Patent Grant
8313709
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a method of providing filtration of contaminants from process streams. More specifically, the invention relates to a method of providing filtration of contaminants from process streams upstream of process units.
2. Description of Related Art
Refineries, petrochemical plants and other similar type plants process large amounts of both liquids and/or vapor phase process streams through a variety of process units. Feed filters and other pre-filter systems, which are also referred to as guard beds or guard filters, are frequently used to remove undesired particulates from the process streams prior to being fed to a process unit. As used herein, these feed filters and pre-filter systems will be referred to as guard filters. Guard filters that are used in adsorption applications can be run at ambient or somewhat elevated temperatures while the downstream process units can run at elevated temperatures, elevated pressures or different atmosphere conditions, such as high hydrogen partial pressures. Guard filters that are used in absorption applications are often run at elevated temperatures, such as in the downstream process units.
Often a filtration system is employed within the actual process unit (in-situ), such as “top bed” materials in a down flow reactor. Guard filters can be used to replace this type of in-situ system. More likely guard filters are used to augment the in-situ system when large volumes of particulates are typically seen that will overwhelm even the most robust of these in-situ process unit systems.
Guard filters can use either a fixed filter system or a deep bed filter system or a combination of the two systems.
Fixed filter systems can include cartridge, bag, canister, belt filters, precoat filters, centrifuges, air filters, dust bag collectors, membrane filters, and other type of filter systems. While high filtration efficiencies can be achieved, the filtration capacity of these fixed filter units is relatively small, which typically requires changing out filter elements or backwashing or otherwise cleaning the filters on a regular and frequent basis. The cost of filtration elements and the cost of the effort to change out or clean these guard filters can be expensive. Sometimes the process stream itself is used to backwash the filtration system, which results in the backwash stream becoming contaminated with particulates and often downgraded in value. It is estimated, for example, that some petroleum refineries incur a downgrade cost of over one million dollars per year to operate a fixed feed filter system on a 40,000 barrel per day hydroprocessing unit. Additionally, if only one fixed feed filter system is used, there is a significant time period during cleaning, backwashing, or filter element replacement when unfiltered feed is fed to the downstream process unit. These periods of unfiltered feed can contribute to pre-mature performance problems in the process unit, which results in more frequent downtime and higher maintenance costs.
Some facilities have employed deep bed filters instead of, or in addition to, fixed filter systems due to their higher capacity. The filter medium in fixed filter systems traps particulates in a very thin layer, i.e., a fraction of an inch, on the surface of the filter element. Deep bed filters effectively filter to a depth of inches. The media in deep bed filters have typically been sand, gravel, catalyst, spent catalyst, off spec catalyst, regenerated catalyst, catalyst carriers, ceramic rings, and combinations thereof.
Shortcomings of conventional guard filters include clogging of the filter medium, the limited capacity of the filter medium to remove particulates, the inability of deep bed filter media to trap particles less than about 25 microns in size, and inability of many fixed filter media to withstand elevated temperatures when required.
In conventional guard filters, the filter medium eventually clogs or blocks flow through the filter medium. When the filter medium clogs, the flow rate of the stream through the filter medium drops and the pressure drop across the guard filter rises eventually to unacceptable levels at which point the guard filter must be taken off-line for filter media replacement or cleaning.
Conventional filter media have limited capacity to remove particulates. Cartridge, bag, and mesh filters fill their void spaces quickly and must be replaced or cleaned frequently. Conventional deep bed filters can have a greater capacity but experience shows that such systems have the ability to trap particulates in only the top six to twelve inches of the bed. It is this layer that clogs first as the particulates fill the void spaces through which the process stream is trying to flow. This produces an impenetrable cake of particulates and causes the filter system pressure drop to eventually rise to unacceptable levels.
Contaminants in process streams can be deleterious to processes and also to process units. Contaminants can damage process units, potentially resulting in an environmental or safety incident. Contaminants can also damage processes by decreasing efficiencies within processes, deactivating or poisoning catalysts, reducing the yield of desired products, reducing the conversion rates of desired components, increasing the rate of generation of undesired products, stopping production, affecting the specifications of products, or the like. Contaminants can be found in all types of process streams, such as feed streams, recycle streams, discharge streams, or effluent streams. Contaminants can affect various types of process units, such as reactors, extractors, distillation columns, scrubbers, tail gas treaters, incinerators, tanks, vessels, heat exchangers, furnaces, packaging facilities, pipelines, catalytic process units, extractors, scrubbers, boilers, condensers, and the like.
It is highly desirable to have filter media that do not clog with contaminants, but efficiently and effectively filter contaminants from the process stream. Efficiency relates to the percent of contaminants removed by such filter media from the process stream, as well as, to the range of sizes of contaminants that can be removed by such filter media. Effectiveness relates to the extent that such media does not impede the flow of the decontaminated process stream through the media. Such media would desirably remove essentially all contaminants within a broad range of sizes from the process stream, while not causing an unacceptable pressure drop increase across the guard filter. The method of the present invention for filtration for process streams, when compared with previously proposed prior art methods, has the advantages of providing highly efficient and highly effective filtering of contaminants.
Disadvantages associated with current perpendicular flow distribution designs and methods in deep bed filter units can result in poor distribution within the guard filter. Clogging or other fouling, such as that caused by particulate contaminants or the products of undesired polymerization reactions, may also cause maldistribution. The maldistribution may result in channeling and corresponding bypassing of portions of the filter media, reduction in the efficiency of contaminant removal, and reduction in efficiency of the guard filter. Therefore, the art has sought a perpendicular flow distribution method that can distribute the process stream more uniformly within the guard filter, provide efficient filtering of contaminants, and reduce fouling caused by undesired polymerization reactions.
It has been proposed to use reticulated ceramic materials to filter and distribute organic feed streams in a chemical reactor. A need exists for improved filtering and flow distribution capabilities for other types of process streams besides organic-based streams and for guard filters, not just chemical reactors.
There is also a need for an improved guard filter that avoids or minimizes the shortcomings associated with conventional guard filters, such as high operating costs and limited filtering capabilities.
In accordance with the invention, the present invention advantageously provides a method of removing contaminants from a process stream. The method of removing contaminants preferably includes providing a plurality of reticulated elements in a vessel. The vessel is preferably located upstream of a process unit in which a decontaminated process stream can be processed, stored, transported, or the like. The vessel can be a separate vessel or a segment of pipe. The vessel can also be referred to as a guard filter. The vessel is preferably randomly packed with the plurality of reticulated elements within the vessel so that the plurality of reticulated elements provides enhanced filtration of contaminants within a process stream on a surface of the plurality of reticulated elements. The vessel may also contain quantities of other materials including conventional filter media, support balls, distributors and the like. The contaminated process stream contacts the plurality of reticulated elements, which removes contaminants from the contaminated process stream while allowing the contaminated process stream to pass unimpeded through the plurality of reticulated elements thereby producing a substantially decontaminated process stream. The substantially decontaminated process stream can be sent to a process unit for further processing, storage, transport or the like.
As another embodiment of the present invention, a process unit assembly is advantageously provided. The process unit assembly preferably includes a vessel, also referred to as a guard filter, located upstream of a process unit in which a decontaminated process stream can be processed. The vessel preferably has a plurality of reticulated elements randomly packed and contained therein thereby providing a void space between a substantial number of the reticulated elements to enhance filtration of contaminants within the contaminated process stream on a surface of the plurality of reticulated elements. When the contaminated process stream contacts a substantial number of the plurality of reticulated elements, contaminants within the contaminated process stream are substantially removed, thereby producing a substantially decontaminated process stream. The process unit assembly also advantageously includes a process unit located downstream of the vessel for processing the substantially decontaminated process stream.
The present invention advantageously provides a method of removing contaminants from a contaminated process stream upstream of a process unit. The method preferably is performed by passing the process stream over a plurality of reticulated elements in a guard filter. The reticulated elements are randomly packed in the guard filter such that there is significant void space between each reticulated element to enhance filtration of contaminants on a surface of the reticulated elements, while allowing the decontaminated process stream to pass unimpeded through the plurality of reticulated elements. A surface can include an inner surface and an outer surface. Reticulated elements made in accordance with the present invention will have more inner surface area available for filtering than outer surface area. Reticulated elements can include foam materials and monolithic materials. The process stream can be a liquid stream, a vapor phase, or a combination of both phases. The contaminants can include dirt, iron oxide, iron sulfide, asphaltenes, coke fines, soot, catalyst fines, sediments or other entrained foreign particulate matter, salts in distillation columns, grits in emulsions, particulates in gas streams, or sulfur or sulfides from tail gas units. The process stream can also be an organic-based process stream. The reticulated elements are preferably provided in an amount sufficient to remove some or all of the contaminants from the process stream. Another feature of the present invention may include the step of providing a decontaminated or substantially decontaminated process stream for further processing, storage, transport or the like.
An additional feature of the present invention can include the step of using reticulated foam elements in a variety of shapes. The shapes can include three dimensional bodies including substantially spherical shaped balls, raschig rings, saddle shaped pieces, cubes, rectangular shaped pieces, trapezoidal shaped pieces, dodecahedral shaped pieces, conical shaped pieces, rhomboidal shaped pieces, briquette shaped pieces, hollow cylinders, cylinders, and disks. Each shape can be sized to individual specifications.
An additional feature of the present invention can include the step of using reticulated foam elements in a variety of porosities and pore sizes. The reticulated foam elements can be manufactured such that they have a porosity of so many pores per inch (“ppi”). Pore size in this context is the general size of the cavity of the pore recognizing that pores are not perfect spheres. Another important element of pore size is the size of the window opening into the pore. It is this measure that determines the size of the largest particle that can be trapped or filtered within the pore. The porosity range of the reticulated foam elements of the present invention are from 4 to 800 ppi. This enables customization of the size and shape of the reticulated foam elements for the application constraints including particulate loading and pressure drop constraints. The pores of the reticulated foam elements can be in a range of about 6 millimeters to about 100 microns, each being defined by a plurality of web members forming a plurality of flow passageways through the reticulated foam elements.
An additional feature of the present invention can include the step of using reticulated elements with different filtering capability in the same guard filter so as to remove contaminant materials of a broad range of sizes. This includes elements including various types of reticulated foam materials plus reticulated monolithic materials. The materials of the present invention can filter contaminants down to about 1 micron in size. Commercially available deep bed filter media are capable of trapping particles down to about 25 micron in size
Randomly packed elements of reticulated materials, including foams and monoliths of any composition, can be used alone or in combination with conventional filter media in guard filters.
In the drawings:
a is a partial cross-sectional side of a guard filter containing a plurality of reticulated elements in layers, along with layers of conventional filter media, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
b is a partial cross-sectional side of a guard filter containing layers of conventional filter media, in accordance with prior art;
While the invention will be described in connection with the preferred embodiment, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the invention to that embodiment. On the contrary, it is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents, as may be included within the spirit and the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
With reference to
The present invention advantageously provides a method of removing contaminants from a process stream. To remove contaminants from a process stream in this embodiment, a plurality of reticulated elements 15 in a guard filter 22 is provided, as shown in
In all embodiments of the present invention, the method of removing contaminants from a contaminated process stream can be used upstream of a process unit 80 selected from the group consisting of a chemical reactor, a distillation column, a tail gas treater, an incinerator, a tank, a vessel, a heat exchanger, a furnace, a packaging facility, a pipeline, a catalytic process unit, an extractor, a scrubber, a boiler, a condenser, and the like. The methods described herein can also be used for other types of process units 80 and equipment. Other suitable choices will be known to those of ordinary skill in the art of process units located in petrochemical and petroleum refining processes or in facilities utilized in other process industries and are to be considered within the scope of the present invention.
The step of contacting the contaminated process stream with the plurality of reticulated elements 15 can include substantially removing contaminants from a contaminated process stream. The present invention is capable of handling substantially contaminated process streams. The methods described herein are effective for a large range of contaminants within a process stream. Prior art filtering media are more limited as to the amount of contamination within a process stream that could be effectively filtered from the contaminated process stream before being replaced or rejuvenated.
The filter elements effective in the present invention can include a filter element selected from the group consisting of reticulated elements 15, and combinations of reticulated elements of the present invention and conventional filter media 19, as shown in
The reticulated elements 15 of the present invention can be layered with other materials or combined with other materials, as shown in
The reticulated elements 15 in all embodiments of the present invention can preferably be shaped in the form of body selected from the group consisting of three dimensional bodies including substantially spherical shaped balls (
As another embodiment of the present invention, the present invention advantageously provides a method of removing contaminants from a process stream. In this embodiment, a plurality of reticulated elements is provided in a vessel or guard filter 22. As shown in
As another embodiment of the present invention, a process unit assembly 85 is advantageously provided, as shown in
Data has been collected from different filter units that have tested with the reticulated elements 15 of the present invention. The reticulated elements 15 of the current invention have performed dramatically better than conventional deep bed filter media available commercially.
The use of reticulated elements 15 in a pre-filter vessel 22 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention was compared with the use of conventional filter media in the pre-filter vessel 22. The reticulated elements 15 of the present invention were installed in a pre-filter vessel 22, as shown in
When the prior art filter media was installed in a pre-filter vessel 22, as shown in
Experience has shown that the reticulated foam used herein has a particulate holding capacity that is significantly greater than conventional filter media. For example, a six-inch depth of catalyst-type material (actual catalyst, spent catalyst, catalyst support and the like) is the reference point for determining particulate holding capacity, with a reading of one. When comparing the catalyst-type material with conventional rings at the same six-inch depth, the rings can hold up to four times the amount of particulates than the catalyst-type material can hold. At this depth, the reticulated foam elements used in the present invention can hold up to twelve times that of the catalyst-type material. As another example, at a twelve-inch depth, conventional catalyst-type material can hold 1½ times the amount of particulate contaminants than conventional catalyst-type material can hold at a depth of six inches. Twelve inches of the conventional rings can hold up to six times the amount of particulate contaminants that the conventional catalyst-type material can hold at a depth of six inches. Twelve inches of the reticulated foam elements can hold up to twenty-four times the amount of particulate contaminants as conventional catalyst-type material can hold at a depth of six inches. Deeper depths of catalyst-type material or conventional rings show virtually no increase in filtration capacity. On the other hand, the filtration capacity of reticulated foam elements continues to increase linearly with depth.
The structure of the reticulated foam elements inherently have a greater holding capacity, which is essentially limitless, because of the available inner surface area and outer surface area that is available on each of the reticulated foam elements.
Beds of reticulated elements of reticulated foam preferably include 85-90% void space, which is preferably split about 50/50 between the voids between the reticulated elements and the pores within the reticulated elements. Particulates in the process stream are trapped within the pores of the reticulated elements of the present invention, while the process stream itself continues to flow freely in the void spaces between the reticulated elements. The bed of reticulated elements of the present invention will require rejuvenation when its filtering capacity is exhausted. The depth of reticulated elements can be designed such that it will have a predictable life in a given service. Another way to express this is that the second foot of a reticulated element, particularly a reticulated foam element, bed has a filtering capacity that is virtually infinitely greater than the second foot of a conventional deep bed filter. It is believed that use of monolithic reticulated elements will perform substantially better than conventional prior art top bed materials.
An advantage of the use of reticulated elements in guard filters is their superior capacity to remove particulate contaminants from contaminated process. Whereas conventional filter media have very limited capacity and life, the reticulated elements have been found to have much higher capacity.
Whereas reticulated elements have been shown to have excellent filtering capacity for process streams with only minor levels of particulate contaminants (measured in the low parts per million range), using reticulated elements to filter process streams containing much higher levels of particulate contaminants (orders of magnitude higher than the minor levels) has been surprisingly successful.
Yet another demonstrated advantage of reticulated elements used to filter particulate contaminants from process streams is their ability to be rejuvenated via backwashing instead of wholesale replacement of conventional materials. Such replacement is required because conventional materials typically clog with an impenetrable layer of particulates.
It is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the exact details of construction, operation, exact materials, or embodiments shown and described, as obvious modifications and equivalents will be apparent to one skilled in the art. Accordingly, the invention is therefore to be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
This application is a divisional application of, and claims the benefit of, U.S. application Ser. No. 10/867,015 filed Jun. 14, 2004 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,393,510, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/396,851, filed Mar. 25, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,265,189.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3171820 | Volz | Mar 1965 | A |
| 3410057 | Lerner | Nov 1968 | A |
| 4251239 | Clyde et al. | Feb 1981 | A |
| 4615796 | Kramer | Oct 1986 | A |
| 6258900 | Glover | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6291603 | Glover | Sep 2001 | B1 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20080296216 A1 | Dec 2008 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10867015 | Jun 2004 | US |
| Child | 12154203 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10396851 | Mar 2003 | US |
| Child | 10867015 | US |
