Patent Application
20060062920
The present invention relates to the field of physical vapor deposition of particulate material.
An OLED device includes a substrate, an anode, a hole-transporting layer made of an organic compound, an organic luminescent layer with suitable dopants, an organic electron-transporting layer, and a cathode. OLED devices are attractive because of their low driving voltage, high luminance, wide-angle viewing and capability for full-color flat emission displays. Tang et al. described this multilayer OLED device in their U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,769,292 and 4,885,211.
Physical vapor deposition in a vacuum environment is the principal means of depositing thin organic material films as used in small molecule OLED devices. Such methods are well known, for example Barr in U.S. Pat. No. 2,447,789 and Tanabe et al. in EP 0 982 411. The organic materials used in the manufacture of OLED devices are often subject to degradation when maintained at or near the desired rate dependant vaporization temperature for extended periods of time. Exposure of sensitive organic materials to higher temperatures can cause changes in the structure of the molecules and associated changes in material properties.
To overcome the thermal sensitivity of these materials, only small quantities of organic materials have been loaded in sources and they are heated as little as possible. In this manner, the material is consumed before it has reached the temperature exposure threshold to cause significant degradation. The limitations with this practice are that the available vaporization rate is very low due to the limitation on heater temperature, and the operation time of the source is very short due to the small quantity of material present in the source. In the prior art, it has been necessary to vent the deposition chamber, disassemble and clean the vapor source, refill the source, reestablish vacuum in the deposition chamber and degas the just-introduced organic material over several hours before resuming operation. The low deposition rate and the frequent and time consuming process associated with recharging a source has placed substantial limitations on the throughput of OLED manufacturing facilities.
A secondary consequence of heating the entire organic material charge to roughly the same temperature is that it is impractical to mix additional organic materials, such as dopants, with a host material unless the vaporization behavior and vapor pressure of the dopant is very close to that of the host material. This is generally not the case and, as a result, prior art devices frequently require the use of separate sources to co-deposit host and dopant materials.
A consequence of using single component sources is that many sources are required in order to produce films containing a host and multiple dopants. These sources are arrayed one next to the other with the outer sources angled toward the center to approximate a co-deposition condition. In practice, the number of linear sources used to co-deposit different materials has been limited to three. This restriction has imposed a substantial limitation on the architecture of OLED devices, increases the necessary size and cost of the vacuum deposition chamber and decreases the reliability of the system.
Additionally, the use of separate sources creates a gradient effect in the deposited film where the material in the source closest to the advancing substrate is over represented in the initial film immediately adjacent the substrate while the material in the last source is over represented in the final film surface. This gradient co-deposition is unavoidable in prior art methods where a single material is vaporized from each of multiple sources. The gradient in the deposited film is especially evident when the contribution of either of the end sources is more than a few percent of the central source, such as when a co-host is used.
A further limitation of prior art sources is that the geometry of the vapor manifold changes as the organic material charge is consumed. This change requires that the heater temperature change to maintain a constant vaporization rate and it is observed that the overall plume shape of the vapor exiting the orifices can change as a function of the organic material thickness and distribution in the source, particularly when the conductance to vapor flow in the source with a full charge of material is low enough to sustain pressure gradients from non-uniform vaporization within the source. In this case, as the material charge is consumed, the conductance increases and the pressure distribution and hence overall plume shape improve.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an effective way of transferring particulate material from a container to a vaporization zone.
This object is achieved by a method for vaporizing particulate materials and condensing them onto a surface to form a layer, comprising:
It is an advantage of the present invention that the continuous heating of material during operation of prior art devices is eliminated in that only a small portion of particulate material is heated, for a short period of time and at a controlled rate. The bulk of particulate material is maintained at a temperature that can be as much as 300° C. cooler than the desired rate-dependent vaporization temperature. This can be particularly advantageous when vaporizing organic materials.
It is a further advantage of the present invention that it can maintain a steady vaporization rate with a continuously replenished charge of particulate material and with a steady heater temperature. The device thus allows extended operation of the source with substantially reduced risk of degrading even highly temperature-sensitive organic materials.
It is a further advantage of the present invention that it permits materials having different vaporization rates and degradation temperature thresholds to be co-sublimated in the same source.
It is a further advantage of the present invention that it permits linear vaporization rate control by controlling the volumetric metering rate or controlling the feed pressure of the compacted particulate material.
It is a further advantage of the present invention that it can rapidly stop and reinitiate vaporization and achieve a steady vaporization rate quickly by controlling the metering rate of the particulate material, minimizing contamination of the deposition chamber walls and conserving the particulate materials when a substrate is not being coated.
It is a further advantage that the present device achieves substantially higher vaporization rates than in prior art devices with substantially reduced material degradation. Further still, no heater temperature change is required as the source material is consumed.
It is a further advantage of the present invention that it can provide a vapor source in any orientation, which is frequently not possible with prior-art devices.
It is a further advantage of some embodiments of this invention that it can remove adsorbed gases from the particulate material through the use of heat and vacuum as a much smaller quantity of material is conveyed through the device.
a is a cross-sectional view showing one embodiment of an auger structure useful in this invention;
b is a cross-sectional view of the terminal end of the auger structure in
c is a relief view showing another embodiment of an auger structure useful in this invention;
d is a cross-sectional view showing another embodiment of an auger structure useful in this invention;
Turning now to
Turning now to
The addition of optional second container 70 to hold additional organic particulate material 100 provides several additional advantages. A large quantity of organic particulate material 100 can be charged in the apparatus, allowing continuous operation of the device for extended periods of time. By sensing the quantity of organic particulate material 160 in first container 50, e.g. by measuring the height of the column of organic particulate material 160, one can selectively meter the amount of organic particulate material 100 transferred from second container 70 to first container 50 and provide a substantially constant volume of organic particulate material 160 in first container 50, e.g. ±5 cm3. In practice, 10 cm3 of organic particulate material 160 is loaded in first container 50. Some embodiments described herein have great process latitude with respect to reliable organic particulate material 160 feeding over a wide range of material height in the container and can be run nearly to exhaustion without failing to feed additional organic particulate material 160. However, it is believed that multi-component mixing homogeneity is fostered if an optimum material height is established and maintained in first container 50 to within ±10%. This minimizes variations in the feeding rate of organic particulate material 160 to feeding path 60. Also, second container 70 can be arranged to be refillable without affecting the operation of first container 50, allowing the device to be continuously operated for even longer periods of time. Organic particulate material 100 is maintained in second container 70 by e.g. screens 110 and 120, whose mesh size is chosen to prevent the free flow of powdered material. Screens 110 and 120 can also be the mechanism for providing measured quantities of organic particulate material 100 to move from second container 70 to first container 50. Screens 110 and 120 may be contacted by agitating devices (not shown) that can be actuated to cause a quantity of organic particulate material 100 to pass through the screen mesh. Such devices include those to vibrate the screen, or a movable arm immediately above or below the screen to allow selective agitation of screens 110 and 120. A commercial flour sifter is one such device well adapted for use in this application. In these sifters, three screens are used and the top surface of each screen is contacted by rotatable arms that extend radially from the center of the sifter. The arms have a V shaped cross section so as to force the powdered organic particulate material 100 into a converging space between the arm and the screen as the arm rotates to thereby force a controlled volume of powdered organic particulate material 100 through the screen. A sensing system based on the height of organic particulate material 160 in first container 50 (or on an integrated signal derived from the deposition rate and time of operation) can serve to actuate the devices agitating screens 110 and 120 so as to maintain a nearly constant volume of powdered organic particulate material 160 in first container 50. Agitating devices such as piezoelectric structures 140 prevent the buildup of organic particulate material 100 in the feed path to first container 50. Piezoelectric structures can be vibrated with multiple frequencies, e.g. a siren effect, to prevent the buildup of organic particulate material 100 at vibrational nodes.
For proper operation of feeding apparatus 40, it is important to maintain a uniform feed rate of organic particulate material 160. Organic particulate material 160 is generally provided in a powdered form. One important strategy for providing a free flow of organic particulate material 160 is to prevent bridging, a characteristic behavior of particulate materials such as powders that can occur when the powder particles self-assemble into a load-bearing structure about an opening or aperture and thereby obstruct the flow of powder through the opening. Bridging effects can occur, for example, when the dimensions of an aperture are too small to overcome a tendency of a particulate material to resist flow. Factors that may cause bridging can include particulate size relative to the aperture dimensions, humidity, electrostatic attraction between particles, vacuum levels, and friction. To alleviate this problem, the dimensions of an opening 230 at the interface of first container 50 and feeding path 60, as shown in
Where the opening 230 must be narrow, feed rate uniformity can be assured when the organic particulate material 160 in proximity to the infeed portion of the screw auger is maintained in a fluidized state by an agitating device. This can be accomplished by slowly agitating organic particulate material 160 immediately above the auger screw or by inducing vibration, e.g. by piezoelectric structure 130, into organic particulate material 160 that is tuned to induce liquid-like behavior of the powdered organic particulate material 160 but is not so energetic as to cause gas-like behavior.
Turning now to
Additionally, base 180 can be included. Base 180 is a heat-dissipating structure to prevent much of the heat from heating element 170 from traversing the length of feeding path 60, and thus keeps the bulk of the organic particulate material 160 significantly cooler than the conditions it experiences in the vaporization zone immediately adjacent to heating element 170. Means of heat dissipation for base 180 have been described by Long et al. in commonly-assigned, above-cited U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/784,585. A steep thermal gradient thereby created protects all but the immediately vaporizing material from the high temperatures. The vaporized organic vapors rapidly pass through heating element 170 and can enter into the heated manifold 20. The residence time of organic particulate material 160 at the desired vaporization temperature is very short and, as a result, thermal degradation is greatly reduced. The residence time of the organic particulate material 160 at elevated temperature, that is, at the rate-dependent vaporization temperature, is orders of magnitude less than with prior art devices and methods (seconds vs. hours or days in the prior art), which permits heating organic particulate material 160 to higher temperatures than in the prior art. Thus, the current device and method can achieve substantially higher vaporization rates, without causing appreciable degradation of the components of organic particulate material 160.
The organic particulate material 160 can include a single component, or can include two or more different organic material components, each one having a different vaporization temperature. The vaporization temperature can be determined by various means. For example,
Pressure develops in manifold 20 as vaporization proceeds, and streams of vapor exit manifold 20 through the series of apertures 30 shown in
Because heating element 170 can be a fine mesh screen that prevents powder or compacted material from passing freely through it, the manifold can be used in any orientation. For example, manifold 20 of
Turning now to
The inventors have found that auger dimensions have an affect on maintaining a uniform flow rate. Similar to the bridging effects noted above with respect to the size of opening 230, proper auger sizing and screw thread pitch is best determined empirically, considering worst-case conditions for the particular composition of organic particulate material 160.
The inventors have also found that the angle of auger screw threads can be optimized to facilitate free flow of organic particulate material 160 along feeding path 60. While optimal screw thread angle may vary somewhat depending on the particular component materials of powdered organic particulate material 160, it has been determined that screw thread angles ranging from not less than about 4 degrees to no more than about 15 degrees relative to the rotational axis of auger structure 80 provide optimal flow conditions for the organic materials 160 that are conventionally used.
Various materials and surface treatments of the auger shaft have been found to facilitate auger operation, allowing increased feed rates. While stainless steel may provide acceptable performance, additional benefit may be obtained by surface treatments such as electropolishing or by coatings, such as a coating of titanium nitride.
While continuous auger rotation at a sustained rate may provide an acceptable level of performance, added benefits may be obtained by pulsing the auger, providing rotation of the auger shaft in a repeated incremental fashion. A pulsing action reduces the tendency for powdered organic particulate material 160 to rotate with the auger screw by reducing the effective coefficient of friction between the auger screw and the particulate material. The powder feeding efficiency of auger structure 80 is thereby improved. Pulsing behavior may also be advantageous where it becomes useful to vary the feed rate over an interval, for example.
In the horizontal orientation, the organic particulate material 160 travels along the bottom of auger screw 85 in a tumbling and dispersed form. At the terminal end of auger screw 85, a powder pressure of 1 Mpa can be developed that increases the bulk density of the organic particulate material 160 to the point where it serves as a vapor seal, preventing vaporized material in the manifold having a pressure greater than the ambient vacuum level from flowing back along the auger screw to its source at first container 50. As shown in
Thermal modeling of a powder dispensing system having this annular configuration where the heating element is spaced 130 μm from the end of the auger structure 80 indicates that an average axial thermal gradient of 0.5° C./μm can be achieved through the organic particulate material 160 spanning the heating element 170 and the terminal end of the auger structure 80 when the temperature differential between the two is 270° C. There can therefore be a 100° C. temperature drop through the first 200 μm of consolidated powdered organic particulate material 160. This gradient prevents the usual leaching of more volatile constituents from bulk volumes of mixed-component organic materials and enables a single source to co-deposit multiple component organic materials.
This large gradient is further instrumental in maintaining the organic particulate material 160 in a consolidated powder form at the exit of the auger tube even when component organic materials that liquefy before vaporizing are employed.
The auger structure 80 shown in
Turning now to
The above embodiments of this invention, based primarily on vaporization apparatus 10 of
Turning now to
In practice, the apparatus described herein is operated as follows. A powdered organic particulate material 160, which is useful in forming a layer on an OLED device, is provided into second container 70. The organic particulate material 160 is transferred in a controlled manner to first container 50 in such a way as to maintain a substantially constant volume of powdered organic particulate material 160 in first container 50. The powdered organic particulate material 160 is fluidized by means described herein and thereby transferred to an auger structure 80, which transfers the powdered organic particulate material 160 to a vaporization zone as described herein. The organic particulate material 160 is vaporized in the vaporization zone into a manifold 20, which delivers the vaporized organic material to the surface of an OLED substrate to form a layer, as will be described below.
As has been noted hereinabove, vacuum levels may tend to complicate the problem of metering out uniform amounts of finely powdered organic materials 160. Referring back to
Turning now to
In practice, an OLED substrate 285 is placed in deposition chamber 280 via load lock 275 and held by translational apparatus 295 or associated apparatus. The vaporization apparatus is operated as described above, and translational apparatus 295 moves OLED substrate 285 perpendicular to the direction of emission of organic material vapors from manifold 20, thus delivering vaporized organic material to the surface of OLED substrate 285 to condense and form a layer of organic material on the surface.
Turning now to
Substrate 320 can be an organic solid, an inorganic solid, or a combination of organic and inorganic solids. Substrate 320 can be rigid or flexible and can be processed as separate individual pieces, such as sheets or wafers, or as a continuous roll. Typical substrate materials include glass, plastic, metal, ceramic, semiconductor, metal oxide, semiconductor oxide, semiconductor nitride, or combinations thereof. Substrate 320 can be a homogeneous mixture of materials, a composite of materials, or multiple layers of materials. Substrate 320 can be an OLED substrate, that is a substrate commonly used for preparing OLED devices, e.g. active-matrix low-temperature polysilicon or amorphous-silicon TFT substrate. The substrate 320 can either be light transmissive or opaque, depending on the intended direction of light emission. The light transmissive property is desirable for viewing the EL emission through the substrate. Transparent glass or plastic are commonly employed in such cases. For applications where the EL emission is viewed through the top electrode, the transmissive characteristic of the bottom support is immaterial, and therefore can be light transmissive, light absorbing or light reflective. Substrates for use in this case include, but are not limited to, glass, plastic, semiconductor materials, ceramics, and circuit board materials, or any others commonly used in the formation of OLED devices, which can be either passive-matrix devices or active-matrix devices.
An electrode is formed over substrate 320 and is most commonly configured as an anode 330. When EL emission is viewed through the substrate 320, anode 330 should be transparent or substantially transparent to the emission of interest. Common transparent anode materials useful in this invention are indium-tin oxide and tin oxide, but other metal oxides can work including, but not limited to, aluminum- or indium-doped zinc oxide, magnesium-indium oxide, and nickel-tungsten oxide. In addition to these oxides, metal nitrides such as gallium nitride, metal selenides such as zinc selenide, and metal sulfides such as zinc sulfide, can be used as an anode material. For applications where EL emission is viewed through the top electrode, the transmissive characteristics of the anode material are immaterial and any conductive material can be used, transparent, opaque or reflective. Example conductors for this application include, but are not limited to, gold, iridium, molybdenum, palladium, and platinum. The preferred anode materials, transmissive or otherwise, have a work function of 4.1 eV or greater. Desired anode materials can be deposited by any suitable means such as evaporation, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, or electrochemical means. Anode materials can be patterned using well known photolithographic processes.
While not always necessary, it is often useful that a hole-injecting layer 335 be formed over anode 330 in an organic light-emitting display. The hole-injecting material can serve to improve the film formation property of subsequent organic layers and to facilitate injection of holes into the hole-transporting layer. Suitable materials for use in hole-injecting layer 335 include, but are not limited to, porphyrinic compounds as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,720,432, plasma-deposited fluorocarbon polymers as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,208,075, and inorganic oxides including vanadium oxide (VOx), molybdenum oxide (MoOx), nickel oxide (NiOx), etc. Alternative hole-injecting materials reportedly useful in organic EL devices are described in EP 0 891 121 A1 and EP 1 029 909 A1.
While not always necessary, it is often useful that a hole-transporting layer 340 be formed and disposed over anode 330. Desired hole-transporting materials can be deposited by any suitable means such as evaporation, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, electrochemical means, thermal transfer, or laser thermal transfer from a donor material, and can be deposited by the device and method described herein. Hole-transporting materials useful in hole-transporting layer 340 are well known to include compounds such as an aromatic tertiary amine, where the latter is understood to be a compound containing at least one trivalent nitrogen atom that is bonded only to carbon atoms, at least one of which is a member of an aromatic ring. In one form the aromatic tertiary amine can be an arylamine, such as a monoarylamine, diarylamine, triarylamine, or a polymeric arylamine. Exemplary monomeric triarylamines are illustrated by Klupfel et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 3,180,730. Other suitable triarylamines substituted with one or more vinyl radicals and/or comprising at least one active hydrogen-containing group are disclosed by Brantley et al. in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,567,450 and 3,658,520.
A more preferred class of aromatic tertiary amines are those which include at least two aromatic tertiary amine moieties as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,720,432 and 5,061,569. Such compounds include those represented by structural Formula A.
wherein:
In one embodiment, at least one of Q1 or Q2 contains a polycyclic fused ring structure, e.g., a naphthalene. When G is an aryl group, it is conveniently a phenylene, biphenylene, or naphthalene moiety.
A useful class of triarylamines satisfying structural Formula A and containing two triarylamine moieties is represented by structural Formula B.
where:
Another class of aromatic tertiary amines are the tetraaryldiamines. Desirable tetraaryldiamines include two diarylamino groups, such as indicated by Formula C, linked through an arylene group. Useful tetraaryldiamines include those represented by Formula D.
wherein:
In a typical embodiment, at least one of Ar, R7, R8, and R9 is a polycyclic fused ring structure, e.g., a naphthalene.
The various alkyl, alkylene, aryl, and arylene moieties of the foregoing structural Formulae A, B, C, D, can each in turn be substituted. Typical substituents include alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, aryl groups, aryloxy groups, and halogens such as fluoride, chloride, and bromide. The various alkyl and alkylene moieties typically contain from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. The cycloalkyl moieties can contain from 3 to about 10 carbon atoms, but typically contain five, six, or seven carbon atoms—e.g., cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cycloheptyl ring structures. The aryl and arylene moieties are usually phenyl and phenylene moieties.
The hole-transporting layer in an OLED device can be formed of a single or a mixture of aromatic tertiary amine compounds. Specifically, one can employ a triarylamine, such as a triarylamine satisfying the Formula B, in combination with a tetraaryldiamine, such as indicated by Formula D. When a triarylamine is employed in combination with a tetraaryldiamine, the latter is positioned as a layer interposed between the triarylamine and the electron-injecting and transporting layer. The device and method described herein can be used to deposit single- or multi-component layers, and can be used to squentially deposit multiple layers.
Another class of useful hole-transporting materials includes polycyclic aromatic compounds as described in EP 1 009 041. In addition, polymeric hole-transporting materials can be used such as poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK), polythiophenes, polypyrrole, polyaniline, and copolymers such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) also called PEDOT/PSS.
Light-emitting layer 350 produces light in response to hole-electron recombination. Light-emitting layer 350 is commonly disposed over hole-transporting layer 340. Desired organic light-emitting materials can be deposited by any suitable means such as evaporation, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, electrochemical means, or radiation thermal transfer from a donor material, and can be deposited by the device and method described herein. Useful organic light-emitting materials are well known. As more fully described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,769,292 and 5,935,721, the light-emitting layers of the organic EL element include a luminescent or fluorescent material where electroluminescence is produced as a result of electron-hole pair recombination in this region. The light-emitting layers can include a single material, but more commonly include a host material doped with a guest compound or dopant where light emission comes primarily from the dopant. The dopant is selected to produce color light having a particular spectrum. The host materials in the light-emitting layers can be an electron-transporting material, as defined below, a hole-transporting material, as defined above, or another material that supports hole-electron recombination. The dopant is usually chosen from highly fluorescent dyes, but phosphorescent compounds, e.g., transition metal complexes as described in WO 98/55561, WO 00/18851, WO 00/57676, and WO 00/70655 are also useful. Dopants are typically coated as 0.01 to 10% by weight into the host material. The device and method described herein can be used to coat multi-component guest/host layers without the need for multiple vaporization sources.
Host and emitting molecules known to be of use include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,768,292; 5,141,671; 5,150,006; 5,151,629; 5,294,870; 5,405,709; 5,484,922; 5,593,788; 5,645,948; 5,683,823; 5,755,999; 5,928,802; 5,935,720; 5,935,721; and 6,020,078.
Metal complexes of 8-hydroxyquinoline and similar derivatives (Formula E) constitute one class of useful host materials capable of supporting electroluminescence, and are particularly suitable for light emission of wavelengths longer than 500 nm, e.g., green, yellow, orange, and red.
wherein:
From the foregoing it is apparent that the metal can be a monovalent, divalent, or trivalent metal. The metal can, for example, be an alkali metal, such as lithium, sodium, or potassium; an alkaline earth metal, such as magnesium or calcium; or an earth metal, such as boron or aluminum. Generally any monovalent, divalent, or trivalent metal known to be a useful chelating metal can be employed.
Z completes a heterocyclic nucleus containing at least two fused aromatic rings, at least one of which is an azole or azine ring. Additional rings, including both aliphatic and aromatic rings, can be fused with the two required rings, if required. To avoid adding molecular bulk without improving on function the number of ring atoms is usually maintained at 18 or less.
The host material in light-emitting layer 350 can be an anthracene derivative having hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon substituents at the 9 and 10 positions. For example, derivatives of 9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)anthracene constitute one class of useful host materials capable of supporting electroluminescence, and are particularly suitable for light emission of wavelengths longer than 400 nm, e.g., blue, green, yellow, orange or red.
Benzazole derivatives constitute another class of useful host materials capable of supporting electroluminescence, and are particularly suitable for light emission of wavelengths longer than 400 nm, e.g., blue, green, yellow, orange or red. An example of a useful benzazole is 2, 2′, 2″-(1,3,5-phenylene)tris[1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazole].
Desirable fluorescent dopants include perylene or derivatives of perylene, derivatives of anthracene, tetracene, xanthene, rubrene, coumarin, rhodamine, quinacridone, dicyanomethylenepyran compounds, thiopyran compounds, polymethine compounds, pyrilium and thiapyrilium compounds, derivatives of distryrylbenzene or distyrylbiphenyl, bis(azinyl)methane boron complex compounds, and carbostyryl compounds.
Other organic emissive materials can be polymeric substances, e.g. polyphenylenevinylene derivatives, dialkoxy-polyphenylenevinylenes, poly-para-phenylene derivatives, and polyfluorene derivatives, as taught by Wolk et al. in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,119 B1 and references cited therein.
While not always necessary, it is often useful that OLED device 310 includes an electron-transporting layer 355 disposed over light-emitting layer 350. Desired electron-transporting materials can be deposited by any suitable means such as evaporation, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, electrochemical means, thermal transfer, or laser thermal transfer from a donor material, and can be deposited by the device and method described herein. Preferred electron-transporting materials for use in electron-transporting layer 355 are metal chelated oxinoid compounds, including chelates of oxine itself (also commonly referred to as 8-quinolinol or 8-hydroxyquinoline). Such compounds help to inject and transport electrons and exhibit both high levels of performance and are readily fabricated in the form of thin films. Exemplary of contemplated oxinoid compounds are those satisfying structural Formula E, previously described.
Other electron-transporting materials include various butadiene derivatives as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,356,429 and various heterocyclic optical brighteners as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,539,507. Benzazoles satisfying structural Formula G are also useful electron-transporting materials.
Other electron-transporting materials can be polymeric substances, e.g. polyphenylenevinylene derivatives, poly-para-phenylene derivatives, polyfluorene derivatives, polythiophenes, polyacetylenes, and other conductive polymeric organic materials such as those listed in Handbook of Conductive Molecules and Polymers, Vols. 1-4, H. S. Nalwa, ed., John Wiley and Sons, Chichester (1997).
An electron-injecting layer 360 can also be present between the cathode and the electron-transporting layer. Examples of electron-injecting materials include alkaline or alkaline earth metals, alkali halide salts, such as LiF mentioned above, or alkaline or alkaline earth metal doped organic layers.
Cathode 390 is formed over the electron-transporting layer 355 or over light-emitting layer 350 if an electron-transporting layer is not used. When light emission is through the anode 330, the cathode material can include nearly any conductive material. Desirable materials have good film-forming properties to ensure good contact with the underlying organic layer, promote electron injection at low voltage, and have good stability. Useful cathode materials often contain a low work function metal (<3.0 eV) or metal alloy. One preferred cathode material is comprised of a Mg:Ag alloy wherein the percentage of silver is in the range of 1 to 20%, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,885,221. Another suitable class of cathode materials includes bilayers comprised of a thin layer of a low work function metal or metal salt capped with a thicker layer of conductive metal. One such cathode is comprised of a thin layer of LiF followed by a thicker layer of Al as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,572. Other useful cathode materials include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,059,861; 5,059,862; and 6,140,763.
When light emission is viewed through cathode 390, it must be transparent or nearly transparent. For such applications, metals must be thin or one must use transparent conductive oxides, or a combination of these materials. Optically transparent cathodes have been described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,776,623. Cathode materials can be deposited by evaporation, sputtering, or chemical vapor deposition. When needed, patterning can be achieved through many well known methods including, but not limited to, through-mask deposition, integral shadow masking as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,276,380 and EP 0 732 868, laser ablation, and selective chemical vapor deposition.
Cathode materials can be deposited by evaporation, sputtering, or chemical vapor deposition. When needed, patterning can be achieved through many well known methods including, but not limited to, through-mask deposition, integral shadow masking as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,276,380 and EP 0 732 868, laser ablation, and selective chemical vapor deposition.
The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, namely for delivery of organic particulate materials to a vaporization zone. However, it can be appreciated that the present invention applies more broadly to particulate materials, including organic and other types of particulate materials. The term “particulate materials” can include a broad range of substances in particulate form, including, but not limited to, crystals, nanotubes, powders, needles, flakes, and other solid materials that can be classified as discontinuous, for example. Moreover, the particulate materials may be provided in a mixture containing a quantity of inert material or materials acting as a carrier for the component material. Inert carriers could include other types of solid materials as well as pastes and liquids, particularly liquid materials having higher viscosities. Any inert material selected must be compatible with the vaporization process, such that the inert carrier is appropriately discarded before or during the vaporization of the component particulate material. For example, the inert carrier can be selected from materials having a much higher vaporization temperature than the desired particulate component material. As just one example, organic particulate material 100 (
The present application is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/945,940, filed Sep. 21, 2004 entitled “Delivering Organic Powder to a Vaporization Zone” by Long et al. Reference is also made to commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/805,980 filed Mar. 22, 2004 entitled “Vaporizing Fluidized Organic Materials” by Long et al., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/784,585 filed Feb. 23, 2004, entitled “Device and Method for Vaporizing Temperature Sensitive Materials” by Long et al. and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/945,941, filed Sep. 21, 2004, entitled “Delivering Organic Powder to a Vaporization Zone” by Long et al, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10945940 | Sep 2004 | US |
| Child | 11134654 | May 2005 | US |
