Deinking composition and deinking method

Abstract

A deinking composition which comprises a specified nonionic surfactant having a specified solubility parameter as an essential component.A deinking method which comprises adding the above-described deinking composition during in the pulping step (the preceding step) and in any of the subsequent steps (the succeeding step).By use of the deinking composition and the deinking method of the present invention, an excellent deinking performance, including an elevated whiteness, a decrease in the number of unliberated large ink spots and an improved defoaming property of the flotation reject, can be achieved in deinking waste papers, in particular, waste OA papers and blends containing thereof.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a deinking composition and a deinking method for use in the reclamation of waste paper including newspapers, magazines and waste office automation (OA) papers. More particularly, the present invention relates to a deinking composition and a deinking method whereby a deinked pulp can be obtained that has a high whiteness and a high b value with little contamination from unliberated ink spots, particularly unliberated large ink spots having a particle size of 30 .mu.m or more. The deinked pulp can be obtained from, for example, newspapers, magazines or waste OA papers by flotation, washing or a combination procedure thereof.

2. Description of the Related Art

It has been a practice to reclaim waste papers including newspapers, magazines and waste OA papers. Recently the effective utilization of waste papers has become more and more important in conjunction with the problems of the global environment such as the conservation of forest resources and refuse disposal. Further, it has been attempted to utilize deinked pulp as a pulp of a higher rank, for example, to reclaim old newspapers for use in making a paper of intermediate grade.

On the other hand, recent improvements in printing techniques, printing systems and printing ink compositions have made it difficult to deink waste papers. In order to facilitate deinking, therefore, attempts have been made to improve deinking devices.

Meanwhile, conventional deinking compositions are as follows. In order to remove inks and other impurities from waste paper, there have been used alkaline agents such as caustic soda, sodium silicate, sodium carbonate and sodium phosphate, bleaching agents such as hydrogen peroxide, hydrosulfites and hypochlorites, and sequestering agents such as EDTA and DTPA together with one or more deinking agents. The deinking agents include anionic surfactants such as alkylbenzenesulfonates, higher alcohol sulfates, .alpha.-olefinsulfonates and dialkyl sulfosuccinates, nonionic surfactants such as ethylene oxide adducts of higher alcohols, alkylphenols and fatty acids and alkanolamides. Although these deinking compositions show excellent foaming properties in the flotation step, their ability to collect ink are limited. In the washing step, on the other hand, they are poor in detergency and, furthermore, their good foaming properties cause trouble in the effluent disposal step. As a result, only a deinked pulp of a low grade can be obtained by these methods. In order to deink waste OA papers including plain paper copy (PPC) and computer print output (CPO), in particular, it is required to either apply a large shear force energy or use a large amount of alkalis, since printing inks (toners) used therein comprise styrene/acrylic binders or polyester binders, which differ from the conventional newspaper ink, result in large ink spots (i.e., a particle size of 30 .mu.m or more) remaining unliberated after the completion of a common deinking treatment. However, the use of a large amount of alkalis suffers from some disadvantages, including an increase in the sticky matters, the load in the effluent disposal step and the brittleness of the pulp. Thus no method for effectively deinking waste OA papers and blends thereof has been established so far.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Summary of the Invention

The present inventors have conducted extensive studies in order to develop a deinking composition and a deinking method showing a good deinking performance without any foaming troubles whereby a deinked pulp of a high whiteness can be obtained from various waste papers and, in particular, large ink spots having a particle size of 30 .mu.m or more can be removed from waste OA papers and blends containing thereof while requiring neither a large shearing energy nor a large amount of alkalis in the flotation, washing or combination procedure thereof. As a result, they have surprisingly found out that the aforesaid problems can be solved by using a deinking composition containing a specified nonionic surfactant deinking agent as an essential component and a method wherein said deinking composition is added in the pulping step and in one or more the subsequent steps, thus completing the present invention.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a deinking composition comprising a deinking agent selected from the group consisting of;

(I) a reaction product mixture having a solubility parameter of 8.9 to 10.2, which obtained from (a) a polyfunctional alcohol having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and/or (b) a polyfunctional fatty acid having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and (c) an alkylene oxide, said reaction product mixture including therein 1 to 4 moles of alkylene oxide units per 1 functional group of (a) or (b), including 22 moles or less of alkylene oxide units in total of one molecule of the product, (II) a partial ester mixture having a solubility parameter of 8.9 to 9.8, which formed by reacting a reaction product mixture which obtained from (a) a polyfunctional alcohol having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and/or (b) a polyfunctional fatty acid having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and (c) an alkylene oxide, said reaction product mixture including therein 1 to 4 moles of alkylene oxide units per 1 functional group of (a) or (b), including 22 moles or less of alkylene oxide units in total of one molecule of the product, with (d) a fatty acid having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, and (III) an alkylene oxide adduce compound mixture having a solubility parameter of 9.0 to 11.8, said alkylene oxide adduce compound mixture comprising or essentially consisting compounds represented by the following general formula (1): RO(AO).sub.m H (1) wherein R represents an alkyl, alkenyl, acyl or aryl group having 1 to 8 carbon atom; AO represents an alkylene oxide having 2 to 4 carbon atoms; and m is a value such that the entire alkylene oxide adduce compound mixture has the average mole number of AO units ranging from 1 to 6.

The present invention further provides a method for deinking waste paper, comprising;

(I) pulping the waste paper, (II) subjecting the pulp to at least one treatment step selected From the group consisting of kneading, dispersing, chemical mixing and refining, and (III) subjecting the treated pulp to a flotation or washing step, wherein the above-described deinking composition is added in portions in steps (I) and (II) and/or (III).

Further scope of the applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The reaction product mixture (I) to be used as a deinking agent in the present invention may be obtained from (a) a polyfunctional alcohol having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and/or (b) a polyfunctional fatty acid having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and (c) an alkylene oxide, that is, by adding (c) an alkylene oxide to (a) a polyfunctional alcohol having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and/or (b) a polyfunctional fatty acid having 1 to 10 carbon atoms by any known method. The obtained reaction product mixture includes 1 to 4 moles, on average, of alkylene oxide units per 1 functional group of (a) or (b), and 22 moles or less, on average, of alkylene oxide units in total of one molecule of the product. The present invention includes a deinking agent comprising a compound obtained by adding from 1 to 4 mol per functional group of an alkylene oxide to a polyfunctional alcohol or a polyfunctional fatty acid having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, provided that the total addition mole number does not exceed 22 mol, and having a solubility parameter ranging from 8.9 to 10.2 as an essential component.

The term "polyfunctional" as used herein means "having two or more functional groups carrying active hydrogen."

Specific examples of (a) the polyfunctional alcohol having 1 to 10 carbon atoms usable as the starting material include ethylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, 1,10-decanediol, 1,2-octanediol, 1,2decanediol, butanoyl-.alpha.-glycol, 1,3-butanediol, trans-2-butene-1,4-diol, 2-butyne-1,4-diol, 2,4-pentanediol, 2,5-hexanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-pentanediol, 2-methyl2,4-pentanediol, 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol, 2,4-heptanediol, 2,2-diethyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol, 2-ethyl-2-butyl-1,3-propanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, 1,2-cyclononanediol, 1,2-cyclodecanediol, glycerol, erythritol, pentaerythritol, arabitol, sorbitol, sorbitan, mannitol, mannitan, 1,2,3-butanetriol, 2-methylpropane-1,2,3-triol, 2,3,4-pentanetriol, 2-methylbutane-1,2,3-triol, 2,3,4-hexanetriol, 2-ethylbutane-1,2,3-triol, 2,3,4-trimethylpentane-2,3,4-triol, D-glycero-D-galaheptose, D-glycero-D-glucoheptose, D-glycero-D-mannoheptose, D-glycero-L-mannoheptose, D-glycero-D-galaheptitol, D-altroheptulose, D-altro-3-heptulose, D-mannoheptulose, D-erythro-D-galaoctitol, D-glycero-D-mannooctulose, D-erythro-L-gulononulose, cellobiose, maltose and lactose.

Among these compounds, polyfunctional alcohols having 1 to 6 carbon atoms are particularly preferable. It is further preferable to use saturated polyfunctional alcohols having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

Examples of (b) the polyfunctional fatty acid having 1 to 10 carbon atoms usable as the starting material include oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, ethylmalonic acid, 2-hydroxyvaleric acid, 2-hydroxycaproic acid, 2-hydroxycaprylic acid, 2-hydroxypelargonic acid, 2-hydroxyundecanoic acid, 3-hydroxycaprylic acid, 3-hydroxypelargonic acid, 3-hydroxycapric acid, 6-hydroxycaproic acid, 7-hydroxyenanthic acid, 8-hydroxycaprylic acid, 9-hydroxypelargonic acid, 10-hydroxycapric acid, 2-methylhydroxyenanthic acid, 2-hydroxy-3-pentenoic acid, 5-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxycaproic acid, 2,3-dihydroxyenanthic acid, 2,3-dihydroxycaprylic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypelargonic acid, 2,3-dihydroxycapric acid, 1-nonene-1,9-dicarboxylic acid, 2-nonene-1,9-dicarboxylic acid, 1-decene-1,10-dicarboxylic acid and 2-decene-1,10dicarboxylic acid.

Among these compounds, polyfunctional fatty acids having 1 to 6 carbon atoms are particularly preferable. It is further preferable to use saturated polyfunctional fatty acids having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

As (c) the alkylene oxide to be added to (a) the polyfunctional alcohol and (b) the polyfunctional fatty acid, ethylene oxide (hereinafter referred to simply as EO), propylene oxide (hereinafter referred to simply as PO) and butylene oxide (hereinafter referred to simply as BO) may be used either alone or as a mixture thereof. It is particularly preferable to use EO, PO or a mixture thereof. Although (c) the alkylene oxide may be added by either random addition or block addition, the random addition is preferable when taking foaming troubles in the papermaking and effluent disposal steps into consideration.

For producing the above-described reaction product mixture (I), the addition of (c) the alkylene oxide may be effected by any common method without restriction. Namely, it may be carried out under the conditions commonly employed for adding an alkylene oxide to a compound having active hydrogen. Specifically, it may be performed by adding a catalytic amount of an alkali to (a) the polyfunctional alcohol and/or (b) the polyfunctional fatty acid according to the present invention and then reacting (a) the polyfunctional alcohol and/or (b) the polyfunctional fatty acid with (c) the alkylene oxide at a temperature of approximately 100.degree. to 200.degree. C. under a pressure of 1 to 3 kg/cm.sup.2 (gauge) for several hours.

The partial ester mixture (II) to be used as a deinking agent in the present invention is a partial ester of the aforesaid reaction product mixture (I) with (d) a fatty acid having 2 to 8 carbon atoms.

Namely, the present invention includes a deinking agent comprising a compound which is a partial ester of a compound obtained by adding from 1 to 4 mol per functional group of an alkylene oxide to a polyfunctional alcohol or a polyfunctional fatty acid having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, provided that the total addition mole number does not exceed 22 mol, with a fatty acid having 2 to 8 carbon atoms and has a solubility parameter ranging from 8.9 to 9.8 as an essential component.

Examples of (d) the fatty acid having 2 to 8 carbon atoms to be used for producing the aforesaid partial ester include acetic acid, propionic acid, propynoic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, tetrolic acid, valerio acid, .alpha.-methylbutyric acid, isovaleric acid, trimethylpropanoic acid, 2-pentynoic acid, allylacetic acid, 2,4-pentadienoic acid, caproic acid, 2-methylpentanoic acid, 3-methylpentanoic acid, 4-isocaproic acid, 2-hexynoic acid, sorbic acid, 2-hexenoic acid, 3-hexenoic acid, 4-hexynoic acid, 5-hexenoic acid, heptanoic acid, 2-heptenoic acid, 3-heptenoic acid, 5-heptenoic acid, 6-heptenoic acid, 2-heptynoic acid, 6-heptynoic acid, caprylic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, 2-octenoic acid, 3-octenoic acid, 2-octynoic acid, 7-octynoic acid, 2-methyl-2-heptenoic acid, benzoic acid, methylbenzoic acid, cyclohexylacetic acid, 2-fluorovaleric acid, 2-fluorocaproic acid, 2-fluoroenanthic acid, 2-chlorocaprylic acid, 2-bromovaleric acid, 2-bromocaproic acid, 2-bromoenanthic acid, 2-bromocaprylic acid, 5-chlorovaleric acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, ethylmalonic acid, 2-hydroxyvaleric acid, 2-hydroxycaproic acid, 2-hydroxycaprylic acid, 2-hydroxypelargonic acid, 2-hydroxyundecanoic acid, 3-hydroxycaprylic acid, 6-hydroxycaproic acid, 7-hydroxyenanthic acid, 8-hydroxycaprylic acid, 2-methyl-hydroxyenanthic acid, 2-hydroxy-3-pentenoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-pentenoic acid, 4-hydroxy-4-pentenoic acid, 5-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxycaproic acid, 2,3-dihydroxyenanthic acid, 2,3-dihydroxycaprylic acid and anhydrides of these acids. It is particularly preferable to use fatty acids having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, still preferably saturated ones.

Since the numerical values specified with respect to the carbon atom number and physicochemical constants of the reaction product mixture (I) and the partial ester mixture (II) are critical ones, any compound similar thereto cannot exert the remarkable effects of the present invention. As will be apparent from the Examples to be given hereinafter, when (a) the polyfunctional alcohol or (b) polyfunctional fatty acid has more than 10 carbon atoms, for example, foaming troubles occur in the draining step, due to the high foaming properties, and thus the productivity of the deinked pulp is seriously deteriorated. Further, it is important that the addition of the alkylene oxide per functional group fall within the range of from 1 to 4, provided that the total addition of alkylene oxide does not exceed 22 mole per one molecule in (I) and (II). When the addition of the alkylene oxide, per functional group, is smaller than 1, a number of large ink spots, that is spots having a particle size of 30 .mu.m or more, will remain unliberated. When it exceeds 4, on the contrary, the high foaming properties often cause foaming troubles in the effluent disposal step. When the total addition of the alkylene oxide exceed 22 mole, the above-mentioned foaming troubles occur frequently.

When (d) the fatty acid used in the esterification to produce the partial ester mixture (II) has less than 2 carbon atoms, the number of the remaining unliberated large ink spots is elevated. When (d) the fatty acid has more than 8 carbon atoms, on the contrary, the high foaming properties often cause foaming troubles in the effluent disposal step.

Furthermore, the degree of esterification of the partial ester mixture (II), should range from 15 to 75% by mole. When it is smaller than 15% by mole, a large amount of the large ink spots which have a particle size of 30 .mu.m or more, will remain unliberated. This restricts the utilization of the deinked pulp (for example, decreases the amount of its incorporation under the top side of board). When the degree of esterification exceeds 75% by mole, on the contrary, the ink particles become excessively fine, which makes it difficult to obtain a deinked pulp of a high whiteness.

The present inventors have tried to further improve the deinking performance of waste OA papers and blends containing waste OA papers. As a result, they have surprisingly found that a mixture having a solubility parameter in a specified range can efficiently lower the number of unliberated large ink spots having a particle size of 30 .mu.m or more.

It is important that the solubility parameter of the reaction product mixture (I) range from 8.9 to 10.2, preferably from 9.1 to 10.0 and still preferably from 9.4 to 9.8, and the solubility parameter of the partial ester mixture (II) ranges from 8.9 to 9.8, preferably from 9.1 to 9.7 and still preferably from 9.2 to 9.5. When the solubility parameter is smaller than the lower limit as specified above, the obtained deinked pulp is contaminated with many unliberated large ink spots. When it exceeds the upper limit, on the contrary, ink particles become excessively small and thus cannot be sufficiently removed in the flotation step. As a result, the obtained deinked pulp has low whiteness. Additionally, problems including poor defoaming properties of the flotation reject and foaming troubles in the effluent disposal step, are likely to occur.

The term "solubility parameter" as used herein means a physicochemical constant that is defined based on the regular solution theory established by Hildebrand.

Whether two substances are mutually soluble or not is determined by the free energy of mixing, .DELTA.G, as defined by the following formula:

.DELTA.G=.DELTA.H-T.DELTA.S

When the .DELTA.G value is negative, these substances are soluble. This .DELTA.G is expressed as a function of the solubility parameter. From the viewpoint of the regular solution theory, the molar free energy of mixing, .DELTA.G, is given by the following formula:

.DELTA.G=RT(X.sub.1 lnX.sub.1 +X.sub.2 lnX.sub.2)+V.sub.1 X.sub.1 .phi..sub.2.sup.2 (.delta..sub.1 -.delta..sub.2).sup.2 +V.sub.2 X.sub.2 .phi..sub.1.sup.2 (.delta..sub.1 -.delta..sub.2).sup.2 wherein X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 represent the molar fractions of components 1 and 2, respectively; V.sub.1 and V.sub.2 represent the molar volume of components 1 and 2, respectively; ;.phi..sub.1 and .phi..sub.2 represent the volume fraction of components 1 and 2, respectively; and .delta..sub.1 and .delta..sub.2 represent the solubility parameter of components 1 and 2, respectively.

The alkylene oxide adduct compound mixture (III) to be used as a deinking agent in the present invention is a mixture comprising or essentially consisting compounds represented by the following general formula (1):

RO(AO ).sub.m H (1) wherein R represents an alkyl, alkenyl, acyl or aryl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms; AO represents an alkylene oxide having 2 to 4 carbon atoms; and m is a value such that the entire alkylene oxide adduct compound mixture has the average mole number of AO units ranging from 1 to 6.

Namely, the present invention includes a deinking agent comprising a compound represented by the following general formula (1):

RO(AO).sub.m H (1) wherein R represents an alkyl, alkenyl, acyl or aryl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms; AO represents an alkylene oxide having 2 to 4 carbon atoms; and m ranges from 1 to 6 on average.

The alkylene oxide adduct compound mixture (III) can be obtained by adding an alkylene oxide(s) to an alcohol(s) and/or a fatty acid(s) having 1 to 8 carbon atoms by any known method. Examples of the alcohol having 1 to 8 carbon atoms usable as the starting material for producing the alkylene oxide adduct compound mixture (III) include methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, trimethylpropyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 2-hexanol, 2-hexen-1-ol, 5-hexen-1-ol, 1-heptanol, 2-heptanol, 2-hepten-1-ol, 6-hepten-1-ol, 1-octanol, 2-octanol, 2-octen-1-ol, 2-ethylhexanol, benzyl alcohol, phenol and cyclohexyl alcohol.

Examples of the fatty acid usable as the starting material for producing the alkylene oxide adduct compound mixture (III) include acetic acid, propinoic acid, propyonoic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, tetrolic acid, n-valeric acid, .alpha.-methylbutyric acid, isovaleric acid, trimethylpropanoic acid, 2-pentynoic acid, allylacetic acid, 2,4-pentadienoic acid, caproic acid, 2-methylpentanoic acid, 3-methylpentanoic acid, 4-isocaproic acid, 2-hexynoic acid, sorbic acid, 2-hexenoic acid, 3-hexenoic acid, 4-hexenoic acid, 5-hexenoic acid, heptanoic acid, 2-heptenoic acid, 3-heptenoic acid, 5-heptenoic acid, 6-heptenoic acid, 2-heptynoic acid, 6-heptynoic acid, caprylic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, 2-octenoic acid, 3-octenoic acid, 2-octynoic acid, 7-octynoic acid, 2-methyl-2-heptenoic acid, benzoic acid, methylbenzoic acid, cyclohexylacetic acid, 2-fluorovaleric acid, 2-fluorocaproic acid, 2-fluoroenanthic acid, 2-fluorocaprylic acid, 2-chlorocaproic acid, 2-chloroenanthic acid, 2-chlorocaprylic acid, 2-bromovaleric acid, 2-bromocaproic acid, 2-bromoenanthic acid, 2-bromocaprylic acid and 5-chlorovaleric acid.

R of general formula (1) represents preferably a group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkyl or an acyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

As the alkylene oxide to be added to the alcohol or fatty acid usable as the starting material for producing the alkylene oxide adduct compound mixture (III), EO, PO and BO may be used either alone or as a mixture thereof. It is particularly preferable to use EO, PO or a mixture thereof. Although the alkylene oxide may be added by either random addition or block addition, the random addition is preferable by taking foaming troubles in the papermaking and effluent disposal steps into consideration.

For producing the alkylene oxide adduct compound mixture (III), the addition of the alkylene oxide may be effected by any common method without restriction. Namely, it may be carried out under the conditions commonly employed for adding an alkylene oxide to a compound having active hydrogen. Specifically, it may be performed by adding a catalytic amount of an alkali to the alcohol or fatty acid and then reacting the alcohol or fatty acid with the alkylene oxide at a temperature of approximately 100.degree. to 200.degree. C. under a pressure of 1 to 3 kg/cm.sup.2 (gauge) for several hours.

The present inventors have examined the relationship in the deinking performance between deinking various waste papers and deinking agents having various chemical structures and solubility parameters. As a result, they have surprisingly found that a mixture having a solubility parameter falling within a specified range and comprising compounds which have a specified chemical structure is effective in reducing the number of unliberated large ink spots (i.e., a particle size of 30 .mu.m or more).

Since the numerical values specified with respect to general formula (1) and the solubility parameter of the alkylene oxide adduct compound mixture (III) are critical ones, a merely similar compound cannot achieve the remarkable effects of the present invention. Therefore the specification of the carbon atom in general formula (1) and the physicochemical constants of the alkylene oxide adduct compound mixture (III) are very important. As will be apparent from the Examples to be given hereinafter, when R in general formula (1) represents a group having less than 1 carbon atom (i.e., neither an alkyl group nor an alkenyl group), the compound shows a poor ability to collect ink and thus deinked pulp of a high whiteness can not be obtained. When said carbon atom number exceeds 8, on the contrary, the high foaming properties cause foaming troubles in the effluent disposal step, thus seriously deteriorating the productivity of the deinked pulp. The addition mole number (m) of the alkylene oxide ranges from 1 to 6, preferably from 1 to 4, on average. When it is smaller than 1, many large ink spots having a particle size of 30 .mu.m or more remain unliberated. When it exceeds 6, on the contrary, the high foaming properties frequently cause foaming troubles in the effluent disposal step.

It is important that the solubility parameter of the alkylene oxide adduct compound mixture (III) ranges from 9.0 to 11.8, preferably from 9.5 to 11.3 and more preferably from 9.8 to 10.8. When the solubility parameter is smaller than 9.0, the obtained deinked pulp is contaminated with many unliberated large ink spots. When it exceeds 11.8, on the contrary, ink particles become excessively small and thus cannot be sufficiently removed in the flotation step. As a result, the obtained deinked pulp has only a low whiteness. Additionally, some problems, including a poor defoaming property of the flotation reject and foaming troubles in the effluent disposal step, might occur.

As an essential component of a deinking composition of the present invention, the use of a deinking agent, the numerical values of which fall within the ranges specified in the present invention, makes it possible to obtain a deinked pulp of excellent qualities, i.e., having a high whiteness and scarcely contaminated with unliberated large ink spots (i.e., a particle size of 30 .mu.m or more) without incurring any trouble in the operation.

The compounds disclosed in the prior arts (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 81107/1977, No. 51891/1980, No. 51892/1980, No. 79795/1981 and No. 109696/1983) are not as effective as the present deinking agents in reducing the number of unliberated large ink spots. Although the carbon atom number and alkylene oxide addition mole number are specified in the above-mentioned references, most of the starting materials used in the Examples therein have 12 or more carbon atoms and no particular example shows a compound having 11 or less carbon atoms. Further, although Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 137588/1984 and 40690/1989 disclose alkylene oxide adducts of special polyfunctional alcohols, all of these compounds either have an aryl group or are themselves aromatic compounds. Clearly these compounds differ from the compounds used in the present invention. Furthermore, while Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 266292/1989 points out that an ether surfactant is effective as a deinking agent for waste OA papers, this compound, wherein the AO moiety of the general formula (1) of the present invention is ethylene oxide and the terminal group of the general formula (1) is replaced by an alkyl or alkenyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, is clearly different in chemical structure from the compound used in the present invention.

In addition, the conventional deinking agents are employed for deinking newspapers and magazines, while the present invention is characterized by being particularly effective in deinking waste OA papers and blends thereof. Printing inks for newspapers contain phenol resins as the ink binder. On the other hand, inks used in waste OA papers contain styrene/acrylic resin or polyester resin as the binder. Thus these inks differ from each other in physicochemical properties. It is therefore required to design a deinking agent and a deinking composition for waste OA papers from a different point of view than that used for waste newspaper deinking compositions. The present invention has been completed based on the fact that a mixture having a solubility parameter within a strictly limited range is effective in deinking, as the result of extensive examination on the solubility parameter which has not been studied hitherto. Thus the present invention clearly differs from prior art.

The deinking agent according to the present invention can also exert the excellent deinking performance when used together with other known deinking agent(s). Namely, the deinking composition of the present invention preferably contains the deinking agent according to the present invention and other known deinking agent(s), or, the deinking composition of the present invention preferably uses together with other deinking composition comprising other known deinking agent(s). The other known deinking agent includes, for example, higher alcohol sulfates, alkylbenzenesulfonates, ethylene oxide adducts of higher alcohols and alkylphenols, fatty acids and salts thereof, alkylene oxide adducts of fatty acids and alkylene oxide adducts of fats and oils. The deinking agent according to the present invention and the known one may be used at a weight ratio of from 90/10 to 10/90, preferably from 20/80 to 60/40.

In the conventional deinking method, a deinking composition is added in either one or both of the mixing step, which consists of the pulping, kneading, dispersing, chemical mixing and refining steps, and the flotation step.

In contrast, the deinking method of the present invention comprises adding the deinking composition according to the present invention during the pulping step (the preceding step) and in one or more of the subsequent steps (the succeeding step) of the mixing step.

Namely, the present invention provides a method for deinking waste paper, comprising;

(I) pulping the waste paper, (II) subjecting the pulp to at least one treatment step selected from the group consisting of kneading, dispersing, chemical mixing and refining, and (III) subjecting the treated pulp to a flotation or washing step, wherein the deinking composition according to the present invention is added in portions in steps (I) and, (II) and/or (III).

The present invention further provides a method for deinking waste paper, comprising;

(I) pulping the waste paper, (II) subjecting the pulp to at least one treatment step selected from the group consisting of kneading, dispersing, chemical mixing and refining, and (III) subjecting the treated pulp to a flotation or washing step, wherein the deinking composition according to the present invention is added during steps (I) and (II).

The deinking composition may be preferably added at a weight ratio of the preceding step amount to the succeeding step amount of from 10/90 to 90/10. When the deinking composition comprises one or both of the reaction product mixture (I) and the partial ester mixture (II) as the essential component, the weight ratio of addition may be still more preferably from 40/60 to 60/40 (the preceding step to the succeeding step). When the deinking composition comprises the alkylene oxide adduct compound mixture (III) as the essential component, the weight ratio of addition may be still more preferably from 30/70 to 70/30 (the preceding step to the succeeding step).

Alternately, the deinking composition of the present invention may be added all at once or in portions during the succeeding step.

It is desirable to use the deinking composition of the present invention at such a ratio as to achieve an economic advantage without deteriorating the operating characteristics. It is recommended to add the deinking composition so as to achieve a deinking agent concentration of from 0.03 to 1.04 by weight based on the waste paper.

The deinking composition and the deinking method of the present invention are suitable for deinking waste office automation (OA) papers or blends containing waste OA papers. When the deinking composition comprises the alkylene oxide adduct compound mixture (III) as the essential component, the deinking composition and the deinking method of the present invention are still suitable for deinking waste OA papers or blends containing waste OA papers.

EXAMPLES

To further illustrate the present invention in detail, and not by way of limitation, the following Examples will be given.

Production Example 1

260.1 g of ethylene glycol and 4.7 g of 100% KOH were fed into a 1.5-l autoclave and heated to 150.degree. C. under stirring at approximately 600 rpm. Next, 730.2 g of propylene oxide was added to the obtained mixture and reacted with ethylene glycol at a temperature of from 120.degree. to 130.degree. C. under a pressure of from 1 to 3 kg/cm.sup.2 (gauge). After the completion of the addition reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to 80.degree. C. and the pH value was adjusted to about 6 with acetic acid. The yield of the obtained reaction product (used as a deinking agent in invention example No. 1 given in Table 1) was 99%.

Production Example 2

292.7 g of sorbitol and 2.7 g of 100% KOH were fed into a 1.5-l autoclave and heated to 150.degree. C. under stirring at approximately 600 rpm. Next, 424.7 g of ethylene oxide was added to the obtained mixture and reacted with sorbitol at a temperature of from 150.degree. to 160.degree. C. under a pressure of from 1 to 3 kg/cm.sup.2 (gauge). Then, 280.0 g of propylene oxide was added to the obtained mixture and was reacted at a temperature of from 120.degree. to 130.degree. C. under a pressure of from 1 to 3 kg/cm.sup.2. After cooling to 80.degree. C., the pH value of the reaction mixture was adjusted to about 6 with acetic acid. The yield of the obtained reaction product (used as a deinking agent in invention example No. 23 given in Table 2) was 99%.

Comparative Production Example 1

286.3 g of 2-hydroxycaproic acid and 3.4 g of 100% KOH were fed into a 1.5-l autoclave and heated to 130.degree. C. under stirring at approximately 600 rpm. Next, 491.0 g of an ethylene oxide/propylene oxide/butylene oxide mixture (molar ratio: 20/40/20) was added to the obtained mixture and reacted with 2-hydroxycaproic acid at a temperature of from 130.degree. to 140.degree. C. under a pressure of from 1 to 3 kg/cm.sup.2 (gauge). After the completion of the addition reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to 80.degree. C. and the pH value thereof was adjusted to about 6 with acetic acid. The yield of the obtained reaction product (used as a deinking agent in comparative example No. 30 given in Table 2) was 99%.

Production Example 3

229.1 g of glycerol and 4.2 g of 100% KOH were fed into a 1.5-l autoclave and heated to 130.degree. C. under stirring at approximately 600 rpm. Next, 762.2 g of an ethylene oxide/propylene oxide mixture (molar ratio: 50/50) was added to the obtained mixture and reacted with glycerol at a temperature of from 130 to 140.degree. C. under a pressure of from 1to 3 kg/cm.sup.2 (gauge). After the completion of the addition reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to 80.degree. C. and the pH value thereof was adjusted to about 6 with acetic acid. The yield of the obtained reaction product (used as a deinking agent in invention example No. 71 given in Table 4) was 99%.

Production Example 4

804.2 g of the product obtained in the Production Example 1, 194.5 g of 2-ethylhexanoic acid and 1.2 g of 100% NaOH, employed as a catalyst, were fed into a 1.5-l autoclave and allowed to react at 230.degree. C. under a nitrogen atmosphere while stirring at approximately 500 rpm. The yield of the obtained reaction product (used as a deinking agent in invention example No. 73 given in Table 4) was 99%.

Example 1

In this Example, a deinking agent was added at once in the pulping step.

Waste PPC papers (100%), printed with 2.4 g/m.sup.2 of a printing ink comprising a styrene/acrylic binder, were cut into pieces (2.times.5 cm) o A given amount thereof was fed into a bench disintegrator. Then, water, 0.5 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of caustic soda, 1.0 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of sodium silicate No. 3, 1.0 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of 30 wt. % hydrogen peroxide and 0.2 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of each deinking agent listed in Table 1 were added thereto. After disintegrating at a pulp concentration of 5 wt. % at 45.degree. C. for 20 minutes, the mixture was aged at 45.degree. C. for 60 minutes. Next, the mixture was dehydrated on a high-speed dehydrator until the pulp concentration reached 22 wt. % and then kneaded on a twin-screw laboratory kneader at 200 rpm. After diluting with water so as to give a pulp concentration of 4 wt. %, it was disintegrated again on the bench disintegrator for 30 seconds. The obtained slurry was concentrated on an 80-mesh wire gauze so as to give a pulp concentration of 10 wt. % and then diluted with water so as to give a pulp concentration of 1 wt. %. Subsequently, it was treated on a TAPPI standard sheet machine to thereby give a pulp sheet.

The whiteness of the obtained pulp sheet was measured with a color difference meter and the unliberated ink spots having a particle size of 30 .mu.m or more were counted with an image analyzer (magnification: .times.100). The defoaming property of the flotation reject was determined for use as an indicator of foaming troubles in the effluent disposal step. A larger numerical value of the defoaming property means a higher possibility of causing foaming troubles in the effluent disposal step. The defoaming property of the flotation reject as used herein is defined as follows: ##EQU1##

Table 1 shows the results of the evaluation of the deinking performances of the deinking agents.

TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________ Deinking agent No. of added AO unliberated Defoaming polyfunctional mole solubility Whiteness ink spots property No. alcohol AO*.sup.1 no. *.sup.2 parameter (%) (.gtoreq. 30 (%).m)__________________________________________________________________________Invention 1 ethylene glycol PO 1.5 (3) 9.7 89.4 9 20Example 2 ethylene glycol PO 1 (2) 10.2 88.3 15 25 3 ethylene glycol PO 4 (8) 8.9 88.4 15 26 4 1,4-butanediol EO 2 (4) 9.9 88.1 16 28 5 1,4-butanediol EO/PO(1/1) 2 (4) 9.6 88.4 15 25 6 1,4-butanediol EO/BO(1/1) 2 (4) 9.4 88.4 14 22 7 1,4-butanediol PO/BO(1/1) 2 (4) 9.2 88.2 16 25 8 1,6-hexanediol EO/PO(2/1) 3 (6) 9.3 88.2 16 23 9 glycerol EO/PO(6/6) 4 (12) 9.0 88.5 14 30 10 glycerol EO/PO(2/1) 1 (3) 10.1 88.6 13 22Invention 11 1,2,3-butanetriol EO 1 (3) 10.2 88.2 16 20Example 12 1,2-3-butanetriol PO 1 (3) 9.8 88.5 14 18 13 1,2,3-butanetriol PO 3 (9) 8.9 88.1 20 28Comparative 14 ethylene glycol PO 5 (10) 8.8 86.3 30 65Example 15 ethylene glycol PO 13 (26) 8.5 86.3 32 78 16 glycerol EO/PO(2/1) 5 (15) 8.9 86.2 31 68 17 glycerol EO/PO(2/1) 10 (30) 8.7 86.2 31 92 18 1,20-eicosanediol PO 4 (8) 9.1 85.0 42 48 19 1,20-eicosanediol PO 5 (4) 9.0 85.2 40 55 20 2-methylpropane- BO 5 (15) 8.3 85.3 38 50 1,2,3-triol 21 CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --O--(EO).sub.2 --(CH.sub.2).sub.3 --CH.sub.3 9.6 86.2 30 76 22 CH.sub.3 --(CH.sub.2).sub.5 --O--(EO).sub.2 --CH.sub.3 9.6 86.5 26 74__________________________________________________________________________ Note *.sup.1 AO: alkylene oxide (the same will apply hereinafter), added at random in all cases. *.sup.2 added AO mole no.: It means AO mole no. per functional group on average and each figure given in parentheses means total AO mole no. of one molecule of the product on average (the same will apply hereinafter).

Example 2

In this Example, a deinking agent was added in portions in the pulping step and in the kneading step.

Waste PPC papers (100%), printed with 2.4 g/m.sup.2 of a printing ink comprising a styrene/acrylic binder, were cut into pieces (2.times.5 cm). A given amount thereof was fed into a bench disintegrator. Then, water, 0.3 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of caustic soda and 0.1 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of each deinking agent listed in Table 2 were added thereto. After disintegrating at a pulp concentration of 5 wt. % at 45.degree. C. for 20 minutes, the mixture was aged at 45.degree. C. for 60 minutes. Next, the mixture was dehydrated on a high-speed dehydrator until the pulp concentration reached 22 wt. %, and then 0.2 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of caustic soda, 1.0 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of sodium silicate No. 3, 1.0 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of 30 wt. % hydrogen peroxide and 0.1 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of each deinking agent listed in the Table 2 were added thereto. Then the mixture was kneaded on a twin-screw laboratory kneader at 200 rpm. After diluting with water so as to give a pulp concentration of 4 wt. %, it was disintegrated again on the bench disintegrator for 30 seconds. The obtained slurry was diluted with water so as to give a pulp concentration of 1 wt. % and subjected to flotation at 30.degree. C. for 10 minutes. Subsequently, it was concentrated on an 80-mesh wire gause until the pulp concentration reached 10 wt. % and diluted with water so as to give a concentration of 1 wt. %. Then it was treated on a TAPPI standard sheet machine to thereby give a pulp sheet.

The whiteness of the obtained pulp sheet was measured with a color difference meter and the unliberated ink spots having a particle size of 30 .mu.m or more were counted with an image analyzer (magnification: .times.100). The defoaming property of the flotation reject was determined for use as an indicator of foaming troubles in the effluent disposal step, similar to the Example 1. Table 2 shows the results of the evaluation of the deinking performances of the deinking agents.

TABLE 2 - Deinking agent polyfunctional alcohol or polyfunctional added AO mole solubility No. of unliberated Defoaming property No. fatty acid AO no. 2 parameter Whiteness (%) ink spots (.gtoreq.30 .mu.m) (%) Invention Example 23 sorbitol EO/PO(6/3) 1.5 (9) 9.6 90.1 8 18 24 sorbitol EO/PO(8/4) 2 (12) 9.4 90.2 7 20 25 pentaerythritol PO 2 (8) 9.5 90.1 8 22 26 2-decene-1,10- EO 2 (4) 9.4 90.1 8 21 dicarboxylic acid 27 adipic acid BO 1 (2) 9.3 89.9 10 15 28 1,2-cyclononanediol EO 2 (4) 9.5 90.1 9 17 29 2,3-dihydroxy- EO 2 (6) 9.4 90.0 9 20 enanthic acid Comparative 30 2-hydroxycapric EO/PO/BO 4 (8) 8.8 86.8 29 65 Example acid (2/4/2) 31 sorbitol EO/PO 5 (30) 8.8 86.4 29 96 (20/10) 32 sorbitol PO 4 (24) 8.7 86.5 29 90 Comparative 33 sorbitol PO 5 (30) 8.4 86.5 30 92 Example 34 cellobiose PO 5 (40) 8.5 86.2 32 92 35 cellobiose PO 4 (32) 8.5 86.1 32 93 36 cellobiose PO 2 (16) 8.7 86.5 29 89 37 2,3-dihydroxy- EO 5 (15) 9.0 86.8 28 78 enanthic acid 38 2,3-dihydroxy- EO 9 (27) 8.8 86.2 31 79 enanthic acid 39 stearic acid (EO).sub.15 (PO).sub.10 86.9 27 85 40 lauric acid (EO).sub.25 86.5 29 84 41 ammonium oleate 85.2 33 45 42 ##STR1## 86.8 26 86 43 xylene 86.2 29 5

Example 3

In this Example, a deinking agent was added in portions in the pulping step and in the dispersing step.

Waste PPC papers (100%), printed with 8.0 g/m.sup.2 of a printing ink comprising a polyester binder, were cut into pieces (2.times.5 cm). A given amount thereof was fed into a bench disintegrator. Then, water, 0.3 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of caustic soda and 0.1 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of each deinking agent listed in Table 3 were added thereto. After disintegrating at a pulp concentration of 15 wt. % at 45.degree. C. for 20 minutes, the mixture was aged at 55.degree. C. for 120 minutes. Next, the mixture was dehydrated on a high-speed dehydrator until the pulp concentration reached 22 wt. %, and then 0.7 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of caustic soda, 1.0 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of sodium silicate No. 3, 1.5 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of 30 wt. % hydrogen peroxide and 0.1 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of each deinking agent listed in the Table 3 were added thereto. Then, the mixture was dispersed on a laboratory disperser at 300 rpm. After diluting with water so as to give a pulp concentration of 4 wt. %, it was disintegrated again on the bench disintegrator for 30 seconds. The obtained slurry was diluted with water so as to give a pulp concentration of 1 wt. % and subjected to flotation at 30.degree. C. for 10 minutes. Subsequently, it was concentrated on an 80-mesh wire gause until the pulp concentration reached 10 wt. % and diluted with water so as to give a concentration of 1 wt. %. Then, it was treated on a TAPPI standard sheet machine to thereby give a pulp sheet.

The whiteness of the obtained pulp sheet was measured with a color difference meter and the unliberated ink spots having a particle size of 30 .mu.m or more were counted with an image analyzer (magnification: .times.100). The defoaming property of the flotation reject was determined for use as an indicator of foaming troubles in the effluent disposal step, similar to the Example 1. Table 4 shows the results of the evaluation of the deinking performances of the deinking agents.

TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________ 7 Deinking agent polyfunctional added ester compound alcohol or AO degree of polyfunctional mole esterification solubility No. fatty acid AO no. fatty acid (mol %) parameter__________________________________________________________________________Invention 44 ethylene glycol PO 1 (2) propionic acid 25 9.7Example 45 ethylene glycol PO 1 (2) acetic acid 60 9.2 46 1,2,3-butanetriol EO 1 (3) butyric acid 20 9.8 47 1,2,3-butanetriol EO 1 (3) .alpha.-methylbutyric acid 50 9.2 48 1,2,3-butanetriol EO 1 (3) 2-octenoic acid 70 9.2 49 mannitan PO/EO(4/8) 3 (12) isovaleric acid 15 8.9 50 ethylene glycol EO/PO(2/2) 2 (4) 2-ethylhexanoic acid 20 9.4 51 ethylene glycol PO 1 (2) propionic acid 12 9.9 52 ethylene glycol PO 1 (2) propionic acid 80 9.0 53 1,2,3-butanetriol EO 1 (3) butyric acid 10 10.0 54 1,2,3-butanetriol EO 1 (3) butyric acid 78 9.0Comparative 55 ethylene glycol PO 1 (2) lauric acid 25 9.6Example 56 ethylene glycol PO 13 (26) lauric acid 25 8.5 57 sorbitol EO 2 (12) lauric acid 25 9.1 58 sorbitol EO 2 (12) acetic acid 80 8.6Comparative 59 cellobiose PO 2 (16) 2-ethylhexanoic acid 40 8.6Example 60 stachyose EO 1 (14) lauric acid 25 8.8 61 stachyose EO 1 (14) acetic acid 25 8.6 62 stachyose EO 1 (14) acetic acid 75 8.2 63 stachyose EO 1 (14) acetic acid 15 8.7 64 ethylene glycol EO/PO(2/2) 5 (10) 2-ethylhexanoic acid 20 8.9 65 ethylene glycol EO/PO(2/2) 13 (26) 2-ethylhexanoic acid 20 8.6 66 ethylmalonic acid PO 1 (2) 2-bromocaprylic acid 15 8.8 67 oleyl alcohol (EO).sub.12 (PO).sub.5 68 ammonium oleate 69 sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate__________________________________________________________________________ TABLE 4______________________________________ No. of unliberated Defoaming Whiteness ink spots property No. (%) (.gtoreq. 30 .mu.m) (%)______________________________________Invention 44 88.4 15 20Example 45 89.8 8 15 46 88.2 16 18 47 89.9 10 22 48 89.9 9 18 49 88.1 18 25 50 89.9 8 22 51 87.8 21 29 52 86.9 24 35 53 86.3 24 41 54 86.4 20 40Comparative 55 86.9 39 52Example 56 86.2 31 95 57 86.3 30 86 58 86.3 32 84Comparative 59 86.2 32 72Example 60 86.3 30 88 61 86.1 32 85 62 86.0 36 82 63 86.2 32 90 64 86.8 29 85 65 86.8 29 92 66 86.9 29 50 67 86.4 32 53 68 85.4 44 40 69 85.5 46 95______________________________________

Example 4

In this Example, a deinking agent was added in portions in the pulping step and in the kneading step.

Waste PPC papers (100%), printed with 3.2 g/m.sup.2 of a printing ink comprising a styrene/acrylic binder, were cut into pieces (2.times.5 cm). A given amount thereof was fed into a bench disintegrator. Then water, 0.3 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of caustic soda and a given amount of each deinking agent listed in Table 5 were added thereto. After disintegrating at a pulp concentration of 5 wt. % at 45.degree. C. for 20 minutes, the mixture was aged at 45.degree. C. for 60 minutes. Next, the mixture was dehydrated on a high-speed dehydrator until the pulp concentration reached 22 wt. % and then 0.2 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of caustic soda, 1.0 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of sodium silicate No. 3, 1.0 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of 30 wt. % hydrogen peroxide and a given amount of each deinking agent listed in Table 5 were added thereto. Then the mixture was kneaded on a twin-screw laboratory kneader at 200 rpm. After diluting with water so as to give a pulp concentration of 4 wt. %, it was disintegrated again on the bench disintegrator for 30 seconds. The obtained slurry was diluted with water so as to give a pulp concentration of 1 wt. % and subjected to flotation at 30.degree. C. for 10 minutes. Subsequently, it was concentrated on an 80-mesh wire gauze until the pulp concentration reached 10 wt. % and diluted with water so as to give a concentration of 1 wt. %. Then it was treated on a TAPPI standard sheet machine to thereby give a pulp sheet.

The whiteness of the obtained pulp sheet was measured with a color difference meter and the unliberated ink spots having a particle size of 30 .mu.m or more were counted with an image analyzer (magnification: .times.100). The defoaming property of the flotation reject was determined for use as an indicator of foaming troubles in effluent disposal step, similar to the Example 1. Table 6 shows the results of the evaluation of the deinking performances of the deinking agents.

TABLE 5__________________________________________________________________________ Deinking agent Added deinking ester compound agent (based on waste polyfunctional degree of PPC papers; % by weight) alcohol or added esterifi- pulping kneading weight polyfunctional AO cation solubility step step ratio No. fatty aci AO mole no. fatty acid (mol %) parameter (I) (II) I/II__________________________________________________________________________Invention 70 2-hydroxy- PO 1 (2) -- -- 9.6 0.02 0.18 10/90Example valeric acid 71 glycerol EO/PO(3/3) 2 (6) -- -- 9.4 0.2 0.2 50/50 72 ethylmalonic PO 1 (2) -- -- 9.4 0.18 0.02 90/10 acid 73 ethylene glycol PO 1.5 (3) 2-ethylhexanoic 20 9.4 0.15 0.10 60/40 acid 74 sorbitol EO/PO(6/3) 1.5 (9) propionic acid 60 8.9 0.03 0.17 15/85Comparative 75 glycerol EO/PO(10/5) 5 (15) -- -- 8.9 0.2 0.2 50/50Example 76 sorbitol EO/PO(20/10) 5 (30) acetic acid 25 8.7 0.03 0.17 15/85__________________________________________________________________________ TABLE 6______________________________________ No. of unliberated Defoaming Whiteness ink spots property No. (%) (.gtoreq. 30 .mu.m) (%)______________________________________Invention 70 90.2 6 20Example 71 91.2 4 12 72 90.3 6 15 73 90.5 5 20 74 90.2 6 28Comparative 75 86.0 28 75Example 76 85.8 32 80______________________________________

As described above, the deinking agents according to the present invention, i.e., the deinking compositions of the present invention In the above-described cases, each of which is a reaction product mixture which is obtained by adding 1 to 4 mol per functional group of an alkylene oxide to a polyfunctional alcohol or a polyfunctional fatty acid having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, provided that the total addition mole number of the alkylene oxide does not exceed 22 mol, and has a solubility parameter of from 8.9 to 10.2, exert excellent effects, including elevating the whiteness, reducing the number of unliberated large ink spots and improving the defoaming property of the flotation reject, when they are used in deinking waste OA papers or blends containing waste OA papers.

Further, the deinking agents according to the present invention, i.e., the deinking compositions of the present invention in the above-described cases, each of which is a partial ester mixtures which is obtained by partially esterifying the aforesaid reaction product mixture with a fatty acid having 2 to 8 carbon atoms and has a solubility parameter of from 8.9 to 9.8, can exert similar effects to those described above, when they are used in deinking waste OA papers or blends containing waste OA papers.

Furthermore, a deinked pulp having more excellent qualities can be obtained by adding the deinking agent according to the present invention in portions, i.e., in the pulping step and in any of the subsequent steps.

Production Example 5

774.8 g of 2-ethylhexyl alcohol and 1.6 g of 100% KOH were fed into a 1.5-l autoclave and heated to 150.degree. C. under stirring at approximately 600 rpm. Then, 251.9 g of ethylene oxide was added to the obtained mixture and reacted with 2-ethylhexyl alcohol at a temperature of from 150.degree. to 160.degree. C. under a pressure of from 1 to 3 kg/cm.sup.2 (gauge). After the completion of the addition reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to 80.degree. C. and the pH value thereof was adjusted to 6 with acetic acid. The yield of the obtained reaction product (used as a deinking agent in invention example No. 77 given in Table 7) was 99%.

Production Example 6

262.9 g of propionic acid and 6.0 g of 100% KOH were fed into a 1.5-l autoclave and heated to 150.degree. C. under stirring at approximately 600 rpm. Then, 724.8 g of an ethylene oxide/propylene oxide mixture (molar ratio: 50/50) was added to the obtained mixture and reacted with propionic acid at a temperature of from 150.degree. to 160.degree. C. under a pressure of from 1 to 8 kg/cm.sup.2 (gauge). After the completion of the addition reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to 80.degree. C. and the pH value thereof was adjusted to 6 with acetic acid. The yield of the obtained reaction product (used as a deinking agent in invention example No. 92 given in Table 8) was 99%.

Production Example 7

194.2 g of propyl alcohol and 3.6 g of 100% KOH were fed into a 1.5-l autoclave and heated to 150.degree. C. under stirring at approximately 600 rpm. Then, 426.9 g of ethylene oxide was added to the obtained mixture and reacted with propyl alcohol at a temperature of from 150.degree. to 160.degree. C. under a pressure of from 1 to 3 kg/cm.sup.2 (gauge). After the completion of the reaction, 375.3 g of propylene oxide was added to the obtained mixture and reacted at a temperature of from 120.degree. to 130.degree. C. under a pressure of from 1 to 3 kg/cm.sup.2. Then, the reaction mixture was cooled to 80.degree. C., the pH value thereof was adjusted to 6 with acetic acid. The yield of the obtained reaction product (used as a deinking agent in invention example No. 106 given in Table 9) was 99%.

Production Example 8

239.5 g of butyric acid and 4.6 g of 100% NaOH were fed into a 1.5-l autoclave and heated to 150.degree. C. under stirring at approximately 600 rpm. Then, 560.0 g of an ethylene oxide/propylene oxide/butylene oxide mixture (molar ratio: 40/40/20) was added to the obtained mixture and reacted with butyric acid at a temperature of from 150.degree. to 160.degree. C. under a pressure of from 1 to 3 kg/cm.sup.2 (gauge). After the completion of the addition reaction, the reaction mixture was cooled to 80.degree. C. and the pH value thereof was adjusted to 6 with acetic acid. The yield of the obtained reaction product (used as a deinking agent in invention example No. 114 given in Table 10) was 99%.

Example 5

In this Example, a deinking agent was added at once in the pulping step.

Waste PPC papers (100%), printed with 2.4 g/m.sup.2 of a printing ink comprising a styrene/acrylic binder, were cut into pieces (2.times.5 cm). A given amount thereof was fed into a bench disintegrator. Then, water, 0.5 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of caustic soda, 1.0 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of sodium silicate No. 3, 1.0 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of 80 wt. % hydrogen peroxide and 0.2 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of each deinking agent listed in Table 7 were added thereto. After disintegrating at a pulp concentration of 5 wt. % at 45.degree. C. for 20 minutes, the mixture was aged at 45.degree. C. for 60 minutes. Next, the mixture was dehydrated on a high-speed dehydrator until the pulp concentration reached 22 wt. % and then kneaded on a twin-screw laboratory kneader at 200 rpm. After diluting with water so as to give a pulp concentration of 4 wt. %, it was disintegrated again on the bench disintegrator for 30 seconds. The obtained slurry was concentrated on an 80-mesh wire gauze until the pulp concentration reached 10 wt. % and diluted with water so as to give a pulp concentration of 1 wt. %. Subsequently, it was treated on a TAPPI standard sheet machine to thereby give a pulp sheet.

The whiteness of the obtained pulp sheet was measured with a color difference meter and the unliberated ink spots having a particle size of 30 .mu.m or more were counted with an image analyzer (magnification: .times.100). The defoaming property of the flotation reject was determined for use as an indicator of foaming troubles In effluent disposal step, similar to the Example 1.

Table 7 shows the results of the evaluation of the deinking performances of the deinking agents.

TABLE 7__________________________________________________________________________ Deinking agent RO(AO).sub.m H No. of average unliberated Defoaming C number solubility Whiteness ink spots property No. R in R AO m parameter (%) (.gtoreq.30 (%).m)__________________________________________________________________________Invention Example 77 ##STR2## 8 EO 1 10.2 88.8 12 26 78 ##STR3## 8 EO 6 9.3 88.1 15 24 79 CH.sub.3 1 EO 1 11.7 88.2 16 23 80 CH.sub.3 1 EO 6 9.4 88.3 15 23 81 ##STR4## 3 PO 1 10.4 89.0 12 25 82 ##STR5## 2 EO/PO (1/1) 2 9.7 88.7 14 27 83 ##STR6## 2 EO/PO (1/1) 5 9.1 88.0 18 26Invention Example 84 ##STR7## 7 PO/BO (1/1) 2 9.4 88.0 19 43Comparative Example 85 ##STR8## 8 EO 0.4 10.5 86.5 32 40 86 ##STR9## 8 EO 7 9.2 86.3 30 64 87 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.8 9 EO 1 10.3 86.4 31 74 88 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.8 9 EO 6 9.4 86.5 32 82 89 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.8 9 EO 7 9.3 86.3 35 86 90 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.3 O(EO).sub.2 (CH.sub.2).sub.3 CH.sub.3 9.6 86.2 30 76 91 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.5 O(EO).sub.2 CH.sub.3 9.6 86.5 26 74__________________________________________________________________________

Example 6

In this Example, a deinking agent was added in portions in the pulping step and in the kneading step.

Waste PPC papers (100%), printed with 2.4 g/m.sup.2 of a printing ink comprising a styrene/acrylic binder, were cut into pieces (2.times.5 cm). A given amount thereof was fed into a bench disintegrator. Then, water, 0.3 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of caustic soda and 0.1 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of each deinking agent listed in Table 8 were added thereto. After disintegrating at a pulp concentration of 5 wt. % at 45.degree. C. for 20 minutes, the mixture was aged at 45.degree. C. for 60 minutes. Next, the mixture was dehydrated on a high-speed dehydrator until the pulp concentration reached 22 wt. % and then 0.2 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of caustic soda, 1.0 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of sodium silicate No. 3, 1.0 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of 30 wt. % hydrogen peroxide and 0.1 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of each deinking agent listed in the Table 8 were added thereto, followed by kneading on a twin-screw laboratory kneader at 200 rpm. After diluting with water so as to give a pulp concentration of 4 wt. %, it was disintegrated again on the bench disintegrator for 30 seconds. The obtained slurry was diluted with water to give a pulp concentration of 1 wt. %, and then subjected to flotation at 30.degree. C. for 10 minutes. Next, the pulp slurry was concentrated on an 80-mesh wire gauze until the pulp concentration reached 10 wt. % and diluted with water so as to give the pulp concentration of 1 wt. %. Subsequently, it was treated on a TAPPI standard sheet machine to thereby give a pulp sheet.

The whiteness of the obtained pulp sheet was measured with a color difference meter and the unliberated ink spots having a particle size of 30 .mu.m or more were counted with an image analyzer (magnification: .times.100). The defoaming property of the flotation reject was determined, by method of the Example 1, for use as an indicator of foaming troubles in the effluent disposal step. Table 8 shows the deinking performances of various deinking agents.

TABLE 8 - Deinking agent RO(AO).sub.m H No. of unliberated average C solubility Whiteness ink spots Defoaming property No. R number in R AO m parameter (%) (.gtoreq.30 .mu.m) (%) Invention Example 92 ##STR10## 3 EO/PO(2/2) 4 9.2 89.0 10 22 93 ##STR11## 3 EO/PO(2/2) 1 10.1 90.3 8 24 94 ##STR12## 3 EO/PO(2/2) 6 9.0 89.0 10 24 95 ##STR13## 3 PO 1 10.4 90.2 7 21 96 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 CHCHCH.sub.2 6 PO 1 10.3 90.1 8 28 97 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 CHCHCH.sub.2 6 EO/BO 2 9.7 89.4 9 22 (1/1) 98 CH.sub.2 CH(CH.sub.2).sub.5 7 EO/PO 6 9.1 89.0 10 25 (3/3) C omparativeExample 99 ##STR14## 3 EO/PO(4/4) 8 8.9 86.2 25 45 100 ##STR15## 3 PO 0.5 10.1 86.4 28 45 101 ##STR16## 9 EO/PO(2/2) 4 9.3 86.3 24 72 102 ##STR17## 18 EO/PO(2/2) 4 9.3 86.4 25 87 103 ##STR18## 18 EO/PO(20/20) 40 8.6 86.5 24 88 104 ##STR19## 86.8 26 86 105 xylene 86.2 29 5

Example 7

In this Example, a deinking agent was added at once in the pulping step.

Waste CPO papers (100%), printed with 3.0 g/m.sup.2 of a printing ink comprising a polyester binder, were cut into pieces (2.times.5 cm). A given amount thereof was fed into a bench disintegrator. Then, water, 1.0 wt. % (based on waste CPO papers) of caustic soda, 1.0 wt. % (based on waste CPO papers) of sodium silicate No. 3, 1.5 wt. % (based on waste CPO papers) of 80 wt. % hydrogen peroxide and 0.2 wt. % (based on waste CPO papers) of each deinking agent listed in Table 9 were added thereto. After disintegrating at a pulp concentration of 15 wt. % at 45.degree. C. for 20 minutes, the mixture was aged at 55.degree. C. for 120 minutes. Next, the mixture was dehydrated on a high-speed dehydrator until the pulp concentration reached 22 wt. % and then dispersed on a laboratory disperser at 300 rpm. After diluting with water so as to give a pulp concentration of 4 wt. %, it was disintegrated again on the bench disintegrator for 30 seconds. The obtained slurry was diluted with water to give a pulp concentration of 1 wt. % and subjected to flotation at 80.degree. C. for 10 minutes. Then, the slurry was concentrated on an 80-mesh wire gauze until the pulp concentration reached 10 wt. % and diluted with water so as to give the pulp concentration of 1 wt. %. Subsequently, it was treated on a TAPPI standard sheet machine to thereby give a pulp sheet.

The whiteness of the obtained pulp sheet was measured with a color difference meter and the unliberated ink spots having a particle size of 30 .mu.m or more were counted with an image analyzer (magnification: .times.100). The defoaming property of the flotation reject was determined, using the same method as in Example 1, for use as an indicator of foaming troubles in the effluent disposal step. Table 9 shows the deinking performances of various deinking agents.

TABLE 9__________________________________________________________________________ 9 Deinking agent RO(AO).sub.m H average No. of C unliberated Defoaming number solubility Whiteness ink spots property No. R in R AO m parameter (%) (.gtoreq. 30 (%).m)__________________________________________________________________________Invention 106 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 -- 3 EO/PO 5 9.3 87.4 15 29 (3/2)Example 107 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 --/CH.sub.3 -- 2 PO 1 10.1 88.3 16 24 (50/50) 108 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 -- 3 EO/PO 6 9.1 88.1 14 25 (2/4)Comparative 109 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.17 --/CH.sub.3 -- 7.2 PO 0.9 10.2 86.2 30 45Example (40/60) 110 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.17 --/CH.sub.3 -- 7.2 PO 12 8.7 87.0 32 85 (40/60) 111 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.17 --/CH.sub.3 -- 7.2 EO/PO 30 8.7 86.5 31 88 (40/60) (20/10) 112 ammonium oleate 85.4 44 40 113 sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate 85.5 46 95__________________________________________________________________________

Example 8

In this Example, a deinking agent was added in portions in the pulping step and in the dispersing step.

Waste CPO papers (100%), printed with 3.0 g/m.sup.2 of a printing ink comprising a polyester binder, were cut into pieces (2.times.5 cm). A given amount thereof was fed into a bench disintegrator. Then, water, 0.3 wt. % (based on waste CPO papers) of caustic soda and 0.1 wt. % (based on waste CPO papers) of each deinking agent listed in Table 10 were added thereto. After disintegrating at a pulp concentration of 15 wt. % at 45.degree. C. for 20 minutes, the mixture was aged at 55.degree. C. for 120 minutes. Next, the mixture was dehydrated on a high-speed dehydrator until the pulp concentration reached 22 wt. %, and then 0.7 wt. % (based on waste CPO papers) of caustic soda, 1.0 wt. % (based on waste CPO papers) of sodium silicate No. 3, 1.5 wt. % (based on waste CPO papers) of 30 wt. % hydrogen peroxide and 0.1 wt. % (based on waste CPO papers) of each deinking agent listed in the Table 10 were added thereto, followed by dispersing on a laboratory disperser at 300 rpm. After diluting with water so as to give a pulp concentration of 4 wt. %, it was disintegrated again on the bench disintegrator for 30 seconds. The obtained slurry was diluted with water to give a pulp concentration of 1 wt. % and then subjected to flotation at 30.degree. C. for 10 minutes. Next, the pulp slurry was concentrated on an 80-mesh wire gauze until the pulp concentration reached 10 wt. % and diluted with water so as to give the pulp concentration of 1 wt. %. Subsequently, it was treated on a TAPPI standard sheet machine to thereby give a pulp sheet.

The whiteness of the obtained pulp sheet was measured with a color difference meter and the unliberated ink spots having a particle size of 30 .mu.m or more were counted with an image analyzer (magnification: .times.100). The defoaming property of the flotation reject was determined, as in Example 1, for use as an indicator of foaming troubles in the effluent disposal step. Table 10 shows the deinking performances of various deinking agents.

TABLE 10__________________________________________________________________________ Deinking agent RO(AO).sub.m H No. of average unliberated Defoaming C number solubility Whiteness ink spots property No. R in R AO m parameter (%) (.gtoreq.30 (%).m)__________________________________________________________________________Invention Example 114 ##STR20## 4 EO/PO/BO (2/2/1) 5 9.0 89.3 9 24 115 ##STR21## 4 EO/PO (2/3) 5 9.1 89.4 9 25 116 ##STR22## 4 EO 5 9.3 89.3 8 25 117 ##STR23## 4 PO 5 9.0 89.2 9 22 118 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 3 EO/PO 6 9.1 90.5 7 18 (2/4) 119 CH.sub.2 CH(CH.sub.2).sub.5 7 PO 5 9.4 89.1 9 20 120 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 2 PO 1 10.8 90.6 5 15Invention 121 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.4 5 PO 1 10.4 90.7 4 17Example 122 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 2 BO 1 10.3 90.6 4 18 123 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.4 5 BO 1 10.0 90.6 4 15Comparative Example 124 ##STR24## 4 BO 5 8.6 86.9 34 65 125 ##STR25## 4 EO/PO/BO (4/4/2) 10 8.7 87.0 32 65 126 ##STR26## 4 EO 0.6 10.2 86.9 28 74 127 ##STR27## 10 EO/PO/BO (2/2/2) 6 8.9 87.2 35 72__________________________________________________________________________

Example 9

In this Example, a deinking agent was added in portions in the pulping step and in the kneading step.

Waste PPC papers (100%), printed with 3.2 g/m.sup.2 of a printing ink comprising a styrene/acrylic binder, were cut into pieces (2.times.5 cm). A given amount thereof was fed into a bench disintegrator. Then, water, 0.3 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of caustic soda and a given amount of each deinking agent listed in Table 11 were added thereto. After disintegrating at a pulp concentration of 5 wt. % at 45.degree. C. for 20 minutes, the mixture was aged at 45.degree. C. for 60 minutes. Next, the mixture was dehydrated on a high-speed dehydrator until the pulp concentration reached 22 wt. %, and then 0.2 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of caustic soda, 1.0 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of sodium silicate No. 3, 1.0 wt. % (based on waste PPC papers) of 30 wt. % hydrogen peroxide and a given amount of each deinking agent listed in Table 11 were added thereto, followed by kneading on a twin-screw laboratory kneader at 200 rpm. After diluting with water so as to give a pulp concentration of 4 wt. %, it was disintegrated again on the bench disintegrator for 30 seconds. The obtained slurry was diluted with water to give a pulp concentration of 1 wt. % and then subjected to flotation at 30.degree. C. for 10 minutes. Next, the pulp slurry was concentrated on an 80-mesh wire gauze until the pulp concentration reached 10 wt. % and diluted with water so as to give the pulp concentration of 1 wt. %. Subsequently, it was treated on a TAPPI standard sheet machine to thereby give a pulp sheet.

The whiteness of the obtained pulp sheet was measured with a color difference meter and the unliberated ink spots having a particle size of 30 .mu.m or more were counted with an image analyzer (magnification: .times.100). The defoaming property of the flotation reject was determined, as in Example 1, for use as an indicator of foaming troubles in the effluent disposal step. Table 12 shows the deinking performances of various deinking agents.

TABLE 11__________________________________________________________________________ Deinking agent RO(AO).sub.m H average Addition of deinking agent C (based on waste PPC papers) number solubility pulping kneading I/II No. R in R AO m parameter step (I) step (II) wt. ratio__________________________________________________________________________Invention Example 128 ##STR28## 8 EO 1 10.2 0.1 0.1 50/50 129 ##STR29## 8 EO 1 10.2 0.18 0.02 90/10 130 ##STR30## 8 EO 1 10.2 0.02 0.18 10/90 131 ##STR31## 2 EO/PO (1/1) 2 9.7 0.12 0.08 60/40 132 ##STR32## 2 EO/PO (1/1) 2 9.7 0.17 0.03 85/15 133 ##STR33## 2 EO/PO (1/1) 2 9.7 0.03 0.17 15/85 134 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 3 EO/PO 5 9.3 0.2 0.3 40/60 (3/2) 135 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 3 EO/PO 5 9.3 0.4 0.1 80/20 (3/2) 136 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 3 EO/PO 5 9.3 0.1 0.4 20/80 (3/2)Invention Example 137 ##STR34## 8 EO 1 10.2 0.184 0.016 92/8 138 ##STR35## 8 EO 1 10.2 0.016 0.184 8/92 139 ##STR36## 2 EO/PO (1/1) 2 9.7 0.182 0.018 91/9 140 ##STR37## 2 EO/PO (1/1) 2 9.7 0.018 0.182 9/91 141 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 3 EO/PO 5 9.3 0.186 0.014 93/7 (3/2) 142 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.2 3 EO/PO 5 9.3 0.014 0.186 7/93 (3/2)Comparative Example 143 ##STR38## 18 EO/PO (15/10) 25 8.7 0.1 0.1 50/50 144 CH.sub.3 (CH.sub.2).sub.17 18 EO 8 9.3 0.2 0.3 40/60__________________________________________________________________________ TABLE 12______________________________________ No. of unliberated Defoaming Whiteness ink spots propertyNo. (%) (.gtoreq. 30 .mu.m) (%)______________________________________Invention 128 91.2 3 10Example 129 90.4 5 15 130 90.2 5 15 131 89.8 7 20 132 89.5 8 22 133 89.4 8 24 134 89.8 7 22 135 89.4 8 25 136 89.2 9 24 137 89.0 11 24 138 89.1 10 22 139 89.2 11 18 140 89.2 11 18 141 89.0 12 15 142 88.9 13 17Comp. 143 86.4 25 92Example 144 86.2 27 90______________________________________

As described above, the deinking agents according to the present invention, i.e., the deinking compositions of the present invention in the above-described cases, each of which is an alkylene oxide adduct compound mixture which comprises or essentially consists compounds represented by the general formula (1) and has a solubility parameter of from 9.0 to 11.8, exert excellent effects in elevating the whiteness, reducing the number of unliberated large ink spots and improving the defoaming property of the flotation reject, when they are used in deinking waste OA papers or blends containing waste OA papers.

Further, a deinked pulp having more excellent qualities can be obtained by adding the deinking agent according to the present invention in portions, i.e., in the pulping step and in any of the subsequent steps.

The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and a scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

1. A deinking composition consisting essentially of

an alkylene oxide adduct compound having a solubility parameter of 9.0 to 11.8, said alkylene oxide adduct compound represented by the following general formula (1):

RO(AO).sub.m H (1)

wherein R represents an alkyl group having 6 to 8 carbon atoms;

AO represents an alkylene oxide having 2 to 4 carbon atoms; and

m is a value such that the entire alkylene oxide adduct compound mixture has the average mole number of AO units ranging from 1 to 6;

water; and

pulped waste paper.

2. The composition according to claim 1, wherein said alkylene oxide adduct compound mixture has a solubility parameter of 9.5 to 11.3.

3. The composition according to claim 2, wherein said deinking agent has a solubility parameter of 9.8 to 10.8.

4. The deinking composition according to claim 1, wherein R of formula (1) is 2-ethylhexyl.

5. A deinking composition consisting essentially of

an alkylene oxide adduct compound having a solubility parameter of 9.0 to 11.8, said alkylene oxide adduct compound represented by the following general formula (1):

RO(AO).sub.m H (1)

wherein R represents an aryl group, or alkenyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms;

AO represents an alkylene oxide having 2 to 4 carbon atoms; and

m is a value such that the entire alkylene oxide adduct compound mixture has the average mole number of AO units ranging from 1 to 6;

water; and

pulped waste paper.