus having a different aspect ratio to the corresponding luma block, a mapping table may be required for the direction. Assuming (for example) a 1-to-2 aspect ratio for rectangular chroma PUs, then for example mode 18 (currently at an angle of 135 degrees) may be re-mapped to 123 degrees. Alternatively selection of current mode 18 may be remapped to a selection of current mode 22, to much the same effect.
Hence more generally, for non-square PUs, a different mapping between the direction of the reference sample and the selected intra prediction mode may be provided compared with that for square PUs.
More generally still, any of the modes, including the non-directional modes, may also be re-mapped based upon empirical evidence.
It is possible that such mapping will result in a many-to-one relationship, making the specification of the full set of modes redundant for 4:2:2 chroma PUS. In this case, for example it may be that only 17 modes (corresponding to half the angular resolution) are necessary. Alternatively or in addition, these modes may be angularly distributed in a non-uniform manner.
Similarly, the smoothing filter used on the reference sample when predicting the pixel at the sample position may be used differently; in the 4:2:0 scheme it is only used to smooth luma pixels, but not chroma ones. However, in the 4:2:2 and 4:4:4 schemes this filter may also be used for the chroma PUs. In the 4:2:2 scheme, again the filter may be modified in response to the different aspect ratio of the PU, for example only being used for a subset of near horizontal modes. An example subset of modes is preferably 2-18 and 34, or more preferably 7-14. In 4:2:2, smoothing of only the left column of reference samples may be carried out in embodiments.
These arrangements are discussed later in more detail.
4:4:4 Intra-Prediction Variants
In the 4:4:4 scheme, the chroma and luma PUs are the same size, and so the intra-prediction mode for a chroma PU can be either the same as the co-located luma PU (so saving some overhead in the bit stream by not having to encode a separate mode), or alternatively, it can be independently selected.
In this latter case therefore, in an embodiment the system may have 1, 2 or 3 different prediction modes for each of the PUs in a CU;
In a first example, the Y, Cb and Cr PUs may all use the same intra-prediction mode.
In a second example, the Y PU may use one intra-prediction mode, and the Cb and Cr PUs both use another independently selected intra-prediction mode.
In a third example, the Y, Cb and Cr PUs each use a respective independently selected intra-prediction mode.
It will be appreciated that having independent prediction modes for the chroma channels (or each chroma channel) will improve the colour prediction accuracy. But this is at the expense of an additional data overhead to communicate the independent prediction modes as part of the encoded data.
To alleviate this, the selection of the number of modes could be indicated in the high-level syntax (e.g. at sequence, picture, or slice level). Alternatively, the number of independent modes could be derived from the video format; for example, GBR could have up to 3, whilst YCbCr could be restricted to up to 2.
In addition to independently selecting the modes, the available modes may be allowed to differ from the 4:2:0 scheme in the 4:4:4 scheme.
For example as the luma and chroma PUs are the same size in 4:4:4, the chroma PU may benefit from access to all of the 35+LM_CHROMA+DM_CHROMA directions available. Hence for the case of Y, Cb and Cr each having independent prediction modes, then the Cb channel could have access to DM_CHROMA & LM_CHROMA, whilst the Cr channel could have access to DM_CHROMA_Y, DM_CHROMA_Cb, LM_CHROMA_Y and LM_CHROMA_Cb, where these replace references to the Luma channel with references to the Y or Cb chroma channels.
Where the luma prediction modes are signalled by deriving a list of most probable modes and sending an index for that list, then if the chroma prediction mode(s) are independent, it may be necessary to derive independent lists of most probable modes for each channel.
Finally, in a similar manner to that noted for the 4:2:2 case above, in the 4:4:4 scheme the smoothing filter used on the reference sample when predicting the pixel at the sample position may be used for chroma PUs in a similar manner to luma PUs. Currently, a [1,2,1] low-pass filter can be applied to the reference samples prior to intra-prediction. This is only used for luma TUs when using certain prediction modes.
One of the intra-prediction modes available to chroma TUs is to base the predicted samples on co-located luma samples. Such an arrangement is illustrated schematically in
In embodiments, for Cr TUs, LM_Chroma could optionally be based on co-located samples from the Cb channel (or, in other embodiments, the dependence could be the other way around). Such an arrangement is shown in schematic form in
The decision as to which LM_Chroma mode to be used can be made by the controller 343 and/or the mode controller 520, based on trial encoding of different options (including the option of basing LM_Chroma on the co-located luma or co-located chroma samples), with the decision as to which mode to select being made by assessing a cost function, similar to that described above, with respect to the different trial encodings. Examples of the cost function are noise, distortion, error rate or bit rate. A mode from amongst those subjected to trial encoding which gives the lowest of any one or more of these cost functions is selected.
A shaded area 1210 represents a current TU, that is to say, a TU which is currently being encoded.
In 4:2:0 and 4:2:2, the column of pixels immediately to the left of the current TU does not contain co-located luminance and chrominance samples because of horizontal subsampling. In other words, this is because the 4:2:0 and 4:2:2 formats have half as many chrominance pixels as luminance pixels (in a horizontal direction), so not every luminance sample position has a co-sited chrominance sample. Therefore, although luminance samples may be present in the column of pixels immediately to the left of the TU, chrominance samples are not present. Therefore, in some embodiments, the column located two samples to the left of the current TU is used to provide reference samples for LM_Chroma. Note that the situation is different in 4:4:4, in that the column immediately to the left of the current TU does indeed contain co-located luma and chroma samples. This column could therefore be used to provide reference samples.
The reference samples are used as follows.
In the LM_Chroma mode, predicted chroma samples are derived from reconstructed luma samples according to a linear relationship. So, in general terms, it can be said that the predicted chrominance values within the TU are given by:
Pc=a+bPL
where Pc is a chrominance sample value, PL is a reconstructed luminance sample value at that sample position, and a and b are constants. The constants are derived for a particular block by detecting the relationship between reconstructed luma samples and chrome samples in the row just above that block and in the column just to the left of that block, these being sample positions which have already been encoded (see above).
In some embodiments, the constants a and b are derived as follows:
a=R(PL′,Pc′)/R(PL′,PL′)
where R represents a linear (least squares) regression function, and PL′ and Pc′ are luminance and chrominance samples respectively from the adjacent row and column as discussed above, and:
b=mean(Pc′)−a·mean(PL′)
For 4:4:4, the PL′ and Pc′ values are taken from the column immediately to the left of the current TU, and the row immediately above the current TU. For 4:2:2, the PL′ and Pc′ values are taken from the row immediately above the current TU and the column in the adjacent block which is two sample positions away from the left edge of the current TU. For 4:2:0 (which is subsampled vertically and horizontally) the PL′ and Pc′ values would ideally be taken from a row which is two rows above the current TU, but in fact are taken from a row in the adjacent block which is one sample positions above the current TU, and the column in the adjacent block which is two sample positions away from the left edge of the current TU. The reason is to avoid having to maintain an additional whole row of data in memory. So in this regard, 4:2:2 and 4:2:0 are treated in a similar way.
Accordingly, these techniques apply to video coding methods having a chrominance prediction mode in which a current block of chrominance samples representing a region of the image is encoded by deriving and encoding a relationship of the chrominance samples with respect to a co-sited block of luminance samples (such as reconstructed luminance samples) representing the same region of the image. The relationship (such as the linear relationship) is derived by comparing co-sited (otherwise expressed as correspondingly-sited) luminance and chrominance samples from adjacent already-encoded blocks. The chrominance samples are derived from luminance samples according to the relationship; and the difference between the predicted chrominance samples and the actual chrominance samples is encoded as residual data.
In respect of a first sampling resolution (such as 4:4:4) where the chrominance samples have the same sampling rate as the luminance samples, the co-sited samples are samples in sample positions adjacent to the current block.
In respect of a second sampling resolution (such as 4:2:2 or 4:2:0) where the chrominance samples have a lower sampling rate than that of the luminance samples, a nearest column or row of co-sited luminance and chrominance samples from the adjacent already-encoded block is used to provide the co-sited samples. Or where, in the case of the second sampling resolution being a 4:2:0 sampling resolution, the correspondingly-sited samples are a row of samples adjacent to the current block and a nearest column or row of correspondingly-sited luminance and chrominance samples, from the adjacent already-encoded blocks.
Each numbered prediction direction points to the reference samples 1230 on the top or left edges of the current block that are used to generate the current predicted pixel. In the case of smaller blocks, where the prediction directions point to locations between reference samples, a linear interpolation between adjacent reference samples is used.
Turning now to intra-angular prediction for chroma samples, for 4:2:0, fewer prediction directions are available because of the relative scarcity of the chroma samples. However, if the DM_CHROMA mode is selected then the current chroma block will use the same prediction direction as the co-located luma block. In turn, this means that the luma directions for intra-prediction are also available to chroma.
However, for chroma samples in 4:2:2, it can be considered counter-intuitive to use the same prediction algorithm and direction as luma when DM_CHROMA is selected, given that chroma blocks now have a different aspect ratio to that of the luma blocks. For example, a 45° line for a square luma array of samples should still map to a 45° line for chroma samples, albeit with an array of rectangular sized samples. Overlaying the rectangular grid onto to a square grid indicates that the 45° line would then in fact map to a 26.6° line.
The luma prediction directions are shown as broken lines 1240. The chroma pixels 1250 are remapped to a square grid giving a rectangular array half the width 1260 of the corresponding luma array (such as that shown in
Accordingly, in order to derive the appropriate prediction angle for chroma when (a) DM_CHROMA is selected and (b) the DM_CHROMA mode currently in use indicates that the chroma prediction direction should be that of the co-located luma block, the following procedure is applied:
Accordingly these embodiments relate to video coding or decoding methods, apparatus or programs in which luminance and chrominance samples are predicted from other respective reference samples according to a prediction direction associated with a sample to be predicted. In modes such as 4:2:2 the chrominance samples have a lower horizontal and/or vertical sampling rate than the luminance samples so that the ratio of luminance horizontal resolution to chrominance horizontal resolution is different to the ratio of luminance vertical resolution to chrominance vertical resolution. In short, this means that a block of luminance samples has a different aspect ratio to a corresponding block of chrominance samples.
The intra frame predictor 530, for example, is operable to detect a first prediction direction defined in relation to a grid of a first aspect ratio in respect of a set of current samples to be predicted; and to apply a direction mapping to the prediction direction so as to generate a second prediction direction defined in relation to a grid of samples of a different aspect ratio of the same set of current samples to be predicted.
In embodiments, the first prediction direction is defined in respect of one of luminance or chrominance samples, and the second prediction direction is defined in respect of the other of luminance or chrominance samples. In the particular examples discussed in the present description, the luminance prediction direction may be modified to provide the chrominance prediction direction. But the other way round could be used.
The technique is particularly applicable to intra-prediction, so that the reference samples are samples of the same respective image as the samples to be predicted.
In at least some arrangements the first prediction direction is defined with respect to a square block of luminance samples including the current luminance sample; and the second prediction direction is defined with respect to a rectangular block of chrominance samples including the current chrominance sample.
It is possible to provide independent prediction modes for the two chrominance components. In such an arrangement the chrominance samples comprise samples of first and second chrominance components, and the technique comprises applying the direction mapping discussed above step in respect of the first chrominance component (such as Cb); and providing a different prediction mode in respect of the second chrominance component (such as Cr).
The video data can be in a 4:2:2 format or a 4:4:4 format, for example.
In general terms, embodiments of the disclosure can provide for independent prediction modes for the chrominance components (for example, for each of the luminance and chrominance components separately). These embodiments relate to video coding methods in which luminance and chrominance samples of an image are predicted from other respective reference samples of the same image according to a prediction direction associated with a sample to be predicted, the chrominance samples having a lower horizontal and/or vertical sampling rate than the luminance samples so that the ratio of luminance horizontal resolution to chrominance horizontal resolution is different to the ratio of luminance vertical resolution to chrominance vertical resolution so that a block of luminance samples has a different aspect ratio to a corresponding block of chrominance samples, and the chrominance samples representing first and second chrominance components.
The intra frame mode selector 520 selects a prediction mode defining a selection of one or more reference samples for predicting a current chrominance sample of the first chrominance component (such as Cb). It also selects a different prediction mode defining a different selection of one or more reference samples for predicting a current chrominance sample of the second chrominance component (such as Cr), co-sited with the current chrominance sample of the first chrominance component.
A reference sample filter can optionally be applied, for example, as part of the operation of the frame stores 570 and/or the predictors 530, 540 acting as a filter arrangement, to horizontal samples or vertical samples (or both). The filter can be a 3-tap “1 2 1” filter, currently applied to all luma reference samples except the bottom left and top right (the samples of a N×N block are gathered together to form a single 1D array of size 2N+1, and then optionally filtered). In embodiments of the technology it is applied only the first (left hand edge) or last (top edge) N+1 chroma samples for 4:2:2, but noting that the bottom left, top right and top left would then not be adjusted; or all chroma samples (as for luma), for 4:2:2 and 4:4:4.
Embodiments can also provide video coding or decoding methods, apparatus or programs in which luminance and first and second chrominance component samples are predicted from other respective reference samples according to a prediction direction associated with a sample to be predicted, involving predicting samples of the second chrominance component from samples of the first chrominance component.
Embodiments can also provide video coding or decoding methods, apparatus or programs in which luminance and first and second chrominance component samples are predicted from other respective reference samples according to a prediction direction associated with a sample to be predicted, involving filtering the reference samples.
As discussed with reference to
Note that modes 0 and 1 are not angular prediction modes and so are not included in this procedure. The effect of the procedure shown above is to map the chroma prediction directions onto the luma prediction directions in
For 4:2:0, when either a purely horizontal prediction mode (luma mode 10) or a purely vertical prediction mode (luma mode 26) is selected, the top or left edges of the predicted TU are subject to filtering for the luma channel only. For the horizontal prediction mode, the top row is filtered in the vertical direction. For the vertical prediction mode, the left column is filtered in the horizontal direction.
Filtering a column of samples in the horizontal direction can be understood as applying a horizontally oriented filter to each sample in turn of the column of samples. So, for an individual sample, its value will be modified by the action of the filter, based on a filtered value generated from the current value of that sample and of one or more other samples at sample positions displaced from that sample in a horizontal direction (that is, one or more other samples to the left and/or right of the sample in question).
Filtering a row of samples in the vertical direction can be understood as applying a vertically oriented filter to each sample in turn of the row of samples. So, for an individual sample, its value will be modified by the action of the filter, based on a filtered value generated from the current value of that sample and of one or more other samples at sample positions displaced from that sample in a vertical direction (that is, one or more other samples above and/or below the sample in question).
One purpose of the edge pixel filtering process described above is to aim to reduce block based edge effects in the prediction thereby aiming to reduce energy in the residual image data.
In embodiments, a corresponding filtering process is also provided for chroma TUs in 4:4:4 and 4:2:2. Taking into account the horizontal subsampling, one proposal is only to filter the top row of the chroma TU in 4:2:2, but to filter both the top row and left column (as appropriate, according to the selected mode) in 4:4:4. It is considered appropriate to filter only in these regions so as to avoid filtering out too much useful detail, which (if filtered out) would lead to an increased energy of the residual data.
For 4:2:0, when DC mode is selected, one or both of the top and/or left edges of the predicted TU are subject to filtering for the luma channel only. Here, this is an example of a case where the luminance samples represent a luminance component and respective chrominance samples represent two chrominance components, the filtering step is applied to a subset of the three components, the subset being either one or two of the three components. The subset may consist of the luminance component. The filtering may involve filtering one or both of the left column of samples in the predicted block of samples and the top row of samples in the predicted block of samples.
The filtering may be such that in DC Mode, the filter does a (1×neighbouring outside sample+3*edge sample)/4 averaging operation for all samples on both edges. However, for the top left the filter function is (2×current sample+1×above sample+1×left sample)/4. This is an example of an operation in which in a DC mode in which a predicted sample is generated as a simple arithmetic mean of surrounding samples, the filtering step comprising filtering the left column of samples in the predicted block of samples and filtering the top row of samples in the predicted block of samples.
The H/V filter is an average between neighbouring outside sample and edge sample.
In some embodiments, this filtering process is also provided for chroma TUs in 4:4:4 and 4:2:2. Again, taking into account the horizontal subsampling, in some embodiments, only the top row of the chrome samples is filtered for 4:2:2, but the top row and left column of the chroma TU are filtered for 4:4:4.
Accordingly, this technique can apply in respect of a video coding or decoding method, apparatus or program in which luminance and chrominance samples in (for example) a 4:4:4 format or a 4:2:2 format are predicted from other respective samples according to a prediction direction associated with blocks of samples to be predicted.
In embodiments of the technique, a prediction direction is detected in respect of a current block to be predicted. A predicted block of chrominance samples is generated according to other chrominance samples defined by the prediction direction. If the detected prediction direction is substantially vertical (for example, being within +/− n angle modes of the exactly vertical mode where n is (for example) 2), the left column of samples is filtered (for example, in a horizontal direction using a horizontally oriented filter) in the predicted block of chrominance samples. Or, if the detected prediction direction is substantially horizontal (for example, being within +/− n angle modes of the exactly horizontal mode, where n is (for example) 2), the top row of samples is filtered (for example, in a vertical direction using a vertically oriented filter) in the predicted block of chrominance samples. In each case, the operation may apply only to the left column or the top row, respectively. Then the difference between the filtered predicted chrominance block and the actual chrominance block is encoded, for example as residual data. Alternatively, the test could be for an exactly vertical or horizontal mode rather than a substantially vertical or horizontal mode. The tolerance of n could be applied to one of the tests (vertical or horizontal) but not the other. In embodiments of the disclosure, only the left column or the top row of the predicted block may be filtered, and the filtering may be carried out by a horizontally oriented filter or a vertically oriented filter respectively.
The filtering may be carried out by the respective predictor 520, 530, acting as a filter in this regard.
After the filtering process, embodiments of the technique either encode a difference between the filtered predicted chrominance block and the actual chrominance block (at an encoder) or apply a decoded difference to the filtered predicted chrominance block so as to encode the block (at a decoder).
Inter-Prediction
it is noted that inter prediction in HEVC already allows rectangular PUs, so 4:2:2 and 4:4:4 modes are already compatible with PU inter-prediction processing.
Each frame of a video image is a discrete sampling of a real scene, and as a result each pixel is a step-wise approximation of a real-world gradient in colour and brightness.
In recognition of this, when predicting the Y, Cb or Cr value of a pixel in a new video frame from a value in a previous video frame, the pixels in that previous video frame are interpolated to create a better estimate of the original real-world gradients, to allow a more accurate selection of brightness or colour for the new pixel. Consequently the motion vectors used to point between video frames are not limited to an integer pixel resolution. Rather, they can be sub-pixel accuracy motion vectors pointing to a respective sub-pixel position (a fractional position) within the interpolated image.
The filters used to derive samples of an interpolated luminance or chrominance prediction unit are implemented as multiple-tap filters such as 4-tap filters or 8-tap filters. In the case of an m-tap xN filter (where m is, for example, 4 or 8, N is a multiple such as 4 or 8, and the “x” signifies “interpolate by a factor of”), the filter can in fact be implemented in embodiments of the present disclosure as a set of filters such that the output of each filter, when applied to a group of m samples, provides a respective fractional-position output. Here, a fractional position represents an effective sample position having an alignment at a respective one of fractional positions from 0 to N−1 (that is, N such fractional positions in all). One of those fractional positions, for example fractional position 0, overlies an original sample position. The other fractional positions are disposed between original sample positions, separated by 1/N of the original sample spacing. So, for example, in the context of an example x8 filter, the fractional positions could be expressed as follows:
This arrangement could be implemented as a set of eight filters, including a filter with a fractional position of 0 (that is, an output aligned with an original sample position). In such a case, the filter applicable to the fractional position 0 could be (in the example of a 4-tap filter) formed of the coefficients (0, 0, Y, 0), where Y is an integer such as 64, so that the fractional-position-zero filter in fact returns just the sample at the original sample position. In an alternative notation, the xN filter could in fact be implemented as a set of N−1 filters, because the original sample itself could simply be re-used if the filter index is 0 (that is, without referring to a “filtering” operation to re-use that sample) and the required fractional position is 0. The skilled person will appreciate that these arrangements are equivalent in their technical effect but simply differ in notation. The skilled person will also appreciate that the notation which places fractional position zero (of positions zero to N−1) so as to be coincident with the original sample position is simply a matter of notation. A different notation could place fractional position 1 (of positions 1 to N) to be coincident with the original sample position.
So, in examples embodiments discussed below, a set of seven 4-tap filters is used to provide a x8 4-tap filtering function. If a required fractional position is coincident with an original sample position, the original sample value is simply re-used. Otherwise, for a required fractional sample position, the appropriate one of the N−1 filters is used.
This leads to a discussion of which filter values are actually required to be generated. The interpolated PU samples are those pointed to by a sub-pixel accuracy motion vector. For any particular instance of the use of such a motion vector, the fractional position of the required interpolated sample(s) will be determined by the sub-pixel accuracy motion vector. But in general, for a single instance of use of the motion vector, only those interpolated samples corresponding to the fractional position pointed to by the motion vector are required to be generated.
This means that in some embodiments, instead of generating an interpolated block from a stored PU, a vertical filter of the set of N−1 filters is selected for use in the vertical direction, and a horizontal filter of the set of N−1 filters is selected for use in the horizontal direction, so as to produce interpolated sample(s) at just the required fractional position. Note that “N” can be different or the same as for the horizontal and vertical directions, and the filter set can be the same or different for the two directions. One of these filtering operations can be carried out before the other, so that (for example) a filter could be selected for use in the vertical direction according to the required fractional position in the vertical direction (which in turn is determined by the particular motion vector in use), the filter applied so that samples at the appropriate vertical fractional position are generated, a horizontal filter selected according to the required horizontal fractional position (also determined by the motion vector) and that horizontal filter applied to the fractional position samples output by the vertical filter. Of course, the order could be reversed so that the horizontal filter is applied before the vertical filter. Such arrangements mean that only two filter calculations are required to apply a motion vector, avoiding the need to interpolate an interpolated version of an entire block. Accordingly, the operation of deriving samples of an interpolated prediction unit can involve applying a filter (such as a 4-tap x8 filter) horizontally and vertically to a stored prediction unit. The step of applying the filter can comprise applying one of a set of m-tap filters horizontally and one of the set of m-tap filters vertically to a prediction unit, the selection of the filters to be applied horizontally and vertically depending on the motion vector.
In some examples, to be discussed further below, it may be that only a x(N/2) filter operation is needed in one or other direction, but for consistency of processing with other operations it can be technically more convenient to use a xN filter. In such instances, the x(N/2) operation can be achieved in an elegantly convenient manner by using the set of filters (N or N−1 filters, as discussed above) applicable to xN operation, but selecting only alternate fractional-position filters of the set (such as fractional positions 0 (if present), 2, 4, 6).
Accordingly, the present arrangements including those discussed below provide an embodiment of a video decoding method for decoding a video signal, the method being operable in respect of a 4:2:0 and 4:2:2 format video signal, the method comprising: generating prediction units of a current image from one or more stored images preceding the current image, the generating step comprising: in respect of a 4:2:0 format video signal, deriving samples of an interpolated prediction unit by using an 8-tap x4 luminance filter applied vertically and horizontally to a stored luminance prediction unit and by applying a 4-tap x8 chrominance filter horizontally and vertically to a stored chrominance prediction unit; and in respect of a 4:2:2 format video signal, deriving samples of an interpolated chrominance prediction unit by applying the same 4-tap x8 chrominance filter horizontally and vertically to a stored chrominance prediction unit, but using only alternate fractional-position results as interpolated samples in the vertical direction.
As discussed above, the choice of filters, and so the choice of which interpolated samples to derive, can be according to a current motion vector, providing an example of accessing samples of the interpolated prediction unit pointed to by a motion vector to generate a motion compensated prediction of a prediction unit of the current image with respect to an area represented by the samples of the interpolated prediction unit.
Embodiments to be discussed further below are also operable in respect of 4:4:4 video data, the same 4-tap x8 chrominance filter being applied horizontally and vertically to generate samples of an interpolated chrominance prediction unit but only alternate fractional-position results being used as interpolated samples in the horizontal and vertical directions.
As discussed, not every interpolated sample needs to be generated. Accordingly, in embodiments, the step of applying the 4-tap x8 chrominance filter can comprise applying one of a set of 4-tap filters horizontally and one of the set of 4-tap filters vertically to a chrominance prediction unit, the selection of the filters to be applied horizontally and vertically depending on the motion vector. In example embodiments, the 4-tap filters are indexed in order of fractional interpolation position (for example, as given by the table above); and for 4:2:2 format video, the deriving step comprises applying a filter selected from a subset of alternate filters in the indexing order (such as those filters relating to even fractional-position results).
Similar techniques can be used in the encoding process, so that the above arrangements provide examples of a video encoding method for encoding a video signal, the method being operable in respect of a 4:2:0 and 4:2:2 format video signal, the method comprising: generating motion vectors for prediction of prediction units of a current image from one or more stored images preceding the current image, the generating step comprising: in respect of a 4:2:0 format video signal, deriving samples of an interpolated prediction unit by using an 8-tap x4 luminance filter applied vertically and horizontally to a stored luminance prediction unit and by applying a 4-tap x8 chrominance filter horizontally and vertically to a stored chrominance prediction unit; and in respect of a 4:2:2 format video signal, deriving samples of an interpolated chrominance prediction unit by applying the same 4-tap x8 chrominance filter horizontally and vertically but using only alternate fractional-position results as interpolated samples in the vertical direction.
Embodiments also provide apparatus for carrying out the above techniques, such as the apparatus of
4:2:0 Inter-Prediction
Referring now to
For example for the 8×8 4:2:0 luma PU, interpolation is ¼ pixel, and so an 8-tap x4 filter is applied horizontally first, and then the same 8-tap x4 filter is applied vertically, so that the luma PU is effectively stretched 4 times in each direction, to form an interpolated array 1320 as shown in
4:2:2 Inter-Prediction
A similar arrangement for 4:2:2 will now be described with reference to
Referring to
Whilst it may be possible therefore to use the existing 8-tap x4 luma filter vertically on the chroma PU, in an embodiment of the present disclosure it has been appreciated that the existing 4-tap x8 chroma filter would suffice for vertical interpolation as in practice one is only interested in the even fractional locations of the interpolated chrome PU.
Hence
These techniques are applicable to video coding or decoding methods, apparatus or programs using inter-image prediction to encode input video data in which each chrominance component has 1/Mth of the horizontal resolution of the luminance component and 1/Nth of the vertical resolution of the luminance component, where M and N are integers equal to 1 or more, For example, For 4:2:2, M=2, N=1. For 4:2:0, M=2, N=2.
The frame store 570 is operable to store one or more images preceding a current image.
The interpolation filter 580 is operable to interpolate a higher resolution version of prediction units of the stored images so that the luminance component of an interpolated prediction unit has a horizontal resolution P times that of the corresponding portion of the stored image and a vertical resolution Q times that of the corresponding portion of the stored image, where P and Q are integers greater than 1. In the current examples, P=Q=4 so that the interpolation filter 580 is operable to generate an interpolated image at ¼ sample resolution.
The motion estimator 550 is operable to detect inter-image motion between a current image and the one or more interpolated stored images so as to generate motion vectors between a prediction unit of the current image and areas of the one or more preceding images.
The motion compensated predictor 540 is operable to generate a motion compensated prediction of the prediction unit of the current image with respect to an area of an interpolated stored image pointed to by a respective motion vector.
Returning to a discussion of the operation of the interpolation filter 580, embodiments of this filter are operable to apply a xR horizontal and xS vertical interpolation filter to the chrominance components of a stored image to generate an interpolated chrominance prediction unit, where R is equal to (U×M×P) and S is equal to (V×N×Q), U and V being integers equal to 1 or more; and to subsample the interpolated chrominance prediction unit, such that its horizontal resolution is divided by a factor of U and its vertical resolution is divided by a factor of V, thereby resulting in a block of MP×NQ samples.
So, in the case of 4:2:2, the interpolation filter 580 applies a x8 interpolation in the horizontal and vertical directions, but then vertically subsamples by a factor of 2, for example by using every 2nd sample in the interpolated output. One way to achieve this is by doubling an index value into the array of samples. So, consider an array direction (such as the vertical direction in this example) in the array of samples which is 8 samples across, indexed as 0 . . . 7. A required sample in the subsampled range is indexed in the range 0 . . . 3. So, doubling this index will give values of 0, 2, 4 and 6 which can then be used to access samples in the original array so that every alternate sample is used. This is an example of selecting a subset of samples of the interpolated chrominance prediction unit.
This technique therefore allows the same (for example, x8) filter to be used in respect of 4:2:0 and 4:2:2, but with a further step of subsampling where needed with 4:2:2.
In embodiments, as discussed, the interpolated chrominance prediction unit has a height in samples twice that of a 4:2:0 format prediction unit interpolated using the same xR and xS interpolation filters.
The need to provide different filters can be avoided or alleviated using these techniques, and in particular by using the same xR horizontal and xS vertical interpolation filters, in respect of 4:2:0 input video data and 4:2:2 input video data.
As discussed, the step of subsampling the interpolated chrominance prediction unit comprises using every Vth sample of the interpolated chrominance prediction unit in the vertical direction, and/or using every Uth sample of the interpolated chrominance prediction unit in the vertical direction. More generally, the subsampling can comprise selecting a subset of samples of the interpolated chrominance prediction unit.
Embodiments can involve deriving a luminance motion vector for a prediction unit; and independently deriving one or more chrominance motion vectors for that prediction unit.
In some embodiments, at least one of R and S is equal to 2 or more, and in some embodiments the xR horizontal and xS vertical interpolation filters are also applied to the luminance components of the stored image.
Note that the same interpolation techniques can be used in the encoder and in the decoder.
4:4:4 Inter-Prediction Variants
By extension, the same principle of only using the even fractional results for the existing 4-tap x8 chroma filter can be applied both vertically and horizontally for the 8×8 4:4:4 chroma PUs.
Further to these examples, the x8 chroma filter may be used for all interpolation, including luma.
Further Inter-Prediction Variants
In one implementation of motion vector (MV) derivation, one vector is produced for a PU in a P-slice (and two vectors for a PU in a B-slice (where a P-slice takes predictions from a preceding frame, and a B-slice takes predictions from a preceding and following frame, in a similar manner to MPEG P and B frames). Notably, in this implementation in the 4:2:0 scheme the vectors are common to all channels, and moreover, the chroma data need not be used to calculate the motion vectors. In other words, all the channels use a motion vector based on the luma data.
In an embodiment, in the 4:2:2 scheme the chroma vector could be derived so as to be independent from luma (i.e. a single vector for the Cb and Cr channels could be derived separately), and in the 4:4:4 scheme chrome vectors could further be independent for each of the Cb and Cr channels.
Transforms
In HEVC, most images are encoded as motion vectors from previously encoded/decoded frames, with the motion vectors telling the decoder where, in these other decoded frames, to copy good approximations of the current image from. The result is an approximate version of the current image. HEVC then encodes the so-called residual, which is the error between that approximate version and the correct image. This residual requires much less information than specifying the actual image directly. However, it is still generally preferable to compress this residual information to reduce the overall bitrate further.
In many encoding methods including HEVC, such data is transformed into the spatial frequency domain using an integer cosine transform (ICT), and typically some compression is then achieved by retaining low spatial frequency data and discarding higher spatial frequency data according to the level of compression desired.
4:2:0 Transforms
The spatial frequency transforms used in HEVC are conventionally ones that generate coefficients in powers of 4 (for example 64 frequency coefficients) as this is particularly amenable to common quantisation/compression methods. The square TUs in the 4:2:0 scheme are all powers of 4 and hence this is straightforward to achieve.
If the NSQT options are enabled, some non-square transforms are available for non-square TUs, such as 4×16, but again notably these result in 64 coefficients, i.e. again a power of 4.
4:2:2 and 4:4:4 Transform Variants
The 4:2:2 scheme can result in non-square TUs that are not powers of 4; for example a 4×8 TU has 32 pixels, and 32 is not a power of 4.
In an embodiment therefore, a non-square transform for a non-power of 4 number of coefficients may be used, acknowledging that modifications may be required to the subsequent quantisation process.
Alternatively, in an embodiment non-square TUs are split into square blocks having a power of 4 area for transformation, and then the resulting coefficients can be interleaved.
For example, for 4×8 blocks odd/even vertical samples can be split into two square blocks. Alternatively, for 4×8 blocks the top 4×4 pixels and the bottom 4×4 pixels could form two square blocks. Alternatively again, for 4×8 blocks a Haar wavelet decomposition can be used to form a lower and an upper frequency 4×4 block.
Any of these options may be made available, and the selection of a particular alternative may be signalled to or derived by the decoder.
Other Transform Modes
In the 4:2:0 scheme there is a proposed flag (the so-called ‘qpprime_y_zero_transquant_bypass_flag’) allowing the residual data to be included in the bit stream losslessly (i.e. without being transformed, quantised or further filtered). In the 4:2:0 scheme the flag applies to all channels.
Accordingly, such embodiments represent a video coding or decoding method, apparatus or program in which luminance and chrominance samples are predicted and the difference between the samples and the respective predicted samples is encoded, making use of an indicator configured to indicate whether luminance difference data is to be included in an output bitstream losslessly; and to independently indicate whether chrominance difference data is to be included in the bitstream losslessly. Such a flag or flags (or indicator or indicators respectively) may be inserted by the controller 343, for example.
In an embodiment, it is proposed that the flag for the luma channel is separate to the chroma channels. Hence for the 4:2:2 scheme, such flags should be provided separately for the luma channel and for the chrome channels, and for the 4:4:4 scheme, such flags should be provided either separately for the luma and chroma channels, or one flag is provided for each of the three channels. This recognises the increased chrome data rates associated with the 4:2:2 and 4:4:4 schemes, and enables, for example, lossless luma data together with compressed chroma data.
For intra-prediction coding, mode-dependent directional transform (MDDT) allows the horizontal or vertical ICT (or both ICTs) for a TU to be replaced with an Integer Sine Transform depending upon the intra-prediction direction. In the 4:2:0 scheme this is not applied to chrome TUs. However in an embodiment it is proposed to apply it to 4:2:2 and 4:4:4 chrome TUs, noting that the IST is only currently defined for a 4 sample transform dimensions (either horizontally or vertically), and therefore cannot currently be applied vertically to a 4×8 chroma TU.
In methods of video coding, the various embodiments can be arranged so as to indicate whether luminance difference data is to be included in an output bitstream losslessly; and independently to indicate whether chrominance difference data is to be included in the bitstream losslessly, and to encode or include the relevant data in the form defined by such indications.
Quantisation
In the 4:2:0 scheme, the quantisation calculation is the same for chrominance as for luminance. Only the quantisation parameters (QPs) differ.
QPs for chrominance are calculated from the luminance QPs as follows:
QpCb=scalingTable[Qpluminance+chroma_qp_index_offset]
QpCr=scalingTable[Qpluminance+second_chroma_qp_index_offset]
where the scaling table is defined as seen in
Note that “chroma_qp_index_offset” and “second_chroma_qp_index_offset” may instead be referred to as cb_qp_offset and cr qp_offset respectively.
Chrominance channels typically contain less information than luminance and hence have smaller-magnitude coefficients; this limitation on the chrominance QP may prevent all chrominance detail being lost at heavy quantisation levels.
The QP-divisor relationship in the 4:2:0 is a logarithmic one such that an increase of 6 in the QP is equivalent to a doubling of the divisor (the quantisation step size discussed elsewhere in this description, though noting that it may be further modified by Qmatrices before use). Hence the largest difference in the scaling table of 51−39=12 represents a factor-of-4 change in the divisor.
However, in an embodiment, for the 4:2:2 scheme, which potentially contains twice as much chroma information as the 4:2:0 scheme, the maximum chrominance QP value in the scaling table may be raised to 45 (i.e. halving the divisor). Similarly for the 4:4:4 scheme, the maximum chrominance QP value in the scaling table may be raised to 51 (i.e. the same divisor). In this case the scaling table is in effect redundant, but may be retained simply for operational efficiency (i.e. so that the system works by reference to a table in the same way for each scheme). Hence more generally in an embodiment the chroma QP divisor is modified responsive to the amount of information in the coding scheme relative to the 4:2:0 scheme.
Accordingly, embodiments apply to a video coding or decoding method operable to quantise blocks of frequency-transformed luminance and chrominance component video data in a 4:4:4 or a 4:2:2 format according to a selected quantisation parameter which defines a quantisation step size. A quantisation parameter association (such as, for example, the appropriate table in
It will be appreciated that the dividing and rounding steps are indicative examples of a generic quantising stage, according to the respective quantisation step size (or data derived from it, for example by the application of Qmatrices).
Embodiments include the step of selecting a quantisation parameter or index (QP for luminance) for quantising the spatial frequency coefficients, the quantisation parameter acting as a reference to a respective one of a set of quantisation step sizes according to the QP tables applicable to luminance data. The process of defining the quantisation parameter association can then comprise: for chrominance components, referencing a table of modified quantisation parameters (such as the table of
The techniques are particularly applicable to arrangements in which successive values of the quantisation step sizes in the set are related logarithmically, so that a change in quantisation parameter of m (where m is an integer) represents a change in quantisation step size by a factor of p (where p is an integer greater than 1). In the present embodiments, m=6 and p=2.
In embodiments, as discussed above, a maximum luminance quantisation parameter is 51; a maximum chrominance quantisation parameter is 45 for the 4:2:2 format; and a maximum chrominance quantisation parameter is 51 for the 4:4:4 format.
In embodiments, the first and second offsets can be communicated in association with the encoded video data.
In 4:2:0 the transform matrices A are initially created (by the transform unit 340) from those of a true normalised N×N DCT A′ using:
Aij=int(64×√{square root over (N)}×A′ij)
where i and j indicate a position within the matrix. This scaling with respect to a normalised transform matrix provides an increase in precision, avoids the need for fractional calculations and increases the internal precision.
Ignoring differences due to rounding of Aij, since X is multiplied by both A and AT (the transposition of the matrix A) the resulting coefficients differ from those of a true normalised M×N (M=height; N=width) DCT by a common scaling factor of:
(64×√{square root over (N)})(64×√{square root over (M)})=4096√{square root over (N)}√{square root over (M)}
Note that the common scaling factor could be different to this example. Note also that matrix multiplying by both A and AT can be carried out in various ways, such as the so-called Butterfly method. The significant fact is whether the operation that is carried out is equivalent to a traditional matrix multiplication, not whether it is performed in a particular traditional order of operations.
This scaling factor is equivalent to a binary left-shift bitwise operation by a number of bits transformShift, since in HEVC this results in a power of 2:
transformShift=(12+0.5 log2(N)+0.5 log2(M))
To reduce the requirement on internal bit-precision, the coefficients are right-shifted (using positive rounding) twice during the transform process:
shift1=log2(N)+bitDepth−9
shift2=log2(M)+6
As a result, the coefficients as they leave the forward transform process and enter the quantiser are effectively left-shifted by:
In 4:2:0, the frequency separated (for example, DCT) coefficients generated by the frequency transform are a factor of (2resultingShift) larger than those that a normalised DCT would produce.
In some embodiments, the blocks are either square or rectangular with a 2:1 aspect ratio. Therefore, for a block size of N×M, either:
N=M, in which case, resultingShift is an integer and S=N=M=sqrt(NM); or
0.5N=2M or 2N=0.5M, in which case resultingShift is still an integer and S=sqrt(NM)
resultingShift=15−(0.5 log2(N)+0.5 log2(M)+bitDepth)=15−(log2(S)+bitDepth)
The coefficients are subsequently quantised, where the quantising divisor is derived according to the quantisation parameter QP.
Note that resultingShift is equivalent to an integer, so the common scaling factor is an integer power of 2, the overall left-shift ‘resultingShift’ of the transform process is also accounted for at this stage by applying an equal but opposite right-shift, ‘quantTransformRightShift’.
This bit-shift operation is possible because resultingShift is an integer.
Also note that the divisor-QP (quantisation parameter or index) relationship follows a base-2 power curve, as mentioned above, in that an increase in QP by 6 has the effect of doubling the divisor whereas an increase in QP by 3 has the effect of increasing the divisor by a factor of sqrt(2) (square root of 2).
Due to the chroma format in 4:2:2, there are more TU width:height (N:M) ratios:
N=M(from before) where S=N=M=sqrt(NM)(resultingShift is an integer)
0.5N=2M and 2N=0.5M, (from before), where S=sqrt(NM)(resultingShift is an integer)
N=2M where S=sqrt(NM)
2M=N where S=sqrt(NM)
4N=0.5M where S=sqrt(NM)
resultingShift=15−(log2(S)+bitDepth)
In these latter three situations, resultingShift is not an integer. For example, this may apply where at least some of the blocks of video data samples comprise M×N samples, where the square root of N/M is not equal to an integer power of 2. Such block sizes can occur in respect of chroma samples in some of the present embodiments.
Accordingly, in such instances, the following techniques are relevant, that is to say, in video coding or decoding methods, apparatus or programs operable to generate blocks of quantised spatial frequency data by performing frequency-transformation on blocks of video data samples using a transform matrix comprising an array of integer values which are each scaled with respect to respective values of a normalized transform matrix by an amount dependent upon a dimension of the transform matrix, and to quantise the spatial frequency data according to a selected quantisation step size, having the step of frequency-transforming a block of video data samples by matrix-multiplying the block by the transform matrix and the transposition of the transform matrix to generate a block of scaled spatial frequency coefficients which are each larger, by a common scaling factor (for example, resultingShift), than the spatial frequency coefficients which would result from a normalized frequency-transformation of that block of video data samples.
Therefore at the quantisation stage, an appropriate bit-shift operation cannot be used to cancel out the operation in a simple manner.
A solution to this is proposed as follows:
At the quantiser stage, apply a right shift:
quantTransformRightShift=15−log 2(S′)−bitDepth
Where the value S′ is derived such that
resultingShift−quantTransformRightShift=+½
quantTransformRightShift is an integer
The difference between shifts of ½ is equivalent to multiplication by sqrt(2), i.e. at this point the coefficients are sqrt(2) times larger than they should be, making the bit shift an integer bit shift.
For the quantisation process, apply a quantisation parameter of (QP+3), meaning that the quantising divisor is effectively increased by a factor of sqrt(2), thus cancelling out the sqrt(2) scale factor from the previous step.
Accordingly, these steps can be summarised (in the context of a video coding or decoding method (or corresponding apparatus or program) operable to generate blocks of quantised spatial frequency data by performing frequency-transformation on blocks of video data samples using a transform matrix comprising an array of integer values which are each scaled with respect to respective values of a normalized transform matrix, and to quantise the spatial frequency data according to a selected quantisation step size, involving frequency-transforming a block of video data samples by matrix-multiplying the block by the transform matrix and the transposition of the transform matrix to generate a block of scaled spatial frequency coefficients which are each larger, by a common scaling factor, than the spatial frequency coefficients which would result from a normalized frequency-transformation of that block of video data samples) as follows: selecting a quantisation step size for quantising the spatial frequency coefficients; applying an n-bit shift (for example, quantTransformRightShift) to divide each of the scaled spatial frequency coefficients by a factor of 2n, where n is an integer; and detecting a residual scaling factor (for example, resultingShift− quantTransformRightShift), being the common scaling factor divided by 2n. For example, in the situation discussed above, the quantisation step size is then according to the residual scaling factor to generate a modified quantisation step size; and each of the scaled spatial frequency coefficients in the block is divided by a value dependent upon the modified quantisation step size and rounding the result to an integer value, to generate the block of quantised spatial frequency data. As discussed, the modification of the quantisation step size can be carried out simply by adding an offset to QP so as to select a different quantisation step size when QP is mapped into the table of quantisation step sizes.
The coefficients are now of the correct magnitude for the original QP.
The transform matrix can comprise an array of integer values which are each scaled with respect to respective values of a normalized transform matrix by an amount dependent upon a dimension of the transform matrix.
It follows that the required value for S′ can always be derived as follows:
S′=sqrt(2*M*N)
As an alternative proposal, S′ could be derived such that:
resultingShift−quantTransformRightShift=−½
In this case, S′=sqrt(½*M*N), and the applied quantisation parameter is (QP−3) In either of these cases, (adding 3 to QP or subtracting 3 from QP), the step of selecting the quantisation step size comprises selecting a quantisation index (for example, QP), the quantisation index defining a respective entry in a table of quantisation step sizes, and the modifying step comprises changing the quantisation index so as to select a different quantisation step size, such that the ratio of the different quantisation step size to the originally selected quantisation step size is substantially equal to the residual scaling factor.
This works particularly well where, as in the present embodiments, successive values of the quantisation step sizes in the table are related logarithmically, so that a change in quantisation index (for example, QP) of m (where m is an integer) represents a change in quantisation step size by a factor of p (where p is an integer greater than 1). In the present embodiments, m=6 and p=2, so that an increase of 6 in QP represents a doubling of the applied quantisation step size, and a decrease in QP of 6 represents a halving of the resulting quantisation step size.
As discussed above, the modification can be carried out by selecting a quantisation index (for example, a base QP) in respect of luminance samples; generating a quantisation index offset, relative to the quantisation index selected for the luminance samples, for samples of each or both chrominance components; changing the quantisation index offset according to the residual scaling factor; and communicating the quantisation index offset in association with the coded video data. In embodiments of HEVC, QP offsets for the two chroma channels are sent in the bit stream. These steps correspond to a system in which the QP offset (to account for the residual scaling factor) of +/−3 could be incorporated into these offsets, or they could be incremented/decremented when they are used to derive the chroma QP.
Note that the QP offset does not have to be +/−3 if differently shaped blocks were used; it is just that +/−3 represents an offset applicable to the block shapes and aspect ratios discussed above in respect of 4:2:2 video, for example.
In some embodiments, n (the bit shift as applied) is selected so that 2n is greater than or equal to the common scaling factor. In other embodiments, n is selected so that 2n is less than or equal to the common scaling factor. In embodiments (using either of these arrangements), a bit shift n can be selected so as to be the next nearest (in either direction) to the common scaling factor, so that the residual scaling factor represents a factor having a magnitude of less than 2.
In other embodiments, the modification of the quantisation step size can simply be performed by multiplying the quantisation step size by a factor dependent upon the residual scaling factor. That is to say, the modification need not involve modifying the index QP.
Note also that the quantisation step size as discussed is not necessarily the actual quantisation step size by which a transformed sample is divided. The quantisation step size derived in this way can be further modified. For example, in some arrangements, the quantisation step size is further modified by respective entries in a matrix of values (Qmatrix) so that different final quantisation step sizes are used at different coefficient positions in a quantised block of coefficients.
It is also notable that in the 4:2:0 scheme, the largest chroma TU is 16×16, whereas for the 4:2:2 scheme 16×32 TUs are possible, and for the 4:4:4 scheme, 32×32 chroma TUs are possible. Consequently in an embodiment quantisation matrices (Qmatrices) for 32×32 chroma TUs are proposed. Similarly, Qmatrices should be defined for non-square TUs such as the 16×32 TU, with one embodiment being the subsampling of a larger square Q matrix
Qmatrices could be defined by any one of the following:
Taking a small example just for illustrative purposes, a particular matrix for one channel ratio could be defined, such as a 4×4 matrix in respect of 4:2:0
Embodiments of the disclosure could then define a set of difference values for a similar-sized matrix in respect of another channel ratio:
so that in order to generate the Qmatrix for the other channel ratio, the matrix of differences is matrix-added to the reference matrix.
Instead of differences, a matrix of multiplicative factors could be defined for the other channel ratio, such that either (i) the matrix of multiplicative factors is matrix-multiplied with the reference matrix to generate the Qmatrix for the other channel ratio, or (ii) each coefficient in the reference matrix is individually multiplied by a respective factor to generate the Qmatrix for the other channel ratio.
as a function of another Qmatrix;
as an equation/function (e.g. piece-wise linear curve, exponential, polynomial);
or any combination of the above. For example, each of a, b, c and d could in fact be defined by a function which could include a dependence upon the coefficient position (i,j) within the matrix. (l, j) could represent, for example, the coefficient position from left to right followed by the coefficient position from top to bottom of the matrix. An example is:
coefficientij=3i+2j
Note that Qmatrices can be referred to as Scaling Lists within the HEVC environment. In embodiments in which the quantisation is applied after the scanning process, the scanned data may be a linear stream of successive data samples. In such instances, the concept of a Qmatrix still applies, but the matrix (or Scanning List) may be considered as a 1×N matrix, such that the order of the N data values within the 1×N matrix corresponds to the order of scanned samples to which the respective Qmatrix value is to be applied. In other words, there is a 1:1 relationship between data order in the scanned data, spatial frequency according to the scan pattern, and data order in the 1×N Qmatrix.
Note that it is possible, in some implementations, to bypass or omit the DCT (frequency separation) stage, but to retain the quantisation stage.
Other useful information includes an optional indicator of to which other matrix the values are related, i.e. the previous channel or the first (primary) channel; for example the matrix for Cr could be a scaled factor of a matrix for Y, or for Cb, as indicated.
Accordingly, embodiments of the disclosure can provide a video coding or decoding method (and a corresponding apparatus or computer program) operable to generate blocks of quantised spatial frequency data by (optionally) performing frequency-transformation on blocks of video data samples and quantising the video data (such as the spatial frequency data) according to a selected quantisation step size and a matrix of data modifying the quantisation step size for use at different respective block positions within an ordered block of samples (such as an ordered block of frequency-transformed samples), the method being operable with respect to at least two different chrominance subsampling formats.
For at least one of the chrominance subsampling formats, one or more quantisation matrices are defined as one or more predetermined modifications with respect to one or more reference quantisation matrices defined for a reference one of the chrominance subsampling formats.
In embodiments of the disclosure, the defining step comprises defining one or more quantisation matrices as a matrix of values each interpolated from a respective plurality of values of a reference quantisation matrix. In other embodiments, the defining step comprises defining one or more quantisation matrices as a matrix of values each subsampled from values of a reference quantisation matrix.
In embodiments of the disclosure, the defining step comprises defining one or more quantisation matrices as a matrix of differences with respect to corresponding values of a reference quantisation matrix.
In embodiments of the disclosure, the defining step comprises defining one or more quantisation matrices as a predetermined function of values of a reference quantisation matrix. In such instances, the predetermined function may be a polynomial function.
In embodiments of the disclosure, one or both of the following is provided, for example as part of or in association with the coded video data: (i) reference-indicator data to indicate, with respect to encoded video data, the reference quantisation matrix; and (ii) modification-indicator data to indicate, with respect to encoded data values, the one or more predetermined modifications.
These techniques are particularly applicable where two of the chrominance subsampling formats are 4:4:4 and 4:2:2 formats.
The number of Q Matrices in HEVC 4:2:0 is currently 6 for each transform size: 3 for the corresponding channels, and one set for intra and for inter. In the case of a 4:4:4 GBR scheme, it will be appreciated that either one set of quantisation matrices could be used for all channels, or three respective sets of quantisation matrices could be used.
In embodiments of the disclosure, at least one of the matrices is a 1×N matrix. This would be the case in (as described here) one or more of the matrices is in fact a Scaling List or the like, being a linear 1×N ordered array of coefficients.
The proposed solutions involve incrementing or decrementing the applied QP. However this could be achieved in a number of ways:
In HEVC, QP offsets for the two chroma channels are sent in the bit stream. The +/−3 could be incorporated into these offsets, or they could be incremented/decremented when they are used to derive the chroma QP.
As discussed, above, in HEVC, (luma QP+ chroma offset) is used as an index to a table in order to derive the chroma QP. This table could be modified to incorporate the +/−3 (i.e. by incrementing/decrementing the values of the original table by 3).
After the chroma QP has been derived, as per the normal HEVC process, the results could then be incremented (or decremented) by 3.
As an alternative to modifying the QP, a factor of sqrt(2) or 1/sqrt(2) can be used to modify the quantisation coefficients.
For forward/inverse quantisation, the division/multiplication processes are implemented by using (QP % 6) as an index to a table to obtain a quantisation coefficient or quantisation step size, inverseQStep/scaledQStep, (Here, QP % 6 signifies QP modulo 6). Note that, as discussed above, this may not represent the final quantisation step size which is applied to the transformed data; it may be further modified by the Qmatrices before use.
The default tables in HEVC are of length 6, covering an octave (a doubling) of values. This is simply a means of reducing storage requirements; the tables are extended for actual use by selecting an entry in the table according to the modulus of QP (mod 6) and then multiplying or dividing by an appropriate power of 2, dependent upon the difference of (QP−QP modulus 6) from a predetermined base value.
This arrangement could be varied to allow for the offset of +/−3 in the QP value. The offset can be applied in the table look-up process, or the modulus process discussed above could instead be carried out using the modified QP. Assuming the offset is applied at the table look-up, however, additional entries in the table can be provided as follows:
One alternative is to extend the tables by 3 entries, where the new entries are as follows (for the index values of 6-8).
The example table shown in
The example table shown in
Entropy Encoding
Basic entropy encoding comprises assigning codewords to input data symbols, where the shortest available codewords are assigned to the most probable symbols in the input data. On average the result is a lossless but much smaller representation of the input data.
This basic scheme can be improved upon further by recognising that symbol probability is often conditional on recent prior data, and consequently making the assignment process context adaptive.
In such a scheme, context variables (CVs) are used to determine the choice of respective probability models, and such CVs are provided for in the HEVC 4:2:0 scheme.
To extend entropy encoding to the 4:2:2 scheme, which for example will use 4×8 chroma TUs rather than 4×4 TUs for an 8×8 luma TU, optionally the context variables can be provided for by simply vertically repeating the equivalent CV selections.
However, in an embodiment of the present disclosure the CV selections are not repeated for the top-left coefficients (i.e. the high-energy, DC and/or low spatial frequency coefficients), and instead new CVs are derived. In this case, for example, a mapping may be derived from the luma map. This approach may also be used for the 4:4:4 scheme.
During coding, in the 4:2:0 scheme, a so-called zig-scan scans through the coefficients in order from high to low frequencies. However, again it is noted that the chroma TUs in the 4:2:2 scheme can be non-square, and so in an embodiment of the present disclosure a different chroma scan is proposed with the angle of the scan be tilted to make it more horizontal, or more generally, responsive to the aspect ratio of the TU.
Similarly, the neighbourhood for significance map CV selection and the c1/c2 system for greater-than-one and greater-than-two CV selection may be adapted accordingly.
Likewise, in an embodiment of the present disclosure the last significant coefficient position (which becomes the start point during decoding) could also be adjusted for the 4:4:4 scheme, with last-significant positions for chroma TUs being coded differentially from the last-significant position in the co-located luma TU.
The coefficient scanning can also be made prediction mode dependent for certain TU sizes. Hence a different scan order can be used for some TU sizes dependent on the intra-prediction mode.
In the 4:2:0 scheme, mode dependent coefficient scanning (MDCS) is only applied for 4×4/8×8 luma TUs and 4×4 chroma TUs for intro prediction. MDCS is used dependent on the intra-prediction mode, with angles +/−4 from the horizontal and vertical being considered.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, it is proposed that in the 4:2:2 scheme MDCS is applied to 4×8 and 8×4 chroma TUs for intra prediction. Similarly, it is proposed that in the 4:4:4 scheme MDCS is applied to 8×8 and 4×4 chroma TUs. MDCS for 4:2:2 may only be done in the horizontal or vertical directions, and that the angle ranges may differ for 4:4:4 chroma vs. 4:4:4 luma vs. 4:2:2 chroma vs. 4:2:2 luma vs. 4:2:0 luma.
In-Loop Filters
Deblocking
Deblocking is applied to all CU, PU and TU boundaries, and the CU/PU/TU shape is not taken into account. The filter strength and size is dependent on local statistics, and deblocking has a granularity of 8×8 Luma pixels.
Consequently it is anticipated that the current deblocking applied for the 4:2:0 scheme should also be applicable for the 4:2:2 and 4:4:4 schemes.
Sample Adaptive Offsetting
In sample adaptive offsetting (SAO) each channel is completely independent. SAO splits the image data for each channel using a quad-tree, and the resulting blocks are at least one LCU in size. The leaf blocks are aligned to LCU boundaries and each leaf can run in one of three modes, as determined by the encoder (“Central band offset”, “Side band offset” or “Edge offset”). Each leaf categorises its pixels, and the encoder derives an offset value for each of the 16 categories by comparing the SAO input data to the source data. These offsets are sent to the decoder. The offset for a decoded pixel's category is added to its value to minimise the deviation from the source.
In addition, SAO is enabled or disabled at picture level; if enabled for luma, it can also be enabled separately for each chroma channel. SAO will therefore be applied to chroma only if it is applied to luma.
Consequently the process is largely transparent to the underlying block scheme and it is anticipated that the current SAO applied for the 4:2:0 scheme should also be applicable for the 4:2:2 and 4:4:4 schemes.
Adaptive Loop Filtering
In the 4:2:0 scheme, adaptive loop filtering (ALF) is disabled by default. However, in principle (i.e. if allowed) then ALF would be applied to the entire picture for chroma.
In ALF, luma samples may be sorted into one of a number of categories, as determined by the HEVC documents; each category uses a different Wiener-based filter.
By contrast, in 4:2:0 chroma samples are not categorised—there is just one Wiener-based filter for Cb, and one for Cr.
Hence in an embodiment of the present disclosure, in light of the increased chroma information in the 4:2:2 and 4:4:4 schemes, it is proposed that the chroma samples are categorised; for example with K categories for 4:2:2 and J categories for 4:4:4.
Whilst in the 4:2:0 scheme ALF can be disabled for luma on a per-CU basis using an ALF control flag (down to the CU-level specified by the ALF control depth), it can only be disabled for chrome on a per-picture basis. Note that in HEVC, this depth is currently limited to the LCU level only.
Consequently in an embodiment of the present disclosure, the 4:2:2 and 4:4:4 schemes are provided with one or two channel specific ALF control flags for chrome.
Syntax
In HEVC, syntax is already present to indicate 4:2:0, 4:2:2 or 4:4:4 schemes, and is indicated at the sequence level. However, in an embodiment of the present disclosure it is proposed to also indicate 4:4:4 GBR coding at this level.
Data Signals
It will be appreciated that data signals generated by the variants of coding apparatus discussed above, and storage or transmission media carrying such signals, are considered to represent embodiments of the present disclosure.
Respective features of embodiments are defined by the following numbered clauses:
where level 0, level 1 and level 2 represent successive levels in the tree hierarchy of divisions, n/a indicates an unallowable mode, each block size is represented by the notation (horizontal dimension)×(vertical dimension)×(number of instances, if applicable), and N is an integer greater than 1.
where level 0, level 1 and level 2 represent successive levels in the tree hierarchy of divisions, n/a indicates an unallowable mode, each block size is represented by the notation (horizontal dimension)×(vertical dimension)×(number of instances, if applicable), and N is an integer greater than 1.
a controller configured to partition an image to be encoded into coding units, prediction units and transform units for encoding, a coding unit being a square array of luminance samples and the corresponding chrominance samples, there being one or more prediction units in a coding unit, and there being one or more transform units in a coding unit; in which a prediction unit is an elementary unit of prediction so that all samples within a single prediction unit are predicted using a common prediction technique, and a transform unit is a basic unit of transformation and quantisation; to enable non-square transforms so as to allow non-square prediction units; and to select transform unit block sizes to align with the prediction unit block layout.
Further respective embodiments are defined by the following numbered clauses:
storing one or more images preceding a current image;
interpolating a higher resolution version of prediction units of the stored images so that the luminance component of an interpolated prediction unit has a horizontal resolution P times that of the corresponding portion of the stored image and a vertical resolution Q times that of the corresponding portion of the stored image, where P and Q are integers greater than 1;
detecting inter-image motion between a current image and the one or more interpolated stored images so as to generate motion vectors between a prediction unit of the current image and areas of the one or more preceding images; and
generating a motion compensated prediction of the prediction unit of the current image with respect to an area of an interpolated stored image pointed to by a respective motion vector;
in which the interpolating step comprises:
applying a xR horizontal and xS vertical interpolation filter to the chrominance components of a stored image to generate an interpolated chrominance prediction unit, where R is equal to (U×M×P) and S is equal to (V×N×Q), U and V being integers equal to 1 or more; and
subsampling the interpolated chrominance prediction unit, such that its horizontal resolution is divided by a factor of U and its vertical resolution is divided by a factor of V, thereby resulting in a block of MP×NQ samples.
Note that the detecting step may not be required in a decoding arrangement, as the decoder can use the motion vectors provided to it (for example, as part of the video datastream) by the encoder.
deriving a luminance motion vector for a prediction unit; and
independently deriving one or more chrominance motion vectors for that prediction unit.
storing one or more images preceding a current image;
interpolating a higher resolution version of prediction units of the stored images so that the luminance component of an interpolated prediction unit has a horizontal resolution P times that of the corresponding portion of the stored image and a vertical resolution Q times that of the corresponding portion of the stored image, where P and Q are integers greater than 1;
detecting inter-image motion between a current image and the one or more interpolated stored images so as to generate motion vectors between a prediction unit of the current image and areas of the one or more preceding images; and
generating a motion compensated prediction of the prediction unit of the current image with respect to an area of an interpolated stored image pointed to by a respective motion vector;
in which the interpolating step comprises:
applying a xR horizontal and xS vertical interpolation filter to the chrominance components of a stored image to generate an interpolated chrominance prediction unit, where R is equal to (U×M×P) and S is equal to (V×N×Q), U and V being integers equal to 1 or more; and
subsampling the interpolated chrominance prediction unit, such that its horizontal resolution is divided by a factor of U and its vertical resolution is divided by a factor of V, thereby resulting in a block of MP×NQ samples.
an image store configured to store one or more images preceding a current image;
an interpolator configured to interpolate a higher resolution version of prediction units of the stored images so that the luminance component of an interpolated prediction unit has a horizontal resolution P times that of the corresponding portion of the stored image and a vertical resolution Q times that of the corresponding portion of the stored image, where P and Q are integers greater than 1;
a detector configured to detect inter-image motion between a current image and the one or more interpolated stored images so as to generate motion vectors between a prediction unit of the current image and areas of the one or more preceding images; and
a generator configured to generate a motion compensated prediction of the prediction unit of the current image with respect to an area of an interpolated stored image pointed to by a respective motion vector;
in which the interpolator is configured:
to apply a xR horizontal and xS vertical interpolation filter to the chrominance components of a stored image to generate an interpolated chrominance prediction unit, where R is equal to (U×M×P) and S is equal to (V×N×Q), U and V being integers equal to 1 or more; and
to subsample the interpolated chrominance prediction unit, such that its horizontal resolution is divided by a factor of U and its vertical resolution is divided by a factor of V, thereby resulting in a block of MP×NQ samples.
an image store configured to store one or more images preceding a current image;
an interpolator configured to interpolate a higher resolution version of prediction units of the stored images so that the luminance component of an interpolated prediction unit has a horizontal resolution P times that of the corresponding portion of the stored image and a vertical resolution Q times that of the corresponding portion of the stored image, where P and Q are integers greater than 1;
a detector configured to detect inter-image motion between a current image and the one or more interpolated stored images so as to generate motion vectors between a prediction unit of the current image and areas of the one or more preceding images; and
a generator configured to generate a motion compensated prediction of the prediction unit of the current image with respect to an area of an interpolated stored image pointed to by a respective motion vector;
in which the interpolator is configured:
to apply a xR horizontal and xS vertical interpolation filter to the chrominance components of a stored image to generate an interpolated chrominance prediction unit, where R is equal to (U×M×P) and S is equal to (V×N×Q), U and V being integers equal to 1 or more; and
to subsample the interpolated chrominance prediction unit, such that its horizontal resolution is divided by a factor of U and its vertical resolution is divided by a factor of V, thereby resulting in a block of MP×NQ samples.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1207459 | Apr 2012 | GB | national |
| 1211072 | Jun 2012 | GB | national |
| 1211073 | Jun 2012 | GB | national |
The present application is a continuation application of U.S. Ser. No. 16/362,276, filed Mar. 22, 2019, herein incorporated by reference, which is a continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 10,244,232, issued Mar. 26, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 9,674,531, issued Jun. 6, 2017, which is a bypass continuation application of PCT application PCT/GB2013/051076 designating the United States of America filed 26 Apr. 2013 which claims the benefit of the earlier filing date of GB1211072.2, GB 1211073.0 and GB 1207459.7 filed in the United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office on 22 Jun. 2012, 22 Jun. 2012 and 26 Apr. 2012 respectively, the entire contents of which applications are incorporated herein by reference.
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| Child | 16362276 | US | |
| Parent | 14523675 | Oct 2014 | US |
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| Parent | PCT/GB2013/051076 | Apr 2013 | US |
| Child | 14523675 | US |
