Patent Grant
9762492
The present invention relates generally to packet traffic management and, more particularly, but not exclusively to determining if network connection flow control data should be off-loaded to data flow segment stored in a high-speed cache.
The expanded use of the Internet has increased communication connections between client devices and server devices. Often, a client device establishes a network connection with a server device by using well-known protocols, such as Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (“TCP/IP”), User Datagram Protocol (“UDP”), and the like. This network connection may be identified by one characteristic or a combination of characteristics, such as a source port, a destination port, a source address, a destination address, a protocol, and the like. Typically, the source address, destination address, destination port, and protocol are relatively fixed for a network connection between a client device and a server device. Thus, the source port may be utilized to uniquely identify a connection between the client device and the server device. Additionally, the expansion of the Internet has led to improvements in packet traffic management. One such advancement is to split operations between a control segment and a data flow segment as described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,413, filed Mar. 21, 2001, and entitled “Method and System for Optimizing a Network by Independently Scaling Control Segments and Data Flow,” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety into this patent application. Thus, it is with respect to these considerations and others that the invention has been made.
Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to the following drawings. In the drawings, like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various figures unless otherwise specified. For a better understanding of the present invention, reference will be made to the following Detailed Description, which is to be read in association with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Throughout the specification and claims, the following terms take the meanings explicitly associated herein, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The phrase “in one embodiment” as used herein does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, though it may. Furthermore, the phrase “in another embodiment” as used herein does not necessarily refer to a different embodiment, although it may. Thus, as described below, various embodiments of the invention may be readily combined, without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention.
In addition, as used herein, the term “or” is an inclusive “or” operator, and is equivalent to the term “and/or,” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term “based on” is not exclusive and allows for being based on additional factors not described, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. In addition, throughout the specification, the meaning of “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references. The meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on.”
As used herein, the term “SYN” refers to a packet transmitted utilizing TCP that includes a set synchronize control flag in a TCP header of the packet.
As used herein, the term “ACK” refers to a packet transmitted utilizing TCP that includes a set acknowledgment flag in a TCP header of the packet.
As used herein, the term “SYN_ACK” refers to a packet transmitted utilizing TCP that includes a set synchronize control flag and a set acknowledgment flag in a TCP header of the packet.
As used herein, the term “FIN” refers to a packet transmitted utilizing TCP that includes a set no more data from sender flag in a TCP header of the packet.
As used herein, the term “FIN_ACK” refers to a packet transmitted utilizing TCP that includes a set no more data from sender flag and a set acknowledgment flag in a TCP header of the packet. FIN_ACK compress a FIN and ACK into one TCP packet.
As used herein, the term “tuple” refers to a set of values that identify a source and destination of a connection. In one embodiment, a 5 tuple may include a source address, a destination address, a source port, a destination port, and a protocol identifier. In at least one of the various embodiments, tuples may be used to identify network flows (e.g., connection flows).
As used herein, the terms “network flow,” “connection flow,”, “flow” refer to a network session that may be established between two endpoints. In at least one of the various embodiments, a tuple may describe the flow. In at least one of the various embodiments, flow control data associated with connection flows may be used to ensure that the network packets sent between the endpoints of a connection flow may be routed along the same path. In at least one of the various embodiments, the performance of connection oriented network protocols such as TCP/IP may impaired if network packets may be routed using varying paths and/or directed different endpoints.
As used herein, the term “genuine connection flow,” refers to a connection flow that may have been determined to be associated with an operative client-server communication session. In contrast, a non-genuine connection flow may be associated with a malicious attack such as a SYN flood attack. In at least one of the various embodiments, characteristics a genuine connection flows may include, TCP/IP handshaking complete, evidence of bi-directional network packet exchange, or the like. Likewise, evidence that a connection flow may be non-genuine may include, half-open connections (incomplete handshaking and connection setup), few if any network packets exchanged, or the like.
As used herein, the term “hot connection flow,” refers to a connection flow that may have been determined to be a candidate for off loading to a data flow segment. Hot flow connections may have characteristics such high-bandwidth utilization, quality of service priority, or the like.
As used herein, the term “high speed flow cache” refers to memory based cache used for storing flow control data that corresponds to connection flows. The cache may be accessible using, dedicated busses that may provide very fast performance based on a combination of factors that may include, wide-busses, fast clock speeds, dedicated channels, specialized read and/or write buffer, hardware proximity, temperature control, or the like. Also, the high speed flow cache may be comprised of very fast random access memory (RAM) components such as, static random access memory (SRAM), asynchronous SRAM, burst SRAM, extended data output dynamic RAM (EDO DRAM), or the like. In most cases, the high performance components comprising the high speed flow cache often are relatively expensive. Thus, the high speed flow cache may comprise valuable “real estate” within a traffic management device.
The following briefly describes the various embodiments to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the invention. This brief description is not intended as an extensive overview. It is not intended to identify key or critical elements, or to delineate or otherwise narrow the scope. Its purpose is merely to present some concepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
Briefly stated, embodiments are directed towards improving the performance of network traffic management devices by optimizing the management of hot connection flows. In at least one of the various embodiments, a packet traffic management device (“PTMD”) may employ a data flow segment (“DFS”) component and control segment (“CS”) component. In at least one of the various embodiments, the CS may perform high-level control functions and per-flow policy enforcement for connection flows maintained at the DFS, while the DFS may perform statistics gathering, per-packet policy enforcement (e.g., packet address translations), or the like, on connection flows maintained at the DFS.
The CS may be utilized to generate flow control data for connection flows that may be offloaded to the DFS based on connection flow requests received at the packet traffic management device. In one embodiment, the CS may receive a new connection flow request, such as a SYN packet, sent by a client device. The CS may generate and cache a connection flow identifier for the connection flow request. In at least one of the various embodiments, the DFS may include high-speed flow caches and other high-speed components. In at least one of the various embodiments, the high-speed flow cache may be enabled to store a defined amount of flow control data that may limit the number of connection flows that may be offloaded to the DFS for handling. In at least one of the various embodiments, making efficient use of the high speed flow cache capacity may be improved by maximizing the number of hot connection flows and minimizing the number of malicious and/or in-operative connections flows (e.g., non-genuine flows) that may be have flow control data stored in the high-speed flow cache.
In at least one of the various embodiments, if a new network connection flow may be received it may be forwarded to a control segment (CS). In at least one of the various embodiments, the CS may generate the flow control data for the new network connection flow. In one embodiment, if the CS determines that the new network connection flow should be offloaded to the DFS, the CS may send a control message that may include the flow control data to the DFS. In at least one of the various embodiments, the DFS may store the received flow control data in the high-speed flow cache that may correspond to the DFS.
In at least one of the various embodiments, the CS may receive connection flows that may be evicted from the DFS. In at least one of the various embodiments, if the evicted connection may remain valid and/or active the CS may begin handling the network packets for the transferred connection flow (e.g., the CS may take over the packet level control in addition to providing the flow level control and policy enforcement).
In at least one of the various embodiments, in conjunction with managing the connection flows the CS may analyze flow statistics and application to identify hot connection flows. In at least one of the various embodiments, if hot connection flows may be identified, the CS may determine if any should be handled by the DFS for improved performance.
In at least one of the various embodiments, offloading a connection flow to the DFS for handling enables the DFS to manage packet translation using flow control data that may have generated by the CS. In at least one of the various embodiments, connection flows offloaded to the DFS may benefit from performance improvements that arising from the high-performance hardware that may comprise the DFS. In at least one of the various embodiments, storing the flow control data for connection flows in the high-speed flow cache that may correspond to the DFS may occur if the connection flow may be offloaded to the DFS for handling.
Illustrative Operating Environment
As shown, system 100 of
One embodiment of client devices 102-105 is described in more detail below in conjunction with
Devices that may operate as client device 102 may include devices that typically connect using a wired or wireless communications medium, such as personal computers, servers, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, or the like. In some embodiments, client devices 102-105 may include virtually any portable computing device capable of connecting to another computing device and receiving information, such as laptop computer 103, smart phone 104, tablet computer 105, or the like. However, portable computer devices are not so limited and may also include other portable devices, such as cellular telephones, display pagers, radio frequency (“RF”) devices, infrared (“IR”) devices, Personal Digital Assistants (“PDAs”), handheld computers, wearable computers, integrated devices combining one or more of the preceding devices, and the like. As such, client devices 102-105 typically range widely in terms of capabilities and features. Moreover, client devices 102-105 may provide access to various computing applications, including a browser, or other web-based applications.
A web-enabled client device may include a browser application that is configured to receive and to send web pages, web-based messages, and the like. The browser application may be configured to receive and display graphics, text, multimedia, and the like, employing virtually any web-based language, including a wireless application protocol messages (“WAP”), and the like. In one embodiment, the browser application is enabled to employ Handheld Device Markup Language (“HDML”), Wireless Markup Language (“WML”), WMLScript, JavaScript, Standard Generalized Markup Language (“SGML”), HyperText Markup Language (“HTML”), eXtensible Markup Language (“XML”), and the like, to display and send a message. In one embodiment, a user of the client device may employ the browser application to perform various activities over a network (online). However, another application may also be used to perform various online activities.
Client devices 102-105 also may include at least one other client application that is configured to receive and/or send data between another computing device. The client application may include a capability to send and/or receive content, or the like. The client application may further provide information that identifies itself, including a type, capability, name, or the like. In one embodiment, client devices 102-105 may uniquely identify themselves through any of a variety of mechanisms, including a phone number, Mobile Identification Number (“MIN”), an electronic serial number (“ESN”), or other mobile device identifier. The information may also indicate a content format that the mobile device is enabled to employ. Such information may be provided in a network packet, or the like, sent between other client devices, PTMD 109, server devices 110-111, or other computing devices.
Client devices 102-105 may further be configured to include a client application that enables an end-user to log into an end-user account that may be managed by another computing device, such as server devices 110-111, or the like. Such end-user accounts, in one non-limiting example, may be configured to enable the end-user to manage one or more online activities, including in one non-limiting example, search activities, social networking activities, browse various websites, communicate with other users, participate in gaming, interact with various applications, or the like. However, participation in online activities may also be performed without logging into the end-user account.
Wireless carrier network 107 is configured to couple client devices 103-105 and its components with network 108. Wireless carrier network 107 may include any of a variety of wireless sub-networks that may further overlay stand-alone ad-hoc networks, and the like, to provide an infrastructure-oriented connection for client devices 102-105. Such sub-networks may include mesh networks, Wireless LAN (“WLAN”) networks, cellular networks, and the like. In one embodiment, the system may include more than one wireless network.
Wireless carrier network 107 may further include an autonomous system of terminals, gateways, routers, and the like connected by wireless radio links, and the like. These connectors may be configured to move freely and randomly and organize themselves arbitrarily, such that the topology of wireless carrier network 107 may change rapidly.
Wireless carrier network 107 may further employ a plurality of access technologies including 2nd (2G), 3rd (3G), 4th (4G) 5th (5G) generation radio access for cellular systems, WLAN, Wireless Router (“WR”) mesh, and the like. Access technologies such as 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, and future access networks may enable wide area coverage for mobile devices, such as client devices 103-105 with various degrees of mobility. In one non-limiting example, carrier network 107 may enable a radio connection through a radio network access such as Global System for Mobil communication (“GSM”), General Packet Radio Services (“GPRS”), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (“EDGE”), code division multiple access (“CDMA”), time division multiple access (“TDMA”), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (“WCDMA”), High Speed Downlink Packet Access (“HSDPA”), Long Term Evolution (“LTE”), and the like. In essence, carrier network 107 may include virtually any wireless communication mechanism by which information may travel between client devices 103-105 and another computing device, network, and the like.
Network 108 is configured to couple network devices with other computing devices, including, server devices 110-111 through PTMD 109, client device 102, and client devices 103-105 through wireless carrier network 107. Network 108 is enabled to employ any form of computer readable media for communicating information from one electronic device to another. Also, network 108 can include the Internet in addition to LANs, WANs, direct connections, such as through a universal serial bus (“USB”) port, other forms of computer readable media, or any combination thereof. On an interconnected set of LANs, including those based on differing architectures and protocols, a router acts as a link between LANs, enabling messages to be sent from one to another. In addition, communication links within LANs typically include twisted wire pair or coaxial cable, while communication links between networks may utilize analog telephone lines, full or fractional dedicated digital lines including T1, T2, T3, and T4, and/or other carrier mechanisms including, for example, E-carriers, Integrated Services Digital Networks (“ISDNs”), Digital Subscriber Lines (“DSLs”), wireless links including satellite links, or other communications links known to those skilled in the art. Moreover, communication links may further employ any of a variety of digital signaling technologies, including without limit, for example, DS-0, DS-1, DS-2, DS-3, DS-4, OC-3, OC-12, OC-48, or the like. Furthermore, remote computers and other related electronic devices could be remotely connected to either LANs or WANs via a modem and temporary telephone link. In one embodiment, network 108 may be configured to transport information of an Internet Protocol (“IP”). In essence, network 108 includes any communication method by which information may travel between computing devices.
Additionally, communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. By way of example, communication media includes wired media such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber optics, wave guides, and other wired media and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared, and other wireless media.
One embodiment of PTMD 109 is described in more detail below in conjunction with
PTMD 109 may include a control segment and a separate data flow segment. The control segment may include software-optimized operations that perform high-level control functions and per-flow policy enforcement for packet traffic management. In at least one of the various embodiments, the control segment may be configured to manage connection flows maintained at the data flow segment. In one embodiments, the control segment may provide instructions, such as, for example, a packet translation instruction, to the data flow segment to enable the data flow segment to route received packets to a server device, such as server device 110-111. The data flow segment may include hardware-optimized operations that perform statistics gathering, per-packet policy enforcement (e.g., packet address translations), high-speed flow caches, or the like, on connection flows maintained at DFS between client devices, such as client devices 102-105, and server devices, such as server devices 110-111.
Server devices 110-111 may include virtually any network device that may operate as a website server. However, server devices 110-111 are not limited to website servers, and may also operate as messaging server, a File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server, a database server, content server, or the like. Additionally, each of server devices 110-111 may be configured to perform a different operation. Devices that may operate as server devices 110-111 include various network devices, including, but not limited to personal computers, desktop computers, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, server devices, network appliances, and the like.
Although
Illustrative Client Device
As shown in the figure, client device 200 includes a processor 202 in communication with memory 226 via a bus 234. Client device 200 also includes a power supply 228, one or more network interfaces 236, an audio interface 238, a display 240, a keypad 242, and an input/output interface 248.
Power supply 228 provides power to client device 200. A rechargeable or non-rechargeable battery may be used to provide power. The power may also be provided by an external power source, such as an AC adapter or a powered docking cradle that supplements and/or recharges a battery.
Client device 200 may optionally communicate with a base station (not shown), or directly with another computing device. Network interface 236 includes circuitry for coupling client device 200 to one or more networks, and is constructed for use with one or more communication protocols and technologies including, but not limited to, global system for mobile communication (“GSM”), code division multiple access (“CDMA”), time division multiple access (“TDMA”), High Speed Downlink Packet Access (“HSDPA”), Long Term Evolution (“LTE”), user datagram protocol (“UDP”), transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (“TCP/IP”), short message service (“SMS”), general packet radio service (“GPRS”), WAP, ultra wide band (“UWB”), IEEE 802.16 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (“WiMax”), session initiated protocol/real-time transport protocol (“SIP/RTP”), or any of a variety of other wireless communication protocols. Network interface 236 is sometimes known as a transceiver, transceiving device, or network interface card (“NIC”).
Audio interface 238 is arranged to produce and receive audio signals such as the sound of a human voice. For example, audio interface 238 may be coupled to a speaker and microphone (not shown) to enable telecommunication with others and/or generate an audio acknowledgement for some action.
Display 240 may be a liquid crystal display (“LCD”), gas plasma, light emitting diode (“LED”), or any other type of display used with a computing device. Display 240 may also include a touch sensitive screen arranged to receive input from an object such as a stylus or a digit from a human hand.
Keypad 242 may comprise any input device arranged to receive input from a user. For example, keypad 242 may include a push button numeric dial, or a keyboard. Keypad 242 may also include command buttons that are associated with selecting and sending images.
Client device 200 also comprises input/output interface 248 for communicating with external devices, such as a headset, or other input or output devices not shown in
Client device 200 may also include a GPS transceiver (not shown) to determine the physical coordinates of client device 200 on the surface of the Earth. A GPS transceiver typically outputs a location as latitude and longitude values. However, the GPS transceiver can also employ other geo-positioning mechanisms, including, but not limited to, triangulation, assisted GPS (“AGPS”), Enhanced Observed Time Difference (“E-OTD”), Cell Identifier (“CI”), Service Area Identifier (“SAI”), Enhanced Timing Advance (“ETA”), Base Station Subsystem (“BSS”), or the like, to further determine the physical location of client device 200 on the surface of the Earth. It is understood that under different conditions, a GPS transceiver can determine a physical location within millimeters for client device 200; and in other cases, the determined physical location may be less precise, such as within a meter or significantly greater distances. In one embodiment, however, mobile device 200 may through other components, provide other information that may be employed to determine a physical location of the device, including for example, a Media Access Control (“MAC”) address, IP address, or the like.
Memory 226 includes a Random Access Memory (“RAM”) 204, a Read-only Memory (“ROM”) 222, and other storage means. Mass memory 226 illustrates an example of computer readable storage media (devices) for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Mass memory 226 stores a basic input/output system (“BIOS”) 224 for controlling low-level operation of client device 200. The mass memory also stores an operating system 206 for controlling the operation of client device 200. It will be appreciated that this component may include a general-purpose operating system such as a version of UNIX, or LINUX™, or a specialized client communication operating system such as Windows Mobile™, or the Symbian® operating system. The operating system may include, or interface with a Java virtual machine module that enables control of hardware components and/or operating system operations via Java application programs.
Mass memory 226 further includes one or more data storage 208, which can be utilized by client device 200 to store, among other things, applications 214 and/or other data. For example, data storage 208 may also be employed to store information that describes various capabilities of client device 200. The information may then be provided to another device based on any of a variety of events, including being sent as part of a header during a communication, sent upon request, or the like. Data storage 208 may also be employed to store social networking information including address books, buddy lists, aliases, user profile information, or the like. Further, data storage 208 may also store message, we page content, or any of a variety of user generated content. At least a portion of the information may also be stored on another component of network device 200, including, but not limited to processor readable storage device 230, a disk drive or other computer readable storage medias (not shown) within client device 200.
Processor readable storage device 230 may include volatile, nonvolatile, removable, and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information, such as computer- or processor-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Examples of computer readable storage media include RAM, ROM, Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-only Memory (“EEPROM”), flash memory or other memory technology, Compact Disc Read-only Memory (“CD-ROM”), digital versatile disks (“DVD”) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other physical medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by a computing device. Processor readable storage device 230 may also be referred to herein as computer readable storage media.
Applications 214 may include computer executable instructions which, when executed by client device 200, transmit, receive, and/or otherwise process network data. Network data may include, but is not limited to, messages (e.g., SMS, Multimedia Message Service (“MIMS”), instant message (“IM”), email, and/or other messages), audio, video, and enable telecommunication with another user of another client device. Applications 214 may include, for example, browser 218. Applications 214 may include other applications, which may include, but are not limited to, calendars, search programs, email clients, IM applications, SMS applications, voice over Internet Protocol (“VOIP”) applications, contact managers, task managers, transcoders, database programs, word processing programs, security applications, spreadsheet programs, games, search programs, and so forth.
Browser 218 may include virtually any application configured to receive and display graphics, text, multimedia, and the like, employing virtually any web based language. In one embodiment, the browser application is enabled to employ HDML, WML, WMLScript, JavaScript, SGML, HTML, XML, and the like, to display and send a message. However, any of a variety of other web-based programming languages may be employed. In one embodiment, browser 218 may enable a user of client device 200 to communicate with another network device, such as PTMD 109 and/or with server devices 110-111.
Illustrative Network Device
Network device 300 includes processor 302, processor readable storage device 328, network interface unit 330, an input/output interface 332, hard disk drive 334, video display adapter 336, data flow segment (“DFS”) 338 and a mass memory, all in communication with each other via bus 326. The mass memory generally includes RAM 304, ROM 322 and one or more permanent mass storage devices, such as hard disk drive 334, tape drive, optical drive, and/or floppy disk drive. The mass memory stores operating system 306 for controlling the operation of network device 300. Any general-purpose operating system may be employed. Basic input/output system (“BIOS”) 324 is also provided for controlling the low-level operation of network device 300. As illustrated in
Network device 300 also comprises input/output interface 332 for communicating with external devices, such as a keyboard, or other input or output devices not shown in
The mass memory as described above illustrates another type of computer readable media, namely computer readable storage media and/or processor readable storage media, including processor readable storage device 328. Processor readable storage device 328 may include volatile, nonvolatile, removable, and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information, such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Examples of processor readable storage media include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other media which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by a computing device.
Data storage 308 may include a database, text, spreadsheet, folder, file, or the like, that may be configured to maintain and store user account identifiers, user profiles, email addresses, IM addresses, and/or other network addresses; or the like. Data stores 308 may further include program code, data, algorithms, and the like, for use by a processor, such as central processing unit 302 to execute and perform actions. In one embodiment, at least some of data store 308 might also be stored on another component of network device 300, including, but not limited to processor-readable storage device 328, hard disk drive 334, or the like.
The mass memory may also stores program code and data. One or more applications 314 may be loaded into mass memory and run on operating system 306. Examples of application programs may include transcoders, schedulers, calendars, database programs, word processing programs, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (“HTTP”) programs, customizable user interface programs, IPSec applications, encryption programs, security programs, SMS message servers, IM message servers, email servers, account managers, and so forth. Web server 316 and control segment (“CS”) 318 may also be included as application programs within applications 314.
Web server 316 represent any of a variety of services that are configured to provide content, including messages, over a network to another computing device. Thus, web server 316 includes, for example, a web server, a File Transfer Protocol (“FTP”) server, a database server, a content server, or the like. Web server 316 may provide the content including messages over the network using any of a variety of formats including, but not limited to WAP, HDML, WML, SGML, HTML, XML, Compact HTML (“cHTML”), Extensible HTML (“xHTML”), or the like. Web server 316 may also be configured to enable a user of a client device, such as client devices 102-105 of
Network device 300 may also include DFS 338 for maintaining connection flows between client devices, such as client devices 102-105 of
In some embodiments, DFS 338 may provide connection flow status updates to CS 318. In one embodiment, a connection flow status update may include a status of the connection flow, a current state of the connection flow, other statistical information regarding the connection flow, or the like. The connection flow update may also include an identifier that corresponds to the connection flow. The identifier may be generated and provided by CS 318 when a connection flow is established at DFS 338. In some embodiments, the connection flow update may be a connection flow delete update provided to CS 318 after the connection flow is terminated at DFS 338. The connection flow status update and/or the connection flow delete update may be provided to CS 318 periodically, at predefined time intervals, or the like. In some embodiments, DFS 338 may stagger a time when a plurality of connection flow status updates are provided to CS.
In some other embodiments, DFS 338 may include a plurality of data flow segments. In one non-limiting example, a first data flow segment within DFS 338 may forward packets received from a client device to a server device, while a second data flow segment within DFS 338 may forward and/or route packets received from a server device to a client device. In at least one of the various embodiments, DFS 338 may also be implemented in software.
CS 318 may include a control segment that may include software-optimized operations to perform high-level control functions and per-flow policy enforcement for packet traffic management. CS 318 may be configured to manage connection flows maintained at DFS 338. In one embodiments, CS 318 may provide instructions, such as, for example, a packet address translation instructions, to DFS 338 to enable DFS 338 to forward received packets to a server device, such as server device 110-111 of
In at least one of the various embodiments, CS 318 may include a plurality of control segments. In some embodiments, a plurality of control segments may access and/or manage connection flows at a single data flow segments and/or a plurality of data flow segments. In some other embodiments, CS 318 may include an internal data flow segment. In one such embodiment, the internal data flow segment of CS 318 may be distributed and/or separate from CS 318. For example, in one embodiment, CS 318 may be employed in software, while the internal data flow segment may be employed in hardware. In some other embodiments, CS 318 may identify if connection flows are split between different data flow segments and/or between a DFS 338 and CS 318. In at least one embodiment, CS 318 may also be implemented in hardware.
In at least one of the various embodiments, CS 318 may be configured to generate an identifier for each connection flow established at DFS 338. In some embodiments, CS 318 may utilize a sequence number of a SYN to generate an identifier for a corresponding connection flow. In one embodiment, the identifier may be based on a hash of the sequence number. In another embodiment, the identifier may be based on an exclusive OR byte operation of the sequence number. CS 318 may cache the identifier at CS 318 and may provide the identifier to DFS 338. In some embodiments, CS 318 may cache an identifier for each connection flow it establishes at DFS 338.
In one embodiment, PTMD 404 may be an embodiment of PTMD 109 of
CS 408 may be configured to communicate with DFS 406, client devices 402-403 and/or server devices 410-411 independent of DFS 406, and/or any combination thereof. CS 408 may establish connection flows at DFS 406. In some embodiments, CS 408 may establish a connection flow at DFS 406 by providing instructions including flow control data to DFS 406 that enables DFS 406 to forward packets received at PTMD 404. In one embodiment, CS 408 may perform a load balancing operation to select a server device of server devices 410-411 to receive packets sent from a client device, such as client device 402. In some other embodiments, CS 408 may generate and cache a connection flow identifier to be provided to DFS 406 when the connection flow is established.
DFS 406 may be configured to facilitate communications between client devices 402-403 and server devices 410-411. DFS 406 may process and forward packets received at PTMD 404 based on the instructions and flow control data received from CS 408. For example, in one embodiment, DFS 406 utilizes the instructions and/or flow control data to forward packets received from client device 402 to server device 410 and to forward packets received from server device 410 to client device 402. In some embodiments, DFS 406 may forward predetermined packets to CS 408, such as, but not limited to, new connection flow requests (e.g., associated with a SYN). In yet other embodiments, DFS 406 may notify CS 408 that a packet was received and forwarded. In one non-limiting, non-exhaustive example, DFS 406 may notify CS 408 that an ACK was received from client device 402 and forwarded to server device 410. In at least one of the various embodiments, DFS 406 may also provide connection flow updates and a corresponding connection flow identifier to CS 408. CS 408 may compare the corresponding connection flow identifier with the cached identifier to determine if the connection flow update is valid.
In at least one of the various embodiments, DFS 406 may send evict messages to CS 408 if connection flow are evicted from the DFS 406. In at least one of the various embodiments, DFS 406 may evict a connection flow if new flows arrive and the capacity of the DFS to handle new connection flow may be exceeded. In at least one of the various embodiments, evictions from DFS 406 may occur if the high speed flow cache for storing flow control data exhausts its ability to store the flow control data for new connection flows. In at least one of the various embodiments, evict messages sent from DFS 406 to CS 408 may contain enough information to fully identify the connection flow (e.g., endpoints, ports, sequent numbers, flow state, or the like).
In at least one of the various embodiments, CS 408 may receive and route packets associated with evicted connection flows, thereby taking on some of the duties of DFS 406. In at least one of the various embodiments, some new connection flow may not be offloads to DFS 406 if CS 408 determines that the connection flows may be management on the CS or if the CS determines that more information may be required to determine if the connection flow should be offloaded to DFS 406.
Although PTMD 404 illustrates DFS 406 and CS 408 as two partitions within a single PTMD 404, the invention is not so limited. Rather, in some embodiments, DFS 406 and CS 408 may be functional blocks in a same PTMD 404 (i.e., a same chassis/computing device). In other embodiments, DFS 406 may be implemented by one or more chassis/computing devices separate from one or more other chassis/computing devices that may be utilized to implement CS 408. In yet other embodiments, CS 408 may be a module that plugs into DFS 406. Additionally, it is envisaged that the functionality of either DFS 406 and/or CS 408 may be separately implemented in software and/or hardware.
In one embodiment, PTMD 404 may be an embodiment of PTMD 404 of
In some embodiments, data communicated between client devices 402-403 and server devices 410-411 may flow through one or more data flow segments 406-407. In one embodiment, data from client devices 402-403 may flow through a first DFS, such as DFS 406 and data from server devices 410-411 may flow through a second DFS, such as DFS 407.
In at least one of the various embodiments, one or more data flow segments of DFS 406-407 may communicate with one or more control segments of CS 408-409. Similarly, one or more control segments of CS 408-409 may communicate with one or more data flow segments of DFS 406-407. In some embodiments, each control segment of CS 408-409 may communicate (not shown) with other control segments of CS 408-409. In other embodiments, each data flow segment of DFS 406-407 may communicate (not shown) with other data flow segments of DFS 406-407.
Also, in at least one of the various embodiments, connection flows may be split into flow portions based on the direction of network packet travel. In at least one of the various embodiments, the network packets coming from the client may treated as a separate connection flow and the network packets coming from a server and directed towards a client may be treated as a separate connection flow. In at least one of the various embodiments, this enables optimizations based on the amount of network packet traffic of a particular split connection flows. In at least one of the various embodiments, this may enable the upload and download direction portion of connection flows to be split across CS 408-409 and DFS 406-407 based on the characteristics of the upload and download portions of the connection flows. For example, in at least one of the various embodiments, if downloading streaming video may be a very asymmetric operation having many network packets download to the client and few uploaded. In at least one of the various embodiments, the upload and download portions of connection flow in the download direction may be optimized independent with one portion using the DFS and a high-speed flow cache and the other portion may be handled on the CS using lower performing (e.g., less expensive) resources.
In at least one of the various embodiments, sequence 500 begins at step 502 if a client initiates a connection with a network resource that may be managed by a PTMD, such as PTMD 109. If client may be initiating the connection using TCP/IP, a SYN packet may be sent to the PTMD.
At step 504 a SYN packet may be received at a DFS that may be part of a PTMD. In at least one of the various embodiments, at step 506, because the DFS may determine that the incoming connection represents a new connection flow, the DFS may forward the SYN packet to a CS. At step 506 a CS may examine the connection flow and may determine the appropriate flow control data for the new flow and send it to the DFS. In at least one of the various embodiments, CS may apply one or more stored rules that may be used to determine the flow control data for the new network connection flow. In at least one of the various embodiments, the stored rules may implement network traffic management services such as load balancing, application access control, or the like.
In at least one of the various embodiments, at step 508 the DFS may receive the flow control data from the CS and store it in a high speed flow cache. In at least one of the various embodiments, the flow control data may be used by the DFS to forward the SYN packet to an appropriate server and/or network resource as directed by the flow control data that may be provided by the CS.
In at least one of the various embodiments, at step 510 a server and/or network resource may receive the SYN packet and may respond by sending a SYN-ACK packet to the DFS. In at least one of the various embodiments, at step 512 the DFS may again use the flow control data stored in the high speed flow cache to map and/or translate the SYN_ACK from a server to the appropriate client.
In at least one of the various embodiments, at step 514 the client device that sent the initial SYN packet may receive the corresponding SYN_ACK and subsequently may respond with an ACK packet. In at least one of the various embodiments, at step 516 the DFS, using the stored flow control data to determine the network path the to server, may forward the ACK packet to the server.
In at least one of the various embodiments, at step 518 the server may receive the ACK packet corresponding to the client device. After the ACK may have been received, the network connection flow may be in an established state. In at least one of the various embodiments, during steps 520-524, using the established network connection flow, the server may begin exchanging application data with client. In at least one of the various embodiments, at this point, for each exchange of data, the DFS may use the flow control data that may be stored in the high speed flow cache to map between the application servers and the client to route the packets on the correct path to maintain the connection flow.
General Operation
At decision block 604, in at least one of the various embodiments, if the received network packet may be associated with a new connection flow, control may move to block 606. Otherwise, in at least one of the various embodiments, control may move to decision block 608.
In at least one of the various embodiments, a DFS may examine the connection flow and compare it the flow control data that may be stored in a high-speed cache. In at least one of the various embodiments, a tuple corresponding to the network packet may be examined to determine if the network packet is part of a new connection flow. If a tuple corresponding to the incoming network packet may not be found in the high-speed flow cache the DFS may determine that the network packet may be part of a new connection flow.
At block 606, in at least one of the various embodiments, the incoming network packet that may be associated with a new connection flow may be forwarded to a CS for further processing. In at least one of the various embodiments, the incoming network packet may be sent to a CS using a command bus that may enable DFS and CS components to exchange data and messages. Next, control may move decision block 614.
At decision block 608, in at least one of the various embodiments, if flow control data may be available for the connection flow associated with network packet, control may move to block 710. Otherwise, in at least one of the various embodiments, control may move to block 612.
At block 610, in at least one of the various embodiments, the DFS may forward the network packet to its next destination based on the flow control data and/or information associated with the network packet's corresponding connection flow that may be stored in the high speed flow cache that corresponds to the DFS. Next, in at least one of the various embodiments, control may move to decision block 614.
At block 612, in at least one of the various embodiments, the network packet having a previously seen tuple may be stored in a buffer on the DFS until flow control data may be provided by the CS.
In at least one of the various embodiments, a received network packet may be associated with a connection flow that has been previously been observed. However, in at least one of the various embodiments, if the flow control data from the CS may not be available, the DFS may store the network packets associated with the connection flow in a buffer until the relevant flow control data may be received from the CS.
Also, in at least one of the various embodiments, incoming network packets associated with unknown and/or new connection flows may be forwarded to the CS for buffering, rather than buffering on the DFS, until a flow control data determination may be made by the CS.
At decision block 614, in at least one of the various embodiments, if there may be more incoming network packets, control may loop back to block 602. Otherwise, in at least one of the various embodiments, control may be returned to a calling process.
In at least one of the various embodiments, the new flow control data may be sent to the DFS as part of a “new flow” control message sent from the CS to the DFS.
At decision block 704, in at least one of the various embodiments, if the DFS high-speed flow cache may be full, control may move to block 706. Otherwise, in at least one of the various embodiments, control may move block 708.
In at least one of the various embodiments, the high-speed flow cache may be implemented as a hash such that the a hash key may be generated for each new connection flow based on properties of the connection flow such as the tuple, CS generated connection identifier, SYN cookie, or the like. In at least one of the various embodiments, if the range (number of unique values) of the hash key may be more than the number of slots in the high speed flow cache, the hash key may be truncated so the number of hash key value possibilities may be equal or similar to the number of slots in the high-speed flow cache. In at least one of the various embodiments, truncation of the hash key may increase the number of hash key collisions. If, in at least one of the various embodiments, a new connection flow hash key may cause hash key collision, the connection flow currently in the cache may get evicted (e.g., its flow control data is removed from the high speed cache and the responsibility for managing the flow may be transferred to the CS) to make room for the new connection flow.
At block 706, in at least one of the various embodiments, to make room for the new flow control data received from the CS, flow control data for a different, previously cached connection flow may be removed (e.g., evicted) from the DFS high-speed flow cache. In at least one of the various embodiments, the DFS may send the CS a control message indicating that a connection flow may have been evicted from the DFS requiring the associated flow control data to be removed from the DFS high-speed flow cache. In at least one of the various embodiments, the eviction message may include information, such as, number of packets sent or received over this network flow, age of the network flow, tuple information, or the like. In at least one of the various embodiments, the control message sent to the CS may contain enough information to enable the CS to identify the network flow that may be evicted from the DFS.
At block 708, in at least one of the various embodiments, the flow control data associated with the new connection flow may be stored in the DFS high-speed flow cache. In at least one of the various embodiments, flow control data may be stored in one or more components of the DFS that may operate singly or in combination as a high-speed flow cache.
At block 710, in at least one of the various embodiments, the DFS may begin processing received network packets associated with known connection flows using the flow control data that may be associated with the connection flow and stored in the high-speed flow cache.
At decision block 804, in at least one of the various embodiments, if the eviction message corresponds to a closed and/or terminated connection flow control may move to block 806. Otherwise, in at least one of the various embodiments, control may move to block 808.
At block 806, in at least one of the various embodiments, the closed and/or terminated flow and associated flow control data may be discarded.
At block 808, in at least one of the various embodiments, the responsibility for managing the evicted connection flow may be transferred to the CS. In at least one of the various embodiments, network packets received over the transferred connection flow may be handled by the CS.
In at least one of the various embodiments, the CS may store the flow control data for the evicted connection flow in a local flow cache. In at least one of the various embodiments, the flow cache in the CS may be arranged to include at least the same information that may be stored regarding connection flows using the high speed flow cache on the DFS.
At decision block 810, in at least one of the various embodiments, if there may be more eviction messages to process, control may loop back to block 802. Otherwise, in at least one of the various embodiments, control may be returned to a calling process.
In at least one of the various embodiments, depending on the circumstances, a connection flow may be handled on one or more DFSs, on one or more CSs, or partially on one or more CSs and partially on one or more DFSs. In at least one of the various embodiments, if a connection flow may be being handled by the CS it may not receive a new flow network message from the DFS. Likewise, if a DFS may be handling a connection flow it may not send a new flow network message to the CS component if the DFS can associate the incoming network traffic with a known connection flow. However, in at least one of the various embodiments, the CS may analyze each connection flow to determine the connection flows may be evicted from the DFS.
In at least one of the various embodiments, network packets received by the CS may be associated connection flows that may have their packet level processing and management processing handled on the CS rather the DFS. In at least one of the various embodiments, as the CS handles the received packets at least in accordance with the stored flow control data it may perform additional action to identify hot connection flows.
At block 904, in at least one of the various embodiments, the CS may receive a flow status update (FSU) from a DFS. In at least one of the various embodiments, the FSU may be received asynchronously with respect to the network packets that may be received by the CS. In at least one of the various embodiments, if a FSU may be not be available control may move to block 906.
At block 906, in at least one of the various embodiments, the CS may update the statistics being maintained for the connection flows. In at least one of the various embodiments, statistics may be tracked for the connection flows being managed by the CS directly as well as the connection flows that may be managed by the DFS (e.g., off-loaded connection flows).
In at least one of the various embodiments, the updating of connection flow metrics may use a combination of information from one or more FSUs and metrics that may be collected on the CS, including, bit-rate, data sent over a time interval, data received over a time interval, or the like. In at least one of the various embodiments, the connection flow metrics collected may be based, low level network information derived from L1-L4 as well as higher level network information derived from L5-L7 (as per the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model).
At block 908, in at least one of the various embodiments, the CS may analyze the collected connection flow statistics and may apply relevant rules to identify hot connection flows. (See,
In at least one of the various embodiments, rules may be defined that declare that one or more specific sources, endpoints, data types, or the like may indicated to be hot connection flows. Or, in at least one of the various embodiments, rules may be defined to adjust the priority of certain connection flows based on flow patterns, sources, endpoints, data types, or like.
In at least one of the various embodiments, generally the same type of flow control policies rulemaking may be extended to influence the identification and determination of how connection flows may be designated as hot connection flows.
At decision block 910, if connection flows may be identified for moving from the CS to the DFS and/or from the DFS to the CS for handling, control may move block 912. Otherwise, in at least one of the various embodiments, control may move to decision block 914.
In at least one of the various embodiments, the CS may employ at least one connection flow metric to determine each hot connection flow in the plurality of managed connection flows.
At block 912, in at least one of the various embodiments, if connection flows may be identified for moving, the CS may generate the relevant commands and/or messages to and send to the appropriate CS and/or DFS for handling. In at least one of the various embodiments, some connection flows may be moved from a DFS to the CS for handling. In at least one of the various embodiments, the DFS may be employed to handle each determined hot connection flow.
Also, in at least one of the various embodiments, some of the connection flows that may have been identified as hot connection flows may be moved and/or off-loaded to a DFS for handling to benefit from at least higher performance/processing speeds the may be associated with a DFS. Next, in at least one of the various embodiments, control may move to decision block 914.
At decision block 914, in at least one of the various embodiments, if there may be more network packets available control may loop back to block 902. Otherwise, in at least one of the various embodiments, control may be returned to a calling process.
In at least one of the various embodiments, as part of determining if a connection flow may be a candidate for offloading to the DFS for handling (e.g., hot connection flow), the content of received network packets may be examined. In at least one of the various embodiments, the network packets may be examined to identify data patterns and meta-data that may indicate that the connection flow may be a hot connection flow that may be a good candidate for offloading to the DFS component.
In at least one of the various embodiments, if examining the network packets, the CS may identify application level protocol data, messages, or meta-data for determining if the associated connection flow may be a hot connection flow. For example, if a CS may identify that a connection flow may be using HTTP, the CS may examine HTTP headers such as, Content-Type, Content-Length, Cache-Control, or the like, as part of determining if a connection flow may be a hot connection flow.
In at least one of the various embodiments, if a network packet may be determined to be a first packet of a HTTP response, a content length value provided by the server sending the HTTP response may be available. In at least one of the various embodiments, the HTTP content length value may indicate the number of network packets that may be likely to be used to transmit the complete HTTP response from the server. For example, in at least one of the various embodiments, if the content length value may indicate that the response may use a single network packet, the associated connection flow may not be a candidate for offloading to the DFS because additional packets may not be expected for this response. On the other hand, in at least one of the various embodiments, if the content length value indicates that more network packets may be on the way for the same response, the connection flow may be determined to be a candidate for offloading to the DFS component. In at least one of the various embodiments, the content length value may correlate to the likelihood of offloading a connection flow to a DFS (e.g., an increase in the content length value leads to an increase in the chance of offloading the connection flow to the DFS).
In at least one of the various embodiments, in some cases, the operating characteristics of a connection flow may have significant variance. For example, in at least one of the various embodiments, the bit-rate for a connection may be prone to spikes if the content/communication may be uneven. Thus, in at least one of the various embodiments, a connection flow once determined to be a good offload candidate (leading to likely offloading to the DFS) may soon be determined to be a poor offload candidate (leading to likely removal from the DFS) depending on the immediate condition and/or characteristics of the underlying communication session.
In at least one of the various embodiments, a connection flow may repeatedly cycled back and forth from being handled on the DFS to being handled on CS, or back again. In at least one of the various embodiments, the cycling may occur based on at least the variance of the operating characteristics of the connection flow. In at least one of the various embodiments, this at least enables the performance of the connection flow and the usage of the DFS to be continually optimized to take advantage of the variance in the connection flow operation.
For example, in at least one of the various embodiments, as the network traffic over the connection flow slows, the connection flow may be moved to the CS for handling. Likewise, in at least one of the various embodiments, as the network traffic over the connection flow increases the connection flow may be moved to the DFS for handling.
In at least one of the various embodiments, the cycling of the connection flow between the CS and the DFS components may occur one or more times during a communication session. Also, in at least one of the various embodiments, the cycling operations performed by the CS and the DFS components may be seamless and unseen/opaque to both ends of the communication session.
At block 1004, in at least one of the various embodiments, connection flows may be sorted in rank order based on the amount of data traffic passed through, exchanged, or communicated through the connection flow in a given time interval.
In at least one of the various embodiments, well known data structures and sorting algorithms may be employed to generate a tabular data structure wherein the connection flows may be logically order from based on amount of the data traffic passing through the connection flow over a time interval.
At block 1006, in at least one of the various embodiments, hot flow candidates may be determined and identified based on the top N flows based on the rank order.
In at least one of the various embodiments, the rules associated with determining/defining hot connection flows may include parameters such as “N” (e.g., how many of the top connection flows may be designated as hot connection flows). In at least one of the various embodiments, “N” may be based on a formula that may include additional parameters including having different values based on the type of connection flow.
Next, control may be returned to a calling process.
At block 1104, in at least one of the various embodiments, the median bit-rate of connection flows being handled on the CS may be determined for use in predicting a maximum number of connection flows that may be processed by the CS. For example, in at least one of the various embodiments, if the median bit-rate of connection flows currently being handled on the CS may be 1 million bits per second and the total bandwidth of the CS for handling connection flows may be 2000 million bits per second, the maximum number of connection flows that may be processed may be estimated as 2000 connection flows (2000 million bits/sec/1 million bits/sec).
At block 1106, in at least one of the various embodiments, hot connection flow candidates may be identified based on the top N-tile of connection flows based on the maximum number of flows the CS may be expected to handle. For example, in at least one of the various embodiments, if a CS may be expected to handle 2000 connection flows, the top 25% of connection flows based on bit-rate (for a count of 500 flows) may identified as hot connection flows. Next, in at least one of the various embodiments, control may be returned to a calling process.
It will be understood that figures, and combinations of actions in the flowchart-like illustrations, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These program instructions may be provided to a processor to produce a machine, such that the instructions executing on the processor create a means for implementing the actions specified in the flowchart blocks. The computer program instructions may be executed by a processor to cause a series of operational actions to be performed by the processor to produce a computer implemented process for implementing the actions specified in the flowchart block or blocks. These program instructions may be stored on some type of machine readable storage media, such as processor readable non-transitive storage media, or the like.
This application is a Continuation Application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/802,254 filed on Mar. 13, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,338,095 issued on May 10, 2016, which is based on previously filed U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/641,251 filed on May 1, 2012, the benefit of the filing dates of which are hereby claimed under 35 U.S.C. §119 (e) and §120 and the contents of which are incorporated in entirety by reference.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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