Patent Grant
7444585
The present invention relates to client-server communication.
A JavaServer Pages™ (“JSP”) page is a markup language page, typically an HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) web page, that contains additional bits of code that execute application logic to generate dynamic content. The application logic may involve various kinds of objects that can be accessed from a JSP page. For example, a JSP page may contain HTML code that displays static text and graphics, as well as a method call to an object that accesses a database; when the page is displayed in a user's browser, it will contain both the static HTML content and dynamic information retrieved from the database. Thus, a JSP page looks like an HTML (or XML) page—it contains text encapsulated by tags, which are defined between angle brackets (“< >”). While HTML tags are processed by a user's web browser to display the page, JSP tags are used by the web server to generate dynamic content.
A JSP page is an example of a dynamic web page, which in this specification will be referred to simply as a server page or a page. There are other technologies, similar to JSP, that can be used to create HTML or XML pages dynamically on a server. These include, by way of example, SAP Business Server Pages (BSP), Microsoft Active Server Pages (ASP), and AOLserver Dynamic Pages (ADP) technologies. In these technologies, functionality is embedded in structure in the form of special tags in a markup language document, and content and structure (presentation) are merged when the page is generated by a server. In alternative technologies for creating server pages, e.g., traditional servlet and CGI (Common Gateway Interface) script technologies, structure and presentation are embedded within functionality to create dynamic web pages.
In this specification, it is sometimes necessary to distinguish the page as it exists on the server from the page as it exists on the client. The term “page document” will be used to refer to the page that is processed by a server—e.g., a .jsp page. The term “browser document” will be used to refer to the page that is received and processed by a client and generally displayed to a human user—e.g., an HTML page generated by processing of a .jsp page by a JSP engine.
A server page can include information for a graphical user interface (“GUI”) to generate a browser document. The server can transmit the browser document to a client through a network. At the client, the browser document is rendered for display. This is typically done by a web browser, such as the Microsoft® Internet Explorer. When a user interacts with the client through the GUI to refresh the page, the entire process is repeated: the whole page, including layout information and data, is generated on the server and the resulting browser document is transmitted from the server to the client through the network. If the network has insufficient bandwidth, transmitting the whole page can cause undesired effects: until the refreshed page is finally presented, there can be a long waiting time or screen flicker.
Some browsers, such as the Microsoft Internet Explorer 6.0, include a feature for flicker-free rendering. When the client receives a modified page, the browser identifies modified components of the page and only replaces these components instead of the whole page, for example, by dynamic HTML injection into the page's Document Object Model (DOM). Dynamic HTML injection can reduce screen flicker for the user, but, because the whole page is transmitted through the network, insufficient network bandwidth can still cause undesirable waiting times.
The present invention provides methods and apparatus, including computer program products, for delta-driven refreshing of server pages.
In general, in one aspect, this invention provides methods and apparatus, including computer program products, for delta handling on a server. The server allocates a component buffer to each page component of a page document with multiple page components. A corresponding browser component is written into each allocated component buffer.
Advantageous implementations of the invention can include one or more of the following features. A change can be detected in at least one identified component buffer. Information indicating the change can be transmitted to a client. Detecting a change can include identifying at least one browser delta in the at least one identified component buffer. Transmitting information indicating the change can include sending the at least one browser delta to the client. The at least one browser delta can be represented in a browser-compliant language selected from the group of HTML, XML, XHTML, WML, JavaScript and Visual Basic Script. A page buffer can be allocated to the page document. A buffer hierarchy can be built,where the page buffer is the root node of the buffer hierarchy and is a parent node of at least one component buffer. Each component buffer can be a parent node of further component buffers. The browser component of a child node in a corresponding parent node of the buffer hierarchy can be replaced with a representation of the browser component. The page buffer and each component buffer of the buffer hierarchy can be sent to a client. The page document can be a JSP, BSP, ADP, or ASP page. Each page component can be represented by a tag within the page document. Each component buffer can be stored in a memory stack.
In general, in another aspect, this invention provides methods and apparatus, including computer program products, for delta handling on a client having a browser document. The browser document corresponds to a page document stored on a server and includes multiple browser components. Each browser component refers to a corresponding page component of the page document. The client receives change information that refers to a specific browser component and specifies a change to the specific browser component. The browser document is updated in accordance with the change information.
Advantageous implementations of the invention can include one or more of the following features. Receiving change information can include receiving a browser delta from the server. The browser delta refers to a specific browser component and is identified by the server by a component buffer being allocated to the corresponding page component. The browser document can be updated with the browser delta. Updating the browser document can include injecting the browser delta into a document object model of the browser document. The browser delta can be received by a first frame and the browser document can be updated with the browser delta in a second frame. The first frame can be invisible. When a new browser document is received in the first frame, the size of the second frame can be reduced and the size of the first frame can be expanded. The second frame can be invisible.
The invention can be implemented to realize one or more of the following advantages. The required bandwidth for network communication can be lower when compared to prior art systems where the whole browser document is exchanged between the server and client. When a minor portion of the browser document is modified, the browser delta transmission can require significant less bandwidth than the whole browser document transmission. The browser delta can be determined by comparing two versions of the browser document. The differences between the two versions can be detected at the level of browser components. The granularity of the browser delta can be defined by the granularity of the corresponding browser component. The server can send the browser delta in an output stream to a client. The client can receive the browser delta in an invisible first frame and update the corresponding browser document in a second frame. The client can swap the roles of the first and the second frames. Consequently, a user who interacts with the client can experiences a visually pleasing effect, because the update of the browser document with the browser delta results in a flicker-free change of the graphical user interface.
The details of one or more implementations of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims.
Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.
Definition of Terms
Client: A computer having a client relationship with a computer acting as a server.
Server: A computer having a server relationship with a computer acting as client. A client and server are generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network, e.g., a local area network (“LAN”) or a wide area network (“WAN”), e.g., the Internet. The relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other.
Application data: Data relating to a computer program application (e.g., customer number, address, phone number, and so forth).
Layout data: Data defining placement of content of a graphical user interface.
Browser delta: A data structure that represents what is different between two different states of a browser document (e.g., before and after a user interaction).
Tag: A representation of a page component in a page. For example, in JSP pages, tags use XML notation and represent a Java class.
Output stream: Data structure used to collect the output of page components.
Document object model: The document object model (DOM) is a platform- and language-neutral interface that allows programs and scripts dynamically to access and update the content, structure and style of documents, and that provides a mechanism to access and manipulate parsed HTML and XML content.
A System for Delta-Driven Refreshing of Pages
A system in accordance with the invention defines components of a server page and allocates memory to each component. The system writes contents of a component to the respective allocated memory and, upon detecting a change in the written component, identifies the allocated memory and transmits its contents to a device, such as a client computer, that is displaying the contents. Changes are also referred to as deltas.
The GUI 955 illustrated in
At time T1, the user is prompted with the form 955 having empty contact (955-1) and phone (955-2) components. Next, the user enters the name, e.g., SMITH, of the contact person into contact component 955-1, and, at a later time T2, uses submit component 955-3 to send a request to retrieve the contact person's phone number. At time T3, after the application retrieves the phone number of the contact person, e.g., 98765-4321, the phone number is displayed for the user in phone component 955-2.
The server memory stores a page document 151. The page document 151 includes information to generate the form 955. For example, the page document 151 can be a page, such as a JSP, BSP, or ASP page. The page document 151 includes page components 151-0, 151-1, 151-2, 151-3 that correspond to the form components 955-0, 955-1, 955-2, 955-3 (
After translating the page document 151 into a browser document 150, typically done by the server, the browser document 150 is sent to the client. The browser document 150 can be a markup language document, for example, an HTML, XML, XHTML or WML document, which can be processed and rendered by a conventional browser. The browser document 150 includes browser components 150-0, 150-1, 150-2, 150-3 that correspond to the page components 151-0, 151-1, 151-2, 151-3, respectively.
The client stores the browser document 150 in the client memory, and renders it at time T1 as form 955 on an output device. The browser document 150 can have dynamic data and static data. Dynamic data can be changed through user interaction. Examples of dynamic data include input fields, output fields, status indicators, and user defined layout elements. Static data are defined in an application and, in general, are not changed through user interaction. Examples of static data include application defined layout elements, headers, background colors, and background patterns. Examples for using dynamic and static data are given in
In the example implementation, as shown in
The server receives the request 989. In one implementation, the server accesses an application, e.g., an address database, retrieves the requested phone number from the application, and updates the corresponding page component 151-2 in page document 151 with the retrieved phone number (illustrated by dark fill color in
The server allocates (step 410) component buffers 921-0, 921-1, 921-2, 921-3 (illustrated by dashed frames in
The server writes (step 420) each browser component, i.e., 150-0, 150-1, 150-2, and 150-3, to its corresponding component buffer, i.e., 921-0, 921-1, 921-2, and 921-3. When the browser component of a component buffer changes, server detects change and identifies the changed component buffer (step 430). The server detects the change by comparing current browser components to previous ones. In the example, a browser delta 150-2d that represents the change is stored in component buffer 921-2. Depending on other requested data changes in request 989, the other component buffers can store other browser deltas. For convenience, however, in the example, only the component buffer 921-2 includes a browser delta. The allocation (410), writing (420), and identifying (430) steps are explained in more detail with reference to
The server sends (step 440) change information, which in the implementation being described is the browser delta 150-2d, to the client. After being received (step 510) by the client, the browser delta 150-2d is stored in the client memory. Using the browser delta 150-2d, the client updates (step 520) the corresponding browser component 150-2 (illustrated by dark fill color in
In one implementation, component buffers are organized in a memory stack, and a page buffer 921-P is allocated (step 411) to the page document 151. The page buffer 921-P is a root node in a buffer hierarchy where the component buffers are illustrated as child nodes. The buffer hierarchy specifies that the component buffer 921-3 is processed after both the component buffer 921-0 and its child node component buffer 921-2 have been processed.
As shown in
Optionally, the server can copy the content of a component buffer to its parent node in a buffer hierarchy. For example, as shown in
The server can follow the buffer hierarchy, and copy the content of component buffer 921-0 to its parent node, i.e., page buffer 921-P. Accordingly, as shown in
If a browser component of a child node, such as the one shown in
Using representations is advantageous in many cases, because a representation requires much less memory than the content portion of a corresponding browser component. Furthermore, after replacing browser components with representations as described above, page buffer 921-P and component buffers 921-0, 921-2, 921-3 still include all information about the structure and content of the browser document 150 (see, e.g.,
Later, the server can generate a further version of the browser document 150. Generating the further version can be initiated, for example, by receiving a request 989 as described with reference to
After comparing the initial version with the further version, the server identifies (step 430;
The following tables show examples of data structures for coding the example implementation shown in
Table 1 illustrates a portion of a tag source of GUI 955, i.e., <htmlb:page>. Frame component 955-0, i.e., <htmlb:form>, includes the phone component 955-2 as <htmlb:inputField id=“phone” . . . >.
To provide this tag source (XML) to the browser used by the client, the server generates an initial version of a browser document 150 as illustrated by such as the example shown in Table 2.
In Table 2, the portion from <html> to </html> illustrates an HTML example of content of page buffer 921-P for the initial version. Referring to
In Table 2, a JavaScript portion starts at <script language=“JavaScript”> and ends at </script>. In the JavaScript portion, a JavaScript function
Table 3 shows an example JavaScript implementation of browser delta 150-2d stored in component buffer 921-2 (see, e.g.,
As shown in
The client then updates (step 520) the browser document 150 stored in the second frame F2. The second frame F2 is already displayed on an output device. To update the browser document 150, the client can use the browser document structure information of page buffer 921-P from the initial version. Using this information, the client can replace modified parts of browser component 150-2 with the corresponding browser delta 150-2d (illustrated by dark fill color in
Optionally, the server method 400 is queried if it is executed for the first time for the page document 151 (decision 425). If not (NO branch of decision 425), further steps include an identifying step (430) and a sending step (440). In the identifying step, the server identifies at least one browser delta 150-2d in at least one identified component buffer 921-2. In the sending step, the at least one browser delta 150-2d is sent from the server to the client. The browser delta 150-2d can be in a browser compliant language selected from the group of HTML, XML, XHTML, WML, JavaScript and Visual Basic Script.
If the server method 400 is executed for the first time (YES branch of decision 425) for the page document 151, further steps include a building step (421), a replacing step (422), and a sending step (423). The server allocates page buffer 921-P to page document 151.
In the building step (421), the server builds a buffer hierarchy. The page buffer 921-P is the root node of the buffer hierarchy and is a parent node of at least one component buffer, e.g., 921-0 or 921-3. Each component buffer, e.g., 921-0, can be a parent node of further component buffers, e.g., 921-1 or 921-2.
In the replacing step (422), the server replaces the browser component, e.g., 150-0, 150-2, or 150-3, of a child node, e.g., 921-0, 921-2, 921-3, respectively, in a corresponding parent node, e.g., 921-P or 921-0, of the buffer hierarchy with a representation, e.g., <span . . . ></span>, of the browser component 150-0, 150-2, 150-3.
In the sending step (423), the server 901 sends the page buffer 921-P and each component buffer 921-0, 921-1, 921-2, 921-3 of the buffer hierarchy to the client 900.
Optionally, it is possible to store component buffers in another memory of a computer system.
In the receiving step (510), the client receives a browser delta 150-2d from the server. The browser delta 150-2d refers to a specific browser component 150-2. The server identifies the browser delta 150-2d through a component buffer 921-2 allocated to the corresponding page component 151-2.
In the updating step (520), the client updates the browser document 150 with the browser delta 151-2d. To update the browser document 150, the client can inject the browser delta 151-2d into a document object model of the browser document 150. The document object model is stored in the client memory.
In an implementation using multiple frames as described earlier, the client receives the browser delta 151-2d in a first frame F1 of the client memory. The browser document 150 is updated (step 520) with the browser delta 151-2d in a second frame F2 of the client memory. The first frame F1 can be invisible.
In an alternative implementation, the client method 500 includes the following optional steps: receiving (step 530) a new browser document 150′ in the first frame F1; reducing (step 540) the size of the second frame F2; and expanding (step 550) the size of the first frame F1. After the reduction, the second frame F2 can be invisible.
The invention can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations of them. Apparatus of the invention can be implemented in a computer program product tangibly embodied in an information carrier, e.g., in a machine-readable storage device or in a propagated signal, for execution by a programmable processor; and method steps of the invention can be performed by a programmable processor executing a program of instructions to perform functions of the invention by operating on input data and generating output. The invention can be implemented advantageously in one or more computer programs that are executable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a data storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device. A computer program is a set of instructions that can be used, directly or indirectly, in a computer to perform a certain activity or bring about a certain result. A computer program can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment.
Suitable processors for the execution of a program of instructions include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and the sole processor or one of multiple processors of any kind of computer. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory or a random access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer are a processor for executing instructions and one or more memories for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to communicate with, one or more mass storage devices for storing data files; such devices include magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and optical disks. Storage devices suitable for tangibly embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits).
To provide for interaction with a user, the invention can be implemented on a computer having a display device such as a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device such as a mouse or a trackball by which the user can provide input to the computer.
The invention can be implemented in a computer system that includes a back-end component, such as a data server, or that includes a middleware component, such as an application server or an Internet server, or that includes a front-end component, such as a client computer having a graphical user interface or an Internet browser, or any combination of them. The components of the system can be connected by any form or medium of digital data communication.
The invention has been described in terms of particular embodiments. Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. For example, steps of the invention can be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results.
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