Degradable multilayer melt blown microfibers

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to degradable multilayer melt blown microfibers which, in web form, are useful, for example, in wipes, sorbents, tape backings, release liners, filtration media, insulation media, surgical gowns and drapes and wound dressings.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Numerous attempts have been made to enhance the degradability of conventional non-degradable polymers such as polyolefins by the use of additive systems. These additive systems are frequently designed to enhance the polymers degradability in a specific type of environment. For example, ferric stearate with various free fatty acids and manganese stearate with stearic acid have been suggested as suitable systems for providing degradability in polyolefin materials in the presence of ultraviolet radiation. Addition of a biodegradable polymer such as poly(caprolactone) has been suggested for improving degradability of polyolefins in a soil environment.
It has also been suggested that addition of a starch, an iron compound and a fatty acid or fatty acid ester can cause poly(ethylene) to degrade when exposed to heat, ultraviolet radiation or under composting conditions. It has further been suggested that compostable polyolefins can be prepared by the addition of a transition metal salt selected from cobalt, manganese, copper, cerium, vanadium and iron, and a fatty acid or ester having 10 to 22 carbon atoms providing unsaturated species and free acid. Although various systems have been suggested, improvements in degrading polymeric materials, particularly polyolefins, continue to be sought.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides multilayer melt blown microfibers comprising (a) at least one layer of polyolefin resin and at least one layer of polycaprolactone resin, at least one of the polyolefin or polycaprolactone resins containing a transition metal salt; or (b) at least one layer of polyolefin resin containing a transition metal salt and at least one layer of a degradable resin or transition metal salt-free polyolefin resin. The degradable resins may be, for example, biodegradable, compostable, hydrolyzable or water soluble. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the polyolefin, in addition to the transition metal salt, may contain a fatty acid, fatty acid ester or combinations thereof which performs as an auto-oxidant, i.e., enhances oxidative degradation.
Surprisingly, the multilayer melt blown microfibers of the present invention degraded to a greater extent than would be expected from the degradation potential of each the fiber components. This more rapid degradation generally occurs regardless of the location of the transition metal salt or the optional fatty acid or fatty acid ester in the layers. The multilayer melt blown microfibers of the present invention degrade well in moist, biologically active environments such as compost, where the biodegradable, water soluble, or compostable polymer layers of the microfiber erode and thus expose the remaining degradable polyolefin, yet prior to such exposure, the degradable polymer protects against premature oxidation of the polyolefin layers.
The present invention further provides a web comprising multilayer melt blown microfibers comprising (a) at least one layer of polyolefin resin and at least one layer of polycaprolactone resin, at least one of the polyolefin or polycaprolactone resins containing a transition metal salt; or (b) at least one layer of polyolefin resin containing a transition metal salt and at least one layer of a degradable resin or transition metal salt-free polyolefin resin. The web may degrade to embrittlement within about 14 days at a temperature of 60.degree. C. and a relative humidity of at least 80%.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a top view of an apparatus useful in preparing the multilayer melt blown microfibers of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a microphotograph of a five-layer microfiber of the present invention at 2000.times. as produced.
FIG. 3 is a microphotograph of the microfiber of FIG. 2 after 10 days exposure to compost conditions.
FIG. 4 is a microphotograph of another five-layer microfiber of the present invention at 2500.times. as produced.
FIG. 5 is a microphotograph of the microfiber of FIG. 4 after 45 days exposure to compost conditions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Polyolefin resins, or polyolefins, useful in the present invention include poly(ethylene), poly(propylene), copolymers of ethylene and propylene, poly(butylene), poly(4-methyl-1-pentene), and combinations thereof.
The degradable resin may be, for example, biodegradable, compostable, hydrolyzable or water soluble. Examples of biodegradable resins include poly(caprolactone), poly(hydroxybutyrate), poly(hydroxybutyrate-valerate), and related poly(hydroxyalkanoates), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(ethylene oxide) and plasticized carbohydrates such as starch and pullulan. Examples of compostable resins include modified poly(ethylene terephthalate), e.g., Experimental Resin Lot No. 9743, available from E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del., and extrudable starch-based resins such as Mater-Bi.TM., available from Novamont S.p.A., Novara, Italy. Examples of hydrolyzable resins include poly(lactic acid), cellulose esters, such as cellulose acetates and propionates, hydrolytically sensitive polyesters such as Earthguard.TM. Lot No. 930210 (experimental), available from Polymer Chemistry Innovations, State College, Pa., polyesteramides, and polyurethanes. Water soluble resins include poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(acrylic acid), and Kodak.TM. AQ (experimental polyester), available from Kodak Chemical Co., Rochester, N.Y. Additionally, copolymers of poly(vinyl alcohol) with a polyolefin, e.g., poly(ethylene vinyl alcohol) or poly(vinyl acetate) both of which are less readily soluble in water, but biodegradable, may be useful degradable resins.
The transition metal salts which can be added to the polyolefin or, in some aspects of the invention to poly(caprolactone), include those discussed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,067,836 (Potts et al.), which is incorporated herein by reference. These salts can be those having organic or inorganic ligands. Suitable inorganic ligands include chlorides, nitrates, sulfates, and the like. Preferred are organic ligands such as octanoates, acetates, stearates, oleates, naphthenates, linoleates, tallates and the like. Although a wide range of transition metals have been disclosed in the art as suitable for various degradant systems, in the present invention it is preferred that the transition metal be selected from cobalt, manganese, copper, cerium, vanadium and iron, more preferably cobalt, manganese, iron and cerium. The transition metal is preferably present in a concentration range of from 5 to 500 ppm, more preferably from 5 to 200 ppm which is highly desirable as such metals are generally undesirable in large concentrations. High transition metal concentrations in the polyolefin or poly(caprolactone) can lead to toxicological and environmental concerns due to groundwater leaching of these metals into the surrounding environment. Further, higher transition metal concentrations can yield fibers which degrade so rapidly that storage stability may be a problem.
The optional fatty acid or fatty acid ester is preferably present in the polymer composition at a concentration of about 0.1 to 10 weight percent. The fatty acid, when present, preferably is present in sufficient concentration to provide a concentration of free acid species greater than 0.1 percent by weight based on the total composition. The fatty acid ester, when present, is preferably present in a concentration sufficient to provide a concentration of unsaturated species of greater than 0.1 weight percent. Preferably, the fatty acid, fatty acid ester or combinations thereof, when present, are present in sufficient concentration to provide a concentration of free acid species greater than 0.1 percent by weight and a concentration of unsaturated species of greater than 0.1 weight percent based on the total composition. Generally, it is preferred that the composition will have to be shelf-stable for at least 2 weeks, more preferably from 2 to 12 months. As degradation occurs slowly, even at room temperature for some embodiments of the invention, for longer shelf-life products, generally lower concentrations of the transition metal or fatty acid (free acid and/or unsaturated species) will be required to provide a fiber web at the intended mean shelf life of the web. Conversely, higher concentrations of the metal or fatty acid species will be required for fibers with short-intended shelf lives.
It is found that adequate degradation under typical composting conditions requires salts of the above-mentioned transition metals in combination with acid moieties such as those found in unsaturated fatty acids. It is also found that unsaturation in the fatty acid, or an admixed fatty acid ester or natural oil, is required to produce adequate degradation with the proper transition metal compound. Preferably, this unsaturated fatty acid is present in the polymer composition at concentrations of at least 0.1 weight percent of the composition. Also suitable are blends of fatty acids and fatty acid esters or oils as long as the amount of free acid and unsaturated species are generally equivalent to the above-described ranges for a pure fatty acid containing composition.
Generally, it is found that unsaturated fatty acids and fatty acid esters having 10 to 22 carbon atoms function well in providing the degradation rate required for a compostable material. Such materials include, for example, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid; eleostearic acid, found in high concentration in the ester form, in natural tung oil; linseed oil, and fish oils such as sardine, cod liver, menhaden, and herring oil.
The preferred process for preparing the fibers of the invention is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,207,970 (Joseph et al.) which is incorporated herein by reference. The process utilized the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 wherein the polymeric components are introduced into the die cavity 12 of die 10 from a separate splitter, splitter region or combining manifold 14 and into the, e.g., splitter from extruders, such as 16 and 17. Gear pumps and/or purgeblocks can also be used to finely control the polymer flow rate. In the splitter or combining manifold, the separate polymeric component flowstreams are formed into a single layered flowstream. However, preferably, the separate flowstreams are kept out of direct contact for as long a period as possible prior to reaching the die 10.
The split or separate flowstreams are combined only immediately prior to reaching the die, or die orifices. This minimized the possibility of flow instabilities generating in the separate flowstreams after being combined in the single layered flow stream, which tends to result in non-uniform and discontinuous longitudinal layer in the multi-layered microfibers.
From die cavity 12, the multi-layer polymer flowstream is extruded through an array of side-by-side orifices 19. Prior to this extrusion, the feed can be formed into the appropriate profile in the cavity 12, suitably by use of a conventional coathanger transition piece. Air slots 18, or the like, are disposed on either side of the row of orifices 19 for directing uniform heated air at high velocity at the extruded layered melt streams. The air temperature is generally about that of the meltstream, although preferably 20.degree. C. to 30.degree. C. higher than the polymer melt temperature. This hot, high-velocity air draws out and attenuates the extruded polymeric material, which will generally solidify after traveling a relatively short distance from die 10. The solidified or partially solidified fibers are then formed into a web by known methods and collected.
The following examples further illustrate this invention, but the particular materials and amounts thereof in these examples, as well as the conditions and details, should not be construed to unduly limit this invention. In the examples, all parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise specified. In the examples the following test procedures were used.
A 10.times.10 centimeter (cm) sample was cut from the microfiber web and weighed to the nearest .+-.0.001 g. The weight was multiplied by 100 and reported as basis weight in g/m.sup.2.
Embrittlement Test
Web samples were hand tested for embrittlement after aging in forced air ovens at 49.degree. C., 60.degree. C. and 70.degree. C. in intervals of 12 to 24 hours. A state of embrittlement was defined as the time at which the web samples had little or no tear or tensile strength remaining or would crumble when folded. With softer or lower melting polymers, such as poly(caprolactone), the sample webs did not generally disintegrate or crumble but rather became stiff and lost tensile strength. Compost conditions were simulated by placing the web samples into a jar of water which was buffered to a pH of 6 by a phosphate buffer and heated to 60.degree. C. and these web samples were tested for embrittlement at intervals of 30 to 50 hours. Additionally, web samples were removed from the water jars at regular time intervals and measured for weight loss.
Weight Loss Test
Web samples (5 cm.times.5 cm) were preweighed to the nearest .+-.0.0001 g. The web samples were placed in a forced air oven at 60.degree. C. or 93.degree. C. and removed at regular time intervals and measured for weight loss.
Compost Simulation Test
A mixture of the following was prepared:
445 g shredded maple leaves
180 g shredded paper (50:50 news:computer)
75 g meat waste (1:1 mix of dry Cat Chow.TM. and dry Dog Chow.TM. from the Ralston Purina Company, St. Louis, Mo.
200 g food waste (frozen mixed vegetables, commercial blend of peas, green beans, carrots and corn)
13.5 g Compost Plus (from Ringer Corporation, Minneapolis, Minn.
60 g dehydrated cow manure
900 mL water
6 g urea
The entire mixture was placed in a 22.7 liter (L) rectangular (35.6 cm.times.25.4 cm.times.25.4 cm) Nalgene poly(propylene) tank with a cover (from
The entire mixture was placed in a 22.7 liter (L) rectangular (35.6 cm.times.25.4 cm.times.25.4 cm) Nalgene poly(propylene) tank with a cover (from Fisher Scientific Co., St. Louis, Mo.). Moist air was run through the compost mixture at a rate of 15 mL/minute by dispersing the air through water with a coarse glass frit (25.4 cm.times.3.8 cm) and then into the bottom of the compost tank through a perforated stainless steel tube. Microfiber webs were cut into 5 cm.times.5 cm squares and labeled so that web samples were designated for removal at predetermined time intervals. If weight loss was to be determined, the web samples were preweighed. Web samples (10-15) were placed evenly throughout the compost mixture and the tank was covered to minimize loss of moisture. The tank was placed into an oven at 55.degree. C. Generally, after a period of four to ten days, additional water was added to give 60 weight percent water.
Approximately every two days, the condition of the compost and the web samples was checked. The web samples were pulled and folded to determine any changes in strength or brittleness. Web samples were duplicated in different tanks. Web samples were typically removed at predetermined intervals of 10, 20, 30, and 45 days and cleaned by gently washing in water, dried, and weighed. The percent weight change was determined.
The condition of the compost was determined by measuring the pH, percent moisture, and temperature. The initial pH was typically in the range of 4.5-5.5 and increased slowly over the test period to the range of 7.5-8.5, with the average pH over the test period being 6.8 to 8.0. Percent water was maintained at approximately 60% by the careful addition of water as needed. Average percent water recorded was in the range of 50-65% by weight. The temperature of the compost increased during the first two weeks of operation due to the high level of microbiological activity during that time period. After that the temperature of the compost was maintained at the oven temperature of 55.degree. C. with average temperatures over the life of the test ranging from 53.degree.-62.degree. C. The test period was from 45-60 days.
Tensile Modulus and Percent Strain at Break
Tensile modulus data on the multi-layer microfiber webs was obtained according to ASTM D882-91 "Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting" using an Instron Tensile Tester (Model 1122), Instron Corporation, Canton, Mass. with a 10.48 cm jaw gap and a crosshead speed of 25.4 cm/min. Web samples were 2.54 cm in width.
BLOWN MICROFIBER WEB PREPARATION
Examples 1-11
The multi-layered blown microfiber webs of the present invention were prepared using a melt-blowing process as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,207,970 (Joseph et al.) which is incorporated herein by reference. The process used a melt-blowing die having circular smooth surfaced orifices (10/cm) with a 5:1 length to diameter ratio.
The microfiber webs were prepared using the amount and type of metal stearate and the amount and type of auto-oxidant as shown in Table 1. The powdered metal stearate and/or oily auto-oxidants were added to the polymer resins in a mixer with a mixing blade driven by an electric motor to control the speed of mixing. The mixture of metal stearate/auto-oxidant/resin, metal stearate/resin, or auto-oxidant/resin was placed in the hopper of the first or second extruder depending on whether the mixture was used in Polymer 1 or Polymer 2 or both. The first extruder (210.degree. C.) delivered a melt stream of a 800 melt flow rate (MFR) poly(propylene) (PP) resin (PP 3495G, available from Exxon Chemical Corp., Houston, Tex.) mixture to the feedblock assembly which was heated to about 210.degree. C. The second extruder, which was also maintained at about 210.degree. C., delivered a melt stream of a poly(caprolactone) (PCL) resin (Tone.TM. 767P, available from Union Carbide, Danbury, Conn.) to the feedblock. The feedblock split the two melt streams. The polymer melt streams were merged in an alternating fashion into a five-layer melt stream on exiting the feedblock, with the inner layers being the poly(propylene) resin. The gear pumps were adjusted so that the pump ratio of polymer 1:polymer 2 was delivered to the feedblock assembly as given in Table 1. A 0.14 kg/hr/cm die width polymer throughput rate was maintained at the die (210.degree. C.). The primary air temperature was maintained at approximately 209.degree. C. and at a pressure suitable to produce a uniform web with a 0.076 cm gap. Webs were collected at a collector to die distance of 26.7 cm. The resulting microfiber webs, comprising five-layer microfibers having an average diameter of less than about 10 micrometers, had a basis weight of about 100 g/m.sup.2.
The embrittlement test was performed on microfiber webs of Examples 1-11 and the results are reported in Table 2. Weight loss after 300 hours of aging at 60.degree. C. in an oven as well as the weight average molecular weight (M.sub.w) and the number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) after such aging conditions at various intervals were determined for the microfiber webs of Examples 5, 9b, and 11 and are reported in Table 3. The weight loss for Examples 4, 10, and 11 after various time intervals of being in water (pH=6.0) at 60.degree. C. as described in the Embrittlement Test are reported in Table 4. The weight loss for microfiber webs of Examples 4, 10, and 11 after being subjected to the Compost Simulation Test are reported in Table 5. Initial modulus and percent strain at break were determined for microfiber webs of Examples 1-11 and the results are reported in Table 6.
Control Web I
A control web of the 800 MFR polypropylene resin was prepared according to the procedure of Examples 1-11, except that only one extruder, which was maintained at 220.degree. C., was used, and it was connected directly to the die through a gear pump. The die and air temperatures were maintained at 220.degree. C. The resulting microfiber web had a basis weight 100 g/m.sup.2 and an average fiber diameter of less than about 10 micrometers.
The weight loss after 300 hours of aging at 60.degree. C. in an oven and the weight average molecular weight (M.sub.w) and the number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) after such aging conditions at various intervals were determined and are reported in Table 3.
Control Web II
A control web of the polypropylene resin and the poly(caprolactone) resin was prepared according to the procedure of Examples 1-11. The die and air temperatures were maintained at 220.degree. C. The resulting microfiber web had a basis weight of 102 g/m.sup.2 and an average fiber diameter of less than about 10 micrometers.
The microfiber web was tested for embrittlement and for initial modulus and percent strain at break. The results are reported in Tables 2 and 6, respectively.
Comparative Examples A-C
Three comparative microfiber webs of the polypropylene resin and the poly(caprolactone) resin without the metal stearate were prepared according to the procedure of Examples 1-11. The amount and type of auto-oxidant are set forth in Table 1. The resulting microfiber webs had a basis weight 102 g/m.sup.2 and an average fiber diameter of less than about 10 micrometers.
The microfiber webs were tested for embrittlement and for initial modulus and percent strain at break. The results are reported in Tables 2 and 6, respectively.
Comparative Examples D-F
Three comparative microfiber webs of the polypropylene resin with or without the auto-oxidant were prepared according to the procedure of Examples 1-11 as modified in the procedure of Control I for using one extruder. The amounts and types of metal stearate and auto-oxidant are given in Table 1. The resulting microfiber webs had basis weights of 97, 102, and 104 g/m.sup.2, respectively, and an average fiber diameter of less than about 10 micrometers.
The weight loss after 300 hours of aging at 60.degree. C. in an oven and the weight average molecular weight (M.sub.w) and the number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) after such aging conditions at various intervals are set forth in Table 3.
Comparative Examples G-H
Two comparative microfiber webs of the poly(caprolactone) resin with two types of metal stearate and an auto-oxidant were prepared according to the procedure of Examples 1-11 as modified in the procedure of Control I for using one extruder. The amounts and types of metal stearate and auto-oxidant are given in Table 1. The resulting microfiber webs had a basis weight of 100 g/m.sup.2 and an average fiber diameter of less than about 10 micrometers.
The weight loss after 300 hours of aging at 60.degree. C. in an oven and the weight average molecular weight (M.sub.w) and the number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) after such aging conditions at various intervals for the microfiber webs are reported in Table 3.
Example 12
A microfiber web having a basis weight of 96 g/m.sup.2 and comprising five-layer microfibers having an average diameter of less than about 10 micrometers was prepared according to the procedure of Examples 1-11, except that polypropylene resin without metal stearate and auto-oxidant was substituted for the poly(caprolactone) resin in the second extruder.
The microfiber web was tested for embrittlement with the results reported in Table 2. The weight loss after 300 hours of aging at 60.degree. C. in an oven and the weight average molecular weight (M.sub.w) and the number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) after such aging conditions at various intervals were determined and are reported in Table 3. The weight loss after various time intervals of being in water (pH=6.0) at 60.degree. C. as described in the embrittlement test was determined and is reported in Table 4. The web was evaluated for initial modulus and percent strain at break and the results are reported in Table 6.
Examples 13-14
Two microfiber webs having a basis weight of 110 g/m.sup.2 and comprising five-layer microfibers having an average diameter of less than about 10 micrometers were prepared according to the procedure of Examples 1-11, except that a modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) (experimental resin lot # 9743 available from E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del.) was substituted for the poly(caprolactone) resin in the second extruder.
The webs were tested for embrittlement with results reported in Table 2. The weight loss after 300 hours of aging at 60.degree. C. in an oven and the weight average molecular weight (M.sub.w) and the number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) after such aging conditions at various intervals are set forth in Table 3. The weight loss after various time intervals of being in water (pH=6.0) at 60.degree. C. as described in the Embrittlement Test are reported in Table 4. The weight loss of the web of Example 13 after being subjected to the Composting Simulation Test is reported in Table 5. The webs of Examples 13-14 were evaluated for initial modulus and percent strain at break and the results are set forth in Table 6.
Comparative Example I
A comparative microfiber web of the modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) used in Examples 13 and 14 with a metal stearate and an auto-oxidant was prepared according to the procedure of Examples 1-11 as modified by the procedure in Control I for using one extruder. The amount of cobalt stearate and oleic acid used are set forth in Table 1. The resulting microfiber webs had a basis weight of 137 g/m.sup.2 and an average fiber diameter of less than about 10 micrometers.
The weight loss after 300 hours of aging at 60.degree. C. in an oven is reported in Table 3.
Example 15
A microfiber web having a basis weight of 107 g/m.sup.2 and comprising five-layer microfibers having an average diameter of less than about 10 micrometers was prepared according to the procedure of Examples 1-11, except that an experimental hydrolyzable polyester (PEH) (Kodak.TM.AQ available from Kodak Chemical Co., Rochester, N.Y.) was substituted for the poly(caprolactone) resin in the second extruder.
The microfiber web was tested for embrittlement with the results set forth in Table 2. The weight loss after 300 hours of aging at 60.degree. C. in an oven and the weight average molecular weight (M.sub.w) and the number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) after such aging conditions at various intervals are reported in Table 3. The weight loss after various time intervals of being in water (pH=6.0) at 60.degree. C. as described in the Embrittlement Test is reported in Table 4. The weight loss after being subjected to the Composting Simulation Test is reported in Table 5. The microfiber web was evaluated for initial modulus and percent strain at break and the results are reported in Table 6.
Examples 16-17
Two microfiber webs having a basis weight of 107 g/m.sup.2 and comprising five-layer microfibers having an average diameter of less than about 10 micrometers were prepared according to the procedure of Examples 1-11, except that a polyurethane (PUR) resin (PE90-200 available from Morton International, Seabrook, N.H.) was substituted for the poly(caprolactone) resin in the second extruder.
The webs were tested for embrittlement and the results are reported in Table 2. The weight loss after 300 hours of aging at 60.degree. C. in an oven and the weight average molecular weight (M.sub.w) and the number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) after such aging conditions at various intervals are reported in Table 3. The weight loss after various time intervals of being in water (pH=6.0) at 60.degree. C. as described in the Embrittlement Test is reported in Table 4. The weight loss for Example 16 after being subjected to the Composting Simulation Test is reported in Table 5. The webs were also evaluated for initial modulus and percent strain at break and the results are reported in Table 6.
Comparative Examples J-K
Two comparative microfiber webs of the polyurethane resin used in Examples 16 and 17 with two types of metal stearate and an auto-oxidant were prepared according to the procedure of Examples 1-11 as modified in the procedure of Control I for using one extruder. The amounts and types of metal stearate and auto-oxidant are set forth in Table 1. The resulting microfiber webs had a basis weight of 74 g/m.sup.2 and an average fiber diameter of less than about 10 micrometers.
The weight loss after 300 hours of aging at 60.degree. C. in an oven and the weight average molecular weight (M.sub.w) and the number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) after such aging conditions at various intervals are reported in Table 3.
Examples 18-19
Two microfiber webs having a basis weight of 107 g/m.sup.2 and comprising five-layer microfibers having an average diameter of less than about 10 micrometers were prepared according to the procedure of Examples 1-11, except that a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) resin (Vinex.TM.2019 available from Air Products and Chemicals, Allentown, Pa.) was substituted for the poly(caprolactone) resin in the second extruder. The amounts of manganese stearate and oleic acid are set forth in Table 1.
The microfibers of Example 18 are shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. FIG. 2 shows a five-layer microfiber 20 containing degradable poly(propylene) layers 22A and 22B and poly(vinyl alcohol) layers, 24A, 24B and 24C as extruded at 2000X magnification. FIG. 3 shows the result of subjecting fiber 20 to the Compost Simulation Test for 10 days at a magnification of 2000X. The water soluble, biodegradable layers have eroded, leaving dispersed and exposed degradable polyolefin fibers 23.
The microfiber webs were subjected to the Embrittlement Test and the results are set forth in Table 2. The weight loss after 300 hours of aging at 60.degree. C. in an oven and the weight average molecular weight (M.sub.w) and the number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) for the webs after such aging conditions at various intervals are reported in Table 3. The weight loss after various time intervals of being in water (pH=6.0) at 60.degree. C. as described in the Embrittlement Test is reported in Table 4. The weight loss for Example 18 after being subjected to the Composting Simulation Test is reported in Table 5. The webs were evaluated for initial modulus and percent strain at break and the results are set forth in Table 6.
Comparative Examples L-M
Two comparative microfiber webs of the poly(vinyl alcohol) resin used in Examples 18-19 with two types of metal stearate and an auto-oxidant were prepared according to the procedure of Examples 1-11 as modified in the procedure of Control I for using one extruder. The amounts and types of metal stearate and auto-oxidant are given in Table 1. The resulting microfiber webs had a basis weight of 148 and 140 g/m.sup.2, respectively, and an average fiber diameter of less than about 10 micrometers.
The weight loss after 300 hours of aging at 60.degree. C. in an oven and the weight average molecular weight (M.sub.w) and the number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) after such aging conditions at various intervals are set forth in Table 3.
Examples 20-21
Two microfiber webs having a basis weight of
107 g/m.sup.2 and comprising five-layer microfibers having an average diameter of less than about 10 micrometers were prepared according to the procedure of Examples 1-11, except that a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) resin (ECOPLA.TM., Experimental resin lot # DVD 98, available from Cargill, Inc., Minneapolis, Minn.) was substituted for the poly(caprolactone) resin in the second extruder.
The microfiber webs were subjected to the Embrittlement Test with the results reported in Table 2. The weight loss after 300 hours of aging at 60.degree. C. in an oven and the weight average molecular weight (M.sub.w) and the number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) after such aging conditions at various intervals are reported in Table 3. The weight loss after various time intervals of being in water (pH=6.0) at 60.degree. C. as described above in the Embrittlement Test is given in Table 4. The weight loss of the webs after being subjected to the Composting Simulation Test is reported in Table 5. The webs were evaluated for initial modulus and percent strain at break and the results are given in Table 6.
Comparative Example N
One comparative microfiber web of the poly(lactic acid) resin used in Examples 20-21 with cobalt stearate and oleic acid was prepared according to the procedure of Examples 1-11 as modified in the procedure of Control I for using one extruder. The amount the metal stearate and auto-oxidant are given in Table 1. The resulting microfiber web had a basis weight of 158 g/m.sup.2 and an average fiber diameter of less than about 10 micrometers.
The weight loss after 300 hours of aging at 60.degree. C. in an oven and the weight average molecular weight (M.sub.w) and the number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) after such aging conditions at various intervals are set forth in Table 3.
Examples 22-23
Two microfiber webs having a basis weight of 96 g/m.sup.2 and comprising five-layer microfibers having an average diameter of less than about 10 micrometers were prepared according to the procedure of Examples 1-11, except that a poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (18% valerate) (PHBV) resin (PHBV-18, available from Zeneca Bioproducts, New Castle, Del.) was substituted for the poly(caprolactone) resin in the second extruder.
The microfibers of Example 22 are shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. FIG. 4 shows the five-layer microfibers 30 at 2500.times. magnification containing degradable poly(propylene) layers 32A and 32B and poly(hydroxybutyrate-valerate) layers 34A, 34B and 34C as initially formed. FIG. 5 shows the microfibers 30 of Example 22 after being subjected to the Compost Simulation Test for 45 days at a magnification of 2500.times.. The biodegradable layers have eroded, leaving exposed degradable polyolefin fibers 36. Microorganisms 38 which may have aided degradation of the fiber are seen attached to the fiber.
The webs were subjected to the Embrittlement Test and the results are set forth in Table 2. The weight loss after 300 hours of aging at 60.degree. C. in an oven and the weight average molecular weight (M.sub.w) and the number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) after such aging conditions at various intervals are given in Table 3. The weight loss after various time intervals of being in water (pH=6.0) at 60.degree. C. as described in the Embrittlement Test is given in Table 4. The weight loss of the webs after being subjected to the Composting Simulation Test is set forth in Table 5. The webs were evaluated for initial modulus and percent strain at break and the results are reported in Table 6.
Examples 24-25
Two microfiber webs having a basis weight of 114 and 102 g/m.sup.2, respectively, and comprising five-layer microfibers having an average diameter of less than about 10 micrometers were prepared according to the procedure of Examples 1-11, except that a hydrolyzable polyester (PES) (Earthguard.TM., experimental resin lot #930210 available from Polymer Chemistry Innovations, State College, Pa.) was substituted for the poly(caprolactone) resin in the second extruder.
The microfiber webs were subjected to the Embrittlement Test and the results are reported in Table 2. The weight loss after 300 hours of aging at 60.degree. C. in an oven and the weight average molecular weight (M.sub.w) and the number average molecular weight (M.sub.n) after such aging conditions at various intervals are reported in Table 3. The weight loss after various time intervals of being in water (pH=6.0) at 60.degree. C. as described in the Embrittlement Test is set forth in Table 4.
The weight loss for Example 24 after being subjected to the Composting Simulation Test is reported in Table 5.
The webs were evaluated for initial modulus and percent strain at break and the results are given in Table 6.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Composition Metal Stearate Pump Ratio Polymer 1 Amount Auto-oxidant Polymer 1:Ex. No. (g) (g) Type Amount (g) Type Polymer 2__________________________________________________________________________Control I 500 0 -- 0 -- 100 PP:0Control II 500 0 -- 0 -- 50 PP:50 PCLComp. A 490 0 -- 10 oleic acid 50 PP:50 PCL (OA)Comp. B 490 0 -- 10 tung oil 50 PP:50 PCL (TO)Comp. C 490 0 -- 10 stearic 50 PP:50 PCL acid(SA)1 498.58 1.42 Mn 0 -- 50 PP:50 PCL2 498.58 1.42 Co 0 -- 50 PP:50 PCL3 498.58 1.42 Fe 0 -- 50 PP:50 PCLComp. D 498.58 1.42 Mn 0 -- 100 PP:0Comp. E 488.58 1.42 Mn 10 OA 100 PP:0Comp. F 488.58 1.42 Co 10 OA 100 PP:04 488.58 1.42 Mn 10 OA 50 PP:50 PCL5 478.58 1.42 Mn 20 OA 50 PP:50 PCL6 488.58 1.42 Co 10 OA 50 PP:50 PCL7 488.58 1.42 Fe 10 OA 50 PP:50 PCL8 488.58 1.42 Mn 10 TO 50 PP:50 PCL9a 488.58 1.42 Mn 10 SA 50 PP:50 PCL9b 488.58 1.42 Mn 10 SA 50 PP:50 PCL10 488.58 1.42 Mn 10 OA 25 PP:75 PCL11 488.58 1.42 Mn 10 OA 75 PP:25 PCLComp. G 488.58 1.42 Mn 10 OA 100 PCLComp. H 488.58 1.42 Co 10 OA 100 PCL12 488.58 1.42 Mn 10 OA 50 PP:50 PP13 488.58 1.42 Mn 10 OA 50 PP:50 PET14 488.58 1.42 Mn 10 OA 75 PP:25 PETComp. I 488.58 1.42 Co 10 OA 100 PET15 488.58 1.42 Mn 10 OA 50 PP:50 PEH16 488.58 1.42 Mn 10 OA 50 PP:50 PUR17 488.58 1.42 Mn 10 OA 75 PP:25 PURComp. J 488.58 1.42 Mn 10 OA 100 PURComp. K 488.58 1.42 Co 10 OA 100 PUR18 488.58 1.42 Mn 10 OA 50 PP:50 PVOH19 488.58 1.42 Mn 10 OA 75 PP:25 PVOHComp. L 488.58 1.42 Mn 10 OA 100 PVOHComp. M 488.58 1.42 Co 10 OA 100 PVOH20 488.58 1.42 Mn 10 OA 50 PP:50 PLA21 488.58 1.42 Mn 10 OA 75 PP:25 PLAComp. N 488.58 1.42 Co 10 OA 100 PLA22 488.58 1.42 Mn 10 OA 50 PP:50 PHBV23 488.58 1.42 Mn 10 OA 75 PP:25 PHBV24 488.58 1.42 Mn 10 OA 50 PP:50 PES25 488.58 1.42 Mn 10 OA 75 PP:25 PES__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 2______________________________________Hours to Embrittlementin an Oven in Water at Room Temp.Ex. No. 50.degree. C. 60.degree. C. 70.degree. C. 60.degree. C. 25.degree. C.______________________________________Control II >611 491 515 NA >700Comp. A 491 165 76 NA >700Comp. B >611 467 338 NA >700Comp. C >611 491 443 NA >7001 611 264 144 NA >7002 361 168 76 NA >7003 >611 443 361 NA 6924 338 50 50 >500 5045 >611 50 32 NA 5216 361 32 32 NA 5047 443 264 168 NA 5048 467 264 76 NA 6929a 443 192 76 NA 6929b 467 264 76 NA >70010 611 288 76 >500 >70011 168 32 9 100 36412 32 24 24 200 40913 317 317 168 100 43214 443 361 338 150 52115 77 24 24 300 40916 96 32 32 >500 >70017 32 24 24 >500 50418 443 338 317 50 >70019 317 317 317 50 69220 77 24 24 150 40921 77 24 24 50 40922 77 32 32 300 40923 24 10 9 100 36424 >500 491 467 300 >70025 338 317 264 150 504______________________________________
As can be seen from the data in Table 2, the microfiber webs having the lowest embrittlement times were those containing both a metal stearate salt and an auto-oxidant. However, for webs containing only a metal stearate, the lowest embrittlement time was for Example 2 which contained cobalt stearate followed by Example 1 which contained manganese stearate and Example 3 which contained iron stearate, respectively. This trend in metal stearate activity, Co>Mn>Fe, was observed in each comparison.
Microfiber webs containing only an auto-oxidant are described in Comparative Examples A-C. These comparative examples demonstrated the improved ability of auto-oxidant containing both unsaturation and an acidic proton to effect the oxidative degradation of a polyolefin as compared as either unsaturation (tung oil) or an acidic proton (stearic acid) alone. The three materials, oleic acid (Comparative example A), tung oil (Comparative example B) and stearic acid (Comparative example C), are descriptive, but not exhaustive of the types of auto-oxidants found useful in this invention.
Examples with a composition (pump ratio) ratio of 50/50 poly(propylene)/Polymer 2 had slower embrittlement times than when Polymer 2 was also poly(propylene). However, many of these examples exhibited an embrittlement time thought to be acceptable for further evaluation, this being embrittlement times .ltoreq.336 hours at 60.degree. C. in the Embrittlement Test described above. The fact that embrittlement of these examples did indeed occur was surprising since Polymer 2 was not expected to be subject to oxidative degradation except where Polymer 2 was poly(propylene) or polyurethane.
In general, as the composition ratios of the microfibers were changed from 25/75 to 50/50 to 75/25 poly(propylene)/Polymer 2, the embrittlement times in the oven were decreased at each temperature investigated due to the higher content of the readily oxidatively degradable component. The same trend was observed for the set of examples having composition ratios for the microfibers of 50/50 to 75/25 poly(propylene)/Polymer 2.
The results for embrittlement times in an oven could not be directly compared to the results in water, since several of the materials used as Polymer 2 were either water soluble and/or somewhat hydrolytically unstable. Both of these characteristics may be expected to influence the embrittlement of the microfiber webs to an unknown degree.
TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________ Weight loss after Time Weight Average Molecular Number Average MolecularExample No. 300 hours (%) (hours) Weight (M.sub.w) Weight (M.sub.n)__________________________________________________________________________Control I 1.74 0 110000 14600 50 113000 22500 150 131000 35800 315 119000 32700Comp. D 8.73 0 142000 32200 50 126000 24800 150 5720 3180 315 2880 1960Comp. E 11.33 0 134000 40600 50 9150 3390 150 3290 2220 315 2710 1980Comp. F 7.20 0 35500 13300 50 6220 3360 150 3910 2490 315 8760 21905 NA 0 81400 24400 50 14100 4470 150 18000 4160 300 15100 42709b NA 0 78800 29300 50 24900 6700 150 22800 5010 300 18200 452011 5.5 0 120000 33800 50 9220 3500 150 45200 27000 300 7260 2770Comp. G 2.54 0 91700 55800 50 78600 31600 150 77500 43600 315 71200 34000Comp. H 1.49 0 66900 23100 50 54000 27300 150 44300 21000 315 58900 728012 1.2 0 120000 35400 50 7690 3620 150 5330 2830 300 4660 289013 0 0 107000 18900 50 4720 2890 150 4150 2630 300 3500 242014 0 0 123000 33700 50 4570 2830 150 3870 2410 300 3310 247015 10.3 0 129000 41300 50 5190 2840 150 3110 2250 300 3120 2120Comp. I 1.33 0 NA NA16 0 0 95800 30200 50 5290 2710 150 4000 2500 300 4060 263017 0 0 119000 32200 50 5060 2860 150 4900 2770 300 4500 2610Comp. J 11.44 0 37700 18600 50 6390 2460 150 4220 2100 315 5070 2140Comp. K 3.87 0 25300 8510 50 6180 2600 150 6250 2470 315 8220 267018 55.8 0 109000 42200 50 35800 5310 150 5900 3000 300 3560 253019 38.5 0 95800 30400 50 5810 3080 150 5590 2960 300 3650 2360Comp. L 12.11 0 14700 4850 50 14900 4870 150 14700 5080 315 15100 5100Comp. M 12.41 0 14600 5010 50 14700 5160 150 14900 5120 315 14900 519020 9.5 0 55800 13200 50 18000 5760 150 16000 4980 300 12600 434021 11.4 0 115000 28300 50 9350 4280 150 8940 3470 300 6710 3080Comp. N 2.41 0 31800 10300 50 33300 15100 150 28800 11600 315 29100 1340022 0 0 103000 44800 50 4760 2840 150 3770 2370 300 3590 221023 1.5 0 112000 49800 50 4270 2700 150 3550 2300 300 4230 249024 1.8 0 113000 52700 50 3990 2710 150 4180 3110 300 2890 211025 3.5 0 124000 41700 50 4580 2860 150 4080 2520 300 3760 2300__________________________________________________________________________
As can be seen from the data in Table 3, Control I which was 100 percent poly(propylene) without metal stearate or auto-oxidant had very little weight loss after 300 hours in an oven at 60.degree. C. and no decrease in weight average molecular weight (M.sub.w) or number average molecular weight (M.sub.n), indicating substantially no degradation. Comparative examples which have microfibers of 100 percent poly(propylene) with manganese stearate alone, manganese stearate or cobalt stearate and oleic acid degraded extensively, as evidenced by weight loss and molecular weight decrease.
The molecular weight data indicates that no degradation occurred in webs having microfibers of 100 percent poly(caprolactone) with manganese or cobalt stearate and oleic acid, webs having microfibers of 100 percent poly(vinyl alcohol) with manganese or cobalt stearate and oleic acid, and the web having microfibers of 100 percent poly(lactic acid) with cobalt stearate and oleic acid.
In the comparative example having microfibers of 100 percent modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) with cobalt stearate and oleic acid, there was little weight loss and no molecular weight data was obtained due to insolubility of this polymer in appropriate solvents.
In the examples which contained five-layer microfibers of 50/50 poly(propylene)/poly(caprolactone) with manganese stearate and oleic acid or stearic acid in the poly(propylene) and in the example which contained five-layer microfibers 75/25 poly(propylene)/poly(caprolactone) also with manganese stearate and oleic acid in the poly(propylene), the poly(caprolactone) degraded as well as the poly(propylene). However, the poly(caprolactone) fraction degraded more slowly than the poly(propylene) fraction and the 50/50 combination peaked at a higher molecular weight during degradation.
In the following examples, each fiber layer, whether it contained manganese stearate or cobalt stearate and an auto-oxidant or not, was observed to undergo extensive degradation, evidenced by weight loss and/or molecular weight decrease: webs of comparative examples having microfibers of 100% poly(propylene) with manganese stearate and oleic acid in some of the poly(propylene) layers, the web having five-layer microfibers of 50/50 poly(propylene)/Kodak.TM. AQ polyester (PEH) with manganese stearate and oleic acid in the polypropylene) layers, and the webs having five-layer microfibers of 50/50 and 75/25 poly(propylene)/polyurethane respectively with manganese stearate and oleic acid in the poly(propylene) layers. However, 100% polyurethane with manganese or cobalt stearate and oleic acid degraded on its own. Webs having five-layer microfibers of 50/50 and 75/25 poly(propylene)/poly(vinyl alcohol) with manganese stearate and oleic acid in the poly(propylene) layers, webs having five-layer microfibers of 50/50 and 75/25 Poly(propylene)/poly(hydroxybutyrate-valerate) with manganese stearate and oleic acid in the poly(propylene) layers each showed extensive degradation in each layer.
In the webs having five-layer microfibers of 50/50 and 75/25 poly(propylene)/hydrolyzable polyester (PES) with manganese stearate and oleic acid in the poly(propylene) layers, the molecular weight data on the 50/50 poly(propylene)/hydrolyzable polyester web did not clearly indicate degradation, but the results on the 75/25 poly(propylene)/hydrolyzable polyester web indicated degradation of the entire web.
In the webs having five-layer microfibers of 50/50 and 75/25 poly(propylene)/poly(lactic acid) with manganese stearate and oleic acid in the poly(propylene) layers, the molecular weight changes indicated minor degradation.
In the webs having five-layer microfibers of 50/50 and 75/25 poly(propylene)/modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) with manganese stearate and oleic acid in the poly(propylene) layers, the molecular weight data was inconclusive as to the degradation of the modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) due to insolubility, but the poly(propylene) layers were degraded.
TABLE 4______________________________________ 300 500Example 50 hours 100 hours 150 hours 200 hours hours hoursNo. (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)______________________________________4 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 210 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 211 <1 1.3 1.3 2.2 5.5 emb12 <1 <1 <1 1.2 <1 emb13 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 314 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 9.815 8.2 9.2 9.6 8.5 10.3 10.216 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <117 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <118 56 60.6 65.2 65.4 55.8 63.819 42.9 49.5 48.8 41.3 38.5 40.320 1.2 2 8.1 8 9.5 18.921 1.2 3.2 4.6 5.1 11.4 13.522 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <123 1.2 <1 3 <1 1.5 224 <1 <1 <1 <1 1.8 7.325 <1 <1 <1 <1 3.5 3______________________________________
The results in Table 4 indicate that webs containing water soluble or hydrolytically degradable polymers had relatively high percent weight losses in the Weight Loss Test in water at 60.degree. C. Webs which underwent weight loss and/or disintegrated in this test were expected to perform well in the Compost Simulated Test. The embrittlement data for these examples were described in Table 2.
TABLE 5______________________________________ Time Initial Weight Final Weight Weight LossExample No. (days) (g) (%) (%)______________________________________4 10 0.3368 0.2500 25.77 20 0.3341 0.2077 37.83 30 0.3254 0.1964 39.64 45 0.3744 0.2193 41.4310 10 0.3994 0.3478 12.92 20 0.4023 0.2079 48.32 30 0.4076 0.1996 51.03 45 0.3961 0.2020 49.0011 10 0.3602 0.3658 -1.55 20 0.3965 0.3431 13.47 30 0.3568 0.3080 13.68 45 0.3595 0.2910 19.0513 10 0.3636 0.3600 0.99 20 0.4115 0.4085 0.73 30 0.3410 0.3483 -2.14 45 0.3869 0.3921 -1.3415 10 0.3794 0.3652 3.74 24 0.4041 0.3837 5.05 30 0.3686 0.3553 3.61 45 0.3543 0.3371 4.8516 10 0.3778 0.3795 -0.45 24 0.3526 0.3629 -2.92 30 0.3668 0.3733 -1.77 45 0.3543 0.3751 -5.8718 10 0.4218 0.2161 48.77 20 0.4001 0.2152 46.21 30 0.4538 0.2657 41.45 45 0.4367 0.2291 47.5420 10 0.3623 0.3520 2.84 20 0.3989 0.3602 9.70 30 0.3875 0.3303 14.76 45 0.3894 0.2968 23.7821 10 0.3663 0.3551 3.06 20 0.3611 0.3575 1.00 30 0.3980 0.3780 5.03 45 0.3486 0.3213 7.8322 10 0.3994 0.3970 0.60 20 0.4056 0.2993 26.21 30 0.3678 0.2706 26.43 45 0.3817 0.2808 26.4323 10 0.3757 0.3652 2.79 20 0.4079 0.3584 12.14 30 0.3971 0.362O 8.84 45 0.3765 0.3452 8.3124 10 0.4179 0.4173 0.14 20 0.4170 0.4097 1.75 30 0.4322 0.4260 1.43 45 0.4192 0.4129 1.50______________________________________
The data in Table 5 demonstrates that webs containing biodegradable or hydrolyzable resins showed significant weight loss when subjected to the Composting Simulation Test. In addition, webs were tested for embrittlement at two to three day intervals. Webs having five-layer microfibers of 50/50 poly(propylene)/poly(caprolactone), 25/75 poly(propylene)/poly(caprolactone), and 75/25 poly(propylene)/poly(caprolactone), respectively, with manganese stearate and oleic acid in the poly(propylene) contain poly(caprolactone) which is biodegradable. The web of 25/75 poly(propylene)/poly(caprolactone) was actually embrittled in 30 days in the compost and the webs of 50/50 poly(propylene)/poly(caprolactone) and 75/25 poly(propylene)/poly(caprolactone) both embrittled in 49 days in the compost. The web having five-layer microfibers of 50/50 poly(propylene)/poly(vinyl alcohol) with manganese stearate and oleic acid in the poly(propylene) contains the poly(vinyl alcohol) which is water soluble and biodegradable and the web was embrittled after 42 days in the compost. The web having five-layer microfibers of 50/50 poly(propylene)/poly(lactic acid) with manganese stearate and oleic acid in the poly(propylene) contains the poly(lactic acid) which is biodegradable and the web was embrittled in 42 days of testing and the web of 75/25 poly(propylene)/poly(lactic acid) embrittled in 49 days. The web having five-layer microfibers of 50/50 poly(propylene)/poly(hydroxybutyrate-valerate) with manganese stearate and oleic acid in the poly(propylene) contains the biodegradable poly(hydroxybutyrate-valerate) and embrittled in 49 days. The remaining samples in Table 5 were not seen to undergo embrittlement during the 58 day test period.
TABLE 6______________________________________ Modulus Strain @ BreakExample No. (MPa) (%)______________________________________Control II 18.09 38Comp. A 9.66 80Comp. B 8.43 132Comp. C 19.87 741 11.60 542 8.84 453 16.06 744 10.44 975 7.84 986 10.79 497 10.08 1028 9.97 889a 10.52 879b 14.47 5610 10.88 7011 15.69 13712 24.48 12713 12.77 6914 3.00 8515 24.77 12516 9.62 92917 12.93 26818 4.89 5222 32.42 17523 27.59 20624 8.47 12625 12.34 82______________________________________
As can be seen from the data in Table 6, tensile modulus and percent strain at break, measured on the initial five-layer webs indicates that the webs of the invention initially had useable tensile moduli.
Examples 26-36
Eleven microfiber webs having a basis weight as shown in Table 7 and comprising two-layer microfibers having an average diameter of less than about 10 micrometers were prepared according to the procedure of Examples 1-11, except the poly(propylene) and poly(caprolactone) melt streams were delivered to a two-layer feedblock, the first extruder was heated to about 240.degree. C., the second extruder was heated to about 190.degree. C., the feedblock assembly was heated to about 240.degree. C., the die and air temperatures were maintained at about 240.degree. C. and 243.degree. C., respectively. The amount of manganese stearate and/or the amount of oleic acid used in the poly(propylene) and/or the poly(caprolactone) and the pump ratios are given in Table 7.
Examples 26-30 were exposed to three different temperatures in an oven to determine the amount of time needed to embrittle the webs as described in the test procedures above. Examples 26-30 were aged at a higher temperature (93.degree. C.) in an oven and removed at regular intervals to determine weight loss as described in the test procedures above. The results are given in Table 8.
Examples 31-32 were aged at 93.degree. C. for intervals of 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 hours and the weight loss determined. The results are given in Table 9.
Examples 33-36 were also aged at 93.degree. C. for intervals of 150 and 250 hours and the loss of weight determined. In addition to the weight loss, weight average molecular weights and number average molecular weights were determined using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The results are given in Table 10.
Examples 37-38
Two microfiber webs comprising three-layer microfibers having an average diameter of less than about 10 micrometers were prepared according to the procedure of Examples 26-36, except that the poly(propylene) and poly(caprolactone) melt streams were delivered to a three-layer feedblock. The amount of manganese stearate used in the poly(propylene) and the pump ratios are given in Table 7.
Examples 37-38 were aged at 93.degree. C. for intervals of 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 hours and the loss of weight determined. The results are given in Table 9.
Examples 39-40
Two microfiber webs comprising five-layer microfibers having an average diameter of less than about 10 micrometers were prepared according to the procedure of Examples 26-36, except that the poly(propylene) and poly(caprolactone) melt streams were delivered to a five-layer feedblock. The amount of manganese stearate used in the poly(propylene) and the pump ratios are given in Table 7.
Examples 39-40 were aged at 93.degree. C. for intervals of 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 hours and the loss of weight determined. The results are given in Table 9.
Examples 41-42
Two microfiber webs comprising nine-layer microfibers having an average diameter of less than about 10 micrometers were prepared according to the procedure of Examples 26-36, except that the polypropylene) and poly(caprolactone) melt streams were delivered to a nine-layer feedblock. The amount of manganese stearate used in the poly(propylene) and the pump ratios are given in Table 7.
Examples 41-42 were aged at 93.degree. C. for intervals of 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 hours and the loss of weight determined. The results are given in Table 9.
Examples 43-44
Two microfiber webs comprising nine-layer microfibers having an average diameter of less than about 10 micrometers were prepared according to the procedure of Examples 41-42 except that a different polypropylene (Dypro.TM.3576 available from Shell Chemical Co., Houston, Tex.) was substituted for the polypropylene resin in the first extruder. The amount of manganese stearate used in the polypropylene) and the pump ratios are given in Table 7.
Examples 43-44 were aged at 93.degree. C. for intervals of 150 and 250 hours and the loss of weight determined. In addition to the weight loss, weight average molecular weights and number average molecular weights were determined using GPC. The results are given in Table 10.
Examples 45-53
Nine microfiber webs comprising twenty-seven-layer microfibers having an average diameter of less than about 10 micrometers were prepared according to the procedure of Examples 26-36, except that the poly(propylene) and poly(caprolactone) melt streams were delivered to a twenty-seven-layer feedblock. The amount of manganese stearate and/or the amount of oleic acid used in the poly(propylene) and/or the poly(caprolactone) and the pump ratios are given in Table 7.
Examples 45-49 were exposed to three different temperatures in an oven to determine the amount of time needed to embrittle the webs as described in the test procedures above. Examples 26-30 were aged at a higher temperature (93.degree. C.) in an oven and removed at regular intervals to determine weight loss as described in the test procedures above. The results are given in Table 8.
Examples 50-52 were aged at 93.degree. C. for intervals of 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 hours and the loss of weight determined. The results are given in Table 9.
Example 53 was also aged at 93.degree. C. for intervals of 150 and 250 hours and the loss of weight determined. In addition to the weight loss, weight average molecular weights and number average molecular weights were determined using GPC. The results are given in Table 10.
Control Web III
A control web comprising twenty-seven-layer microfibers having an average diameter of less than about 10 micrometers was prepared according to the procedure of Control Web II, except that the poly(propylene) and poly(caprolactone) melt streams were delivered to a twenty-seven-layer feedblock.
Control Web III was aged at 93.degree. C. for intervals of 150 and 250 hours and the loss of weight determined. In addition to the weight loss, weight average molecular weights and number average molecular weights were determined using GPC. The results are given in Table 10.
TABLE 7__________________________________________________________________________ PP PCL Polymer Polymer Mn Stearate Oleic Acid Pump Ratio BasisEx. 1 2 Amount Amount Polymer 1: No. of WeightNo. (g) (g) (g) (g) Polymer 2 layers (g/m.sup.2)__________________________________________________________________________26 750 500 2.5 in PCL 0 90 PP:10 PCL 2 5027 750 500 0.417 in PP 0 90 PP:10 PCL 2 5128 750 500 2.5 in PCL 16.7 in PP 90 PP:10 PCL 2 5229 750 500 0.417 in PP 16.7 in PP 90 PP:10 PCL 2 5030 750 500 2.5 in PCL 0 90 PP:10 PCL 2 52 0.417 in PP31 750 500 2.5 in PCL 0 90 PP:10 PCL 232 750 500 0.5 in PP 0 75 PP:25 PCL 233 500 500 0.5 in PCL 0 75 PP:25 PCL 2 2134 500 500 0.5 in PCL 0 50 PP:50 PCL 2 10035 500 500 0.5 in PP 0 50 PP:50 PCL 2 10036 500 500 0.5 in PP 0 50 PP:50 PCL 2 2637 750 500 0.42 in PP 0 90 PP:10 PCL 338 750 500 0.5 in PP 0 75 PP:25 PCL 339 750 500 0.42 in PP 0 90 PP:10 PCL 540 750 500 0.5 in PP 0 75 PP:25 PCL 541 750 500 0.42 in PP 0 90 PP:10 PCL 9 5042 750 500 0.5 in PP 0 75 PP:25 PCL 9 4943 750 500 0.5 in PP 0 90 PP:10 PCL 9 10044 750 500 0.5 in PP 0 60 PP:40 PCL 9 10045 750 500 2.5 in PCL 0 90 PP:10 PCL 27 5146 750 500 0.417 in PP 0 90 PP:10 PCL 27 5047 750 500 2.5 in PCL 16.7 in PP 90 PP:10 PCL 27 5148 750 500 0.417 in PP 16.7 in PP 90 PP:10 PCL 27 5049 750 500 2.5 in PCL 0 90 PP:10 PCL 27 51 0.417 in PP50 750 500 0.42 in PP 0 90 PP:10 PCL 27 5051 750 500 0.5 in PP 0 75 PP:25 PCL 27 5152 750 500 1.0 in PCL 0 75 PP:25 PCL 27 5153 750 750 0.5 in PP 0 50 PP:50 PCL 27 100Control 750 750 0 0 50 PP:50 PCL 27 100III__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 8__________________________________________________________________________ Time to Embrittlement (hours) Weight Loss at 93.degree. C. in an OvenEx. No. Composition at 70.degree. C. at 60.degree. C. at 49.degree. C. Time (hrs) Weight Loss (%)__________________________________________________________________________Two-Layer Fibers26 Mn in PCL 360 600 >600 150 5.39 250 11.5127 Mn in PP 145 360 530 150 5.61 250 11.5728 Mn in PCL, OA in PP 50 120 120 150 6.12 250 10.0129 Mn & OA in PP 25 48 95 150 7.02 250 11.3730 Mn in PCL & PP 77 120 360 150 8.75 250 15.49Twenty-seven-Layer Fibers45 Mn in PCL 360 660 >600 150 4.19 250 13.3446 Mn in PP 145 360 550 150 6.53 250 13.6247 Mn in PCL, OA in PP 25 48 95 150 5.88 250 10.2148 Mn & OA in PP 25 48 95 150 6.27 250 10.9549 Mn in PCL & PP 50 360 360 150 8.71 250 14.90__________________________________________________________________________
When only manganese stearate was used, the lowest embrittlement times were observed for the webs where manganese stearate was added to both the poly(propylene) and poly(caprolactone). The placement of the manganese stearate only in the poly(propylene) layers was also effective, as was, surprisingly, placement of manganese stearate only in the poly(caprolactone) layers.
Webs containing both manganese stearate and oleic acid in poly(propylene) exhibited the lowest times to embrittlement. Webs containing manganese stearate in poly(caprolactone) and oleic acid in poly(propylene) had the next lowest times to embrittlement followed by webs containing manganese stearate in both poly(propylene) and poly(caprolactone).
Holding web composition constant, the number of layers had little effect on the amount of degradation as can be seen in the percent weight loss. Time to embrittlement appeared to be the better indicator of performance of a degradable web than the high temperature weight loss results.
TABLE 9______________________________________Ex. 50 hrs 100 hrs 150 hrs 200 hrs 250 hrsNo. Layers (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)______________________________________31 2 2.03 10.15 14.29 19.22 21.9032 2 -0.32 6.56 12.76 15.22 17.8737 3 3.33 8.89 16.65 18.90 23.8038 3 3.34 12.64 22.10 22.41 23.8739 5 -1.74 6.51 12.12 14.44 16.5040 5 -1.90 4.34 8.43 11.60 13.7941 9 1.39 11.38 15.93 19.08 21.9642 9 0.03 6.85 10.93 13.36 16.0250 27 4.73 16.46 22.12 26.52 28.6051 27 -1.92 5.97 11.27 15.92 17.1552 27 0.2 7.11 14.23 16.87 20.25______________________________________
As can be seen from the data in Table 9, webs containing two-, three-, five-, nine- and twenty-seven-layer microfibers exhibited weight loss upon aging in the oven at 93.degree. C. Time appeared to be the only consistently significant factor shown by statistical analysis. In general, higher weight losses were observed for samples containing higher percentages of poly(propylene). The highest percent weight losses were observed for the three-and twenty-seven-layer webs.
TABLE 10__________________________________________________________________________ Number Average Weight Average Molecular Weight Loss at 93.degree. C. Molecular weight WeightEx. No. Layers 150 hrs 200 hrs 250 hrs Time (hrs) (M.sub.w) (M.sub.n)__________________________________________________________________________33 2 13.30 -- 18.39 0 33300 8940 150 1180 980 250 1030 90034 2 9.41 -- 13.29 0 35500 11800 150 1220 980 250 860 80035 2 6.10 -- 11.74 0 35500 11800 150 1060 280 250 960 86036 2 17.29 -- 27.08 0 35500 11800 150 960 860 250 850 78043 9 -- 10.40 -- 0 145000 30600 200 1460 103044 9 -- 14.60 -- 0 135000 24600 200 1240 1060Control III 27 -- -0.07 -- 0 31500 11300 200 33700 1140053 27 -- 14.28 -- 0 35600 11800 200 1070 930__________________________________________________________________________
As can be seen from the data in Table 10, the twenty-seven-layer web containing no manganese stearate had no significant molecular weight change or weight loss, while the twenty-seven-layer microfiber web containing manganese stearate in the poly(propylene) underwent significant weight loss upon aging and the molecular weight changes were significant. Similar results were observed for the two-and nine-layer microfiber webs of equivalent basis weight. Webs produced from two-layer microfibers with a lower basis weight had higher percent weight losses upon aging at 93.degree. C. due to the greater web surface area per mass. Any differences observed in the extent of degradation, as evidenced by molecular weight change, for the web examples containing two-, nine-or twenty-seven-layer microfibers were insignificant.
Various modifications and alterations of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention and this invention should not be restricted to that set forth herein for illustrative purposes.

Number	Name	Date
3840512	Brackman	Oct 1974
3864293	Miyoshi et al.	Feb 1975
3921333	Clendinning et al.	Nov 1975
4016117	Griffin	Apr 1977
4038228	Taylor	Jul 1977
4067836	Potts et al.	Jan 1978
4101720	Taylor et al.	Jul 1978
4324709	Griffin	Apr 1982
4420576	Griffin	Dec 1983
4931488	Chiquet	Jun 1990
4948820	Addeo et al.	Aug 1990
5053482	Tietz	Oct 1991
5059642	Jane et al.	Oct 1991
5108807	Tucker	Apr 1992
5135966	Chatterjee et al.	Aug 1992
5147712	Miyahara et al.	Sep 1992
5176952	Joseph	Jan 1993
5196247	Wu et al.	Mar 1993
5207970	Joseph et al.	May 1993
5216043	Sipinen et al.	Jun 1993
5232770	Joseph	Aug 1993
5238733	Joseph	Aug 1993
5248326	Burton	Sep 1993
5258220	Joseph	Nov 1993
5258422	Chang et al.	Nov 1993

Number	Date	Country
2071133	Dec 1992	CAX
0 394 803 A1	Oct 1990	EPX
0 418 196 A1	Mar 1991	EPX
0 546 530 A2	Jun 1993	EPX
0 649 594	Apr 1995	EPX
06248551	Oct 1990	JPX
2 100 268	Dec 1982	GBX
WO 9211298	Jul 1992	WOX
WO 9400163	Jan 1994	WOX
WO 9400293	Jan 1994	WOX

Degradable multilayer melt blown microfibers

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Entry
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Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, vol. 13, (1988), pp. 485-491, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
Periodical Table of the Elements from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 61st ed. (1980), CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.