Patent Application
20120078974
A data model describes how data can be stored and accessed. More formally, data models define data entities and relationships between the data entities. The primary objective of a data model is to provide a definition and format of data to facilitate management and processing of large quantities of data. One application of data models is database models, which define how a database or other store is structured and utilized. A database model can be relational or non-relational.
In a relational model, or more particularly a relational database, data is structured in terms of one or more tables. Tables are relations that comprise a number of columns and rows, wherein the named columns are referred to as attributes and rows capture data for specific entity instances. For example, a table can capture information about a particular entity such as a book in rows, also called tuples, and columns. The columns identify various attributes of an entity such as the title, author, and year of publication of a book. The rows capture an instance of an entity such as a particular book. In other words, each row in the table represents attributes of a particular book. Further yet, a table can include primary and foreign keys that enable two or more tables to be linked together.
Amongst many implementations a non-relational model, a key-value model is one of the most popular. Key-value databases or stores represent a simple data model that maps unique keys to a set of one or more values. More specifically, the key-value store stores values and an index to facilitate location of the stored values based on a key. For example, a key be located that identifies one of a title, author, or publication of a data of a book.
Relational databases are often referred to as SQL databases while some non-relational databases are called NoSQL databases or stores. SQL stands for Structured Query Language, which is the primary language utilized to query and update data in a relational database. When SQL is utilized in conjunction with a relational database, the database can be referred to as a SQL-based relational database. However, more often a SQL-based relational database is simply referred to as a SQL database and used as a synonym for a relational database. NoSQL is a term utilized to designate databases that differ from SQL-based relational databases. In other words, the term NoSQL is used as a synonym for a non-relational database or store such as but not limited to a key-value store.
SQL databases and NoSQL stores have a number of advantages and disadvantages that are captured at a high level by the CAP theorem, which states that of consistency (C), availability (A), and partition tolerance (P) only two can be guaranteed at any one time. Consistency refers to a characteristic of a system to remain in a consistent state after an operation such as an update. Availability concerns remaining operational over a period of time, even with the presence of failures, and partition tolerance refers to the ability of a system to operate across network partitions. Typically, the design choice for SQL databases is to choose consistency and availability over partition tolerance, and for NoSQL stores to drop consistency in favor or partition tolerance and availability. In other words, NoSQL stores sacrifice consistency for scalability or alternatively SQL databases sacrifice scalability for consistency.
With continued emergence of network-based or “Cloud” computing, NoSQL stores have received a lot of attention recently at least because of their scalability. At the same time, some in the industry have expressed concern as to the future of SQL databases in this and other contexts.
The following presents a simplified summary in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the disclosed subject matter. This summary is not an extensive overview. It is not intended to identify key/critical elements or to delineate the scope of the claimed subject matter. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
Briefly described, the subject disclosure generally pertains to data model dualization. Given a first data model, a second data model can be produced that is a mathematical dual of the first data model. Accordingly, if the dual second data model were itself dualized, then the first data model would be returned. By way of example and not limitation, from a relational data model, a dual non-relational data model can be generated. More specifically, a key-value data model can be generated, which consequently shows that the NoSQL data model is a dual of the SQL model.
To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, certain illustrative aspects of the claimed subject matter are described herein in connection with the following description and the annexed drawings. These aspects are indicative of various ways in which the subject matter may be practiced, all of which are intended to be within the scope of the claimed subject matter. Other advantages and novel features may become apparent from the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the drawings.
Details below are generally directed toward data model dualization. A data model can be generated by dualizing another data model. In other words, a first data model can be transformed into a second data model, wherein the second data model is a mathematical dual of the first data model. For example, from a relational data model, a non-relational data model, such as a key-value store, can be produced consequently proving that a NoSQL data model is a dual of the SQL data model.
The term “dual” and various forms thereof as used herein are intended to refer to mathematical duality as it pertains to category theory. More specifically, duality is a correspondence between properties of a category “C” and dual properties of the opposite category “Cop.” Given a statement regarding the category “C,” by interchanging the source and the target of each morphism (mapping) as well as interchanging the order of composing two morphisms, a corresponding dual statement can be obtained regarding the opposite category “Cop.” For example, the category “C” can corresponds to a data model and the opposite category “Cop” can refer to a dual- or co-data model. “Dualizing” refers to the act of generating a dual from a data model, for example.
Various aspects of the subject disclosure are now described in more detail with reference to the annexed drawings, wherein like numerals refer to like or corresponding elements throughout. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description relating thereto are not intended to limit the claimed subject matter to the particular form disclosed. Rather, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the claimed subject matter.
Referring initially to
The transformation component 110 includes an entity component 112 and a relationship component 114. A data model comprises a set of entities and relationships, or in other words associations, between entities. The entity component 112 is configured to generate a dual- or co-entity, for example, from an entity of the first data model. Similarly, the relationship component 114 can derive dual- or co-relationships from relationships specified in the first data model, for example. In addition, the relationship component 114 can generate dual compositions of relationships, or associations, from those of a first data model, for instance.
The following is high-level discussion of an exemplary transformation process that can be carried out by the transformation component 110 of
Turning briefly to
Referring to
Compare the exemplary relational representation of
More formally, in a relational data model entities (e) can be defined as follows: “∀e” in table, e·k≠e′·k,” where columns are scalars. For morphisms, “e1F→e2” and “e1·Ffk=e2·Fpk.” In the non-relational data model context, entities (e) can be defined as: “∃k” in domain(Lookup), “Lookup[k]=v,” and morphisms are defined as “e1←e2,” Lookup[e2·k]=e1.” Furthermore, for compositions of relationships or associations, the order is reversed as follows: “co(F;G)=co(G); co(F).” More simply, words in the relational model entities are rows that have a unique primary key, and two entities “e1” and “e2” that are related if there is a direct or indirect primary/foreign-key relationship between “e1” and “e2.” In the non-relational or key-value model, entities are values that can be found via their key in the store, and two entities “e1” and “e2” are related if there they are directly or indirectly linked via pointers through the store.
There are many consequences of duality. In particular, if a statement “T” is true in “C,” then its dual “co(T)” is true in “co(C).” With respect to relational or SQL data models and non-relational or NoSQL data models some of the consequences are summarized in TABLE 1 below.
Furthermore, SQL and NoSQL data models are not in conflict like good and evil as some suggest. Rather, the two data models are opposites that can co-exist in harmony and that can be transformed into each other.
Moreover, it is significant that a formalization of the NoSQL data model has been discovered. Prior to the formalization of the SQL data model work was being done with respect to what can loosely be called relational data models but there were a number of ad hoc implementations and the industry was not focused on any one in particular. Fast forward to today and the situation is quite similar except now the data model is NoSQL. By formalizing NoSQL as the dual of SQL, work can now be focused on this version of the data model.
While for purposes of clarity and brevity, transformations between relational and non-relational data models have been discussed in detail. However, the claimed subject matter is not limited thereto. Rather, the intent is to cover any and all data models that result from dualization. By way of example and not limitation, a structured data model can be transformed into, or generate, an unstructured data model or vice versa. For instance, the transformation component 110 of
Additionally, it is to be noted that the transformation component 110 of
The aforementioned systems, architectures, environments, and the like have been described with respect to interaction between several components. It should be appreciated that such systems and components can include those components or sub-components specified therein, some of the specified components or sub-components, and/or additional components. Sub-components could also be implemented as components communicatively coupled to other components rather than included within parent components. Further yet, one or more components and/or sub-components may be combined into a single component to provide aggregate functionality. Communication between systems, components and/or sub-components can be accomplished in accordance with either a push and/or pull model. The components may also interact with one or more other components not specifically described herein for the sake of brevity, but known by those of skill in the art.
Furthermore, as will be appreciated, various portions of the disclosed systems above and methods below can include or consist of artificial intelligence, machine learning, or knowledge or rule-based components, sub-components, processes, means, methodologies, or mechanisms (e.g., support vector machines, neural networks, expert systems, Bayesian belief networks, fuzzy logic, data fusion engines, classifiers . . . ). Such components, inter alia, can automate certain mechanisms or processes performed thereby to make portions of the systems and methods more adaptive as well as efficient and intelligent. By way of example and not limitation, the transformation component 110 or one or more sub-components thereof can employ such mechanisms to efficiently determine or otherwise infer data model properties and dual data model features.
In view of the exemplary systems described supra, methodologies that may be implemented in accordance with the disclosed subject matter will be better appreciated with reference to the flow charts of
Referring to
As used herein, the terms “component” and “system,” as well as forms thereof are intended to refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an instance, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a computer and the computer can be a component. One or more components may reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component may be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers.
The word “exemplary” or various forms thereof are used herein to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. Any aspect or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs. Furthermore, examples are provided solely for purposes of clarity and understanding and are not meant to limit or restrict the claimed subject matter or relevant portions of this disclosure in any manner. It is to be appreciated a myriad of additional or alternate examples of varying scope could have been presented, but have been omitted for purposes of brevity.
As used herein, the term “inference” or “infer” refers generally to the process of reasoning about or inferring states of the system, environment, and/or user from a set of observations as captured via events and/or data. Inference can be employed to identify a specific context or action, or can generate a probability distribution over states, for example. The inference can be probabilistic—that is, the computation of a probability distribution over states of interest based on a consideration of data and events. Inference can also refer to techniques employed for composing higher-level events from a set of events and/or data. Such inference results in the construction of new events or actions from a set of observed events and/or stored event data, whether or not the events are correlated in close temporal proximity, and whether the events and data come from one or several event and data sources. Various classification schemes and/or systems (e.g., support vector machines, neural networks, expert systems, Bayesian belief networks, fuzzy logic, data fusion engines . . . ) can be employed in connection with performing automatic and/or inferred action in connection with the claimed subject matter.
Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “includes,” “contains,” “has,” “having” or variations in form thereof are used in either the detailed description or the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” as “comprising” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim.
In order to provide a context for the claimed subject matter,
While the above disclosed system and methods can be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions of a program that runs on one or more computers, those skilled in the art will recognize that aspects can also be implemented in combination with other program modules or the like. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, data structures, among other things that perform particular tasks and/or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the above systems and methods can be practiced with various computer system configurations, including single-processor, multi-processor or multi-core processor computer systems, mini-computing devices, mainframe computers, as well as personal computers, hand-held computing devices (e.g., personal digital assistant (PDA), phone, watch . . . ), microprocessor-based or programmable consumer or industrial electronics, and the like. Aspects can also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. However, some, if not all aspects of the claimed subject matter can be practiced on stand-alone computers. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in one or both of local and remote memory storage devices.
With reference to
The processor(s) 920 can be implemented with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processor(s) 920 may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, for example a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, multi-core processors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
The computer 910 can include or otherwise interact with a variety of computer-readable media to facilitate control of the computer 910 to implement one or more aspects of the claimed subject matter. The computer-readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by the computer 910 and includes volatile and nonvolatile media and removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media.
Computer storage media includes volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to memory devices (e.g., random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) . . . ), magnetic storage devices (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk, cassettes, tape . . . ), optical disks (e.g., compact disk (CD), digital versatile disk (DVD) . . . ), and solid state devices (e.g., solid state drive (SSD), flash memory drive (e.g., card, stick, key drive . . . ) . . . ), or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by the computer 910.
Communication media typically embodies computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.
System memory 930 and mass storage 950 are examples of computer-readable storage media. Depending on the exact configuration and type of computing device, system memory 930 may be volatile (e.g., RAM), non-volatile (e.g., ROM, flash memory . . . ) or some combination of the two. By way of example, the basic input/output system (BIOS), including basic routines to transfer information between elements within the computer 910, such as during start-up, can be stored in nonvolatile memory, while volatile memory can act as external cache memory to facilitate processing by the processor(s) 920, among other things.
Mass storage 950 includes removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer storage media for storage of large amounts of data relative to the system memory 930. For example, mass storage 950 includes, but is not limited to, one or more devices such as a magnetic or optical disk drive, floppy disk drive, flash memory, solid-state drive, or memory stick.
System memory 930 and mass storage 950 can include, or have stored therein, operating system 960, one or more applications 962, one or more program modules 964, and data 966. The operating system 960 acts to control and allocate resources of the computer 910. Applications 962 include one or both of system and application software and can exploit management of resources by the operating system 960 through program modules 964 and data 966 stored in system memory 930 and/or mass storage 950 to perform one or more actions. Accordingly, applications 962 can turn a general-purpose computer 910 into a specialized machine in accordance with the logic provided thereby.
All or portions of the claimed subject matter can be implemented using standard programming and/or engineering techniques to produce software, firmware, hardware, or any combination thereof to control a computer to realize the disclosed functionality. By way of example and not limitation, the transformation component 110 can be, or form part, of an application 962, and include one or more modules 964 and data 966 stored in memory and/or mass storage 950 whose functionality can be realized when executed by one or more processor(s) 920, as shown.
The computer 910 also includes one or more interface components 970 that are communicatively coupled to the system bus 940 and facilitate interaction with the computer 910. By way of example, the interface component 970 can be a port (e.g., serial, parallel, PCMCIA, USB, FireWire . . . ) or an interface card (e.g., sound, video . . . ) or the like. In one example implementation, the interface component 970 can be embodied as a user input/output interface to enable a user to enter commands and information into the computer 910 through one or more input devices (e.g., pointing device such as a mouse, trackball, stylus, touch pad, keyboard, microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, camera, other computer . . . ). In another example implementation, the interface component 970 can be embodied as an output peripheral interface to supply output to displays (e.g., CRT, LCD, plasma . . . ), speakers, printers, and/or other computers, among other things. Still further yet, the interface component 970 can be embodied as a network interface to enable communication with other computing devices (not shown), such as over a wired or wireless communications link.
What has been described above includes examples of aspects of the claimed subject matter. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes of describing the claimed subject matter, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations of the disclosed subject matter are possible. Accordingly, the disclosed subject matter is intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications, and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
