Patent Grant
10157184
A primary copy of data is generally a production copy or other “live” version of the data which is used by a software application and is generally in the native format of that application. Primary copy data may be maintained in a local memory or other high-speed storage device that allows for relatively fast data access if necessary. Such primary copy data is typically intended for short term retention (e.g., several hours or days) before some or all of the data is stored as one or more secondary copies, for example, to prevent loss of data in the event a problem occurred with the data stored in primary storage.
To protect primary copy data or for other purposes, such as regulatory compliance, secondary copies (alternatively referred to as “data protection copies”) can be made. Examples of secondary copies include a backup copy, a snapshot copy, a hierarchical storage management (“HSM”) copy, an archive copy, and other types of copies.
A backup copy is generally a point-in-time copy of the primary copy data stored in a backup format as opposed to in native application format. For example, a backup copy may be stored in a backup format that is optimized for compression and for efficient long-term storage. Backup copies generally have relatively long retention periods and may be stored on media with slower retrieval times than other types of secondary copies and media. In some cases, backup copies may be stored at an offsite location.
After an initial, full backup of a data set is performed, periodic, intermittent, or continuous incremental backup operations may be subsequently performed on the data set. Each incremental backup operation copies only the primary copy data that has changed since the last full or incremental backup of the data set was performed. In this way, even if the entire set of primary copy data that is backed up is large, the amount of data that must be transferred during each incremental backup operation may be significantly smaller, since only the changed data needs to be transferred to secondary storage. Combined, one or more full backup and subsequent incremental copies may be utilized together to periodically or intermittently create a synthetic full backup copy. More details regarding synthetic storage operations are found in commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/510,059, entitled “Snapshot Storage and Management System with Indexing and User Interface,” filed Jul. 27, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,873,806, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
An archive copy is generally a copy of the primary copy data, but typically includes only a subset of the primary copy data that meets certain criteria and is usually stored in a format other than the native application format. For example, an archive copy might include only that data from the primary copy that is larger than a given size threshold or older than a given age threshold and that is stored in a backup format. Often, archive data is removed from the primary copy, and a stub is stored in the primary copy to indicate its new location. When a user requests access to the archive data that has been removed or migrated, systems use the stub to locate the data and often make recovery of the data appear transparent, even though the archive data may be stored at a location different from the remaining primary copy data.
Archive copies are typically created and tracked independently of other secondary copies, such as other backup copies. For example, to create a backup copy, the data storage system transfers a secondary copy of primary copy data to secondary storage and tracks the backup copy using a backup index separate from the archive index. To create an archive copy, a conventional data storage system transfers the primary copy data to be archived to secondary storage to create an archive copy, replaces the primary copy data with a stub, and tracks the archive copy using an archive index. Accordingly, the data storage system will transfer two separate times to secondary storage a primary copy data object that is both archived and backed-up.
Since each transfer consumes network and computing resources, when the transfers are taking place, the data storage system may not be able to devote such resources to other tasks. Moreover, the data storage system is required to devote resources to maintaining each separate index. In some cases, the archive index may be unaware of the other secondary copy and the other secondary index may be unaware of the archive copy, which may lead to further inefficiencies. Moreover, in some cases, in the event that an archive copy is moved or transferred (e.g., to another tier of secondary storage), the archive index may not be able to be updated to reflect the move or transfer. In such cases, the data storage system may be unable to use the stub to locate the archived data object.
In some operational scenarios, a user may want to browse through files to either take a quick look at the content or identify a particular file that the user is interested in, before the user decides to recall the entire file from a secondary backup or an archive, or open the file for reading or writing using the native application for the file.
Recently, Apple Computers has introduced a facility called “Quick Look” in their computer products. Quick Look allows users to look at the contents of a file in a finder application window at full or near-full size resolution, depending on the size of the document relative to the desktop. Quick Look allows viewing of files in different formats such as PDFs and Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint file formats. While Quick Look allows quick navigation through various files, no storage efficiencies are gained by using the Quick Look format.
Another problem relates to data storage on mobile devices. Often, data storage on mobile devices is not optimized. Since mobile devices often have limited storage capacity, such lack of optimization affects performance of the device, affects the user experience, etc.
The need exists for systems and methods that overcome the above problems, as well as systems and methods that provide additional benefits. Overall, the examples herein of some prior or related systems and methods and their associated limitations are intended to be illustrative and not exclusive. Other limitations of existing or prior systems and methods will become apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading the following Detailed Description.
The techniques disclosed in this document are useful, in one aspect, in solving the above-discussed problems related to browsing through large data files before recalling the data files from a secondary storage. In another aspect, the disclosed techniques can be used to convert large data files from their native format (e.g., an MPEG (Moving Pictures Expert Group) video file, or a PowerPoint file, etc,) to a preview format. The converted preview format copy, for example, may require significantly lower storage space and require less bandwidth to transfer between devices. In some implementations, the converted preview format copy may disable the ability to select and copy text or images from the file, but may still allow a low-resource way for a user to browse through the content of the file. When some of the files that the user browses may be relatively large and may be archived in a secondary storage, a user's browsing through such files may use network resources such as Input/Output bandwidth and processing power. The use of file copies in a preview format, also called stub files, in one aspect, reduce the amount of computational resources needed for a user's file browsing operation.
The headings provided herein are for convenience only and do not necessarily affect the scope or meaning of the disclosure.
Overview
A software, firmware, and/or hardware system for facilitating data previewing before recalling large data files are disclosed. Also disclosed a software, firmware, and/or hardware system to keep devices “clean” by archiving or moving to secondary storage unused data and applications.
Various examples of the techniques will now be described. The following description provides specific details for a thorough understanding and enabling description of these examples. One skilled in the relevant art will understand, however, that the invention may be practiced without many of these details. Likewise, one skilled in the relevant art will also understand that the invention may include many other obvious features not described in detail herein. Additionally, some well-known structures or functions may not be shown or described in detail below, so as to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the relevant description.
The terminology used below is to be interpreted in its broadest reasonable manner, even though it is being used in conjunction with a detailed description of certain specific examples of the invention. Indeed, certain terms may even be emphasized below; however, any terminology intended to be interpreted in any restricted manner will be overtly and specifically defined as such in this Detailed Description section.
Information Management Environment
Aspects of the technologies described herein may be practiced in an information management environment 100, which will now be described while referencing
The environment 100 may include virtualized computing resources, such as a virtual machine 120 provided to the organization by a third-party cloud service vendor or a virtual machine 125 running on a virtual machine host 130 operated by the organization. For example, the organization may use one virtual machine 125A as a database server and another virtual machine 125B as a mail server. The environment 100 may also include mobile or portable computing devices, such as laptops 135, tablet computers 140, personal data assistants 145, mobile phones 152 (such as smartphones), and other mobile or portable computing devices such as embedded computers, set top boxes, vehicle-mounted devices, wearable computers, etc.
Of course, other types of computing devices may form part of the environment 100. As part of their function, each of these computing devices creates, accesses, modifies, writes, and otherwise uses production copies of data and metadata that are typically stored in a persistent storage medium having fast I/O times. For example, each computing device may regularly access and modify data files and metadata stored on semiconductor memory, a local disk drive or a network-attached storage device. Each of these computing devices may access data and metadata via a file system supported by an operating system of the computing device.
The environment 100 may also include hosted services 122 that provide various online services to the organization or its constituent members (e.g., the organization's departments, employees, independent contractors, etc.) such as social networking services (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest), hosted email services (e.g., Gmail, Yahoo Mail, Hotmail), or hosted productivity applications or other hosted applications (e.g., Microsoft Office 365, Google Docs, Salesforce.com). Hosted services may include software-as-a-service (SaaS), platform-as-a-service (PaaS), application service providers (ASPs), cloud services, and all manner of delivering computing or functionality via a network. As it provides services to users, each hosted service may generate additional “hosted data and metadata” that is associated with each user. For example, Facebook may generate and store photos, wall posts, notes, videos, and other content that are associated with a particular Facebook user's account.
The organization directly or indirectly employs an information management system 150 to protect and manage the data and metadata used by the various computing devices in the environment 100 and the data and metadata that is maintained by hosted services on behalf of users associated with the organization. One example of an information management system is the CommVault Simpana system, available from CommVault Systems, Inc. of Oceanport, N.J. The information management system creates and manages non-production copies of the data and metadata to meet information management goals, such as: permitting the organization to restore data, metadata or both data and metadata if an original copy of the data/metadata is lost (e.g., by deletion, corruption, or disaster, or because of a service interruption by a hosted service); allowing data to be recovered from a previous time; complying with regulatory data retention and electronic discovery (“e-discovery”) requirements; reducing the amount of data storage media used; facilitating data organization and search; improving user access to data files across multiple computing devices and/or hosted services; and implementing information lifecycle management (“ILM”) or other data retention policies for the organization. The information management system 150 may create the additional non-production copies of the data and metadata on any suitable non-production storage medium such as magnetic disks 155, magnetic tapes 160, other storage media 165 such as solid-state storage devices or optical disks, or on cloud data storage sites 170 (e.g. those operated by third-party vendors). Further details on the information management system may be found in the assignee's U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/751,850, filed Mar. 31, 2010 entitled DATA OBJECT STORE AND SERVER FOR A CLOUD STORAGE ENVIRONMENT, INCLUDING DATA DEDUPLICATION AND DATA MANAGEMENT ACROSS MULTIPLE CLOUD STORAGE SITES, now U.S. Patent Publication Number 2010/0332456, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The information management system 150 accesses or receives copies of the various production copies of data objects and metadata, and via an information management operation (such as a backup operation, archive operation, or snapshot operation), creates non-production copies of these data objects and metadata, often stored in one or more non-production storage mediums 265 different than the production storage medium 218 where the production copies of the data objects and metadata reside. A non-production copy of a data object represents the production data object and its associated metadata at a particular point in time (non-production objects 260A-C). Since a production copy of a data object or metadata changes over time as it is modified by an application 215, hosted service 122, or the operating system 210, the information management system 150 may create and manage multiple non-production copies of a particular data object or metadata, each representing the state of the production data object or metadata at a particular point in time. Moreover, since a production copy of a data object may eventually be deleted from the production data storage medium and the file system from which it originated, the information management system may continue to manage point-in-time representations of that data object, even though a production copy of the data object itself no longer exists.
For virtualized computing devices, such as virtual machines, the operating system 210 and applications 215A-D may be running on top of virtualization software, and the production data storage medium 218 may be a virtual disk created on a physical medium such as a physical disk. The information management system may create non-production copies of the discrete data objects stored in a virtual disk file (e.g., documents, email mailboxes, and spreadsheets) and/or non-production copies of the entire virtual disk file itself (e.g., a non-production copy of an entire .vmdk file).
Each non-production object 260A-C may contain copies of or otherwise represent more than one production data object. For example, non-production object 260A represents three separate production data objects 255C, 230 and 245C (represented as 245C′, 230′ and 245′, respectively). Moreover, as indicated by the prime mark (′), a non-production object may store a representation of a production data object or metadata differently than the original format of the data object or metadata, e.g., in a compressed, encrypted, deduplicated, or otherwise optimized format. Although
Non-production copies include backup copies, archive copies, and snapshot copies. Backup copies are generally used for shorter-term data protection and restoration purposes and may be in a native application format or in a non-native format (e.g., compressed, encrypted, deduplicated, and/or otherwise modified from the original application format). Archive copies are generally used for long-term data storage purposes and may be compressed, encrypted, deduplicated and/or otherwise modified from the original application format. In some examples, when an archive copy of a data object is made, a logical reference or stub may be used to replace the production copy of the data object in the production storage medium 218. In such examples, the stub may point to or otherwise reference the archive copy of the data object stored in the non-production storage medium so that the information management system can retrieve the archive copy if needed. The stub may also include some metadata associated with the data object, so that a file system and/or application can provide some information about the data object and/or a limited-functionality version (e.g., a preview) of the data object. A snapshot copy represents a data object at a particular point in time. A snapshot copy can be made quickly and without significantly impacting production computing resources because large amounts of data need not be copied or moved. A snapshot copy may include a set of pointers derived from the file system or an application, where each pointer points to a respective stored data block, so collectively, the set of pointers reflect the storage location and state of the data object at a particular point in time when the snapshot copy was created. In “copy-on-write”, if a block of data is to be deleted or changed, the snapshot process writes the block to a particular data storage location, and the pointer for that block is now directed to that particular location. The set of pointers and/or the set of blocks pointed to by a snapshot may be stored within the production data storage medium 218.
Non-production copies of a data object or metadata may be distinguished from a production copy of a data object or metadata in several ways. First, a non-production copy of a data object is created to meet the different information management goals described above and is not directly used or modified by applications 215A-D, hosted services 122, or the operating system 210. Second, a non-production copy of a data object is stored as one or more non-production objects 260 that may have a format different from the native application format of the production copy of the data object, and thus often cannot be directly used by the native application or a hosted service 122 without first being modified. Third, non-production objects are often stored on a non-production storage medium 265 that is inaccessible to the applications 215A-D running on computing devices and hosted services 122. Also, some non-production copies may be “offline copies,” in that they are not readily available (e.g. not mounted tape or disk.) Offline copies include copies of data that the information management system can access without any human intervention (e.g. tapes within an automated tape library, but not yet mounted in a drive), and copies that the information management system 150 can access only with at least some human intervention (e.g. tapes located at an offsite storage site).
The information management system 150 also generates information management data 275, such as indexing information, which permit the information management system to perform its various information management tasks. As shown in
Information Management System
Information Management Cell
The storage manager 402 may be a software module or other application that coordinates and controls information management operations performed by one or more information management cells 350 to protect and control copies of non-production data objects and metadata. As shown by the dashed lines 416 and 422, the storage manager may communicate with some or all elements of the information management cell 350, such as the media agents 410 and computing devices 205, to initiate and manage backup operations, snapshot operations, archive operations, data replication operations, data migrations, data distributions, data recovery, and other information management operations. The storage manager may control additional information management operations including ILM, deduplication, content indexing, data classification, data mining or searching, e-discovery management, collaborative searching, encryption, and compression. Alternatively or additionally, a storage manager may control the creation and management of disaster recovery copies, which are often created as secondary, high-availability disk copies, using auxiliary copy or replication technologies.
The storage manager 402 may include a jobs agent 455, a management agent 450, a network agent 445, and an interface agent 460, all of which may be implemented as interconnected software modules or application programs. The jobs agent 455 monitors the status of information management operations previously performed, currently being performed, or scheduled to be performed by the information management cell 350. The management agent 450 provides an interface that allows various management agents 450 in multiple information management cells 350 (or in a global storage manager 305) to communicate with one another. This allows each information management cell 350 to exchange status information, routing information, capacity and utilization information, and information management operation instructions or policies with other cells. In general, the network agent 445 provides the storage manager 402 with the ability to communicate with other components within the information management cell and the larger information management system, e.g., via proprietary or non-proprietary network protocols and application programming interfaces (“APIs”) (including HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, REST, virtualization software APIs, cloud service provider APIs, hosted service provider APIs). The interface agent 460 includes information processing and display software, such as a graphical user interface (“GUI”), an API, or other interactive interface through which users and system processes can retrieve information about the status of information management operations or issue instructions to the information management cell and its constituent components. The storage manager 402 may also track information that permits it to select, designate, or otherwise identify content indices, deduplication databases, or similar databases within its information management cell (or another cell) to be searched in response to certain queries.
The storage manager 402 may also maintain information management data, such as a database 465 of management data and policies. The database 465 may include a management index that stores logical associations between components of the system, user preferences, user profiles (that among other things, map particular information management users to computing devices or hosted services), management tasks, or other useful data. The database 465 may also include various “information management policies,” which are generally data structures or other information sources that each include a set of criteria and rules associated with performing an information management operation. The criteria may be used to determine which rules apply to a particular data object, system component, or information management operation, an may include:
As noted above, each computing device 205 may include one or more data management agents 280. Each data management agent is a software module or component that helps govern communications with other system components. For example, the data management agent receives commands from the storage manager 402 and sends to and receives from media agents 410 copies of data objects, metadata, and other payload (as indicated by the heavy arrows). Each data management agent accesses data and/or metadata stored in a production data storage medium 218 and arranges or packs the data and metadata in a certain format (e.g., backup or archive format) before it is transferred to another component. Each data management agent can also restore a production copy of a data object or metadata in a production data storage medium 218 from a non-production copy. A data management agent may perform some functions provided by a media agent, which are described further herein, such as compression, encryption, or deduplication. Each data management agent may be specialized for a particular application (e.g. a specified data management agent customized to handle data generated or used by Exchange by Microsoft Corp.). Alternatively or additionally, a more generic data management agent may handle data generated or used by two or more applications.
Each computing device 205 may also include a data distribution and live browsing client module 405 (herein “distribution client module”). The distribution client module 405 is responsible for, inter alia, associating mobile devices and/or hosted service accounts with users of the information management system, setting information management policies for mobile and other computing devices, pushing data objects to a distribution module for distribution to other computing devices, providing unified access to a user's data via an interface, and providing live browsing features. The various functions of the distribution client module are described in greater detail herein.
A media agent 410, which may be implemented as a software module, conveys data, as directed by the storage manager 402, between a computing device 205 (or hosted service 122) and one or more non-production storage mediums 155-870. Each media agent 410 may control one or more intermediary storage devices 418, such as a cloud server or a tape or magnetic disk library management system, to read, write, or otherwise manipulate data stored in a non-production storage medium 155-870. Each media agent 410 may be considered to be “associated with” a storage device and its related non-production storage media if that media agent is capable of routing data to and storing data in the storage media managed by the particular storage device. A media agent may communicate with computing devices 205, hosted services 122, storage devices 418A-D, and the storage manager 402 via any suitable communications path, including SCSI, a Storage Area Network (“SAN”), a Fiber Channel communications link, or a wired, wireless, or partially wired/wireless computer or telecommunications network, including the Internet.
To perform its functions, the media agent 410 may include a media file system module 425, a data classification module 435, a content indexing module 420, a deduplication module 430, an encryption module 475, a compression module 485, a network module 415, a distribution module 490, and a media agent database 440. The media file system module 425 is responsible for reading, writing, archiving, copying, migrating, restoring, accessing, moving, sparsifying, deleting, sanitizing, destroying, or otherwise performing file system operations on various non-production storage devices of disparate types. The media file system module may also instruct the storage device to use a robotic arm or other retrieval means to load or eject certain storage media such as a tape.
The network module 415 permits the media agent to communicate with other components within the system and hosted services 122 via one or more proprietary and/or non-proprietary network protocols or APIs (including cloud service provider APIs, virtual machine management APIs, and hosted service provider APIs). The deduplication module 430 performs deduplication of data objects and/or data blocks to reduce data redundancy in the cell. The deduplication module may generate and store data structures to manage deduplicated data objects, such as deduplication tables, in the media agent database 440. The encryption module 475 performs encryption of data objects, data blocks, or non-production objects to ensure data security in the cell. The compression module 485 performs compression of data objects, data blocks, or non-production objects to reduce the data capacity needed in the cell.
The content indexing module 420 analyzes the contents of production copies or non-production copies of data objects and/or their associated metadata and catalogues the results of this analysis, along with the storage locations of (or references to) the production or non-production copies, in a content index stored within a media agent database 440. The results may also be stored elsewhere in the system, e.g., in the storage manager 402, along with a non-production copy of the data objects, and/or an index cache. Such index data provides the media agent 410 or another device with an efficient mechanism for locating production copies and/or non-production copies of data objects that match particular criteria. The index data or other analyses of data objects or metadata may also be used by the data classification module 435 to associate data objects with classification identifiers (such as classification tags) in the media agent database 440 (or other indices) to facilitate information management policies and searches of stored data objects.
The distribution module 490 may be a set of instructions that coordinates the distribution of data objects and indices of data objects. The distribution may occur from one computing device 205 to another computing device 205 and/or from hosted services 122 to computing devices 205. As a first example, the distribution module may collect and manage data and metadata from hosted services 122 or mobile devices 205. As another example, the distribution module may synchronize data files or other data objects that are modified on one computing device so that the same modified files or objects are available on another computing device. As yet another example, the distribution module may distribute indices of data objects that originated from multiple computing devices and/or hosted services, so a user can access all of their data objects through a unified user interface or a native application on their computing device. The distribution module may also initiate “live browse” sessions to permit communications between different computing devices so that the devices can interchange data and metadata or so the devices can provide computing resources, such as applications, to each other. The functions performed by the distribution module are described in greater detail herein.
Brief Architectural Overview
A brief overview of certain aspects of the techniques described in greater detail below is now provided. In some implementations, a user is able to browse through a file system on his computer using a menu structure and user interface (UI) generally supported by his computer (e.g., Windows 7 interface, Apple iOS interface, and so on). Some of the displayed files may be stored in a secondary storage or an archive, which may not be on the user's computer, but are accessible elsewhere on a network to which the user's computer is connected. In some implementations, a visual cue is provided to a user for the user to be able to distinguish between files that are locally present and files that have been archived. In some implementations, archived files are replaced by a locally available “stub file” copy. In some implementations, the stub file copy is created by converting a file from its native format to a preview format. The preview format may be customized to minimize storage requirement at the expense of added functionality such as being able to manipulate text and graphics in the file. In one aspect, a user is able to quickly view the content of a large file using the locally stored stub file and then make a decision about whether to recall the entire file from the secondary storage; which may take a significant amount of network and computing resources.
Suitable User Interaction
With reference to
In some implementations, audio tone cues are used to indicate such availability. For example, when a user moves the cursor over on the file icon, an audio tone is generated for stub, e.g., files that are not stored locally in their native formats. Various other techniques, e.g., use of different colors, different sizes, different fonts, etc. are also possible to provide audio/visual cues to the user about which files are stored locally and in native file format, and which are stub files, e.g., available from a secondary (or offline) storage and in a preview format.
When a user interacts with a file (e.g., file 502), a viewer application can be launched. The viewer application may be launched in a separate window 514 (e.g., a pop-up window). The viewer application is described in greater detail elsewhere in this document. The system may activate the viewer application when the user performs a specific action on the file icon (e.g., glide, single click, double click, etc.). The pop-up window may be an independent application frame with well-known attributes and controls such as “full page,” “minimize,” “move,” “close,” etc. Alternatively, the pop-up window is a balloon window which (other than below-described content browsing) is not further manipulatable by the user.
Preview Client Application
In some implementations, the viewing program used for showing content of a stub file to a user is operable on a computer platform as a preview client application. The preview client may be an off-the-shelf browser that is modified to display the files in their preview format (e.g., a JPEG viewer or an Internet browser). Alternatively, the preview client may be a custom viewing application. The preview client application may provide a static display of the content of a stub file. In other words, the preview client does not allow interaction with content being displayed. For example when text is displayed as a JPEG or a .bmp file, the preview client may not allow a user to select and copy text or images embedded within the content. Other image viewing clients may also be used (e.g., a TIFF viewer etc.).
In some implementations, the preview client allows some user interaction such as page forward/page backward/page skip for efficient navigation through file content via the stub file. For example, with the cursor on window 514, a user may be able to press page up/page down and receive different content, e.g., different video frames or different pages.
In some implementations, when a user selects the Recall 602 option, the computer system recalls the file to regenerate the file in native file format from a secondary storage or archive to the primary storage, thereby making the file available to the user locally and in the native file format. If the file is currently not available for recalling, for example, when the user is not connected to the appropriate network (e.g., a corporate, an intra network or the Internet) an error message is displayed to the user that the file is currently not available.
In some implementations, the View 604 mode is made available for multimedia files. For example, the selection of View 604 option, while previewing a media file, may result in, first, a recall of the media file from a secondary storage and, second, launching of an application (e.g., a media player) in which the media file can be viewed when it is recalled to the local storage.
In some implementations, the Play 606 option enables a user to put the underlying content “in motion.” For example, if the underlying content is a multi-slide presentation, then the selection of play option results in an auto-staged playback of the slides in the “preview mode.” As another example, in the play mode, pages of a multi-page document may be flipped automatically by the computer system.
In some implementations, the content of a stub file may be displayed to the user by refreshing content with next pages or next video frames, simply when the user's cursor is on the file icon. In some implementations, a stub file may be a hypertext markup language (HTML) file that can be viewed using a web browser. Of course, other file types and viewers may be used, such as the PDF file type and the Adobe Acrobat viewer.
Storage Management
In some implementations, after converting a file from a native format to a preview format, the file in native format is moved to secondary storage and information about the location in the secondary storage is associated with the copy in the preview format. The location information is associated with the preview format file. One of several well known mechanisms such as the user resource locator (URL) indicator may be used for the association.
After the file is converted to the preview format, the system transfers the file in native format by a transfer module 704 to a secondary or archive storage, as previously described. Based on the transfer, the system generates a pointer 708 with information about where the transferred occurred to, or in other words, the location of the file in the secondary storage. The pointer 708 is associated with the viewable content 706, together representing the stub file 710.
In some implementations, the decision regarding which files to keep on the local storage and which ones to replace with their stub file versions is performed using a set of predetermined rules. The rules include, for example, criteria such as archiving least used files, files larger than a threshold size, files of a certain type (e.g., media files), files specifically identified by a user for such offline storage, files identified by an application as being suitable for offline storage, etc. A system administrator may be to modify or update the predetermined rules. The management of these rules, in one aspect, helps a corporate network strike the balance between storage use of an organization and response time to a user browsing through files on the corporate network. In other words, the organization can manage the amount of primary storage data storage required. The system can analyze historical trends in data being stored, data storage capacity (primary and secondary storage), bandwidth capacity for exchanging data files, and other factors. Based on statistical analysis of these historical trends, the system may periodically or continuously/dynamically change the rules to compensate for changes in data storage, data storage capacity, bandwidth, etc. Further details regarding other rules and processes for moving data objects to secondary storage, especially for mobile devices, is discussed below.
At 804, the system stores the data file in the preview format in primary storage. At 806, after converting the file to the preview format, the system moves the data file in native format to secondary storage, provide a link to it, and updates the data structure reflecting the new location of the native format in secondary storage. In this context, “moving” includes copying and then deleting from the primary storage.
At 808, the system, at some later time, receives a viewing request for the data file. At 810, if the file to be viewed as located in primary storage, the data file is displayed in the preview format to fulfill the viewing request. As previously discussed, in some embodiments, the preview format comprises a picture encoding format such as a JPEG image, or a bitmap format or a GIF (graphics intermediate format) image or a PNG (portable network graphics) image, and so on. At 818, if the file requested is the native format file, then the system accesses the data structure to identify the location of the native format file in secondary storage, and retrieves it for display or to be provided to the user.
In some implementations, a menu for accessing the data file in the native format is provided. As previously discussed, in some implementation an audio or a visual cue is provided to a user to indicate whether or not the file icon being browsed by the user is in the primary storage. For files that are not stored in the primary storage but are available by retrieving from a secondary storage, a menu may be provided in some implementations. For example, in some implementations, a user can access file open menu by right-clicking on the file icon.
As previously discussed, the process 800 may include a resource locator with the data object stored in the preview format. The resource locator is, e.g., in the URL format, indicating the location in the secondary storage of the native format data object. When the user selects to load the image in the native format, then access to the data object may be provided using the resource locator, using one of several well know network file interface schemes.
While the larger, native format file is generally described herein as being stored on the secondary storage, while the stub is stored on primary storage, the two may be stored together, within a single file. Thus, in an alternative embodiment, a single container file may include the initial preview file, followed by the native format file. A header may be provided in the container file to describe the contents, format and extends (e.g. size) of the embedded preview and native format files. The information management system may manage the container file as a single file, while the file system of a computing device may view the two files independently.
By embedding both preview and native format files within a container file, storage management efficiencies may be obtained. Further, such a container file may allow both the preview and native format files to be moved from primary storage to secondary storage. The stub described herein may link or point to the preview file within the container file, and it is this preview file that is returned by accessing the stub. However, with further input by the user, the system can retrieve the native format file for the user.
Forward Compatibility with Newer File Formats
When new file formats are introduced (e.g., newer video file formats or files generated by new releases of application programs), the converter 702 may simply be updated to add a module that is responsive to the new file format and is able to convert the new file format to a preview format such as a bitmap or a PNG format file.
Multimedia File Handling
It is well known that multimedia files, especially video files, often occupy a large amount of storage space, compared to documents and spreadsheets. In some implementations, the system replaces above-discussed pointer 708 with a list of pointers, with each pointer in the list pointing to a next section (e.g., a next independently decodable video frame or group of frames) of the stored video file. In one aspect, such as facility enables random access within a long video file and allows a user to recall a portion of a video file that is of interest. In other words, “bookmarks” may be provided and displayed to access sections or portions of the video file. In some embodiments, a video file in the native format (e.g., an mp4 video file) may be converted into its stub format by simply clipping the video file to first few seconds or by sampling video frames periodically (e.g., once every second). It will be appreciated that such techniques beneficially would result in a considerable reduction in the storage space needed for the stub file, compared to the original file, while still providing a user the ability to preview content of the file.
Mobile Computing Environment
In some implementations, a user accesses files (e.g., file folder 500) from a mobile device. A mobile device is often run on battery power and therefore it may be desirable to customize a user's access to the files based on the amount of battery power available to the mobile device. For example, in some implementations, when the available batter power (or time remaining for battery power operation) falls below a threshold, a user may be able to browse through a file 502, 504 or 506 only using a low power option. The low power option may be, e.g., limiting the user to only be able to preview the file in the preview format.
The system described herein can establish certain rules or policies to implement this functionality on a mobile device. For example, if the battery-power drops below a 20% threshold, then the system permits the mobile device to access only previews. However, when the battery-powered drops below a 10% threshold, then the system prevents the mobile device from launching resource intensive previews. For example, processor-intensive video decoding may be prohibited and/or access to previews that require downloads via a wireless link (locally stored previews would still be permitted). In other words, any applications that would burden the processor, or consume radio resources, would be rationed. Rather than prohibiting or inhibiting such functionality at these thresholds, the system may instead provide a click through warning for a user, which would require the user to acknowledge the resource intensive request before permitting the file to be accessed/viewed/previewed.
Furthermore, a mobile device typically also has a limited memory or processor power for application execution. For example, some mobile devices may not have a native Office application installed. In such mobile devices, the only option for a user to be able to view content of files for which no application is available locally may be to use a preview format. In such implementations, when a user attempts to browse through the content of a file, the content is made available only in a preview format.
Typical mobile devices may also be limited by viewing constraints such as screen resolution, color depth, etc. In some implementations, the converter 702 selects a target preview format based on such mobile device limitations. For example, in some implementations, the converter 702 creates multiple resolution images of content pages of a native format file. When the user wishes to browse through such multi-resolution content, the system provides or offers a preview file suitable for the user's mobile device capabilities (e.g., high resolution, low resolution, 18 bit color depth, etc.), also called device resource profile.
Further information regarding data storage methods for mobile devices may be found in the assignee's concurrently filed U.S. Patent Application No. 61/618,506, to Vibhor et al., entitled “Backup Methods for Mobile Devices,” incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In some implementations, when a user syncs his user device to a corporate network, a synchronization server automatically stores file in the right format on the user device. For example, in the case of a mobile device that has a 352×240 screen resolution with 16 bit color depth, a preview file suitable for display on a 352×240 resolution with 16 bit color depth is “synched” or stored on the user device.
With reference to
At 1006, when the decision is to store a preview copy on the local storage of the user device, the synchronization server then decides attributes of the local copy (e.g., which preview format to use, what level of compression to use, etc.). The synchronization server may make decisions about the attributes of the local copy based on the resource profile of the user device. At 1008, in addition, the synchronization server adds metadata to the locally stored preview format file to indicate where to locate the file in its native format and whether the file is in a preview format or in its native format. To generate the preview format file, the synchronization server may communicate with the converter 702, previously discussed.
The above-discussed synchronization process may be run when a portable or mobile device is docked in a device dock or on a periodic basis (e.g., once every week). A user or a system administrator may be able to perform synchronization by running a script or a program. Mobile devices often have memory interfaces to attach a removable memory (e.g., secure digital memory card, SIM card, USB flash memory device, etc.). In some implementations, the removable memory card may be used to transfer files to/from a user's mobile device and the user's computer. For example, from the desktop, a user may be able to create a “To go” folder and add files to the folder by dragging and dropping the files into the folder. The system may then decide, using the previously discussed methodology, whether to store the file in its native format in the “To go” folder or whether to convert the file to a preview format before copying the file to the “To go” folder. Once the user has copied all the files he wants to this folder, the user can simply remove the memory device from the computer and attach the memory device to his mobile platform (phone, smartphone, tablet etc.).
The above-discussed system may be expanded to any data or even applications. Many current mobile devices, such as tablets and smart phones, have a maximum of 8 GB of storage. The present system may intelligently archive data and applications by scanning data and applications on the device and automatically backing up or moving to secondary storage old and unused data/applications, including data/applications that consume power on the device. For example, an electronic magazine subscription could consume 50 MB per issue, particularly if the magazine has many images. The system can automatically archive these old subscriptions, such as moving them to a secure cloud storage location associated with the mobile device. As another example, the system can scan applications running on the device, including identifying services accessed, to help understand power consumption, and compare that to use of those applications by the user—unused power-hungry applications can be automatically archived to free up not only data storage on the device, but also free up processing resources and conserve battery power.
In some implementations, a smart archival application may be installed on a mobile device for monitoring memory use by locally stored files. The smart archival application may continuously run in the background or may periodically wake up and analyze memory usage and whether any local memory can be freed up by archiving unused files, as described above. In some implementations, the smart archival application may perform the actual archival task. In some other applications, the housekeeper application may only mark files for archival at next available opportunity (e.g., when the device is being run on AC power or the battery level is above a threshold such as 80%),
Systems and modules described herein may comprise software, firmware, hardware, or any combination(s) of software, firmware, or hardware suitable for the purposes described herein. Software and other modules may reside on servers, workstations, personal computers, computerized tablets, PDAs, smart phones, and other devices suitable for the purposes described herein. Modules described herein may be executed by a general-purpose computer, e.g., a server computer, wireless device, or personal computer. Those skilled in the relevant art will appreciate that aspects of the invention can be practiced with other communications, data processing, or computer system configurations, including: Internet appliances, hand-held devices (including personal digital assistants (PDAs)), wearable computers, all manner of cellular or mobile phones, multi-processor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, set-top boxes, network PCs, mini-computers, mainframe computers, and the like. Indeed, the terms “computer,” “server,” “host,” “host system,” and the like, are generally used interchangeably herein and refer to any of the above devices and systems, as well as any data processor. Furthermore, aspects of the invention can be embodied in a special purpose computer or data processor that is specifically programmed, configured, or constructed to perform one or more of the computer-executable instructions explained in detail herein.
Software and other modules may be accessible via local memory, a network, a browser, or other application in an ASP context, or via another means suitable for the purposes described herein. Examples of the technology can also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks or modules are performed by remote processing devices, which are linked through a communications network, such as a Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), or the Internet. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. Data structures described herein may comprise computer files, variables, programming arrays, programming structures, or any electronic information storage schemes or methods, or any combinations thereof, suitable for the purposes described herein. User interface elements described herein may comprise elements from graphical user interfaces, command line interfaces, and other interfaces suitable for the purposes described herein.
Examples of the technology may be stored or distributed on computer-readable media, including magnetically or optically readable computer disks, hard-wired or preprogrammed chips (e.g., EEPROM semiconductor chips), nanotechnology memory, biological memory, or other data storage media. Indeed, computer-implemented instructions, data structures, screen displays, and other data under aspects of the invention may be distributed over the Internet or over other networks (including wireless networks), on a propagated signal on a propagation medium (e.g., an electromagnetic wave(s), a sound wave, etc.) over a period of time, or they may be provided on any analog or digital network (packet switched, circuit switched, or other scheme).
Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense, as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to.” As used herein, the terms “connected,” “coupled,” or any variant thereof, means any connection or coupling, either direct or indirect, between two or more elements; the coupling or connection between the elements can be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. Additionally, the words “herein,” “above,” “below,” and words of similar import, when used in this application, refer to this application as a whole and not to any particular portions of this application. Where the context permits, words in the above Detailed Description using the singular or plural number may also include the plural or singular number respectively. The word “or,” in reference to a list of two or more items, covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list.
The above Detailed Description is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed above. While specific examples for the invention are described above for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the invention, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. For example, while processes or blocks are presented in a given order, alternative implementations may perform routines having steps, or employ systems having blocks, in a different order, and some processes or blocks may be deleted, moved, added, subdivided, combined, and/or modified to provide alternative or subcombinations. Each of these processes or blocks may be implemented in a variety of different ways. Also, while processes or blocks are at times shown as being performed in series, these processes or blocks may instead be performed or implemented in parallel, or may be performed at different times. Further any specific numbers noted herein are only examples: alternative implementations may employ differing values or ranges.
The teachings of the invention provided herein can be applied to other systems, not necessarily the systems described herein. The elements and acts of the various examples described above can be combined to provide further implementations of the invention.
Any patents and applications and other references noted above, including any that may be listed in accompanying filing papers, are incorporated herein by reference. Aspects of the invention can be modified, if necessary, to employ the systems, functions, and concepts of the various references described above to provide yet further implementations of the invention.
These and other changes can be made to the invention in light of the above Detailed Description. While the above description describes certain examples of the invention and describes the best mode contemplated, no matter how detailed the above appears in text, the invention can be practiced in many ways. Details of the system may vary considerably in its specific implementation, while still being encompassed by the invention disclosed herein. As noted above, particular terminology used when describing certain features or aspects of the invention should not be taken to imply that the terminology is being redefined herein to be restricted to any specific characteristics, features, or aspects of the invention with which that terminology is associated. In general, the terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the invention to the specific examples disclosed in the specification, unless the above Detailed Description section explicitly defines such terms. Accordingly, the actual scope of the invention encompasses not only the disclosed examples, but also all equivalent ways of practicing or implementing the invention under the claims.
While certain examples are presented below in certain forms, the applicant contemplates the various aspects of the invention in any number of claim forms. Accordingly, the applicant reserves the right to add additional claims after filing the application to pursue such additional claim forms for other aspects of the invention.
The present application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/618,039, filed Mar. 30, 2012, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4464122 | Fuller et al. | Aug 1984 | A |
| 4686620 | Ng | Aug 1987 | A |
| 4995035 | Cole et al. | Feb 1991 | A |
| 5005122 | Griffin et al. | Apr 1991 | A |
| 5093912 | Dong et al. | Mar 1992 | A |
| 5133065 | Cheffetz et al. | Jul 1992 | A |
| 5193154 | Kitajima et al. | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5212772 | Masters | May 1993 | A |
| 5212784 | Sparks | May 1993 | A |
| 5226157 | Nakano et al. | Jul 1993 | A |
| 5239647 | Anglin et al. | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5241668 | Eastridge et al. | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5241670 | Eastridge et al. | Aug 1993 | A |
| 5276860 | Fortier et al. | Jan 1994 | A |
| 5276867 | Kenley et al. | Jan 1994 | A |
| 5287500 | Stoppani, Jr. | Feb 1994 | A |
| 5321816 | Rogan et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5333315 | Saether et al. | Jul 1994 | A |
| 5347653 | Flynn et al. | Sep 1994 | A |
| 5386545 | Gombos, Jr. et al. | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5410700 | Fecteau et al. | Apr 1995 | A |
| 5448718 | Cohn et al. | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5448724 | Hayashi | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5485606 | Midgdey et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5491810 | Allen | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5495607 | Pisello et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5504873 | Martin et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5517405 | McAndrew et al. | May 1996 | A |
| 5537568 | Yanai et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5544345 | Carpenter et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5544347 | Yanai et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5555371 | Duyanovich et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5559957 | Balk | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5564037 | Lam | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5613134 | Lucus et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5619644 | Crockett et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5634052 | Morris | May 1997 | A |
| 5638509 | Dunphy et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5659614 | Bailey, III | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5666501 | Jones et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5673381 | Huai et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5673382 | Cannon et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5699361 | Ding et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5729743 | Squibb | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5740405 | DeGraaf | Apr 1998 | A |
| 5751997 | Kullick et al. | May 1998 | A |
| 5758649 | Iwashita et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5761677 | Senator et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5764972 | Crouse et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5778165 | Saxon | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5778395 | Whiting et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5812398 | Nielsen | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5813009 | Johnson et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5813017 | Morris | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5860073 | Ferrel et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5864846 | Voorhees et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5875478 | Blumenau | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5887134 | Ebrahim | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5896531 | Curtis et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5901327 | Ofek | May 1999 | A |
| 5924102 | Perks | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5950205 | Aviani, Jr. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 5974563 | Beeler, Jr. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5983239 | Cannon | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5991753 | Wilde | Nov 1999 | A |
| 6012053 | Pant et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6021415 | Cannon et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6026414 | Anglin | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6052735 | Ulrich et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6064821 | Shough et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6073128 | Pongracz et al. | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6076148 | Kedem | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6091518 | Anabuki | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6094416 | Ying | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6131095 | Low et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6131190 | Sidwell | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6148412 | Cannon et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6154787 | Urevig et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6161111 | Mutalik et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6167402 | Yeager | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6182198 | Hubis et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6212512 | Barney et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6226759 | Miller et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6239800 | Mayhew et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6253217 | Dourish et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6260069 | Anglin | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6266679 | Szalwinski et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6266784 | Hsiao et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6269431 | Dunham | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6275953 | Vahalia et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6298439 | Beglin | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6301592 | Aoyama et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6308175 | Lang et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
| 6324581 | Xu et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6327590 | Chidlovskii et al. | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6327612 | Watanabe | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6328766 | Long | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6330570 | Crighton | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6330642 | Carteau | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6341287 | Sziklai et al. | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6343287 | Kumar et al. | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6343324 | Hubis et al. | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6345288 | Reed et al. | Feb 2002 | B1 |
| RE37601 | Eastridge et al. | Mar 2002 | E |
| 6356801 | Goodman et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6363462 | Bergsten | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6367073 | Elledge | Apr 2002 | B2 |
| 6374363 | Wu et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6389432 | Pothapragada et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6418478 | Ignatius et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6421678 | Smiga et al. | Jul 2002 | B2 |
| 6421711 | Blumenau et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6442706 | Wahl et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6470332 | Weschler | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6484162 | Edlund et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6487561 | Ofek et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6487644 | Huebsch et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6502205 | Yanai et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6519679 | Devireddy et al. | Feb 2003 | B2 |
| 6538669 | Lagueux, Jr. et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6540623 | Jackson | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6549918 | Probert, Jr. et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6557039 | Leong et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6564228 | O'Connor | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6593656 | Ahn et al. | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6618771 | Leja et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6629110 | Cane et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6647399 | Zaremba | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6658526 | Nguyen et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6662218 | Mighdoll et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6675177 | Webb | Jan 2004 | B1 |
| 6691232 | Wood et al. | Feb 2004 | B1 |
| 6721767 | De Meno et al. | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| 6732088 | Glance | May 2004 | B1 |
| 6732231 | Don et al. | May 2004 | B1 |
| 6732244 | Ashton et al. | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6745178 | Emens et al. | Jun 2004 | B1 |
| 6795828 | Ricketts | Sep 2004 | B2 |
| 6816941 | Carlson et al. | Nov 2004 | B1 |
| 6820070 | Goldman et al. | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 6839741 | Tsai | Jan 2005 | B1 |
| 6839803 | Loh et al. | Jan 2005 | B1 |
| 6850994 | Gabryjelski | Feb 2005 | B2 |
| 6860422 | Hull et al. | Mar 2005 | B2 |
| 6865568 | Chau | Mar 2005 | B2 |
| 6871182 | Winnard et al. | Mar 2005 | B1 |
| 6892221 | Ricart et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6948038 | Berkowitz et al. | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6948039 | Biessener et al. | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6957186 | Guheen et al. | Oct 2005 | B1 |
| 6970997 | Shibayama et al. | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| 6976039 | Chefalas et al. | Dec 2005 | B2 |
| 6995675 | Curkendall et al. | Feb 2006 | B2 |
| 6996616 | Leighton et al. | Feb 2006 | B1 |
| 7003641 | Prahlad et al. | Feb 2006 | B2 |
| 7028079 | Mastrianni et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7035880 | Crescenti et al. | Apr 2006 | B1 |
| 7039860 | Gautestad et al. | May 2006 | B1 |
| 7058661 | Ciaramitaro et al. | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7099901 | Sutoh et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7107298 | Prahlad et al. | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7107416 | Stuart et al. | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7133870 | Tripp et al. | Nov 2006 | B1 |
| 7139826 | Watanabe et al. | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7139846 | Rossi | Nov 2006 | B1 |
| 7146387 | Russo et al. | Dec 2006 | B1 |
| 7155421 | Haldar | Dec 2006 | B1 |
| 7155481 | Prahlad et al. | Dec 2006 | B2 |
| 7159081 | Suzuki | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7171468 | Yeung et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7171585 | Gail et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7185152 | Takahashi et al. | Feb 2007 | B2 |
| 7188141 | Novaes | Mar 2007 | B2 |
| 7240100 | Wein et al. | Jul 2007 | B1 |
| 7246207 | Kottomtharayil et al. | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7269664 | Hutsch et al. | Sep 2007 | B2 |
| 7284033 | Jhanji | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7287047 | Kavuri | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7290017 | Wang et al. | Oct 2007 | B1 |
| 7313659 | Suzuki | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7315923 | Retnamma et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7328325 | Solis et al. | Feb 2008 | B1 |
| 7343453 | Prahlad et al. | Mar 2008 | B2 |
| 7346623 | Prahlad et al. | Mar 2008 | B2 |
| 7346676 | Swildens et al. | Mar 2008 | B1 |
| 7346751 | Prahlad et al. | Mar 2008 | B2 |
| 7376947 | Evers | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7379978 | Anderson et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7383379 | Patterson et al. | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7386535 | Kalucha et al. | Jun 2008 | B1 |
| 7395282 | Crescenti et al. | Jul 2008 | B1 |
| 7421460 | Chigusa et al. | Sep 2008 | B2 |
| 7424543 | Rice, III | Sep 2008 | B2 |
| 7434219 | De Meno et al. | Oct 2008 | B2 |
| 7457790 | Kochunni et al. | Nov 2008 | B2 |
| 7472142 | Prahlad et al. | Dec 2008 | B2 |
| 7496841 | Hadfield et al. | Feb 2009 | B2 |
| 7529782 | Prahlad et al. | May 2009 | B2 |
| 7565484 | Ghosal et al. | Jul 2009 | B2 |
| 7577689 | Masinter et al. | Aug 2009 | B1 |
| 7577694 | Nakano | Aug 2009 | B2 |
| 7584469 | Mitekura et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7587715 | Barrett et al. | Sep 2009 | B1 |
| 7593935 | Sullivan | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7596713 | Mani-Meitav et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7603626 | Williams et al. | Oct 2009 | B2 |
| 7606844 | Kottomtharayil | Oct 2009 | B2 |
| 7610285 | Zoellner et al. | Oct 2009 | B1 |
| 7617262 | Prahlad et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
| 7668884 | Prahlad et al. | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7673175 | Mora et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7676542 | Moser et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7689899 | Leymaster et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7730031 | Forster | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7734593 | Prahlad et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7734669 | Kottomtharayil et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7747579 | Prahlad et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7751628 | Reisman | Jul 2010 | B1 |
| 7761409 | Stefik et al. | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| 7792789 | Prahlad et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7801871 | Gosnell | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7814118 | Kottomtharayil et al. | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| 7827266 | Gupta | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7831793 | Chakravarty et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7840537 | Gokhale et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7844676 | Prahlad et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7865517 | Prahlad et al. | Jan 2011 | B2 |
| 7882077 | Gokhale et al. | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7882093 | Kottomtharayil et al. | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7882097 | Ogilvie | Feb 2011 | B1 |
| 7937393 | Prahlad et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7937420 | Tabellion et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7937702 | De Meno et al. | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7984063 | Kottomtharayil et al. | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 8037028 | Prahlad et al. | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| 8055627 | Prahlad et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8060514 | Arrouye et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8078607 | Oztekin et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8099428 | Kottomtharayil et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8108427 | Prahlad et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8140786 | Bunte et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8156086 | Lu et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8161003 | Kavuri | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8170995 | Prahlad et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8219524 | Gokhale | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8229954 | Kottomtharayil et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8230195 | Amarendran | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| RE43678 | Major et al. | Sep 2012 | E |
| 8285681 | Prahlad et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8352954 | Gokhale et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8364652 | Vijayan et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8578120 | Attarde et al. | Nov 2013 | B2 |
| 20010028363 | Nomoto | Oct 2001 | A1 |
| 20020032878 | Karpf | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020049883 | Schneider et al. | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20020120858 | Porter et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20030046313 | Leung et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030050979 | Takahashi | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030101086 | San Miguel | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20040039689 | Penney et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040267815 | De Mes | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20050039069 | Prahlad et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050097070 | Enis et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050251786 | Citron et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050278207 | Ronnewinkel | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20060036619 | Fuerst et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060070061 | Cox et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060115802 | Reynolds | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060116999 | Dettinger et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060149604 | Miller | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060149724 | Ritter et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060177114 | Tongdee et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060224846 | Amarendran et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060265396 | Raman et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060282900 | Johnson et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20070022145 | Kavuri | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070028229 | Knatcher | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070043715 | Kaushik et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070061266 | Moore et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070061298 | Wilson et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070136541 | Herz et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070156783 | Zbogar-Smith et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070166674 | Kochunni et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070185915 | Prahlad et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070214330 | Minami et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070226320 | Hager et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070250810 | Tittizer et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070296258 | Calvert et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20080126302 | Mora et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080282048 | Miura | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080288947 | Gokhale et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080288948 | Attarde et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080320319 | Muller et al. | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20090119322 | Mills | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090171883 | Kochunni et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090319534 | Gokhale | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090320029 | Kottomtharayil | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090320033 | Gokhale et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20100031017 | Gokhale et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100070466 | Prahlad et al. | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100070474 | Lad | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100070725 | Prahlad et al. | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100070726 | Ngo et al. | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100076932 | Lad | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100114837 | Prahlad et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100131566 | Sato | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100262911 | Kaplan et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100306283 | Johnson et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100306643 | Chabot et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100332456 | Prahlad et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20110093471 | Brockway et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110138225 | Gunabalasubramaniam et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110173171 | De Meno et al. | Jul 2011 | A1 |
| 20120036108 | Prahlad et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120150818 | Vijayan Retnamma et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120150826 | Vijayan Retnamma et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120254119 | Kumarasamy et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20120265754 | Kottomtharayil et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20120317085 | Green et al. | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20130006625 | Gunatilake et al. | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130104027 | Bennett et al. | Apr 2013 | A1 |
| 20130110854 | Lockhart et al. | May 2013 | A1 |
| 20130111326 | Lockhart | May 2013 | A1 |
| 20130145376 | Gokhale et al. | Jun 2013 | A1 |
| 20130238969 | Smith et al. | Sep 2013 | A1 |
| 20140150023 | Gudorf | May 2014 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 0259912 | Mar 1988 | EP |
| 0405926 | Jan 1991 | EP |
| 0467546 | Jan 1992 | EP |
| 0774715 | May 1997 | EP |
| 0809184 | Nov 1997 | EP |
| 0899662 | Mar 1999 | EP |
| 0910019 | Apr 1999 | EP |
| 0981090 | Feb 2000 | EP |
| 0986011 | Mar 2000 | EP |
| 1035690 | Sep 2000 | EP |
| 2216368 | Oct 1989 | GB |
| 07-046271 | Feb 1995 | JP |
| 7073080 | Mar 1995 | JP |
| 8044598 | Feb 1996 | JP |
| 2000035969 | Feb 2000 | JP |
| 2003531435 | Oct 2003 | JP |
| WO-9912098 | Mar 1999 | WO |
| WO-0058865 | Oct 2000 | WO |
| WO-0106368 | Jan 2001 | WO |
| WO-0116693 | Mar 2001 | WO |
| WO-0180005 | Oct 2001 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| “Multi Instancing,” retrieved from http://documentation.commvault.com/hds/release_8_0_0/books_online_1/english_us/deployment/install/misc/multi_instancing.htm[Feb. 18, 2014 11:57:19 AM] on Feb. 18, 2014, 3 pages. |
| U.S. Appl. No. 09/609,977, filed Jul. 5, 2000, Prahlad. |
| Armstead et al., “Implementation of a Campus-wide Distributed Mass Storage Service: The Dream vs. Reality,” IEEE, Sep. 11-14, 1995, pp. 190-199. |
| Arneson, “Mass Storage Archiving in Network Environments,” Digest of Papers, Ninth IEEE Symposium on Mass Storage Systems, Oct. 31, 1988-Nov. 3, 1988, pp. 45-50, Monterey, CA. |
| Cabrera et al., “ADSM: A Multi-Platform, Scalable, Backup and Archive Mass Storage System,” Digest of Papers, Compcon '95, Proceedings of the 40th IEEE Computer Society International Conference, Mar. 5, 1995-Mar. 9, 1995, pp. 420-427, San Francisco, CA. |
| Eitel, “Backup and Storage Management in Distributed Heterogeneous Environments,” IEEE, Jun. 12-16, 1994, pp. 124-126. |
| Extended European Search Report for Application No. EP 09767119, dated Feb. 11, 2013, 12 pages. |
| Hennessy et al., “Computer Architecture—A Quantitative Approach”, 2nd Edition, 1996, pp. 246-250. |
| Jander, M., “Launching Storage-Area Net,” Data Communications, US, McGraw Hill, NY, vol. 27, No. 4 (Mar. 21, 1998), pp. 64-72. |
| Jason Gait, “The Optical File Cabinet: A Random-Access File System for Write-Once Optical Disks,” IEEE Computer, vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 11-22 (Jun. 1988). |
| Microsoft Press Computer Dictionary Third Edition, “Data Compression,” Microsoft Press, 1997, p. 130. |
| PCT International Search Report for International Application No. PCT/US09/32325, dated Mar. 17, 2009, 11 pages. |
| Pitoura et al., “Locating Objects in Mobile Computing”, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, vol. 13, No. 4, Jul./Aug. 2001, pp. 571-592. |
| Rosenblum et al., “The Design and Implementation of a Log-Structured File System,” Operating Systems Review SIGOPS, vol. 25, No. 5, New York, US, pp. 1-15 (May 1991). |
| Rowe et al., “Indexes for User Access to Large Video Databases”, Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases II, IS,& T/SPIE Symp. on Elec. Imaging Sci. & Tech., Feb. 1994, pp. 1-12. |
| Veeravalli, B., “Network Caching Strategies for a Shared Data Distribution for a Predefined Service Demand Sequence,” IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, vol. 15, No. 6, Nov./Dec. 2003, pp. 1487-1497. |
| Hutchinson, Norman C., et al. “Logical vs. physical file system backup.” OSDI. vol. 99. 1999. |
| Matthews, Jeanna, et al. “Data protection and rapid recovery from attack with a virtual private file server and virtual machine appliances.” Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Communication, Network and Information Security (CNIS 2005). 2005. |
| Quinlan, Sean. “A cached worm file system.” Software: Practice and Experience 21.12 (1991): 1289-1299. |
| Wu, Chin-Hsien, Tei-Wei Kuo, and Li-Pin Chang. “Efficient initialization and crash recovery for log-based file systems over flash memory.” Proceedings of the 2006 ACM symposium on Applied computing. ACM, 2006. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20130262410 A1 | Oct 2013 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61618039 | Mar 2012 | US |
