Patent Grant
9636213
Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to intraocular lenses and intraocular lens systems, and more specifically to deformable intraocular lenses and lens systems for providing accommodation.
Description of the Related Art
Monofocal intraocular lenses are now commonly used to restore vision lost, for example, due to the formation of cataracts. More recent efforts in the field have concentrated on restoring or simulating accommodation, the ability of the eye to provide both near vision and distant vision. One approach to providing accommodation for an eye in which the natural lens has been removed is to use a bifocal or multifocal lens that simultaneously produces two or more foci. For example, a refractive lens surface may be produced in which different portions of the surface have different focal lengths, for example, as taught by Portney in U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,858. Alternatively, Cohen teaches in U.S. Pat. No. 5,121,979, the use of a bifocal lens comprising a diffractive phase plate in which the entire lens produces two different foci corresponding to two different diffractive orders. Bifocal lenses utilize the ability of a subject's brain to give preference to the focus corresponding to a selected image.
Another approach is to provide an intraocular lens that is directly responsive to the ciliary muscle of the eye. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,551,354, an intraocular lens is used to produce accommodation by providing an optic that moves in the anterior direction when the ciliary muscle contracts. In U.S. Pat. No. 6,616,692, herein incorporated by reference, a first optic having a negative optical power is combined with a second optic having a higher optical power than the first optic. The combination of the first and second optic advantageously reduces the amount of axial movement in the eye needed to provide accommodation for intermediate and near vision.
In another approach, accommodation is provided by using ciliary muscle contraction to deform at least a portion of the intraocular lens optic. One potential problem with this approach is that the shape of the optic surface produced during accommodation may result in undesirable amounts of optical aberrations, for example, spherical aberrations.
Accommodating intraocular lenses are needed that easily and effectively deform and change shape to provide both distant vision and near vision in a way that provides design flexibility and/or reduces optical aberrations.
Embodiments of the invention are generally directed to devices and methods for providing ocular accommodation and more specifically to ophthalmic devices such as intraocular lenses for changing the shape of or deforming at least a portion of a deformable optic surface when pressed together with and/or separated from the surface of another optic or a surface of the capsular bag. Such ophthalmic devices may be configured to easily and effectively deform and change shape to provide both distant vision and near vision in a way that provides design flexibility and/or reduces optical aberrations. Embodiments of the invention also include devices and methods for providing more than one focus, reducing at least one optical aberration, and/or producing other desired optical effects when the deformable optic surface is either pressed together or separated from another optic or a surface of the capsular bag.
In one aspect of the invention, an intraocular lens comprises a deformable optic, a rigid optic and a support structure. The deformable optic is disposed about an optical axis and comprises a solid material and a deformable surface. The rigid optic is disposed about the optical axis and comprises a solid material and a rigid surface. The support structure is operably coupled to at least one of the optics and is configured for pressing the deformable surface and the rigid surface together in response to an ocular force, whereby at least a portion of the deformable surface changes shape such that optical power of at least a portion of the deformable surface and/or intraocular lens changes, typically by at least 1 Diopter, preferably between about 2 to about 5 Diopters. Alternatively, the support structure may be operably coupled to at least one of the optics for pressing the deformable surface and the rigid surface together in the absence of ocular forces. In certain embodiments, at least a portion of the deformable surface is the entire surface or substantially the entire surface forming a clear aperture of the deformable surface. The intraocular lens is preferably configured to have an accommodative bias or a disaccommodative bias; however, may alternatively be configured to have neither an accommodative bias nor a disaccommodative bias.
At least one of the optics may be configured to have substantially no optical power, to have a single optical power, or to provide two or more optical powers or focal points. At least one of the optics may have an aspheric surface and/or have a multifocal and/or diffractive surface. The rigid optic may be used to either increase or decrease radius of curvature of the deformable surface when the surfaces are pressed together. The rigid optic may be configured for placement against the posterior capsule of an eye and to maintain a substantially fixed shape. The rigid surface may be configured to reduce an optical aberration of at least one of the deformable optic, the intraocular lens, and the eye when the surfaces are pressed together.
The deformable optic may be configured to have either an accommodative bias or a disaccommodative bias. The deformable optic has a center thickness along the optical axis when the in a substantially unstressed state that may change as the rigid and deformable optics are pressed together. For example the deformable optic may be adapted to change the center thickness by a factor of at least 1.1 when the ocular force is in the range of about 1 to 9 grams. In another example, the deformable optic adapted to change the center thickness by at least 100 micrometers when the ocular force is in the range of about 1 to 9 grams. The deformable optic may be made of a first material and the rigid optic is made of a second material, wherein at least one of the refractive index and the Abbe number of the first material is different from that of the second material. As used herein, the term “accommodative bias” refers to an intraocular lens that is configured to provide near to intermediate vision when in a natural or unstressed state (e.g., with no ocular force or other external forces on a support structure of the intraocular lens). By contrast, the term “disaccommodative bias” refers to the state of an intraocular lens that is configured to provide distant vision when in a natural or unstressed state. As used herein, the terms “Abbe Number” means an optical dispersion property of a material defined as
where nD, nF, nC are the refractive indices of the material at the wavelengths of the 589.2 nanometers, 486.1 nanometers, and 656.3 nanometers, respectively. As used herein a force or ocular force in number of “grams” means a force having a value in that number of kilograms-force divided by 1000, which in units of Newtons is equal to the number of grams of force times 9.80665×10−3.
The intraocular lens may further comprise a stiffening layer that is stiffer than the deformable optic, where the deformable optic is typically disposed between the stiffening layer and the rigid optic. In such embodiment, the deformable optic may be made of a first material and the stiffening layer is made of a second material, wherein at least one of the refractive index and the Abbe number of the first material is different than that of the second material. Additionally or alternatively, the deformable optic may further comprise a relief portion for providing a volume into which material from the deformable optic may expand or enlarge when the deformable surface is deformed. The relief portion may comprise at least a portion of a periphery about the deformable optic and/or one or more voids within the deformable optic.
The support structure may be configured for placement in at least one of the sulcus and the capsular bag. The support structure may comprise one or more haptics. Alternatively or additionally, the support structure may comprise an optic positioning element having an anterior segment configured for yieldable engagement with an anterior capsule of an eye, a posterior segment for yieldable engagement with a posterior capsule of the eye, and an equatorial segment disposed between the anterior segment and the posterior segment. In such embodiments, the support structure may be constructed to substantially maintain the equatorial segment in contact with an equatorial portion of the capsule in response to the ocular force. The rigid optic in such embodiments is typically operably coupled at an opening in the anterior segment substantially centered about the optical axis. The rigid optic and the deformable optic may be configured to have one or more overlapping openings that allow fluid to flow into and out of the interior of the optic positioning element.
In another aspect of the invention, an intraocular lens comprises a deformable optic, a rigid optic and a support structure, wherein the support structure is operably coupled to at least one of the optics for producing a force that presses the deformable surface and the rigid surface together in the response to an ocular force such that at least a portion of the deformable surface is deformed and substantially conforms to the shape of the rigid surface.
In yet another aspect of the invention only a portion of the deformable surface changes shape. In such embodiments, the portion of the deformable optic may be a central portion of the deformable optic with a diameter that is typically greater than about 2 mm. Alternatively, the deformable optic is a peripheral portion of the deformable optic that typically is concave and typically has an inner diameter that is less than about 4 mm. In still another aspect of the invention, the intraocular lens does not comprise a rigid optic and the support structure is operably coupled to the deformable optic for pressing the deformable surface and at least one surface of the capsular bag of an eye together in response to an ocular force, whereby at least a portion of the deformable surface changes shape.
In one aspect of the invention, a method of providing accommodation comprises providing an intraocular lens according to an embodiment of the present invention and implanting the intraocular lens into the eye of a subject. The method further comprises configuring the support structure of the intraocular lens for pressing the deformable surface and the rigid surface together in response to or in the absence of an ocular force, whereby at least a portion of the deformable surface changes shape such that optical power of the at least a portion of the deformable surface and/or the intraocular lens changes. The method may additionally comprise configuring the intraocular lens such that the radius of curvature of the deformable surface increases or decreases in response to the ocular force while the radius of curvature of the rigid surface remains substantially fixed. The method may also comprise configuring the intraocular lens so that an optical aberration of at least one of the deformable optic, the intraocular lens, and the eye is reduced in the response to the ocular force. The method may further comprise configuring the intraocular lens so that the deformable surface changes from a substantially spherical surface to an aspheric surface as the surfaces are pressed together or when the surfaces or separated. The method may also comprise configuring the intraocular lens so that the deformable surface changes from a first radius of curvature to a second radius of curvature different from the first radius of curvature when the surfaces are pressed together.
Embodiments of the present invention may be better understood from the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Such embodiments, which are for illustrative purposes only, depict the novel and non-obvious aspects of the invention. The drawings include the following 15 figures, with like numerals indicating like parts:
Referring to
The posterior chamber 26 may be defined as the volume within the eye 22 that is disposed between the iris 30 and the posterior surface 36 of the capsular bag 32. The capsular bag 32 is surrounded by a series of zonular fibers (called zonules) 37 that are disposed between and connect the capsular bag 32 and a ciliary muscle 38. The posterior chamber 26 also contains a sulcus 39, a region around a perimeter of the posterior chamber 26 that is disposed between the iris 30 and the ciliary muscle 38.
The cornea 28 may be used in combination with either the natural lens (prior to surgery) or the IOL 20 (after surgery) to form images on the retina (not shown) of the eye 22. When the natural lens is present, the shape and position of the capsular bag 32 is used to adjust the amount of optical power produced by the eye 22, thus allowing the subject to focus on both relatively near and relatively distant objects. In order to accommodate or focus on relatively near objects, ocular forces are produced by contraction of the ciliary muscle 38 that release the tension on zonules 37 and allow the capsular bag 32 and the natural lens to obtain a more oval shape.
As used herein, the term “ocular force” means any force produced by the eye of a subject that stresses, moves, or changes the shape of the natural lens of the eye or of at least a portion of an intraocular lens that is placed into the eye of a subject. The ocular force acting on the lens (either a natural lens or an IOL) may be produced, for example, by the state or configuration of the ciliary body. (e.g., contracted or retracted), changes in the shape of the capsular bag, stretching or contraction of one or more zonules, vitreous pressure, and/or movement of some part of the eye such as the ciliary body, zonules, or capsular bag, either alone or in combination.
The ocular force acting on the IOL 20 may be produced when the ciliary muscle 38 is either contracted or retracted, depending upon the design of the IOL 20 and/or the state of the eye 22 when the IOL 20 is implanted into and secured within the eye 22 (e.g., an accommodative state or a disaccommodative state). For example, the IOL 20 may be configured to provide near vision to a subject when the IOL 20 is in a natural or unstressed state and an ocular force is produced on the IOL 20 when the ciliary muscle 38 is retracted. In such embodiments, an ocular force may be used to stress the IOL 20 in order to produce a disaccommodative state in which the eye 22 is able to focus on distant or intermediate objects. In another example, the IOL 20 may be configured to provide distant vision when in a natural state and an ocular force is produced when the ciliary muscle 38 is contracted. In such embodiments, an ocular force may be used to stress the IOL 20 in order to produce an accommodative state in which the eye 22 is able to focus on relatively near objects. As used herein, the terms “natural state” or “unstressed state” of an IOL are used interchangeably and mean a condition of an IOL in which there are no or substantially no ocular force or other external forces on the IOL 20, with the exception of residual forces such as gravitational forces.
For the human eye, the ocular force is preferably in the range of about 0.1 to 100 grams, more preferably in the range of about 1 to 9 grams, and even more preferably in the range of about 6 to 9 grams. In certain embodiments, the ocular force produced by the eye is in the range of about 1 to 3 grams. These preferred ranges are based on current physiology understanding of the human eye and are not meant to limit the scope of embodiments of the present invention. The magnitude an ocular force available for stressing the natural lens and/or the IOL 20 will, of course, vary between individual subjects based, for instance, on such factors as age of the subject, disease conditions, and the physiologic construction of the eye. It is anticipated that as the understanding of the physiology of the human and mammalian eye within the field increases, the preferred range or ranges of operation for embodiments of the present invention will be more precisely defined.
Referring to
The IOL 40 and the deformable optic 42 may be configured to have a disaccommodative bias, as illustrated in
The support structure 48 is operably coupled to the deformable optic 42, but in other embodiments may be operably coupled to the rigid optic 44 or to both the deformable optic 42 and the rigid optic 44. In certain embodiments, the support structure 48 is configured for pressing the deformable surface 52 of the deformable optic 42 and the rigid surface 54 of the rigid optic 44 together in response to or in the presence of an ocular force, wherein at least a portion of the deformable surface 52 changes shape such that the optical power of the at least a portion of the deformable surface 52 and/or the IOL 20 changes, typically by at least about 1 Diopter, preferably by at least 2 Diopters, more preferably by 3 Diopters, and even more preferably by at least 4 or 5 Diopters. In certain embodiments, the support structure 48 produces a force Fp that presses the deformable surface 52 and the rigid surface 54 together in the response to an ocular force such that at least a portion of the deformable surface 52 is deformed and substantially conforms to the shape of the rigid surface 54.
In other embodiments, the support structure 48 is configured for pressing the deformable surface 52 and the rigid surface 54 together in the absence of an ocular force, wherein at least a portion of the deformable surface 52 changes shape, such that the optical power of the at least a portion of the deformable surface 52 and/or the IOL 20 changes, typically by at least 1 or 2 Diopters or more compared to the optical power of the IOL 20 when the deformable surface 52 is in an undeformed state. In such embodiments, the IOL 20 is configured to produce an internal force or forces that press the deformable surface 52 and the rigid surface 54 together when there are no external force, such as an ocular force, acting of the IOL 20. The IOL is further configured so that application of an external force, such as an ocular force, opposes the internal force or forces produced by the IOL 20 such that the surfaces 52, 54 are no longer pressed together or are only partially pressed together.
Referring to
In certain embodiments, the deformable surface 52 is configured to be less stiff than the opposite surface 60 of the deformable optic 42. Similar to the relief portions 82, the greater stiffness of the opposite surface 60 be used to reduce the possibility that changes in the optical power produced by deformation of the deformable surface 52 are opposed or cancelled by a similar deformation in the opposite surface 60. The stiffness of the opposite surface 60 may be provided by operably coupling a stiffening coating or layer 78 to the deformable optic 42 that is made of a material that is harder or stiffer than the material from which other portions of the deformable optic 42 are made. Alternatively or additionally, the stiffening layer 78 may be integrally formed with the deformable optic 42 and/or the support structure 48 by hardening the opposite surface 60. The hardening may be accomplished, for example, by addition polymerization of the stiffening layer 78 over and above the amount of polymerization used in forming other portions of deformable optic 42. In the illustrated embodiment of
In certain embodiments, the IOL 20 is configured for placement within the eye 22, for example within the sulcus 39, as illustrated in
In certain embodiments, the rigid optic 44 is disposed against or in contact with the posterior capsule 32, and the deformable optic 42 is disposed in front of or anterior to the rigid optic 44. In such embodiments, the deformable optic 42 is preferably configured to vault in a posterior direction (away from the cornea 28) so that it may be effectively pressed against the rigid optic 44 in response to or in the absence of an ocular force. The total optical power of the IOL 20 may be determined from the individual powers of the deformable optic 42 and the rigid optic 44 and may change depending on whether or not the deformable optic 42 and the rigid optic 44 are pressed together.
The optics 42, 44 may be constructed of any one or a combination of the commonly employed materials found in the art. For example, the rigid optic 44 may be of a relatively rigid material such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), while the deformable optic 42 is made of one of the more resiliently deformable material found in the art, such as a silicone polymeric, an acrylic polymeric, a hydrogel-forting polymeric, or mixtures thereof. The material or materials used to form the optics 42, 44 are preferably optically clear optics that exhibit biocompatibility in the environment of the eye. The selection of suitable lens materials is well known to those of skill in the art. See, for example, David J. Apple, et al., Intraocular Lenses. Evolution, Design, Complications, and Pathology, (1989) William & Wilkins, herein incorporated by reference.
In certain embodiments, the deformable optic 42 and/or the rigid optic 44 are made of a solid material. As used herein, the term “solid” means a material that does not primarily comprise a gas or a liquid and/or that is a homogeneous material with the ability to maintain a substantially fixed surface, form, or shape in the presence of small external forces placed on an object made of such a material. The term “solid” includes gel materials such as hydrogel materials, hydrophilic material, and hydrophobic materials that comprise a polymeric material containing less than 50% liquid by weight. As used herein, the term “substantially fixed” means that variations in the surface, form, or shape of an optic are small in comparison to the variations necessary to induce significant optical aberrations, that is optical aberrations that are greater than about 10 times the diffraction limited.
Typically, the deformable optic 42 and/or the rigid optic 44 of the IOL 20 are made of foldable material to allow insertion of the IOL 20 through an incision in the eye 22 that is less than about 5 mm in diameter, more preferably less than about 3 mm in diameter, and even more preferably less than about 2 mm in diameter. As used herein, the term “foldable optic” means an optic that is sufficiently pliable to be rolled, folded, compressed, or otherwise deformed for insertion into an incision that is smaller than the diameter of the optic, and is sufficiently resilient to return to substantially its original shape and/or provide substantially the same optical characteristic that the lens had prior to insertion into the eye. As used herein, the term “deformable optic” means an optic having a least one surface configured so that at least a portion of that surface changes shape when subjected to an ocular force or a force in the range of about 0.1 gram to about 100 grams.
As used herein, the term “rigid” refers to the ability of a structure to resist changes in form resulting from ocular forces thereon, for example, the ability of a lens or surface to resist changes in the radius of curvature, the thickness, and/or the asphericity thereof. As used herein, the terms “deformable” refer to the ability of a structure to change form resulting from ocular forces thereon. The terms “rigid” and “deformable” are used herein to refer to the relative rigidity or deformability of one of the rigid optic 44 as compared to that of the deformable optic 42. These terms do not generally refer to the rigidity or deformability of the optics 42, 44 in an absolute sense. Typically, both optics 42, 44 are at least somewhat deformable in the sense that they may be resiliently bent or folded for insertion into the eye 22 so as to reduce the amount of trauma to the eye 22 during a surgery and the healing time after the surgery.
The rigid optic 44 may also be made of one of the more resiliently deformable materials listed above for the deformable optic 42, so long as the final composition or construction of the rigid optic 44 is more rigid than that of the deformable optic 42. For example, both the rigid optic 44 and the deformable optic 42 may be made of acrylic materials. In such embodiments, acrylic material used to form the rigid optic 44 may be made stiffer than that used to from the deformable optic, for example, by making the rigid optic 44 thicker than the deformable optic 42, by increasing the degree of polymerization of the material used to form the rigid optic 44 relative to that of the deformable optic 42, or by forming the rigid optic 44 from a type of acrylic material that is stiffer than that used to form the deformable optic 42.
The materials used to form the optics 42, 44 typically have refractive indices that allow fabrication of relatively thin and flexible optics. Each of the optics 42, 44 may have a thickness in the range of about 150 microns or less to about 1500 microns or more, preferably in the range of about 150 microns to about 500 microns. In order to provide greater rigidity, the rigid optic 44 typically has a center thickness that is greater than the center thickness of the deformable optic 42. Each of the optics 42, 44 typically has a diameter that is about 4.5 mm or less to about 6.5 mm or more, preferably from about 5.0 mm to about 6.0 mm. In certain embodiments, the center thickness of the rigid optic 44 is thicker than the center thickness of the deformable optic 42 especially if both the optics 42, 44 are made of the same material or materials having the same stiffness when formed into the same structure or shape.
The optics 42, 44 may generally take any of the lens forms known in the art, either prior to or after the deformable surface 52 and the rigid surface 54 are pressed together. For example, either of the optics 42, 44 may be a biconvex lens, a biconcave lens, a plano-convex lens, a plano-concave lens, or a meniscus lens. The optical power of each of the optics 42, 44 may be either positive or negative. Alternatively, the optical power of one of the optics 42, 44 may be positive, while the optical power of the other is negative. In certain embodiments, the general form of the deformable optic 42 may change after the surfaces 52, 54 are pressed together. For example, the deformable optic 42 may be a plano-convex lens prior to pressing the surfaces 52, 54 together and a biconvex lens after pressing the surfaces 52, 54 together.
The combined refractive optical power of the optics 42, 44 is preferably within a range of about +5 Diopters to at least about +50 Diopters, more preferably within a range of at least about +10 Diopters to at least about +40 Diopters, and even more preferably within a range of at least about +15 Diopters to at least about +30 Diopters. The most preferred range is that typical of IOLs used in aphakic eyes, for instance after cataract surgery. In other embodiments, the combined refractive optical power of the optics 42, 44 may be within a range of about +5 Diopters about −5 Diopters, or less.
In certain embodiments, the rigid optic 44 is configured to either increases or decreases radius of curvature of the deformable surface 52 when the surfaces 52, 54 are pressed together. Typically, the surfaces 62, 63 of the rigid optic and/or the surface 60 opposite the deformable surface 52 are configured to maintain a fixed or substantially fixed shape when the surfaces 52, 54 are pressed together. The shape of any of the surfaces 60-63 of the optics 42, 44 may either spherical or flat, either prior to or after the deformable and rigid surfaces 52, 54 are pressed together. Alternatively, at least one of the surfaces 60-63 of the optics 42, 44 may be an aspheric surface or have an asymmetric surface, either prior to or after the deformable and rigid surfaces 52, 54 are pressed together. For instance, the profile or shape of at least one of the surfaces 60-63 may be parabolic or some other aspheric shape for reducing an aberration such as a spherical aberration. For example, one or more of the surfaces 60-63 may be an aspheric surface that is configured to reduce spherical aberrations based on either an individual cornea or group of corneas, for example, as described by Piers et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,609,673 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/724,852, which are herein incorporated by reference.
In certain embodiments at least one of the optics 42, 44 comprises a diffractive surface, either prior to or after the deformable and rigid surfaces 52, 54 are pressed together. For instance, at least one of the surfaces 60-63 of the optics 42, 44 may comprise a diffractive surface that is configured to correct an aberration of the deformable optic 42, the rigid optic 44, the IOL 20, and/or the eye 22. For example, the diffractive surface may be configured to correct a chromatic aberration, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,830,332, which is herein incorporated by reference. The diffractive surface may be configured to cover the entire or substantially the surface of at least one of the surfaces 60-63, either prior to or after the deformable surface 52 and the rigid surface 54 are pressed together. Alternatively, the diffractive surface may cover only a portion of at least one of the surfaces 60-63, for example as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,881,804 and 5,699,142, which is herein incorporated by reference. In other embodiments, a portion of one of the surface 60-63 having the diffractive surface may be configured to provide an optical power that is different from the optical power of a remaining portion of the surface 60-63 that does not contain a diffractive component.
In other embodiments, at least one of the optics 42, 44 is able to provide more than one optical power, for example, a bifocal or multifocal lens, either prior to or after the deformable surface 52 and the rigid surface 54 are pressed together. This may be accomplished by varying the refractive power of one of the surfaces 60-63 as a function of radius from the optical axis 50, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,898,461 and 5,225,858, which are herein incorporated by reference. Alternatively or additionally, the one or more of the surfaces 60-63 may contain a diffractive surface in which two or more diffractive orders are used to provide two or more optical powers, for examples, as discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,642,112 and 5,121,979, which are also herein incorporated by reference.
In certain embodiments, at least one of the surfaces 52, 54 comprise a multifocal and/or diffractive surface that is configured to correct an optical aberrations provide more than one focus, and/or provide some other desired optical effect when the surfaces 52, 54 are separated (e.g., not pressed together). In such embodiments, the correction or effect produced by the multifocal and/or diffractive surface may be reduced or eliminated when the surfaces 52, 54 are pressed together, either in response to or in the absence of an optical force. In other embodiments, the rigid surface 54 comprises a multifocal and/or diffractive surface that is configured to correct an optical aberration, provide more than one focus, and/or provide some other desired optical effect when the surfaces 52, 54 are pressed together. In such embodiments, the correction or effect produced by the multifocal and/or diffractive surface may be reduced or eliminated when the surfaces 52, 54 are separated from one another.
The materials and/or surface profiles of the deformable optic 42, the rigid optic 44, and/or the stiffening layer 78 may be advantageously selected to correct an optical aberration of the IOL 20 or the eye 22. For example, the IOL 20 may be used to correct a chromatic aberration, wherein the deformable optic 42 is made of a first material and the rigid optic 44 is made of a second material. In such embodiments, the refractive index and/or Abbe number of the first material is selected to be different from that of the second material, while the radius of curvature of anterior and posterior surfaces 62, 63 of the rigid optic 44 are preferably selected so that the rigid optic 44 has either a positive or negative optical power. Those of skill in the art are able to select the optical powers of the optics 42, 44 and the materials thereof such that the chromatic dispersion of one of the optics is combined with chromatic dispersion of the other optic to provide reduced chromatic aberrations and a combined optical power that is substantially equal over a range of wavelengths. The two optics 42, 44 may be configured to correct a chromatic aberration or some other optical aberration either before or after deformation of the deformable optic 42 caused when the surfaces 52, 54 are pressed together.
Alternatively or additionally, the stiffening layer 78 may be made of a material having a refractive index or Abbe number that is different from that of the deformable optic 42 and/or the rigid optic 44 in order to correct for a chromatic aberration some other aberration of the IOL 20 or the eye 22. In such embodiments, the stiffening layer 78 comprises anterior and posterior surfaces 79, 80 that are preferably selected so that stiffening layer 78 has either a positive or negative optical power. It will be appreciated that the center thickness of the stiffening layer 78 may be considerably greater than or considerably less than the thickness illustrated in
In some embodiments, the rigid optic 44 may also be used to protect and/or strengthen the posterior surface of the capsular bag 32. In this and other embodiments, the rigid optic 44 may be a meniscus lens having either positive or negative optical power, depending on the relative curvatures of the anterior and posterior surfaces 62, 63 of the rigid optic 44. Alternatively, the rigid optic 44 may have no optical power or substantially no optical power. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the rigid optic 44 forms a meniscus lens in which the radius of curvature of the surface 62 is selected to be substantially equal to that of the surface 63, so that rays from light entering the rigid optic 44 experiences substantially no net bending as the rays passing through the rigid optic 44. In such embodiments, a slight amount of bending may take place, for example, due to imperfections in or stresses on the rigid optic 42, for example due to an ocular force.
In certain embodiments, the support structure 28 comprises one or more haptics 70 having a proximal end 72 that is attached to the deformable optic 42 and distal end 74. The haptics 70 may be formed integrally with the deformable optic 42 and/or the rigid optic 44. Alternatively, the haptics 70 may be separately attached to the deformable optic 42 and/or the rigid optic 44 using any of the methods or techniques known in the art. Typically, the support structure 48 is made of a material that is stiffer or more rigid than either or both of the optics 42, 44, although any combination of relative stiffness between the support structure 48 and the deformable and/or rigid optics 42, 44 is possible.
The haptics 70 are typically fabricated from a material that is biologically inert in the intended in vivo or in-the-eye environment. Suitable materials for this purpose include, for example, polymeric materials such as polypropylene, PMMA, polycarbonates, polyamides, polyimides, polyacrylates, 2-hydroxymethylmethacrylate, poly (vinylidene fluoride), polytetrafluoroethylene and the like; and metals such as stainless steel, platinum, titanium, tantalum, shape-memory alloys, e.g., nitinol, and the like. In general, the haptics 70 may comprise any material exhibiting sufficient supporting strength and resilience for maintaining at least one of the optics 42, 44 in the center of the eye 22 and for moving the optics 42, 44 relative to one another in the presence of an ocular force.
Referring to
The support structure 148 comprises an optic positioning element 160 having an anterior segment 161 configured for yieldable engagement with an anterior capsule 34, a posterior segment 162 for yieldable engagement with a posterior capsule 36, and an equatorial segment 163 disposed between the anterior segment 161 and the posterior segment 162. The positioning element 160 is typically constructed such that the equatorial segment 163 is in contact with an equatorial portion of the capsular bag 32 as it changes shape in response to the application or removal of an ocular force. In addition, the optic positioning element 160 is preferably configured to fill or to substantially fill the entire capsular bag 32, such that when an ocular force is applied or removed, a change in the shape of the capsular bag 32 produces a change in the shape of the optic positioning element 160 that causes the deformable surface 152 and the rigid surface 154 to be pressed together. The deformable optic 142 and the rigid optic 144 are configured such that the deformable surface 152 is deformed when the optics 142, 144 are pressed together, typically by at least about 1 Diopter, preferably by at least 2 Diopters, more preferably by 3 Diopters, and even more preferably by at least 4 or 5 Diopters.
The support structure 148 further comprises a plurality of arms 170 for transferring an ocular force on the optic positioning element 160 to the deformable optic 142. In the illustrated embodiment in
The rigid optic 144 is typically attached or operably coupled to the optic positioning element 160 at an opening 175 in the anterior segment 161 so as to prevent decentering of the rigid optic 144 relative to the optical axis 150. The rigid optic 144 is typically disposed within the optic positioning element 160 and adjacent to the anterior segment 161.
The optic positioning element 160 may be configured to comprise a front interior chamber 156 formed by the boundaries of the rigid optic 144, the deformable optic 142, and the inner walls of the optic positioning element 160. The optic positioning element 160 may further comprise a rear interior chamber 157 formed by volume within the boundaries of the deformable optic 142 and the inner walls of the optic positioning element 160.
To facilitate the fluid flow or fluid communication between the front interior chamber 156 and the posterior chamber 26 of the eye 22, the rigid optic 144 may comprises a plurality of through holes or openings 176 that are typically disposed at or near the periphery of the rigid optic 144. In certain embodiments, fluid flow into or out of the front interior chamber 156 is additionally or alternatively provided by offsetting the rigid optic 144 posteriorly along the optical axis 155 from the interior wall of the anterior segment 161. One such configuration is illustrated, for example, by FIGS. 7, 8, and 10 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/280,937. In order to facilitate fluid flow or fluid communication between the front and rear interior chambers 156, 157, the deformable optic 142 typically comprises one or more openings or through holes 180. Preferably, at least some of the through holes 176 of the rigid optic 144 are aligned with or overlap with at least some of the through holes 180 of the deformable optic 142.
The deformable optic 142 may further comprise a stiffening layer 178 disposed adjacent to the deformable optic 142 opposite the deformable surface 152. When the deformable optic 142 and the rigid optic 144 are pressed together, the stiffening layer 178 may be used to prevent or inhibit deformation of the surface of the deformable optic 142 that is opposite the deformable surface 152. In certain embodiments, deformation of the surface opposite the deformable surface 152 may be further reduced or eliminated when the surface 152, 154 are pressed together by a relief portion 182 for providing a volume into which material from the deformable optic 142 may flow, enlarge or expand. The relief portion 182 may be disposed about the periphery of the deformable optic 142, for example, as illustrated in
In certain embodiments, the deformable optic 142 is disposed behind the rigid optic 144 and in close proximity therewith when the surfaces 152, 154 are not pressed together. In certain embodiments, there is a gap 177 along the optical axis 150 between the deformable optic 142 and the rigid optic 144 when the surfaces 152, 154 are not pressed together. In such embodiments, the size of the gap 177 may be selected to allow a predetermined amount of axial travel of the deformable optic 142 before it engages the rigid optic 144. In other embodiments, the gap 177 is substantially zero or there is no gap 177, in which case the deformable optic 142 may touch the rigid optic 144 when the surfaces 152, 154 are not pressed together. In such embodiments, the deformable optic 142 may be disposed to only touches the rigid optic 144 at a point substantially along the optical axis 150.
Referring to
Referring to
In certain embodiments, the deformable surface 252 is concave, as illustrated in
Referring to
Referring to
In certain embodiments, for example in the case of the IOL 20′ illustrated in
With additional reference to
Portions of the support structure 148 may be attached to the capsular bag 32, for example, through fibrosis with the inner surfaces of the capsular bag 32 (e.g., as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,059, herein incorporated by reference), through the use of a substance such as an amphiphilic block copolymer or tissue intermediate polymer (TIP), or using some other substance, device, or method known within the art. Attachment of the support structure 148 to the capsular bag 32 allows the shape of the support structure 148 to conform to the capsular bag 32 as the capsular bag 32 changes shape in response to forces produced by the ciliary muscle 38 during accommodation. Typically, the shape of the support structure 148 in an unstressed condition is substantially the same as that of the capsular bag 32 when the eye 22 is in either an accommodative state or a disaccommodative state, depending on whether the IOL 120 is configured with an accommodative bias or disaccommodative bias, respectively.
In certain embodiments, the state of accommodation must be controlled and maintained during a period of time in which the support structure 148 is attaching or being attached to the capsular bag 32. This period of time may during the surgical procedure in which the IOL 120 is implanted into the eye 22 and/or during a postoperative period that may last from several minutes or hour to as much as several weeks or months. During this period of time, the state of accommodation of the eye 22 may be controlled using any of the various method known within the art (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,197,059, 6,164,282, 6,598,606 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/180,753, all of which are herein incorporated by reference).
Operational blocks 330 and 340 of the method 300 may comprise allowing the surfaces 152, 154 to be pressed together in the response to or in the absence of an ocular force and allowing the shape of the deformable surface 152 to thereby change. As illustrated in
Referring to
In certain embodiments, the IOL 120 has an accommodative bias rather than the accommodative bias construction shown in
In yet other embodiments, the IOL 120 has neither an accommodative nor a disaccommodative bias. For example, the IOL 120 may be configured to provide intermediate vision that allows a subject to focus on objects located at some intermediate distance. In such embodiments, the eye 22 may be maintained in an intermediate state between near and distant vision as the support structure is attached or attaches to the capsular bag 32.
The IOL 120 may be configured to produce one or more of a variety of changes in the deformable optic 142 and/or the deformable surface 152 when the surfaces 152, 154 are pressed together. For example, as discussed above, the radius of curvature of the deformable surface 152 may be changed as the surfaces 152, 154 are pressed together. The change in the radius of curvature may be used to produce a change the optical power of the IOL 120 that is positive (a positive add power), for instance when the IOL 120 is configured to have a disaccommodative bias. Alternatively, the change in the radius of curvature may be used to produce a change the optical power of the IOL 120 that is negative, for instance when the IOL 120 is configured to have an accommodative bias. Typically, the change in optical power of the IOL 120 is at least about 1 or 2 Diopters or more.
In certain embodiments, the change in optical power is not simply a positive or negative change. For instance, the support structure 148 may be used to convert the deformable optic 142 from a single focus optic to a multifocal lens comprising refractive and/or diffractive features to produce a plurality of focal lengths or images. For example, the deformable surface 152 of the deformable optic 142 may be fabricated with a spherical surface profile, while the rigid optic 144 may be configured in the form of a meniscus lens in which both anterior and posterior surfaces have a multifocal type profile that is substantially the same. Since both surfaces of the rigid optic 144 are substantially the same, it would have little or no optical power in and of itself. However, as the surfaces 152, 154 are pressed together, the shape of the deformable surface 152 would conform to multifocal profile of the rigid surface 154 and thus change from an optic producing a single focus or image to one producing a plurality of foci or images.
In other embodiments, the deformable optic 142 has a center thickness ti along the optical axis when in a substantially unstressed state and a center thickness tf in the response to or in the absence of an ocular force, wherein the surfaces 152, 154 of the deformable optic 142 and the rigid optic 144 are pressed together. In such embodiments, the deformable optic 142 may be adapted to change the center thickness by a factor of at least 1.1 (e.g., the quotient tf/ti is at least 1.1), typically when the ocular force is in the range of about 1 to 9 grams, preferably in the range of about 6 to 9 grams. In other embodiments, the deformable optic 142 is adapted to change the center thickness by a factor of at least 1.05 or at least 1.2 or more. In yet other embodiments, the deformable optic 142 is adapted to change the center thickness by a factor of at least 1.05, 1.1, or 1.2 when the ocular force is in the range of about 1 to 3 gram. In still other embodiments, the deformable optic 142 has a center thickness along the optical axis when the deformable optic 142 is in a substantially unstressed state, the deformable optic adapted to change the center thickness by at least about 50 micrometers, preferably at least 100 micrometers, when the ocular force is in the range of about 1 to 9 grams, in the range of about 6 to 9 grams, or in the range of about 1 to 3 grams. Within the art, an understanding of the physiology of the eye is still developing. Thus, other ranges of ocular forces able to provide the above ranges of relative and/or absolute thickness change are anticipated as the physiology of the eye is better understood. Such ranges of ocular forces are also consistent with embodiments of the present invention as disclosed herein.
In certain embodiments, the method 300 further comprises allowing correction of an optical aberration of the deformable optic 142 and/or the eye 22 either in response to or in the absence of an ocular force. For example, the deformable surface 152 may be allowed to change from a substantially spherical surface when the eye 22 is in an unaccommodated state to an aspheric surface as the surfaces 152, 154 are pressed together. This may be accomplished by fabricating the rigid surface 154 with an aspheric profile that changes the deformable surface 152 as the surfaces 152, 154 are pressed together. The change in the deformable surface 152 may be used to reduce or eliminate one or more optical aberrations of the deformable surface 152, the deformable optic 142, the IOL 20, and or the entire eye 22. In other embodiments, the deformable surface 152 is fabricated with an aspheric profile that reduces aberrations when the IOL 120 is in a first state (e.g., an accommodative or disaccommodative state) and is deformed when the surfaces 152, 154 are pressed together to have a different aspheric profile that reduces aberrations when the IOL 120 is in a second state that is different from the first state.
The IOL 120 shown in
For example, referring again to
Referring to the operational blocks 330 and 340, the use of the IOL 20 in providing accommodation may be demonstrated using
By contrast,
The above presents a description of the best mode contemplated of carrying out the present invention, and of the manner and process of making and using it, in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art to which it pertains to make and use this invention. This invention is, however, susceptible to modifications and alternate constructions from that discussed above which are fully equivalent. Consequently, it is not the intention to limit this invention to the particular embodiments disclosed. On the contrary, the intention is to cover modifications and alternate constructions coming within the spirit and scope of the invention as generally expressed by the following claims, which particularly point out, and distinctly claim the subject matter of the invention.
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