Patent Application
20170080100
The present invention relates to improvements in the field of drug delivery. More particularly, the invention relates to polypeptide, conjugates and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the polypeptides of the present invention and their use for transporting an antibody or antibody fragment across the blood-brain barrier of an individual and in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological diseases.
In the development of a new therapy for brain pathologies, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is considered as a major obstacle for the potential use of drugs for treating disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). The global market for CNS drugs was $33 billion in 1998, which was roughly half that of global market for cardiovascular drugs, even though in the United States, nearly twice as many people suffer from CNS disorders as from cardiovascular diseases. The reason for this lopsidedness is that more than 98% of all potential CNS drugs do not cross the blood-brain barrier. In addition, more than 99% of worldwide CNS drug development is devoted solely to CNS drug discovery, and less than 1% is directed to CNS drug delivery. This ratio could explain why no efficient treatment is currently available for the major neurological diseases such as brain tumors, Alzheimer's and stroke.
The brain is shielded against potentially toxic substances by the presence of two barrier systems: the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). The BBB is considered to be the major route for the uptake of serum ligands since its surface area is approximately 5000-fold greater than that of BCSFB. The brain endothelium, which constitutes the BBB, represents the major obstacle for the use of potential drugs against many disorders of the CNS. As a general rule, only lipophilic molecules smaller than about 500 Daltons may pass across the BBB, i.e., from blood to brain. However, the size of many drugs that show promising results in animal studies for treating CNS disorders is considerably bigger. Thus, peptide and protein therapeutics are generally excluded from transport from blood to brain, owing to the negligible permeability of the brain capillary endothelial wall to these drugs. Brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) are closely sealed by tight junctions, possess few fenestrae and few endocytic vesicles as compared to capillaries of other organs. BCECs are surrounded by extracellular matrix, astrocytes, pericytes and microglial cells. The close association of endothelial cells with the astrocyte foot processes and the basement membrane of capillaries are important for the development and maintenance of the BBB properties that permit tight control of blood-brain exchange.
International publication WO2004/060403 discloses an invention made by the inventors relating to molecules for transporting a drug across the blood brain barrier. Otherwise, to date, there is no efficient drug delivery approach available for the brain. Methods under investigation for peptide and protein drug delivery to the brain may be divided in three principal strategies. Firstly, invasive procedures include the direct intraventricular administration of drugs by means of surgery, and the temporary disruption of the BBB via intracarotid infusion of hyperosmolar solutions. Secondly, the pharmacologically-based strategy consists in facilitating the passage through the BBB by increasing the lipid solubility of peptides or proteins. Thirdly, physiologic-based strategies exploit the various carrier mechanisms at the BBB, which have been characterized in the recent years. In this approach, drugs are attached to a protein vector that performs like receptors-targeted delivery vehicle on the BBB. This approach is highly specific and presents high efficacy with an extreme flexibility for clinical indications with unlimited targets. The latter approach has been, and is still, investigated by the inventors, who came up with the molecules described in the afore-mentioned publication and those of the present invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,980 describes Bovine Pancreatic Trypsin Inhibitor (aprotinin)-derived inhibitors as well as a method for their preparation and therapeutic use. These peptides are used for the treatment of a condition characterized by an abnormal appearance or amount of tissue factor and/or factor Villa such as abnormal thrombosis.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,780,265 describes serine protease inhibitors that are capable of inhibiting plasma kalllkrein.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,118,668 describes Bovine Pancreatic Trypsin Inhibitor variants.
It would be highly desirable to be provided with improved molecules that can act as carriers or vectors for transporting a compound or drug across the BBB of an individual.
One aim of the present invention is to provide an improvement in the field of drug delivery.
Another aim of the present invention is to provide a non-invasive and flexible method and carrier for transporting a compound or drug across the blood-brain barrier of an individual.
The present application discloses new molecules which may be able, for example, of transporting desirable compounds across the blood brain barrier.
In a first aspect the present invention provides a biologically active polypeptide which may be able to cross (i.e., crossing) a cell layer mimicking (which mimics) a mammalian blood brain barrier in an in vitro assay, the polypeptide may be selected, for example, from the group of
In a second aspect the present invention provides, a biologically active polypeptide which may be able to cross (i.e., crossing) a cell layer mimicking (which mimics) a mammalian blood brain barrier in an in vitro assay, the polypeptide may be selected, for example, from the group of;
In accordance with the present invention the aprotinin fragment may consist of the sequence defined in SEQ ID NO.:1. Further in accordance with the present invention, the aprotinin fragment may comprise SEQ ID NO.1 and may have a length of from about 19 amino acids to about 54 amino acids, e.g., from 10 to 50 amino acids in length, from 10 to 30 amino acids in length etc.
In accordance with the present invention, the biologically active analogue of SEQ ID NO.:1, may have a length of from about 19 amino acids to about 54 amino acids (e.g., including for example 21 to 23, 25 to 34, 36 to 50 and 52 to 54), or of from about 19 amino acids to about 50 amino acids, or from about 19 amino acids to about 34 amino acids (e.g., 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34), of from about 19 amino acids to about 23 amino acids or of about 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 35, 51, amino acids.
A biologically active fragment of a polypeptide (e.g., of 19 amino acids) described herein may include for example a polypeptide of from about 7, 8, 9 or 10 to 18 amino acids. Therefore, in accordance with the present invention, a biologically active fragment of SEQ ID NO.:1 or of a SEQ ID NO.:1 analogue may have a length of from about 9 to about 18 amino acids or from about 10 about 18.
Exemplary embodiments of the peptides of the present invention are those having a Lysine at position 10 (numerotation with respect to amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO.:1). Other exemplary embodiments of the peptides of the present invention are those having a Lysine at position 15 (numerotation with respect to amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO.:1). Further exemplary embodiment of peptides of the present invention are those having Lysines at positions 10 and 15. The peptides of the present invention may also have a serine or cystein at position 7 (numerotation with respect to amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO.:1). When multimerization of peptides is desired, the peptide may preferably comprises a cystein at position 7. However, when multimerization of peptides is not required, the peptide may preferably have a serine at position 7.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,980 describes a polypeptide which is identified herein as SEQ ID NO.:102.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,780,265 describes a polypeptide which is identified herein as SEQ ID NO.:103.
The aprotinin amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO.:98), the Angiopep-1 amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO.:67), as well as some sequences of biologically active analogs may be found for example in international application no. PCT/CA2004/000011 published on Jul. 22, 2004 in under international publication no. WO2004/060403. Additionally, international publication No. WO04/060403 describes a polypeptide which is identified herein as SEQ ID NO.: 104.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,118,668 describes polypeptides which has the sequence illustrated in SEQ ID NO.: 105.
Examples of aprotinin analogs may be found by performing a protein blast (Genebank: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/) of the synthetic aprotinin sequence (or portion thereof) disclosed in international application no. PCT/CA2004/000011. Exemplary aprotinin analogs may be found, for example under accession nos. CAA37967 (GI:58005), 1405218C (GI:3604747) etc.
In a further aspect the present invention provides a biologically active polypeptide which may be able to cross (i.e., crossing) a cell layer mimicking (which mimics) a mammalian blood brain barrier in an in vitro assay, the polypeptide may be selected, for example, from the group of;
In accordance with the present invention there is provided a biologically active analogue of SEQ ID NO.:1 which may be selected, for example, from the group consisting of
For example, the biologically active analogue of SEQ ID NO.:1 may comprise an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of an amino acid sequence defined in any one of SEQ ID NO.:2 to SEQ ID NO.:62, SEQ ID NO.:68 to SEQ ID NO.:93 and SEQ ID NO.:107 to 112 as well as SEQ ID NO.:99, 100 or 101. Then the polypeptide of the present invention comprises, for example, SEQ OD NO.:99, 100 or 101, the polypeptide may have an amino acid sequence of from 10 to 50 amino acids, e.g., from 10 to 30 amino acids in length.
Further in accordance with the present invention, the biologically active analogue of SEQ ID NO.:1 may comprise the amino acid sequence defined in SEQ ID NO.:67 (i.e., polypeptide no. 67 which is an amidated version of SEQ ID NO.:67 (Angiopep-1)).
The polypeptides of the present invention may be amidated, i.e., may have an amidated amino acid sequence. For example, the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO.:67 may be amidated (polypeptide no. 67). In another embodiment, the polypeptides of the present invention may be acetylated. For example, the amino acid of SEQ ID No. 107, 109 and/or 110 or any other peptide of the present invention, may be acetylated. Such modifications to polypeptides of the present invention may be at the amino and/or carboxy terminus of said polypeptide. Polypeptides which are both amidated and acylated are also encompassed by the present invention.
The polypeptides of the present invention may be in a multimeric form (more than one monomer). Multimeric forms include any multimeric configuration that may be effective in crossing the blood-brain barrier. For example, polypeptides may be in a dimeric (a dimer) form. The dimer may be formed by interactions between cysteine residues via disulfide bonding.
Portion of the present invention may relate to the polypeptides defined herein with the exception of polypeptides defined in SEQ ID NO.: 102, 103, 104 and 105, while other portion of the invention may include these peptides. For example and without limitation, conjugates comprising these peptides as well as their use for treating a neurological disease (e.g., brain tumor), method of treatment of a neurological disease (e.g., brain tumor), pharmaceutical composition for treating a neurological disease, etc. are encompassed by the present invention.
In yet a further aspect the present invention provides a biologically active polypeptide which may be able to cross (i.e., crossing) a cell layer mimicking (which mimics) a mammalian blood brain barrier in an in vitro assay, the polypeptide may be selected, for example, from the group of;
Further in accordance with the present invention, the biologically active fragment of SEQ ID NO.:1 or the biologically active fragment of a SEQ ID NO.:1 analogue may comprise at least 9 or at least 10 (consecutive or contiguous) amino acids of SEQ ID NO.1 or of the SEQ ID NO.:1 analogue.
The polypeptides of the present invention may have an amino acid sequence which may comprise of from between 1 to 12 amino acid substitutions (i.e., SEQ ID NO.:91). For example, the amino acid substitution may be from between 1 to 10 amino acid substitutions, or from 1 to 5 amino acid substitutions. In accordance with the present invention, the amino acid substitution may be a non-conservative amino acid substitution or a conservative amino acid substitution.
For example, when a polypeptide of the present invention comprises amino acids which are identical to those of SEQ ID NO.:1 and other amino acids which are not identical (non-identical), those which are non-identical may be a conservative amino acid substitution. The comparison of identical and non-identical amino acids may be performed by looking at a corresponding location.
Examples of SEQ ID NO.:1 analogue which may have at least 35% identity includes for example, a polypeptide comprising (consisting of) the amino acid sequence defined in SEQ ID NO.:91 (about 36.8% identity, i.e., 7 amino acid out of 19 amino acids of SEQ ID NO.:91 are identical to SEQ ID NO.:1), a polypeptide comprising (consisting of) the amino acid sequence defined in SEQ ID NO.:98 (about 68.4% identity, i.e., 13 amino acid out of 19 amino acids are identical to SEQ ID NO.:1), a polypeptide comprising (consisting of) the amino acid sequence defined in SEQ ID NO.:67 (about 73.7% identity, i.e., 14 amino acid out of 19 amino acids are identical to SEQ ID NO.:1), a polypeptide comprising (consisting of) the amino acid sequence defined in SEQ ID NO.: 76 (about 73.7% identity, i.e., 14 amino acid out of 19 amino acids are identical to SEQ ID NO.:1) and a polypeptide comprising (consisting of) the amino acid sequence defined in SEQ ID NO.:5 (about 79% identity, i.e., 15 amino acid out of 19 amino acids are identical to SEQ ID NO.:1).
Examples of SEQ ID NO.:1 analogue which may have at least 60% identity includes for example, a polypeptide comprising (consisting of) the amino acid sequence defined in SEQ ID NO.:98 (about 68.4% identity, i.e., 13 amino acid out of 19 amino acids are identical to SEQ ID NO.:1), a polypeptide comprising (consisting of) the amino acid sequence defined in SEQ ID NO.:67 (about 73.7% identity, i.e., 14 amino acid out of 19 amino acids are identical to SEQ ID NO.:1), a polypeptide comprising (consisting of) the amino acid sequence defined in SEQ ID NO.: 76 (about 73.7% identity, i.e., 14 amino acid out of 19 amino acids are identical to SEQ ID NO.:1) and a polypeptide comprising (consisting of) the amino acid sequence defined in SEQ ID NO.:5 (about 79% identity, i.e., 15 amino acid out of 19 amino acids are identical to SEQ ID NO.:1).
Examples of SEQ ID NO.:1 analogue which may have at least 70% identity includes for example, a polypeptide comprising (consisting of) the amino acid sequence defined in SEQ ID NO.:67 (about 73.7% identity, i.e., 14 amino acid out of 19 amino acids are identical to SEQ ID NO.:1), SEQ ID NO.: 76 (about 73.7% identity, i.e., 14 amino acid out of 19 amino acids are identical to SEQ ID NO.:1), SEQ ID NO.:5 (about 79% identity, i.e., 15 amino acid out of 19 amino acids are identical to SEQ ID NO.:1).
In accordance, with the present invention, the carrier may more particularly be selected from the group consisting of peptide Nos. 5, 67, 76, 91 and peptide 97 (i.e., SEQ ID NO.:5, 67, 76, 91 and 97 (Angiopep-2)). The carrier may be used, for example, for transporting an agent attached thereto across a blood-brain barrier. In accordance with the present invention, the carrier may be able to cross the blood-brain barrier after attachment to the agent and may therefore be able to transport the agent across the blood-brain barrier.
In accordance with the present invention, the polypeptides may be in an isolated form or in a substantially purified form.
More particularly, the present invention provides a carrier for transporting an agent attached thereto across a blood-brain barrier, wherein the carrier may be able to cross the blood-brain barrier after attachment to the agent and thereby transport the agent across the blood-brain barrier. The carrier may comprise at least one polypeptide of the present invention (provided that when said polypeptide consist of SEQ ID NO.:67, said polypeptide is modified by a group e.g., amidated). For example, the carrier may be selected from a class of molecules related to aprotinin.
The transporting activity which is effected by the carrier does not affect blood-brain barrier integrity. The transporting of an agent may result, for example, in the delivery of the agent to the central nervous system (CNS) of an individual.
It is to be understood herein that the polypeptides of the present invention may be synthesized chemically (e.g., solid phase synthesis) or may be produced by recombinant DNA technology. Codons which encode specific amino acids are well known in the art and is discuss, for example, in Biochemistry (third edition; 1988, Lubert Stryer, Stanford University, W.H. Freeman and Company, New-York). A nucleotide sequence encoding a carrier of the present invention is therefore encompassed herein. More particularly, nucleotide sequences (deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides or derivatives thereof) encoding a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of any one of SEQ ID NO.:1 to 97 and SEQ ID NO.: 107 to 112 are encompassed by the present invention. An exemplary nucleotide sequence encoding an aprotinin analogue is illustrated in SEQ ID NO.:106 and may be found in Gene Bank under accession no. X04666. This sequence encodes an aprotinin analogue having a lysine at position 16 (with reference to the amino acid sequence encoded by SEQ ID NO.:106) instead of a valine as found in SEQ ID NO.:98. A mutation in the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO.:106 may be introduced by methods known in the art to change the produce the peptide of SEQ ID NO.:98 having a valine in position 16. Techniques known in the art may be used to introduce further mutations in the nucleotide sequence to encode analogues of the present invention. Fragments may be obtained from this nucleotide sequence by enzymatic digestion or polymerase chain reaction, etc. Alternatively, a desired nucleotide sequence may be synthesized chemically by methods known in the art.
In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a conjugate which may comprise a carrier selected from the group consisting of any one of the polypeptide of the present invention, and an agent selected from the group consisting, for example, of a drug (e.g., a small molecule drug, e.g., an antibiotic), a medicine, a detectable label, a protein (e.g., an enzyme), protein-based compound (e.g., a protein complex comprising one or polypeptide chain) and a polypeptide (peptide). The agent may be more particularly, a molecule which is active at the level of the central nervous system. The agent may be any agent for treating or detecting a neurological disease.
The (protein-protein) conjugate may be obtained using numerous cross-linking (conjugation) reagents and protocols already know in the art and commercially available. Such protocols and reagents include, but are not limited to, cross-linkers reactive with amino, carboxyl, sulfhydryl, carbonyl, carbohydrate and/or phenol groups. An ordinary technician knows that the amounts, times and conditions of such protocols can be varied to optimize conjugation. Cross-linking reagents contain at least two reactive groups and are generally divided into homofunctional cross-linkers (containing identical reactive groups) and heterofunctional cross-linkers (containing non-identical reactive groups). The cross-linkers of the present invention may be either homobifunctional and/or heterobifunctional. Furthermore the cross-linker may incorporate a ‘spacer’ between the reactive moieties, or the two reactive moieties in the cross-linker may be directly linked.
In accordance with the present invention the carrier which is part of conjugate may be selected, for example, from the group of;
In accordance with the present invention, the agent may have a maximum molecular weight of about 160,000 Daltons.
Further in accordance with the present invention, the transporting activity may be effected by receptor-mediated transcytosis or adsorptive-mediated transcytosis. The agent may be one able to be transported by such mechanism.
Further in accordance with the present invention, the conjugate may be in the form of a fusion protein which may have a first moiety consisting essentially of the carrier of the present invention and a second moiety consisting essentially of a protein or protein-based agent.
Exemplary neurological diseases which may be treated or detected by the carrier and/or conjugate is a disease selected, for example, from the group consisting of a brain tumor, a brain metastasis, schizophrenia, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, stroke and blood-brain barrier related malfunctions (e.g., obesity).
In accordance with the present invention, the detectable label may be a radioimaging agent. Example of a label which may be conjugated with the carrier of the present invention and which is encompassed herein includes, for example and without limitation, an isotope, a fluorescent label (e.g., rhodamine), a reporter molecule (e.g., biotin), etc. Other examples of detectable labels include, for example, a green fluorescent protein, biotin, a histag protein and -galactosidase.
Example of a protein or protein-based compound which may be conjugated with the carrier of the present invention and which is encompassed herein includes, without limitation, an antibody (that may comprise heavy and/or light chains), an antibody fragment (e.g., an antibody binding fragment such as Fv fragment, F(ab)2, F(ab)2′ and Fab and the like), a peptidic- or protein-based drug (e.g., a positive pharmacological modulator (agonist) or an pharmacological inhibitor (antagonist)) etc. Antibodies that may be conjugated with the carrier of the present invention encompassed herein, without limitation, includes monoclonal and/or polyclonal antibodies. Furthermore, the antibodies may be of any origin. Antibodies and fragments thereof may also be human, chimeric and/or humanized antibodies. Other examples of agent which are encompassed herein include cellular toxins (e.g., monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), toxins from bacteria endotoxins and exotoxins; diphtheria toxins, botunilum toxins, tetanus toxins, perussis toxins, staphylococcus enterotoxins, toxin shock syndrome toxin TSST-1, adenylate cyclase toxin, shiga toxin, cholera enterotoxin, and others) and anti-angiogenic compounds (endostatin, catechins, nutriceuticals, chemokine IP-10, inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase (MMPIs), anastellin, vironectin, antithrombin, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, VEGF inhibitors, antibodies against receptor, herceptin, avastin and panitumumab and others).
Also in accordance with the present invention, the agent may be a small molecule drug such as an anticancer drug (e.g., for treating a brain tumor). An anticancer drug encompassed by the present invention may include, for example, a drug having a group allowing it's conjugation to the carrier of the present invention. Examples of anticancer drug includes, for example, without limitation, a drug which may be selected from the group consisting of paclitaxel (Taxol), vinblastine, vincristine, etoposide, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, taxotere, melphalan, chlorambucil, and any combination. Leptin may be used for treatment of obesity.
More particularly, the conjugate of the present invention may comprise the formula R-L-M or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R is a class of molecules related to aprotinin (e.g., aprotinin, aprotinin fragment, Angiopep-1, Angiopep-2, analogs, derivatives or fragments). For example, R may be a carrier selected from a class of molecules related to aprotinin able to cross the blood-brain barrier after attachment to L-M and thereby transport M across the blood-brain barrier. L may be a linker or a bond (chemical bond). M may be an agent selected from the group consisting of a drug (e.g., a small molecule drug), a medicine, a (detectable) label, a protein or protein-based compound (e.g., antibody, an antibody fragment), an antibiotic, an anti-cancer agent, an anti-anglogenic compound and a polypeptide or any molecule active at the level of the central nervous system. It is to be understood herein that the formula R-L-M is not intended to be restricted to a specific order or specific ratio. As being exemplified herein, M may be found In several ratios over R. For example, the conjugate may comprise 1 to 5 carriers (1, 2, 3, 4 and/or 5) coupled to the agent.
For example, conjugates of formula R-L-M or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may be used for transporting M across a blood-brain barrier, where R may be for example, a carrier selected from the group consisting of peptide Nos: 5, 67, 76, 91, 97 and 107-112 as described herein. The carrier may be able to cross the blood-brain barrier after attachment to L-M and may therefore transport M across the blood-brain barrier.
In accordance with the present invention, M may be an agent useful for treating or diagnosing a neurological disease.
It is to be understood herein that when more than one carrier conjugation site are available or present, more than one drug or drug molecule may be conjugated to the carrier of the present invention. Therefore, the conjugate may comprise one or more drug molecules. The conjugate may be active by itself, i.e., the drug may be active even when associated with the carrier. Also in accordance with the present invention, the compound may or may not be released from the carrier i.e., generally after transport across the blood-brain barrier. The compound may therefore be releasable from the conjugate (or from the carrier) and may become active thereafter. More particularly, the agent may be releasable from the carrier after transport across the blood-brain barrier.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a conjugate for transporting an agent across a blood-brain barrier, the conjugate may comprise: (a) a carrier; and (b) an agent attached to the carrier, wherein the conjugate is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and thereby transport the agent across the blood-brain barrier.
In a further aspect, the present invention relates to the use of a carrier or a conjugate of the present invention for transporting an agent across a blood brain barrier of a mammal in need thereof.
In yet a further aspect, the present invention relates to the use of a class of molecules related to aprotinin for transporting a compound attached thereto across the blood-brain barrier of a patient.
In an additional aspect, the present invention relates to the use of a carrier or a conjugate as described herein for the diagnosis of a neurological disease or a central nervous system disease. For example, the carrier or conjugate may be used for the in vivo detection of a neurological disease.
The carrier may be selected, for example, from the group of (biologically active);
More particularly, the carrier may be selected, for example, from the group of (biologically active);
In accordance with the present invention, when that analogue consists of SEQ ID NO.:67, said analogue is amidated.
Even more particularly, the carrier may be selected, for example, from the group of;
In another aspect, the present invention relates to the use of a class of molecules related to aprotinin in the manufacture of a medicament.
According to the present invention, there is provided the use of a class of molecules related to aprotinin in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a neurological disease, or for treating a central nervous system disorder.
In yet another aspect, the present invention relate to the use of a carrier or conjugate described herein, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a brain disease (a brain-associated disease) or neurological disease, for the diagnosis of a brain disease or neurological disease or for transporting an agent across the blood-brain barrier
In an additional aspect, the present invention relates to the use of a carrier or conjugate of the present invention for treating a mammal having, for example, a neurological disease or for the diagnosis of a neurological disease in a mammal in need thereof.
In accordance with the present invention, neurological disease encompassed by the present invention includes, for example and without limitation, a brain tumor, a brain metastasis, schizophrenia, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, stroke and blood-brain barrier related malfunctions.
In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method for transporting an agent across the blood-brain barrier of a mammal (human, animal), which may comprise the step of administering to the mammal a carrier-comprising compound or a conjugate comprising the agent attached to a class of molecules related to aprotinin.
In yet a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating a neurological disease of a patient comprising administering to the patient a medicament comprising a class of molecules related to aprotinin, and a compound adapted to treat the disease, the compound being attached to the class of molecules related to aprotinin.
In an additional aspect, there is provided a method for treating a central nervous system disorder of a patient comprising administering to the patient a medicament comprising a class of molecules related to aprotinin, and a compound adapted to treat the disease, the compound being attached to the aprotinin.
In yet an additional aspect there is provided a method for transporting a molecule an agent across a blood-brain barrier, which comprises the step of administering to an individual a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
The present invention also relates, in a further aspect to a method for treating a mammal (e.g., a patient) in need thereof (e.g., a patient having a neurological disease). The method may comprise administering a carrier, a conjugate and/or a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention to the mammal.
The present invention additionally relates to a method for diagnosing a neurological disease in a mammal (e.g., a patient) in need thereof. The method may comprise administering a carrier, a conjugate and/or a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention to the mammal (human individual, patient, animal).
In accordance with the present invention, the administration may be performed intra-arterially, intra-nasally, intra-peritoneally, intravenously, intramuscularly, sub-cutaneously, transdermally or per os.
In accordance with the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition may be administered to the mammal in a therapeutically effective amount.
A mammal in need (individual in need) may be, for example, a mammal I which has or is at risk of having a neurological disease, a central nervous system disease, brain cancer, a brain metastasis, etc.
In an additional aspect, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition which may comprise, for example;
In accordance with the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition may be used, for example, for the treatment of a neurological disease.
Further in accordance with the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition may be used, for example, for the diagnosis of a neurological disease.
Also in accordance with the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition may be used for example, for transporting an agent across a blood-brain barrier.
Carriers in the form of multimers (e.g., dimers) may be conjugated with the agent of the present invention in order to increase the transport of the agent. Therefore the present invention provides conjugates, pharmaceutical compositions and methods, wherein the carrier is in the form of a multimer.
Carriers may also be in a ratio of at least 1:1 (agent:carrier), 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6 etc. As indicated herein, the more carrier present, the better the transport. As such the number of carrier per agent is not intended to be limited.
Also in accordance with the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition may be used for example, for the delivery of an agent to the CNS of an individual.
Further in accordance with the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition may be used for example, for treating a central nervous system disorder of a mammal in need thereof
In accordance with the present invention, pharmaceutical composition may be used for delivery of an agent to the CNS of an individual
It is to be understood herein that a pharmaceutically acceptable salts of a carrier (polypeptide) or of a conjugate is encompassed by the present invention.
The composition (pharmaceutical composition) may thus comprise a medicament manufactured as defined herein in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
For the purpose of the present invention the following terms are defined below.
The term “carrier” or “vector” is intended to mean a compound or molecule such as a polypeptide that is able to transport a compound. For example, transport may occur across the blood-brain barrier. The carrier may be attached to (covalently or not) or conjugated to another compound or agent and thereby may be able to transport the other compound or agent across the blood-brain barrier. For example, the carrier may bind to receptors present on brain endothelial cells and thereby be transported across the blood-brain barrier by transcytosis. The carrier may be a molecule for which high levels of transendothelial transport may be obtained, without affecting the blood-brain barrier integrity. The carrier may be, but is not limited to, a protein, a peptide or a peptidomimetic and may be naturally occurring or produced by chemical synthesis or recombinant genetic technology (genetic engineering).
The term “conjugate” is intended to mean a combination of a carrier and another compound or agent. The conjugation may be chemical in nature, such as via a linker, or genetic in nature for example by recombinant genetic technology, such as in a fusion protein with for example a reporter molecule (e.g. green fluorescent protein, β-galactosidase, Histag, etc.).
The expression “small molecule drug” is intended to mean a drug having a molecular weight of 1000 g/mol or less.
The terms “treatment”, “treating” and the like are intended to mean obtaining a desired pharmacologic and/or physiologic effect, e.g., inhibition of cancer cell growth, death of a cancer cell or amelioration of a neurological disease or condition. The effect may be prophylactic in terms of completely or partially preventing a disease or symptom thereof and/or may be therapeutic in terms of a partial or complete cure for a disease and/or adverse effect attributable to the disease. “Treatment” as used herein covers any treatment of a disease in a mammal, particularly a human, and includes: (a) preventing a disease or condition (e.g., preventing cancer) from occurring in an individual who may be predisposed to the disease but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (b) inhibiting a disease, (e.g., arresting its development); or (c) relieving a disease (e.g., reducing symptoms associated with a disease). “Treatment” as used herein covers any administration of a pharmaceutical agent or compound to an individual to treat, cure, alleviate, improve, diminish or inhibit a condition in the individual, including, without limitation, administering a carrier-agent conjugate to an Individual.
The term “cancer” is intended to mean any cellular malignancy whose unique trait is the loss of normal controls which results in unregulated growth, lack of differentiation and ability to invade local tissues and metastasize. Cancer can develop in any tissue of any organ. More specifically, cancer is intended to include, without limitation, cancer of the brain.
The term “administering” and “administration” is intended to mean a mode of delivery including, without limitation, intra-arterially, intra-nasally, intra-peritoneally, intravenously, intramuscularly, sub-cutaneously, transdermally or per os. A daily dosage can be divided into one, two or more doses in a suitable form to be administered at one, two or more times throughout a time period.
The term “therapeutically effective” or “effective amount” is intended to mean an amount of a compound sufficient to substantially improve some symptom associated with a disease or a medical condition. For example, in the treatment of cancer or a mental condition or neurological or CNS disease, an agent or compound which decreases, prevents, delays, suppresses, or arrests any symptom of the disease or condition would be therapeutically effective. A therapeutically effective amount of an agent or compound is not required to cure a disease or condition but will provide a treatment for a disease or condition such that the onset of the disease or condition is delayed, hindered, or prevented, or the disease or condition symptoms are ameliorated, or the term of the disease or condition is changed or, for example, is less severe or recovery is accelerated in an individual.
The carrier and conjugates of the present invention may be used In combination with either conventional methods of treatment and/or therapy or may be used separately from conventional methods of treatment and/or therapy.
When the conjugates of this invention are administered in combination therapies with other agents, they may be administered sequentially or concurrently to an individual. Alternatively, pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention may be comprised of a combination of a carrier-agent conjugate of the present invention in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, as described herein, and another therapeutic or prophylactic agent known in the art.
Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts may be prepared by methods known and used in the art and are encompassed by the present invention.
Biologically active polypeptides of the present invention encompass functional derivatives. The term “functional derivative” is intended to mean a “chemical derivative”, “fragment”, or “variant” biologically active sequence or portion of a carrier or agent or conjugate and a salt thereof of the present invention. A carrier functional derivative may be able to be attached to or conjugated to another compound or agent and cross the blood-brain barrier and thereby be able to transport the other compound or agent across the blood-brain barrier.
The term “chemical derivative” is intended to mean a carrier, an agent, or a conjugate of the present invention, which contains additional chemical moieties not a part of the carrier, agent or carrier-agent conjugate. Covalent modifications are included within the scope of this invention. A chemical derivative may be conveniently prepared by direct chemical synthesis, using methods well known in the art. Such modifications may be, for example, introduced into a protein or peptide carrier, agent or carrier-agent conjugate by reacting targeted amino acid residues with an organic derivatizing agent that is capable of reacting with selected side chains or terminal residues. A carrier chemical derivative is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and be attached to or conjugated to another compound or agent and thereby be able to transport the other compound or agent across the blood-brain barrier. In a preferred embodiment, very high levels of transendothelial transport across the blood-brain barrier are obtained without any effects on the blood-brain barrier integrity.
The term “agent” is intended to mean without distinction an antibody, a drug (such as a medicinal drug) or a compound such as a therapeutic agent or compound, a marker, a tracer or an imaging compound.
The term “therapeutic agent” or “agent” is intended to mean an agent and/or medicine and/or drug used to treat the symptoms of a disease, physical or mental condition, injury or infection and includes, but is not limited to, antibiotics, anti-cancer agents, anti-anglogenic agents and molecules active at the level of the central nervous system Paclitaxel, for example, can be administered intravenously to treat brain cancer.
The term “condition” is intended to mean any situation causing pain, discomfort, sickness, disease or disability (mental or physical) to or in an individual, including neurological disease, injury, infection, or chronic or acute pain. Neurological diseases which can be treated with the present invention include, but are not limited to, brain tumors, brain metastases, schizophrenia, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and stroke.
As used herein, “pharmaceutical composition” means therapeutically effective amounts of the agent together with pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, preservatives, solubilizers, emulsifiers, adjuvant and/or carriers. A “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein refers to that amount which provides a therapeutic effect for a given condition and administration regimen. Such compositions are liquids or lyophilized or otherwise dried formulations and include diluents of various buffer content (e.g., Tris-HCl., acetate, phosphate), pH and ionic strength, additives such as albumin or gelatin to prevent absorption to surfaces, detergents (e.g., Tween 20, Tween 80, Pluronic F68, bile acid salts). Solubilizing agents (e.g., glycerol, polyethylene glycerol), anti-oxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid, sodium metabisulfite), preservatives (e.g., thimerosal, benzyl alcohol, parabens), bulking substances or tonicity modifiers (e.g., lactose, mannitol), covalent attachment of polymers such as polyethylene glycol to the protein, complexation with metal ions, or incorporation of the material into or onto particulate preparations of polymeric compounds such as polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, hydrogels, etc, or onto liposomes, microemulsions, micelles, unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles, erythrocyte ghosts, or spheroplasts. Such compositions will influence the physical state, solubility, stability, rate of in vivo release, and rate of in vivo clearance. Controlled or sustained release compositions include formulation in lipophilic depots (e.g., fatty acids, waxes, oils). Also comprehended by the invention are particulate compositions coated with polymers (e.g., poloxamers or poloxamines). Other embodiments of the compositions of the invention incorporate particulate forms protective coatings, protease inhibitors or permeation enhancers for various routes of administration, including parenteral, pulmonary, nasal, oral, vaginal, rectal routes. In one embodiment the pharmaceutical composition is administered parenterally, paracancerally, transmucosally, transdermally, intramuscularly, intravenously, intradermally, subcutaneously, intraperitonealy, intraventricularly, intracranially and intratumorally.
Further, as used herein “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or “pharmaceutical carrier” are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, 0.01-0.1 M or 0.05 M phosphate buffer or 0.8% saline. Additionally, such pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may be aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media. Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's orfixed oils. Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers such as those based on Ringer's dextrose, and the like. Preservatives and other additives may also be present, such as, for example, antimicrobials, antioxidants, collating agents, inert gases and the like.
An “analogue” is to be understood herein as a polypeptide originating from an original sequence or from a portion of an original sequence and which may comprise one or more modification; for example, one or more modification in the amino acid sequence (e.g., an amino acid addition, deletion, insertion, substitution etc.), one or more modification in the backbone or side-chain of one or more amino acid, or an addition of a group or another molecule to one or more amino acids (side-chains or backbone). An “analogue” is therefore understood herein as a molecule having a biological activity and chemical structure (or a portion of its structure) similar to that of a polypeptide described herein. An analog comprises a polypeptide which may have, for example, one or more amino acid insertion, either at one or both of the ends of the polypeptide and/or inside the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide.
An “analogue” may have sequence similarity and/or sequence identity with that of an original sequence or a portion of an original sequence and may also have a modification of its structure as discussed herein. The degree of similarity between two sequences is base upon the percentage of identities (identical amino acids) and of conservative substitution.
Similarity or identity may be compared, for example, over a region of 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 19, 20 amino acids or more (and any number therebetween). Identity may include herein, amino acids which are identical to the original peptide and which may occupy the same or similar position when compared to the original polypeptide. An analog which have, for example, 50% identity with an original polypeptide may include for example, an analog comprising 50% of the amino acid sequence of the original polypeptide and similarly with the other percentages. It is to be understood herein that gaps may be found between the amino acids of an analogs which are identical or similar to amino acids of the original peptide. The gaps may include no amino acids, one or more amino acids which are not identical or similar to the original peptide. Biologically active analogs of the carriers (polypeptides) of the present invention are encompassed herewith.
Percent identity may be determined, for example, with n algorithm GAP, BESTFIT, or FASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package Release 7.0, using default gap weights.
For example an analogue may comprise or have 50% identity with an original amino acid sequence and a portion of the remaining amino acid which occupies a similar position may be for example a non-conservative or conservative amino acid substitution.
Therefore, analogues of the present invention comprises those which may have at least 90% sequence similarity with an original sequence or a portion of an original sequence. An “analogue” may have, for example at least 35%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 95% (96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and 100%) sequence similarity with an original sequence or a portion of an original sequence. Also, an “analogue” may also have, for example, at least 35%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 95% (96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and 100%) sequence similarity to an original sequence with a combination of one or more modification in a backbone or side-chain of an amino acid, or an addition of a group or another molecule, etc. Exemplary amino acids which are intended to be similar (a conservative amino acid) to others are known in the art and Includes, for example, those listed in Table 1.
Analogues of the present invention also comprises those which may have at least 35%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 95% (96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and 100%) sequence identity with an original sequence or a portion of an original sequence. Also, an “analogue” may have, for example, 35%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 95% (sequence) identity to an original sequence (i.e., an analogue that is at least 35%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 95% identical to an original peptide) with a combination of one or more modification in a backbone or side-chain of an amino acid, or an addition of a group or another molecule, etc.
A “fragment” is to be understood herein as a polypeptide originating from a portion of an original or parent sequence or from an analogue of said parent sequence. Fragments encompass polypeptides having truncations of one or more amino acids, wherein the truncation may originate from the amino terminus (N-terminus), carboxy terminus (C-terminus), or from the interior of the protein. A fragment may comprise the same sequence as the corresponding portion of the original sequence. Biologically active fragments of the carrier (polypeptide) described herein are encompassed by the present invention.
Thus, biologically active polypeptides in the form of the original polypeptides, fragments (modified or not), analogues (modified or not), derivatives (modified or not), homologues, (modified or not) of the carrier described herein are encompassed by the present invention.
Therefore, any polypeptide having a modification compared to an original polypeptide which does not destroy significantly a desired biological activity is encompassed herein. It is well known in the art, that a number of modifications may be made to the polypeptides of the present invention without deleteriously affecting their biological activity. These modifications may, on the other hand, keep or increase the biological activity of the original polypeptide or may optimize one or more of the particularity (e.g. stability, bioavailability, etc.) of the polypeptides of the present invention which, in some instance might be needed or desirable. Polypeptides of the present invention comprises for example, those containing amino acid sequences modified either by natural processes, such as posttranslational processing, or by chemical modification techniques which are known in the art. Modifications may occur anywhere in a polypeptide including the polypeptide backbone, the amino acid side-chains and the amino- or carboxy-terminus. It will be appreciated that the same type of modification may be present in the same or varying degrees at several sites in a given polypeptide. Also, a given polypeptide may contain many types of modifications. Polypeptides may be branched as a result of ubiquitination, and they may be cyclic, with or without branching. Cyclic, branched and branched cyclic polypeptides may result from posttranslational natural processes or may be made by synthetic methods. Modifications comprise for example, without limitation, pegylation, acetylation, acylation, addition of acetomidomethyl (Acm) group, ADP-ribosylation, alkylation, amidatlon, biotinylation, carbamoylation, carboxyethylation, esterification, covalent attachment to flavin, covalent attachment to a heme moiety, covalent attachment of a nucleotide or nucleotide derivative, covalent attachment of drug, covalent attachment of a marker (e.g., fluorescent, radioactive, etc.), covalent attachment of a lipid or lipid derivative, covalent attachment of phosphatidylinositol, cross-linking, cyclization, disulfide bond formation, demethylation, formation of covalent cross-links, formation of cystine, formation of pyroglutamate, formylation, gamma-carboxylation, glycosylation, GPI anchor formation, hydroxylation, iodination, methylation, myristoylation, oxidation, proteolytic processing, phosphorylation, prenylation, racemization, selenoylation, sulfation, transfer-RNA mediated addition of amino acids to proteins such as arginylation and ubiquitination, etc. It is to be understood herein that more than one modification to the polypeptides described herein are encompassed by the present invention to the extent that the biological activity is similar to the original (parent) polypeptide.
As discussed above, polypeptide modification may comprise, for example, amino acid insertion (i.e., addition), deletion and substitution (i.e., replacement), either conservative or non-conservative (e.g., D-amino acids, desamino acids) in the polypeptide sequence where such changes do not substantially alter the overall biological activity of the polypeptide.
Example of substitutions may be those, which are conservative (i.e., wherein a residue is replaced by another of the same general type or group) or when wanted, non-conservative (i.e., wherein a residue is replaced by an amino acid of another type). In addition, a non-naturally occurring amino acid may substitute for a naturally occurring amino acid (i.e., non-naturally occurring conservative amino acid substitution or a non-naturally occurring non-conservative amino acid substitution).
As is understood, naturally occurring amino acids may be sub-classified as acidic, basic, neutral and polar, or neutral and non-polar. Furthermore, three of the encoded amino acids are aromatic. It may be of use that encoded polypeptides differing from the determined polypeptide of the present invention contain substituted codons for amino acids, which are from the same type or group as that of the amino acid be replaced. Thus, in some cases, the basic amino acids Lys, Arg and His may be interchangeable; the acidic amino acids Asp and Glu may be interchangeable; the neutral polar amino acids Ser, Thr, Cys, Gln, and Asn may be interchangeable; the non-polar aliphatic amino acids Gly, Ala, Val, lie, and Leu are interchangeable but because of size Gly and Ala are more closely related and Val, lie and Leu are more closely related to each other, and the aromatic amino acids Phe, Trp and Tyr may be interchangeable.
It should be further noted that if the polypeptides are made synthetically, substitutions by amino acids, which are not naturally encoded by DNA (non-naturally occurring or unnatural amino acid) may also be made.
A non-naturally occurring amino acid is to be understood herein as an amino acid which is not naturally produced or found in a mammal. A non-naturally occurring amino acid comprises a D-amino acid, an amino acid having an acetylaminomethyl group attached to a sulfur atom of a cysteine, a pegylated amino acid, etc. The inclusion of a non-naturally occurring amino acid in a defined polypeptide sequence will therefore generate a derivative of the original polypeptide. Non-naturally occurring amino acids (residues) include also the omega amino acids of the formula NH2(CH2)nCOOH wherein n is 2-6, neutral nonpolar amino acids, such as sarcosine, t-butyl alanine, t-butyl glycine, N-methyl isoleucine, norleucine, etc. Phenylglycine may substitute for Trp, Tyr or Phe; citrulline and methionine sulfoxide are neutral nonpolar, cysteic acid is acidic, and omithine is basic. Proline may be substituted with hydroxyproline and retain the conformation conferring properties.
It is known in the art that analogues may be generated by substitutional mutagenesis and retain the biological activity of the polypeptides of the present invention. These analogues have at least one amino acid residue in the protein molecule removed and a different residue inserted in its place. Examples of substitutions identified as “conservative substitutions” are shown in Table 1. If such substitutions result in a change not desired, then other type of substitutions, denominated “exemplary substitutions” in Table 1, or as further described herein in reference to amino acid classes, are introduced and the products screened.
In some cases it may be of interest to modify the biological activity of a polypeptide by amino acid substitution, insertion, or deletion. For example, modification of a polypeptide may result in an increase in the polypeptide's biological activity, may modulate its toxicity, may result in changes in bioavailability or in stability, or may modulate its immunological activity or immunological identity. Substantial modifications in function or immunological identity are accomplished by selecting substitutions that differ significantly in their effect on maintaining (a) the structure of the polypeptide backbone in the area of the substitution, for example, as a sheet or helical conformation. (b) the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at the target site, or (c) the bulk of the side chain. Naturally occurring residues are divided into groups based on common side chain properties:
Non-conservative substitutions will entail exchanging a member of one of these classes for another. A conservative substitution will entail exchanging a member of one of these groups for another member of these groups. Alternatively other conservative amino acid substitutions are listed in Table 1.
A biologically active analog may be, for example, an analogue having at least one (i.e., non-conservative or conservative) amino acid substitution in the original sequence. A biologically active analog may also be for example, an analog having an insertion of one or more amino acids.
Other exemplary analogs includes for example:
X1 and X2 may independently be an amino acid sequence of from between 0 to about 100 (e.g., from between 0 to about 30 to 50) amino acids. X1 and X2 may be derived from consecutive amino acids of aprotinin or aprotinin analogs (homologous amino acid sequence) or may be any other amino acid sequence (heterologous amino acid sequence). A compound of either formula I, II or III may also comprises an amino acid substitution, deletion or insertion within the amino acid sequence of Angiopep-1, Angiopep-2 or SEQ ID NO.1. The analog however would preferably be biologically active as determined by one of the assays described herein or by any similar or equivalent assays.
A biologically active polypeptide (e.g., carrier) may be identified by using one of the assays or methods described herein. For example a candidate carrier may be produced by conventional peptide synthesis, conjugated with Taxol as described herein and tested in an in vivo model as described herein. A biologically active carrier may be identified, for example, based on its efficacy to increase survival of an animal which has been injected with tumor cells and treated with the conjugate compared to a control which has not been treated with a conjugate. Also a biologically active carrier may be identified based on its location in the parenchyma in an in situ cerebral perfusion assay.
It is to be understood herein, that if a “range” or “group of substances” is mentioned with respect to a particular characteristic (e.g., temperature, concentration, time and the like) of the present invention, the present invention relates to and explicitly incorporates herein each and every specific member and combination of sub-ranges or sub-groups therein whatsoever. Thus, any specified range or group is to be understood as a shorthand way of referring to each and every member of a range or group individually as well as each and every possible sub-ranges or sub-groups encompassed therein; and similarly with respect to any sub-ranges or sub-groups therein. Thus, for example,
It is in particular to be understood herein that the sequences, regions, portions defined herein each include each and every individual sequences, regions, portions described thereby as well as each and every possible sub-sequences, sub-regions, sub-portions whether such sub-sequences, sub-regions, sub-portions is defined as positively including particular possibilities, as excluding particular possibilities or a combination thereof; for example an exclusionary definition for a region may read as follows: “provided that said polypeptide is no shorter than 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 amino acids. Yet a further example of a negative limitation is the following; a sequence comprising SEQ ID NO.: X with the exclusion of a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO. Y; etc. An additional example of a negative limitation is the following; provided that said polypeptide is not (does not comprise or consist of) SEQ ID NO.:Z.
In drawings which illustrates exemplary embodiments of the invention,
The present invention relates to new molecules that can act as vectors or carriers for transporting an agent, medicine or other molecule to the brain and/or central nervous system (CNS). Agents, medicines or other molecules which are unable or ineffective at crossing the blood-brain barrier by themselves, may be transported across the blood-brain barrier when attached or coupled (conjugated) to the vector or carrier. Alternatively, an agent that is able to cross the blood-brain barrier by itself may also see its transport increase when conjugated to the carrier of the present invention. Such conjugates can be in the form of a composition, such as a pharmaceutical composition, for treatment of a condition or disease or for the diagnosis of a condition or disease.
In international publication no. WO2004/060403, the inventors have disclosed that AngioPep-1 (SEQ ID NO.:67) and aprotinin (SEQ ID NO.:98) are effective vectors for transporting desirable molecules across the blood brain barrier. The inventors herein demonstrate that other molecules could also be used as carriers for transporting an agent across the blood brain barrier. Accordingly, peptides having similar domains as aprotinin and Angiopep-1 and a modified form of Angiopep-1 (amidated, peptide no. 67) were therefore conceived as potential carrier vectors. These derived peptides resemble aprotinin and Angiopep-1 but comprise different amino acid insertions and bear different charges. Thus far, 96 peptides presented in Table 2 as well as additional peptides listed in Table 6 as well as in the sequence listing were tested for their potential as carriers.
It is to be understood herein that in the following experiments, peptides have been selected based on their higher activity compared to others. Those which have not been selected for further experimentations are by no means being disclaimed and are not intended to be regarded as non-functional. These peptides show substantial activity and have utility has (biologically active) carriers and are also encompassed by the present invention.
Selection with In Vitro Model
An in vitro model was used for screening assay and for mechanistic studies of drug transport to the brain. This efficient in vitro model of the blood-brain barer was developed by the company CELLIAL™ Technologies. Yielding reproducible results, the in vitro model was used for evaluating the capacity of different carriers to reach the brain. The model consists of a co-culture of bovine brain capillary endothellal cells and rat glial cells. It presents ultrastructural features characteristic of brain endothelium including tight junctions, lack of fenestration, lack of transendothelial channels, low permeability for hydrophilic molecules and a high electrical resistance. Moreover, this model has shown a good correlation coefficient between in vitro and in vivo analysis of wide range of molecules tested. To date, all the data obtained show that this BBB model closely mimics the in vivo situation by reproducing some of the complexities of the cellular environment that exist in vivo, while retaining the experimental advantages associated with tissue culture. Many studies have validated this cell co-culture as one of the most reproducible in vitro model of the BBB.
The in vitro model of BBB was established by using a co-culture of BBCECs and astrocytes. Prior to cell culture, plate inserts (Millicell-P 3.0 μM; 30-mm diameter) were coated on the upper side with rat tail collagen. They were then set in six-well microplates containing the astrocytes and BBCECs were plated on the upper side of the filters in 2 mL of co-culture medium. This BBCEC medium was changed three times a week. Under these conditions, differentiated BBCECs formed a confluent monolayer 7 days later. Experiments were performed between and 7 days after confluence was reached. The permeability coefficient for sucrose was measured to verify the endothelial permeability.
Primary cultures of mixed astrocytes were prepared from newborn rat cerebral cortex (Dehouck M. P., Meresse S., Delorme P., Fruchart J. C., Cecchelli, R. An Easier, Reproductible, and Mass-Production Method to Study the Blood-Brain Barrier In Vitro. J. Neurochem, 54, 1798-1801, 1990). Briefly, after removing the meninges, the brain tissue was forced gently through an 82 μm nylon sieve. Astrocytes were plated on six-well microplates at a concentration of 1.2×105 cells/mL in 2 mL of optimal culture medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum. The medium was changed twice a week.
Bovine brain capillary endothelial cells (BBCECs) were obtained from Cellial Technologies. The cells were cultured in the presence of DMEM medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) horse serum and 10% heat-inactivated calf serum, 2 mM of glutamine, 50 μg/mL of gentamycin, and 1 ng/mL of basic fibroblast growth factor, added every other day.
Originally, at a first level of selection, 96 peptides as described in Table 2 were tested as carrier with the in vitro model of the BBB. Each peptide was added to the upper side of the inserts covered or non-covered with endothelial cells for 90 minutes at 37° C. After the incubation, the peptides in the lower side of the chambers were resolved by electrophoresis. Electrophoresis gels were stained with Coomassie blue to visualize the peptides as illustrated with some peptides (without limitation) in
Following the first level of screening, peptides detected in the lower side of the chambers by Coomassie blue staining (5, 8, 45, 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 90 and 91) were selected for further study with the iodinated peptides. Briefly, the selected peptides were iodinated with standard procedures using iodo-beads from Sigma. Two iodo-beads were used for each protein. These beads were washed twice with 3 ml of phosphate buffer (PB) on a Whatman™ filter and resuspended in 60 μl of PB. 125I (1 mCi) from Amersham-Pharmacia biotech was added to the bead suspension for 5 min at room temperature. The iodination for each peptide was initiated by adding 100 μg (80-100 μl) of the bead suspension. After an incubation of 10 min at room temperature, the supernatants were applied on a desalting column prepacked with 5 ml of cross-linked Dextran™ from Pierce and 125I-proteins were eluted with 10 ml of PBS. Fractions of 0.5 ml were collected and the radioactivity in 5 μl of each fraction was measured. Fractions corresponding to 125I-proteins were pooled and dialyzed against Ringer/Hepes buffer, pH 7.4. The efficiency of radiolabeling was between 0.6-1.0×108 cpm/100 μg of protein.
The iodinated peptides were also investigated with the in vitro model of the BBB. Each peptide was added to upper side of the inserts covered or non-covered with endothelial cells for 90 minutes at 37′C. After the incubation, peptides in the lower side of the chambers were TCA precipitated. Results were expressed as cpm ratios. For each [125I]-peptide the number of cpm in the bottom chamber was divided by the total number of cpm added to filter covered with endothelial cells (+cells/initial) or uncovered (−cells/initial). The ratio between the number of [125I]-peptide found in the bottom chamber of filters covered with or without endothelial cells was also calculated (+cells/−cells). A very low −cells/initial ratio indicates that filters may interfere with the peptides (peptides 5 and 8). A high +cells/initial and +cells/−cells ratio indicate a better passage of the peptides across the bra endothelial cells. The results for the previously selected 18 peptides are shown in Table 3.
From these results, 12 peptides with +cells/−cells ratios generally higher than 0.35 were selected namely; 5, 8, 67, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 90 and 91. Peptides #91 and #77 were also selected for further investigation because of their +cells/−cells ratios (>0.2).
The 12 selected peptides were then investigated by assessing their permeability coefficients using the in vitro BBB model. The effect of each selected peptide at 250 nM on the BBB integrity was determined by measuring [14C] sucrose permeability in the BBB model on BBCEC monolayers grown on filters in the presence of astrocytes. To achieve this test, brain endothelial cell monolayers grown on inserts were transferred to 6-well plates containing 2 m of Ringer-Hepes per well (basolateral compartment) for two hours at 37° C. Ringer-Hepes solution was composed of 150 mM NaCl, 5.2 mM KCl, 2.2 mM CaCl2, 0.2 mM MgCl2, 6 mM NaHC03, 5 mM Hepes, 2.8 mM Hepes pH 7.4. In each apical chamber, the culture medium was replaced by 1 mL Ringer-Hepes containing the labeled [14C]-sucrose. At different times, inserts were placed into another well. [14C] sucrose passage was measured at 37° C., on filters without cells or with filters coated with BBCEC cells. The peptides are added at the start of the experiment at time zero. The results were plotted as the sucrose clearance (μl) as a function of time (min).
Clearance (μl)=[C]A×VA/[C]L
The slope of the linear variation (μl/min) is the sucrose permeability coefficient for the filter without cells (Psf) and one with coated with BBCEC cells (PSt) in the presence of the peptide.
The permeability coefficient (Pe) was calculated as:
1/Pe=(1/PSt−1/PSf)/filter area (4.2 cm2)
The peptides with highest Pe were selected: 67, 76, 90, 91, 5, 79, 8, and 78.
The in situ cerebral perfusion (in mice) was used as the fourth level of selection to select the best peptides. This procedure also distinguishes between compounds remaining in the brain vascular compartment from those having crossed the abluminal endothelial membrane to enter the brain parenchyma. Indeed, the technique of post-perfusion capillary depletion allows to measure whether the molecule really crosses the endothelium to enter the brain parenchyma. Using this technique it is demonstrated herein that specific peptides tend to accumulate in the brain parenchyma fraction (see Table 4).
Four peptides, namely 5, 67, 76 and 91, showed the highest levels of distribution in the parenchyma with a volume higher than 20 mV/100 g and which represents at least 25% of the volume found for the total brain (homogenate), thus showing the highest potential as carrier for use as transport vectors. Peptide 79 was eliminated because of its lower volume of distribution in the brain parenchyma (18 ml/100 g). Peptide 67 represents the amidated form of AngioPep-1 described in the previous application that the inventors filed. Amidation of a peptide affect the overall charge of the peptide. As is apparent in Tables 2 and 3, two peptides having a different charge do not have necessary the same activity.
The vector or carrier of the present invention may thus be used in a method for transporting an agent across the blood-brain barrier which comprises administering to an individual in need, an agent that comprises an active ingredient or a pharmaceutical agent attached to a carrier, such as aprotinin or a functional derivative thereof (i.e., an aprotinin analog, an aprotinin fragment, an aprotin derivative, an analogue of an aprotinin fragment).
The carrier and conjugate may be administered intra-arterially, intra-nasally, intra-peritoneally, intravenously, intramuscularly, sub-cutaneously, transdermally or per os to the patient. The agent may be, for example, an anti-angogenic compound. The agent may have a maximum weight of 160,000 Daltons. As discussed herein, the agent may be a marker or a drug such as a small molecule drug, a protein, a peptide or an enzyme. The drug may be adapted to treat, for example, a neurological disease or a central nervous system disorder of a patient. The drug may be a cytotoxic drug and the marker may be a detectable label such as a radioactive label, a green fluorescent protein, a histag protein or β-galactosidase. The agent may be delivered, for example, into the central nervous system of a patient.
According to another embodiment, the uses, methods, compounds, agents, drugs or medicaments therein mentioned may not alter the integrity of the blood-brain barrier of the patient.
According to a further embodiment of the present invention the peptide may be selected from the group consisting of aprotinin, an aprotinin fragment (SEQ ID NO.:1) and any one of the peptides defined in SEQ ID NO.:1 to 97, 99, 100, 101, or 107-112.
For example, peptides 5, 76, 91 and 97 as well as peptide 67 may be used in the present invention by linking them to an agent or a compound for transporting the agent or compound across the blood-brain barrier of a patient. The agent or compound may be adapted to treat a neurological disease or to treat a central nervous system disorder.
The carrier of the present invention, such as for example, peptides 5, 76, 91 and 97 as well as peptide 67 may be linked to or labelled with a detectable label such as a radioimaging agent, such as those emitting radiation, for detection of a disease or condition, for example by the use of a radioimaging agent-antibody-carrier conjugate, wherein the antibody binds to a disease or condition-specific antigen. Other binding molecules besides antibodies and which are known and used in the art are also contemplated by the present invention. Alternatively, the carrier or functional derivative thereof of the present invention or mixtures thereof may be linked to a therapeutic agent, to treat a disease or condition, or may be linked to or labelled with mixtures thereof. Treatment may be effected by administering a carrier-agent conjugate of the present invention to an individual under conditions which allow transport of the agent across the blood-brain barrier.
A therapeutic agent as used herein may be a drug, a medicine, an agent emitting radiation, a cellular toxin (for example, a chemotherapeutic agent) and/or biologically active fragment thereof, and/or mixtures thereof to allow cell killing or it may be an agent to treat, cure, alleviate, improve, diminish or inhibit a disease or condition in an individual treated. A therapeutic agent may be a synthetic product or a product of fungal, bacterial or other microorganism, such as mycoplasma, viral etc., animal, such as reptile, or plant origin. A therapeutic agent and/or biologically active fragment thereof may be an enzymatically active agent and/or fragment thereof, or may act by inhibiting or blocking an important and/or essential cellular pathway or by competing with an important and/or essential naturally occurring cellular component.
Examples of radioimaging agents emitting radiation (detectable radio-labels) that may be suitable are exemplified by indium-111, technitium-99, or low dose iodine-131.
Detectable labels, or markers, for use in the present invention may be a radiolabel, a fluorescent label, a nuclear magnetic resonance active label, a luminescent label, a chromophore label, a positron emitting isotope for PET scanner, chemiluminescence label, or an enzymatic label. Fluorescent labels include but are not limited to, green fluorescent protein (GFP), fluorescein, and rhodamine. Chemiluminescence labels include but are not limited to, luciferase and β-galactosidase. Enzymatic labels include but are not limited to peroxidase and phosphatase. A histag may also be a detectable label. For the purpose of detection or diagnostic, the conjugate of the present invention may be labeled. For example, conjugates may comprise a carrier moiety and an antibody moiety (antibody or antibody fragment) and may further comprise a label. It is to be understood herein that the label may be attached to either the carrier moiety or antibody moiety. An exemplary embodiment of the invention, the label s attached to the antibody moiety. The label may be for example a medical isotope, such as for example and without limitation, Technetium-99, Iodine-123 and -131, Thallium-201, Galliu-67, Fluorin-18, Indium-111, etc.
It is contemplated that an agent may be releasable from the carrier after transport across the blood-brain barrier, for example by enzymatic cleavage or breakage of a chemical bond between the carrier and the agent. The release agent may then function in its intended capacity in the absence of the carrier.
The present invention will be more readily understood by referring to the following examples which are given to Illustrate the invention rather than to limit its scope. The following examples have been given with aprotinin. However, it has been demonstrated herein the molecules of the present invention share common properties with aprotinin with respect to their potential as carrier for transporting an agent across the blood brain barrier. These examples thus apply to the molecules of the present invention.
For conjugation, paclitaxel (TAXOL™) has 2 strategic positions (position C2′ and C7).
Transcytosis capacity of Aprotinin-Paclitaxel conjugate was determined and is reported below in Table 5.
As seen in Table 5, conjugation of paclitaxel to aprotin still was able to cross the in vitro model of the blood brain barrier without affecting the sucrose integrity, thus proving that the molecules (also referred herein as vectors or carriers) of the present invention still retain their activity when conjugated to a large chemical entity such as paclitaxel.
Survival study in the rat brain tumor model was then conducted to verify whether the paclitaxel that was conjugated is still active in vivo. For the rat brain tumor model, rats received an intra-cerebral implantation of 50 000 CNS-1 glioma cells. Three (3) days after, animals received treatment with vehicle (aprotinin), Paclitaxel (5 mg/kg) or Paclitaxel-Aprotinin (5 mg/kg) by intravenous injection. Treatment was then administered every week until animal was sacrificed (see
Using the same experimental protocol, paclitaxel when injected alone at the maximal tolerated dose (54 mg/kg) was unable to increase mouse survival (Laccabue et al., 2001 Cancer, 92 (12): 3085-92).
Survival study was also conducted in mice implanted with a human brain tumor xenograft. For the mice brain tumor model, mice received an intra-cerebral implantation of 500 000 human U87 glioma cells. 3 days after Implantation animals received treatment with Paclitaxel-Angiopep1 (5 mg/kg) or vehicle by intravenous injection. Treatment was then administered every week until animal was sacrificed. Mice were monitored every day for clinical symptoms and weight loss. According to the protocol of good animal practice, animals were sacrificed when a weight loss was observed for 3 consecutive days or before if the weight loss was more than 20% of the animal initial weight. It was now observed that the medium survival for the control group was 19±2 days. For the statistical analysis a 20% increase in survival was considered significant. As can be seen in
Results obtained in the two survival studies indicate that the conjugation of paclitaxel with the vector of the present invention increases the animal survival.
This study with Taxol-Angiopep-2 (herein referred to peptide no. 97 was conducted to determine whether conjugation of Taxol to Angiopep-2 could increase mice survival. The structure of Angiopep-2 is illustrated in SEQ ID NO.:97. For this experiment, mice received an intra-cerebral implantation of 500 000 human U87 glioma cells. After 3 days following implantation, animals were treated with the vehicle (DMSO/Ringer-Hepes 80:20 v/v (i.e., control)) or Taxol-Angopep-2 conjugate (3:1. i.e., ratio of 3 Taxol molecules for each peptide; TxlAn2 (5 mg/kg)) by tail vein injections (
Proteins such as the carriers of the present invention and/or antibody molecules present various groups available for conjugation (coupling; cross-linking). For example, antibodies may be conjugated, without limitation, through sulfhydryl groups, amino groups (amines) and/or carbohydrates. The peptides described herein may be used for generating conjugates. The conjugation methods or cross-linker used is not intended to be limitative.
Homobifunctional and heterobifunctional cross-linkers (conjugation agents) are available from many commercial sources. Different conjugation agents (homobifunctional and/or heterobifunctional), targeting various available regions were tested for conjugation of antibody molecules to the carriers (vectors) of the present invention. Regions available for cross-linking may be found on heavy and/or light chains of antibodies and/or on the carriers of the present invention. The cross-linker may comprise a flexible arm, such as for example, a short arm (<2 carbon chain), a medium-size arm (from 2-5 carbon chain), a long arm (≧6 carbon chain), Exemplary cross-linkers included:
BS3 [Bis(Sulfosuccinimidyl)Suberate]
BS3 is a homobifunctional N-hydroxysuccinimide ester that targets accessible primary amines. A conjugation scheme Is exemplified In
NHS/EDC (N-Hydroxysuccinimide and N-Ethyl-′(Dimethyiaminopropyl)Carbodimide
NHS/EDC allows for the conjugation of primary amine groups with carboxyl groups.
Sufo-EMCS ([N-e-Maleimidocaproic Acid]Hydrazide)
Sulfo-EMCS are heterobifunctional reactive groups (malemide and NHS-ester) that are reactive toward sulfhydryl and amino groups.
Amine coupling using sulfo-NHS/EDC activation may be used to cross-link therapeutic antibodies with the vectors (carriers) of the present invention as exemplified In
SATA (N-Succinimidyl-S-Acetylthioacetate)
SATA is reactive towards amines and adds protected sulfhydryls groups. NHS-ester react with primary amines to form stable amide bonds. Sulfhydryl groups may be deprotected using hydroxylamine The conjugation method is exemplified in
Hydrazide
Most proteins contain exposed carbohydrates and hydrazide is a useful reagent for linking carboxyl groups to primary amines as shown in
Others
Other exemplary linkers are also illustrated in
Antibodies and/or antibody fragments (Fab and Fab′2) have been conjugated with the vector of the present invention to increase their delivery to the brain. Various conjugation approaches have been used to first conjugate IgGs with aprotinin having proven that the carriers of the present invention behave exactly as aprotinin. Conjugation of peptides (Angiopep-1, Angiopep-2 etc.,) to IgG was also studied.
Conjugation of IgG with aprotinin using the cross-linker BS3 (
Transport of IgG or IgG-conjugates across the BBB was then tested. The uptake of [125I]-IgG to the luminal side of mouse brain capillaries was measured using the in situ brain perfusion method adapted in the inventor's laboratory for the study of drug uptake in the mouse brain (Dagenals et al., 2000, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 20(2):381-386). The BBB transport constants were determined as previously described by Smith (1996, Pharm. Botechnol. 8:285-307). IgG uptake was expressed as the volume of distribution (Vd) from the following equation:
Vd=Q*br/C*pf
where Q*br Is the calculated quantity of [125I]-IgG or [125I]-IgG-aprotinin conjugate per gram of right brain hemisphere and C*pf is the labelled tracer concentration measured in the perfusate.
The results of this experiment indicate that there is higher brain uptake for [125I]-IgG-aprotinin conjugate than that of unconjugated [125I]-IgG (see
Theses results indicate that conjugation of IgGs with aprotinin increases their accumulation in the brain parenchyma in vivo.
Angiopep-2 was conjugated to IgG using SATA. It was shown by detecting the conjugate by western blot analysis that Angiopep-2 is associated with both the light and heavy chains of IgG (
Conjugation of Angiopep-2 using sulfo-EMCS was also performed. This conjugation scheme is illustrated in
The brain distribution of IgG-Angiopep2 conjugates coupled via sulfhydryl groups using EMCS-Angiopep-2 was tested in various brain tissues (total brain, capillaries, parenchyma). The results indicate that there is higher (about three fold difference) brain uptake of [125I]-IgG-Angiopep-2 conjugate than that of unconjugated [125I]-IgG (see
The transport of Angiopep-2-IgG conjugates coupled using the SATA method was also tested using in situ brain perfusion experiments. As shown in
Following conjugation of IgG with carriers, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunodetection and autoradiography were performed to ensure proper conjugation. An exemplary result is shown in
Amine groups are commonly found in proteins. Angiopep-1 (SEQ ID NO.67) and Angiopep-2 (SEQ ID NO.97) both have three amine groups available for conjugation. To study the role of amine groups in conjugation and their impact in the overall transport capacity of these carriers, analogs of Angiopep-1 and Angiopep-2 were designed to bear variable reactive amine groups and variable overall charge. These designed peptides are shown in Table 7 below.
1Ac represents acetylation.
Brain uptake of these carriers was measured using the previously described in situ brain perfusion experimental model. Results (shown in Table 8 below) revealed that lysines at position 10 and 15 are important in these carriers transport function.
The Angiopep peptides were conjugated to IgG using the SATA cross-linker and their transport capacity was studied using in situ brain perfusion. As shown
Signaling via the epidermal growth factor receptor induces cell proliferative signals and is associated with the transformation of normal to malignant cells. Several mutations in EGFR may be detected in tumor cells. One of the most common mutation of EGFR is the EGFRvIII mutation wherein amino acids 6-273 are deleted.
To show that coupling of carriers of the present invention to antibodies other than IgG was possible, and that coupling maintained the antibody function, an EGFR antibody (monoclonal 528 available from ATCC) was cross-linked to the vector using the cross-linker SATA as an exemplary therapeutic peptide. The biological activity of the coupled EGFR antibody was tested by staining EGFR positive U87 cells. Similar detection of EGFR in U87 using both uncoupled and coupled EGFR antibodies by FACS analysis was demonstrated (
In Table 9, we show that the antibodies are not inactivated by conjugation and present the same affinity for binding in an in vitro assay.
Transport of EGFR antibody-conjugates (e.g., Anti-EGFR-Angiopep2) across the BBB was then measured using labeled conjugate. The uptake of Anti-[125I]-EGFR-Angiopep-2 to the luminal side of mouse brain capillaries was measured using the in situ brain perfusion method as shown in
Experimental data indicates that there is higher brain uptake for [125I]-EGFR-Angiopep-2 conjugate than that of unconjugated [125I]-EGFR Ab in all tissues tested. Therefore, the conjugation of EGFR Ab with Angiopep-2 increases its accumulation in the brain parenchyma in vivo.
These conjugates represent an interesting avenue as several different tumor types were show to express EGFR at various levels (see Table 10).
To further demonstrate the versatility and applicability of antibody coupling to carriers of the present invention, another exemplary therapeutic antibody was used.
This other exemplary antibody is Avastin, an anti-VEFG recombinant humanized monoclonal IgG1 kappa isotype antibody available from Roche Biochemical. This antibody binds to and inhibits all the biologically active forms of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
The transport of Avastin conjugates across the BBB was measured using the in situ brain perfusion method. Results show that there is higher brain uptake for [125I]-Avastin-Angiopep-2 conjugate than that of unconjugated [125I]-Avastin. Therefore, the conjugation of Avastin antibody with Angiopep-2 increases its accumulation in the brain parenchyma in vivo (
Conjugation of therapeutic antibodies (such as, but not limited to, Avastin or MAb 528 available from ATCC) to carriers of the present invention is therefore a useful strategy for their transport into the brain.
Incubation of Angiopep-1 at 4° C. for periods of 12 hours and longer leads to multimerization/dimerization of the peptide. The transcytosis capacity of the Angopep-1 dimer was evaluated in vitro and is shown in
Typically, cross-linking reactions yield between 1 to 6 molecules of carrier per one molecule of antibody, heavy and light chains.
The level of conjugation of Angiopep-2 to IgGs was estimated using an assay allowing titration of the amount of sulfhydril groups after deprotection of SATA on the amine of the IgGs before and after reaction with the maleimide group on the N terminal of Angiopep-2. By changing the relative concentration of the different reactants used in the conjugation protocol the amount of Angiopep-2 conjugated to IgGs may be optimized.
Using in vivo brain perfusion experiments, it was observed, as shown in
The content of each publication, patent and patent application mentioned in the present application is incorporated herein by reference.
Although the present invention has been described in details herein and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiments described herein and that various changes and modifications may be effected without departing from the scope or spirit of the present invention.
While the invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is capable of further modifications and this application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains and as may be applied to the essential features hereinbefore set forth, and as follows In the scope of the appended claims.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/185,947, filed on Jul. 21, 2005 and which claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/653,928 filed on Feb. 18, 2005, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60653928 | Feb 2005 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11807597 | May 2007 | US |
| Child | 15003380 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11185947 | Jul 2005 | US |
| Child | 11807597 | US |
