Patent Grant
9040962
This application is a national stage application of, and claims priority to, International Application No. PCT/US2010/001249 filed Apr. 28, 2010, the disclosure of which is hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The present invention relates to a combination of host materials that may be advantageously used in organic light emitting devices, and methods for fabricating organic light emitting devices that contain the host material combination. More particularly, the combination of host materials may be co-evaporated or premix evaporated to provide devices with improved lifetime and efficiency.
Opto-electronic devices that make use of organic materials are becoming increasingly desirable for a number of reasons. Many of the materials used to make such devices are relatively inexpensive, so organic opto-electronic devices have the potential for cost advantages over inorganic devices. In addition, the inherent properties of organic materials, such as their flexibility, may make them well suited for particular applications such as fabrication on a flexible substrate. Examples of organic opto-electronic devices include organic light emitting devices (OLEDs), organic phototransistors, organic photovoltaic cells, and organic photodetectors. For OLEDs, the organic materials may have performance advantages over conventional materials. For example, the wavelength at which an organic emissive layer emits light may generally be readily tuned with appropriate dopants.
OLEDs make use of thin organic films that emit light when voltage is applied across the device. OLEDs are becoming an increasingly interesting technology for use in applications such as flat panel displays, illumination, and backlighting. Several OLED materials and configurations are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,844,363, 6,303,238, and 5,707,745, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
One application for phosphorescent emissive molecules is a full color display. Industry standards for such a display call for pixels adapted to emit particular colors, referred to as “saturated” colors. In particular, these standards call for saturated red, green, and blue pixels. Color may be measured using CIE coordinates, which are well known to the art.
One example of a green emissive molecule is tris(2-phenylpyridine) iridium, denoted Ir(ppy)3, which has the structure:
In this, and later figures herein, we depict the dative bond from nitrogen to metal (here, Ir) as a straight line.
As used herein, the term “organic” includes polymeric materials as well as small molecule organic materials that may be used to fabricate organic opto-electronic devices. “Small molecule” refers to any organic material that is not a polymer, and “small molecules” may actually be quite large. Small molecules may include repeat units in some circumstances. For example, using a long chain alkyl group as a substituent does not remove a molecule from the “small molecule” class. Small molecules may also be incorporated into polymers, for example as a pendent group on a polymer backbone or as a part of the backbone. Small molecules may also serve as the core moiety of a dendrimer, which consists of a series of chemical shells built on the core moiety. The core moiety of a dendrimer may be a fluorescent or phosphorescent small molecule emitter. A dendrimer may be a “small molecule,” and it is believed that all dendrimers currently used in the field of OLEDs are small molecules.
As used herein, “top” means furthest away from the substrate, while “bottom” means closest to the substrate. Where a first layer is described as “disposed over” a second layer, the first layer is disposed further away from substrate. There may be other layers between the first and second layer, unless it is specified that the first layer is “in contact with” the second layer. For example, a cathode may be described as “disposed over” an anode, even though there are various organic layers in between.
As used herein, “solution processible” means capable of being dissolved, dispersed, or transported in and/or deposited from a liquid medium, either in solution or suspension form.
A ligand may be referred to as “photoactive” when it is believed that the ligand directly contributes to the photoactive properties of an emissive material. A ligand may be referred to as “ancillary” when it is believed that the ligand does not contribute to the photoactive properties of an emissive material, although an ancillary ligand may alter the properties of a photoactive ligand.
As used herein, and as would be generally understood by one skilled in the art, a first “Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital” (HOMO) or “Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital” (LUMO) energy level is “greater than” or “higher than” a second HOMO or LUMO energy level if the first energy level is closer to the vacuum energy level. Since ionization potentials (IP) are measured as a negative energy relative to a vacuum level, a higher HOMO energy level corresponds to an IP having a smaller absolute value (an IP that is less negative). Similarly, a higher LUMO energy level corresponds to an electron affinity (EA) having a smaller absolute value (an EA that is less negative). On a conventional energy level diagram, with the vacuum level at the top, the LUMO energy level of a material is higher than the HOMO energy level of the same material. A “higher” HOMO or LUMO energy level appears closer to the top of such a diagram than a “lower” HOMO or LUMO energy level.
As used herein, and as would be generally understood by one skilled in the art, a first work function is “greater than” or “higher than” a second work function if the first work function has a higher absolute value. Because work functions are generally measured as negative numbers relative to vacuum level, this means that a “higher” work function is more negative. On a conventional energy level diagram, with the vacuum level at the top, a “higher” work function is illustrated as further away from the vacuum level in the downward direction. Thus, the definitions of HOMO and LUMO energy levels follow a different convention than work functions.
More details on OLEDs, and the definitions described above, can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
An organic composition useful in an organic light emitting device, the composition comprising a mixture of a first compound and a second compound. The first compound has the formula:
wherein X is Se, S or O, R1 and R2 are substituents independently selected from the group consisting of CnH2n+1, OCnH2n+1, OAr1, N(CnH2n+1)2, N(Ar1)(Ar2), CH═CH—CnH2n+1, C≡CHCnH2n+1, Ar1, Ar1—Ar2, CnH2n—Ar1, or no substitution. Each of R1 and R2 may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitutions. n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. An and Ar2 are independently selected from the group consisting of benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, triphenylene, carbazole, and heteroaromatic analogs thereof. At least one of R1 and R2 includes a triphenylene group. The second compound has the formula
wherein Y is an m-valent aromatic hydrocarbon group of 6 to 50 carbon atoms or an m-valent aromatic heterocyclic group of 3 to 50 carbon atoms excluding a group having more than 5 condensed rings. m denotes an integer of 1 to 3. When m is 2 or greater, each Z may be the same or different. Z is represented by formula
wherein ring A is an aromatic hydrocarbon ring represented by formula
Ring B is a heterocyclic ring represented by formula
Ring A and B are respectively condensed with the adjacent rings. R6-R8 are each independently selected from hydrogen, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aromatic hydrocarbon group of 6 to 18 carbon atoms, or an aromatic heterocyclic group of 3 to 17 carbon atoms. Ara is an aromatic hydrocarbon group of 6 to 50 carbon atoms, or an aromatic heterocyclic group of 3 to 50 carbon atoms excluding a group having more than 5 condensed rings. Also disclosed are organic light emitting devices using the organic composition and a method of making such devices.
Generally, an OLED comprises at least one organic layer disposed between and electrically connected to an anode and a cathode. When a current is applied, the anode injects holes and the cathode injects electrons into the organic layer(s). The injected holes and electrons each migrate toward the oppositely charged electrode. When an electron and hole localize on the same molecule, an “exciton,” which is a localized electron-hole pair having an excited energy state, is formed. Light is emitted when the exciton relaxes via a photoemissive mechanism. In some cases, the exciton may be localized on an excimer or an exciplex. Non-radiative mechanisms, such as thermal relaxation, may also occur, but are generally considered undesirable.
The initial OLEDs used emissive molecules that emitted light from their singlet states (“fluorescence”) as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,292, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Fluorescent emission generally occurs in a time frame of less than 10 nanoseconds.
More recently, OLEDs having emissive materials that emit light from triplet states (“phosphorescence”) have been demonstrated. Baldo et al., “Highly Efficient Phosphorescent Emission from Organic Electroluminescent Devices,” Nature, vol. 395, 151-154, 1998; (“Baldo-I”) and Baldo et al., “Very high-efficiency green organic light-emitting devices based on electrophosphorescence,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 75, No. 3, 4-6 (1999) (“Baldo-II”), which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Phosphorescence is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 5-6, which are incorporated by reference.
More examples for each of these layers are available. For example, a flexible and transparent substrate-anode combination is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,363, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of a p-doped hole transport layer is m-MTDATA doped with F.sub.4-TCNQ at a molar ratio of 50:1, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples of emissive and host materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,238 to Thompson et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of an n-doped electron transport layer is BPhen doped with Li at a molar ratio of 1:1, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,703,436 and 5,707,745, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, disclose examples of cathodes including compound cathodes having a thin layer of metal such as Mg:Ag with an overlying transparent, electrically-conductive, sputter-deposited ITO layer. The theory and use of blocking layers is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,097,147 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Examples of injection layers are provided in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. A description of protective layers may be found in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The simple layered structure illustrated in
Structures and materials not specifically described may also be used, such as OLEDs comprised of polymeric materials (PLEDs) such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,247,190 to Friend et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. By way of further example, OLEDs having a single organic layer may be used. OLEDs may be stacked, for example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,745 to Forrest et al, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The OLED structure may deviate from the simple layered structure illustrated in
Unless otherwise specified, any of the layers of the various embodiments may be deposited by any suitable method. For the organic layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation, ink-jet, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,013,982 and 6,087,196, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD), such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,337,102 to Forrest et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, and deposition by organic vapor jet printing (OVJP), such as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/233,470, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Other suitable deposition methods include spin coating and other solution based processes. Solution based processes are preferably carried out in nitrogen or an inert atmosphere. For the other layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation. Preferred patterning methods include deposition through a mask, cold welding such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,294,398 and 6,468,819, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, and patterning associated with some of the deposition methods such as ink jet and OVJD. Other methods may also be used. The materials to be deposited may be modified to make them compatible with a particular deposition method. For example, substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups, branched or unbranched, and preferably containing at least 3 carbons, may be used in small molecules to enhance their ability to undergo solution processing. Substituents having 20 carbons or more may be used, and 3-20 carbons is a preferred range. Materials with asymmetric structures may have better solution processibility than those having symmetric structures, because asymmetric materials may have a lower tendency to recrystallize. Dendrimer substituents may be used to enhance the ability of small molecules to undergo solution processing.
Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments of the invention may be incorporated into a wide variety of consumer products, including flat panel displays, computer monitors, televisions, billboards, lights for interior or exterior illumination and/or signaling, heads up displays, fully transparent displays, flexible displays, laser printers, telephones, cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), laptop computers, digital cameras, camcorders, viewfinders, micro-displays, vehicles, a large area wall, theater or stadium screen, or a sign. Various control mechanisms may be used to control devices fabricated in accordance with the present invention, including passive matrix and active matrix. Many of the devices are intended for use in a temperature range comfortable to humans, such as 18 degrees C. to 30 degrees C., and more preferably at room temperature (20-25 degrees C.).
The materials and structures described herein may have applications in devices other than OLEDs. For example, other optoelectronic devices such as organic solar cells and organic photodetectors may employ the materials and structures. More generally, organic devices, such as organic transistors, may employ the materials and structures.
The terms halo, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylkyl, heterocyclic group, aryl, aromatic group, and heteroaryl are known to the art, and are defined in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 31-32, which are incorporated herein by reference.
Here, combining an indolocarbazole derivative with a triphenylene-dibenzoselenophene-containing material, a triphenylene-dibenzothiophene-containing material and/or a triphenylene-dibenzofuran-containing material may be advantageous for use in organic light emitting devices to provide improved performance and improved device fabrication. In particular, the devices containing this combination of materials may demonstrate higher luminous efficiency, lower voltage and longer lifetime, i.e., higher stability. These devices may be fabricated by co-evaporation. Additionally, these device may be fabricated by premix-evaporation with high consistency.
Premixing a host material and an emissive dopant material and evaporating them from a single source has been previously reported in the literature. See, EP1156536. It is also known to select two or more materials that have similar thermal evaporation properties for premix-evaporation. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,092 and PCT/US2004/002710. However, a novel combination of materials is provided herein that may be suitable for premix-evaporation or co-evaporation. Further, the particular combination of materials disclosed herein may demonstrate improved results by providing a device with lower voltage, higher efficiency, and higher stability compared to a device with either compound alone. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that combining a triphenylene-dibenzoselenophene-containing material, a triphenylene-dibenzothiophene-containing material and/or a triphenylene-dibenzofuran-containing material, i.e., the first compound, with an indolocarbazole derivative, i.e., the second compound, may provide improved charge balance and shift the recombination zone to the middle of the EML, which may improve device lifetime and efficiency. Therefore, it is thought that a combination of the first compound and the second compound may synergistically improve the stability and efficiency of a device containing the combination.
It is desirable to have a convenient and consistent way to evaporate two or more host materials simultaneously. In phosphorescent OLEDs, the emissive layer is often a host:dopant layer. The host significantly impacts the device voltage, efficiency and lifetime. For example, in the same device structure, Host-A:dopant may lead to an undesired higher device voltage and a desired longer lifetime whereas Host-B:dopant may lead to a desired lower device voltage and an undesired shorter lifetime. A device using a doped Host-A:Host-B mixture may typically be expected to result in a voltage and a lifetime that are between the voltages and lifetimes, respectively, of the separate devices containing HostA:dopant and HostB:dopant. It would be desirable if a device using a mixture could have a lower voltage than a device with HostB:dopant and a longer lifetime than a device with HostA:Dopant. In addition, it would be desirable if such a device could also have an improved efficiency compared to devices using only the individual hosts.
When depositing two or more materials, simultaneous evaporation of the individual materials from their own sources is the most commonly used method, which is called co-evaporation hereafter. Co-evaporation control can be difficult and the deposition equipment needs to have more individually controlled and monitored sources. Therefore, it is desirable to evaporate a mixture of materials from a single source by a method known as premix-evaporation.
It is desirable for the mixture to uniformly and consistently evaporate and form a deposited film consisting of the two or more materials in a similar ratio as the mixing ratio in the source. Under high vacuum, where fluids are in the free molecular flow regime, i.e. the mean free path of molecules is much larger than the size of the equipment. The rate of evaporation no longer depends on pressure. That is, because the continuum assumptions of fluid dynamics no longer apply, mass transport is governed by molecular dynamics rather than fluid dynamics. For materials that do not melt during evaporation, direct transition from solid phase to gas phase occurs. When mixing two or more materials and evaporating them from the same source under high vacuum, a number of factors may contribute to the evaporation, such as evaporation temperature of individual materials, miscibility of different materials, and different phase transition. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the similar evaporation temperature of first material and the second material contribute to the evaporation consistency. For the purposes herein, evaporation temperature is defined as the temperature at which a material can be deposited at a given rate on a substrate under high vacuum. For example, as used herein, the evaporation temperature is the temperature of the organic material source as measured during thermal evaporation with a rate suitable for device fabrication (in the present case ˜2-3 Å/s for the host at a pressure˜10−7-10−8 torr). Since the evaporation temperature depends on the molecular weight and intermolecular interactions of the material, derivatives with the same molecular modification will have the same molecular weight difference, and may have similar intermolecular interactions. For example, where a first compound and a second compound can be premixed and evaporated with good consistency, if the first compound is substituted with a phenyl group and the second compound is also substituted with a phenyl group, the molecular weight added to the first compound and the second compound is 77 atomic mass units (amu). In addition, if the phenyl group induces similar molecular interactions for the first compound and the second compound, the evaporation temperatures of the first compound with phenyl substitution and the second compound with phenyl substitution may be similar and their mixture may also be suitable for premix-evaporation. Additionally, the first compound and the second compound may behave similarly even if the conditions in the evaporation chamber are different.
It is also desirable that premix-evaporation results in similar device performance and lifetime compared to co-evaporation of the materials. Therefore, premixing two or more host materials in one evaporation source can provide uniform and consistent evaporation of the two or more materials to form a deposited layer consisting of the 2 or more materials in a ratio similar to the premixing ratio.
A first device comprising an organic light emitting device is provided. The organic light emitting device further comprises a first electrode, a second electrode, and a first organic layer, disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the first organic layer comprises an organic composition. The organic composition comprises a first compound and a second compound.
The first compound has the formula:
X is Se, S or O. R1 and R2 are substituents independently selected from the group consisting of CnH2n+1, OCnH2n+1, OAr1, N(CnH2n+1)2, N(Ar1)(Ar2), CH═CH—CnH2n+1, C≡CHCnH2n+1, Ar1, Ar1-Ar2, CnH2n—Ar1, or no substitution. Each of R1 and R2 may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitutions. n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. Ar1 and Ar2 are independently selected from the group consisting of benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, triphenylene, carbazole, and heteroaromatic analogs thereof. At least one of R1 and R2 includes a triphenylene group.
The second compound is represented by the following general formula (1)
In Formula 1, examples of Y and Ar3 include benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridajine, triazine, isoindole, indazole, purine, isoquinoline, imidazole, naphthyridine, Phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, cinnoline, quinoline, pteridine, phenanthridine, acridine, perimidine, phenanthroline, phenazine, carboline, indole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, carbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, and may arbitrarily connect two or more these groups. Further, in Formula 1, Y is an m-valent group and Ar3 is a monovalent group.
In one aspect, the first compound has the formula:
X is Se, S or O. Each of R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitutions. R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and heteroaryl. The second compound is represented by the following general formula (2)
wherein
Examples of Y′ or Ar3′ in Formula 2 include benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridajine, triazine, isoindole, indazole, purine, isoquinoline, imidazole, naphthyridine, phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, cinnoline, quinoline, pteridine, phenanthridine, acridine, perimidine, phenanthroline, phenazine, carboline, indole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, carbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, and may arbitrarily connect two or more these groups. Further, in formula 2, Y′ is an m-valent group and Ar3 is a monovalent group.
Preferably, the first compound has the formula:
X is Se, S or O. Each of R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitutions. R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and heteroaryl. The second compound is represented by the following general formula (3)
In Formula 3, examples of Y″ include pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridajine, triazine, isoindole, indazole, purine, isoquinoline, imidazole, naphthyridine, Phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, cinnoline, quinoline, pteridine, phenanthridine, acridine, perimidine, phenanthroline, phenazine, carboline, indole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, carbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, and may arbitrarily connect two or more these groups. Further, in Formula 3, examples of Ar3″ include benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridajine, triazine, isoindole, indazole, purine, isoquinoline, imidazole, naphthyridine, Phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, cinnoline, quinoline, pteridine, phenanthridine, acridine, perimidine, phenanthroline, phenazine, carboline, indole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, carbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, and may arbitrarily connect two or more these groups. Further, Y″ is an m-valent group, Ar3″ is a monovalent group.
More preferably, the first compound is selected from the group consisting of
More preferably, the second compound is selected from the group consisting of:
In a particular aspect, the set of non-hydrogen substituents selected for R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5, and the set of non-hydrogen substituents selected for R6, R7, R8 are the same. As discussed above, derivatives of the first compound and the second compound with the same molecular modification will have the same molecular weight difference, and may have similar intermolecular interactions. Therefore, the first compound and the second compound having the same substituents may be suitable for premixing.
In another aspect, the first compound has the formula:
X is Se, S or O. Each of R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitutions. R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and heteroaryl. L is selected from the group consisting of benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, triphenylene, carbazole, and heteroaromatic analogs thereof. The second compound has the formula (2):
In Formula 2, examples of Y′ and Ar3′ include benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridajine, triazine, isoindole, indazole, purine, isoquinoline, imidazole, naphthyridine, Phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, cinnoline, quinoline, pteridine, phenanthridine, acridine, perimidine, phenanthroline, phenazine, carboline, indole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, carbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, and may arbitrarily connect two or more these groups. Further, Y′ is an m-valent group, Ar3′ is a monovalent group.
Preferably, the first compound has the formula:
X is Se, S or O. Each of R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitutions. R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and heteroaryl. The second compound has the formula (3):
In Formula 3, examples of Y″ include pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridajine, triazine, isoindole, indazole, purine, isoquinoline, imidazole, naphthyridine, Phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, cinnoline, quinoline, pteridine, phenanthridine, acridine, perimidine, phenanthroline, phenazine, carboline, indole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, carbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, and may arbitrarily connect two or more these groups. Further, in Formula 3, examples of Ar3″ include benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridajine, triazine, isoindole, indazole, purine, isoquinoline, imidazole, naphthyridine, Phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, cinnoline, quinoline, pteridine, phenanthridine, acridine, perimidine, phenanthroline, phenazine, carboline, indole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, carbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, and may arbitrarily connect two or more these groups. Further in Formula 3, Y″ is an m-valent group, Ar3″ is a monovalent group.
More preferably, the first compound is selected from the group consisting of
More preferably, the second compound is selected from the group consisting of
In a particular aspect, the set of non-hydrogen substituents selected for R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5, and the set of non-hydrogen substituents selected for R6, R7, R8 are the same. Therefore, the first compound and the second compound are suitable for premixing.
In one aspect, the first organic layer is an emissive layer and the first compound and the second compound are hosts, and wherein the emissive layer further comprises an emissive phosphorescent dopant.
Preferably, the emissive phosphorescent dopant is selected from the group consisting of:
In another aspect, the device further comprises a second organic layer different from the first organic layer, and the first organic layer is a non-emissive layer. Preferably, the first organic layer is a blocking layer.
In one aspect, the first electrode is an anode and the first organic layer is deposited over the anode.
In one aspect, the first compound has an evaporation temperature within 30° C. of the evaporation temperature of the second compound.
In one aspect, the organic composition comprises about 5% to about 95% of the first compound and about 5% to about 95% the second compound.
In one aspect, the device is an organic light emitting device. In another aspect, the device is a consumer product.
Additionally, a method of fabricating an organic light emitting device is provided. The device comprises a first electrode, a second electrode, and a first organic layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The first organic layer comprises an organic composition further comprising a first compound and a second compound. The method comprises providing a substrate having the first electrode disposed thereon, depositing the organic composition over the first electrode; and depositing the second electrode over the first organic layer. The first compound has the formula:
X is Se, S or O. R1 and R2 are substituents independently selected from the group consisting of CnH2n+1, OCnH2n+1, OAr1, N(CnH2n+1)2, N(Ar1)(Ar2), CH═CH—CnH2n+1, C≡CHCnH2n+1, Ar1, Ar1-Ar2, CnH2n+1—Ar1, or no substitution. Each of R1 and R2 may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitutions. n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. Ar1 and Ar2 are independently selected from the group consisting of benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, triphenylene, carbazole, and heteroaromatic analogs thereof. At least one of R1 and R2 includes a triphenylene group. The second compound has the formula (1):
In Formula 1, examples of Y and Ar3 include benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridajine, triazine, isoindole, indazole, purine, isoquinoline, imidazole, naphthyridine, Phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, cinnoline, quinoline, pteridine, phenanthridine, acridine, perimidine, phenanthroline, phenazine, carboline, indole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, carbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, and may arbitrarily connect two or more these groups. Further, in Formula 1, Y is an m-valent group and Ar3 is a monovalent group.
In one aspect, the first compound has the formula:
where X is Se, S or O. Each of R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitutions. R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and heteroaryl. The second compound has the formula (2):
wherein
In Formula 2, examples of Y′ or Ar3′ include a group leaded from benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridajine, triazine, isoindole, indazole, purine, isoquinoline, imidazole, naphthyridine, Phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, cinnoline, quinoline, pteridine, phenanthridine, acridine, perimidine, phenanthroline, phenazine, carboline, indole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, carbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, and may arbitrarily connect two or more these groups. Further, Y′ is an m-valent group, and Ar3′ is a monovalent group
Preferably, the first compound has the formula;
X is Se, S or O. Each of R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitutions. R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and heteroaryl. The second compound has the formula (3);
In Formula 3, examples of Y″ include pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridajine, triazine, isoindole, indazole, purine, isoquinoline, imidazole, naphthyridine, Phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, cinnoline, quinoline, pteridine, phenanthridine, acridine, perimidine, phenanthroline, phenazine, carboline, indole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, carbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, and may arbitrarily connect two or more these groups. Further, in Formula 3, examples of Ar3″ include benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridajine, triazine, isoindole, indazole, purine, isoquinoline, imidazole, naphthyridine, Phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, cinnoline, quinoline, pteridine, phenanthridine, acridine, perimidine, phenanthroline, phenazine, carboline, indole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, carbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, and may arbitrarily connect two or more these groups. Further, in Formula 3, Y″ is an m-valent group, Ar3″ is a monovalent group.
More preferably, the first compound is selected from the group consisting of
More preferably, the second compound is selected from the group consisting of:
In a particular aspect, the set of non-hydrogen substituents selected for R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5, and the set of non-hydrogen substituents selected for R6, R7, and R8 are the same and the method further comprises mixing the first compound and the second compound before depositing the organic composition over the first electrode. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the first compound and the second compound are particularly well-suited for premixing when each compound contains identical substitutions because derivatives with the same molecular modification will have the same molecular weight difference, and may have similar intermolecular interactions, e.g., a first compound including a phenyl substitution is expected to work well when premixed with a second compound also containing a phenyl substitution.
In another aspect, the first compound has the formula:
X is Se, S or O. Each of R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitutions. R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and heteroaryl. L is selected from the group consisting of benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, triphenylene, carbazole, and heteroaromatic analogs thereof. The second compound has the formula (2):
wherein
wherein
In Formula 2, examples of Y′ and Ar3′ include benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridajine, triazine, isoindole, indazole, purine, isoquinoline, imidazole, naphthyridine, Phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, cinnoline, quinoline, pteridine, phenanthridine, acridine, perimidine, phenanthroline, phenazine, carboline, indole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, carbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, and may arbitrarily connect two or more these groups. Further, in Formula 2, Y′ is an m-valent group, Ar3′ is a monovalent group.
Preferably, the first compound has the formula:
wherein X is Se, S or O. Each of R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitutions. R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and heteroaryl. The second compound has the formula (3):
wherein Y″ is a monovalent aromatic heterocyclic group of 3 to 30 carbon atoms excluding a group having more than 5 condensed rings; m denotes an integer of 1; and, Z is a represented by formula (3 a);
wherein ring A is an aromatic hydrocarbon ring represented by formula (3 b):
In Formula 3, examples of Y″ include pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridajine, triazine, isoindole, indazole, purine, isoquinoline, imidazole, naphthyridine, Phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, cinnoline, quinoline, pteridine, phenanthridine, acridine, perimidine, phenanthroline, phenazine, carboline, indole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, carbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, and may arbitrarily connect two or more these groups. Further, in Formula 3, examples of Ar3″include benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridajine, triazine, isoindole, indazole, purine, isoquinoline, imidazole, naphthyridine, Phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, cinnoline, quinoline, pteridine, phenanthridine, acridine, perimidine, phenanthroline, phenazine, carboline, indole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, carbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, and may arbitrarily connect two or more these groups. Further, in formula 3, Y″ is an m-valent group and Ar3″ is a monovalent group.
The first compound may be selected from the group consisting of:
In a particular aspect, the set of non-hydrogen substituents selected for R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5, and the set of non-hydrogen substituents selected for R6, R7, R8 are the same and the method further comprises mixing the first compound and the second compound before depositing the organic composition over the first electrode.
In one aspect, the first compound and the second compound are mixed together and evaporated from a single source.
In one aspect, the organic composition comprises about 5% to about 95% of the first compound and about 5% to about 95% the second compound.
In one aspect, the first compound has a evaporation temperature within 30° C. of the evaporation temperature of the second compound. In another aspect, the first compound has an evaporation temperature within 10° C. of the evaporation temperature of the second compound.
Table 1 shows evaporation temperatures for exemplary first compounds disclosed herein at deposition rate of 2-3 Å/s at <10−7 torr with a 50 cm source to substrate distance.
Table 2 shows evaporation temperatures for preferred second compounds disclosed herein at deposition rate of 2-3 Å/s at <10−7 torr with a 50 cm source to substrate distance.
In one aspect, the first electrode is an anode and the first organic layer is deposited over the anode.
In one aspect, the method further comprises depositing a second organic layer different from the first organic layer and the first organic layer is a non-emissive layer. In another aspect, the first organic layer is a blocking layer. In yet another aspect, the first organic layer is an emissive layer and the first compound and the second compound are hosts, and the emissive layer further comprises an emissive phosphorescent dopant.
Preferably, the emissive phosphorescent dopant is selected from the group consisting of:
Moreover, a host composition comprising a mixture of a first compound and a second compound is provided. The first compound has the formula:
wherein X is Se, S or O. Each of R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitutions. R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and heteroaryl. The second compound has the formula: (2):
wherein Y′ is an m-valent aromatic hydrocarbon group of 6 to 40 carbon atoms or an m-valent aromatic heterocyclic group of 3 to 40 carbon atoms excluding a group having more than 5 condensed rings;
m denotes an integer of 1 or 2, and when m=2, each Z may be the same or different;
Z is represented by formula (2 a);
wherein ring A is an aromatic hydrocarbon ring represented by formula (2 b):
In Formula 2 above, examples of Y′ and Ar3′ include a group leaded from benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridajine, triazine, isoindole, indazole, purine, isoquinoline, imidazole, naphthyridine, Phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, cinnoline, quinoline, pteridine, phenanthridine, acridine, perimidine, phenanthroline, phenazine, carboline, indole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, carbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, and may arbitrarily connect two or more these groups. Further, in formula 2, Y′ is an m-valent group, Ar3′ is a monovalent group.
In one aspect, the first compound has the formula:
wherein X is Se, S or O. Each of R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 may represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitutions. R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl and heteroaryl. L is selected from the group consisting of benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, triphenylene, carbazole, and heteroaromatic analogs thereof. The second compound has the formula (2):
wherein Y′ is an m-valent aromatic hydrocarbon group of 6 to 40 carbon atoms or an m-valent aromatic heterocyclic group of 3 to 40 carbon atoms excluding a group having more than 5 condensed rings;
m denotes an integer of 1 or 2, and when m=2, each Z may be the same or different;
Z is represented by formula (2 a):
In Formula 2, examples of Y′ and Ar3′ include benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridajine, triazine, isoindole, indazole, purine, isoquinoline, imidazole, naphthyridine, Phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, cinnoline, quinoline, pteridine, phenanthridine, acridine, perimidine, phenanthroline, phenazine, carboline, indole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, carbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, and may arbitrarily connect two or more these groups. Further, in Formula 2, Y′ is an m-valent group and Ar3′ is a monovalent group.
The materials described herein as useful for a particular layer in an organic light emitting device may be used in combination with a wide variety of other materials present in the device. For example, emissive dopants disclosed herein may be used in conjunction with a wide variety of hosts, transport layers, blocking layers, injection layers, electrodes and other layers that may be present. The materials described or referred to below are non-limiting examples of materials that may be useful in combination with the compounds disclosed herein, and one of skill in the art can readily consult the literature to identify other materials that may be useful in combination.
In addition to and/or in combination with the materials disclosed herein, many hole injection materials, hole transporting materials, host materials, dopant materials, exiton/hole blocking layer materials, electron transporting and electron injecting materials may be used in an OLED.
Hole Injection Materials/Hole Transporting Materials:
A hole injecting/transporting material to be used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and any compound may be used as long as the compound is typically used as a hole injecting/transporting material. Examples of the material include, but are not limited to: a phthalocyanine or porphryin derivative; an aromatic amine derivative; an indolocarbazole derivative; a polymer containing fluorohydrocarbon; a polymer with conductivity dopants; a conducting polymer, such as PEDOT/PSS; a self-assembly monomer derived from compounds such as phosphonic acid and silane derivatives; a metal oxide derivative, such as MoOx; an organic compound with extremely deep LUMO, such as 1,4,5,8,9,12-Hexaazatriphenylenehexacarbonitrile; a metal complex, and a cross-linkable compounds.
Examples of aromatic amine derivatives used in HIL or HTL include, but are not limited to the following general structures:
Each of Ar1 to Ar9 is selected from the group consisting aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds such as benzene, biphenyl, triphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, azulene; group consisting aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indoxazine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine; and group consisting 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are groups of the same type or different types selected from the aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic group and the aromatic heterocyclic group and are bonded to each other directly or via at least one of oxygen atom, nitrogen atom, sulfur atom, silicon atom, phosphorus atom, boron atom, chain structural unit and the aliphatic cyclic group. Each Ar is further substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl.
In one aspect, Ar1 to Ar9 is independently selected from the group consisting of:
k is an integer from 1 to 20; X1 to X8 is CH or N; Ar1 has the same group defined above.
Examples of metal complexes used in HIL or HTL include, but are not limited to the following general formula:
The light emitting layer of the organic EL device of the present invention preferably contains at least an organometallic complex as light emitting material, and may contain a host material using the organometallic complex as a dopant material. Examples of the host material are not particularly limited, and any metal complexes or organic compounds may be used as long as the triplet energy of the host is larger than that of the dopant.
Examples of metal complexes used as host are preferred to have the following general formula:
M is a metal; (Y3-Y4) is a bidentate ligand, Y3 and Y4 are independently selected from C, N, O, P, and S; L is an ancillary ligand; m is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal; and m+n is the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.
In one aspect, the metal complexes are:
(O—N) is a bidentate ligand, having metal coordinated to atoms O and N.
In another aspect, M is selected from Ir and Pt.
In a further aspect, (Y3-Y4) is a carbene ligand.
Examples of organic compounds used as host are selected from the group consisting aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds such as benzene, biphenyl, triphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, azulene; group consisting aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indoxazine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine; and group consisting 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are groups of the same type or different types selected from the aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic group and the aromatic heterocyclic group and are bonded to each other directly or via at least one of oxygen atom, nitrogen atom, sulfur atom, silicon atom, phosphorus atom, boron atom, chain structural unit and the aliphatic cyclic group. Wherein each group is further substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl.
In one aspect, host compound contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:
R1 to R7 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, when it is aryl or heteroaryl, it has the similar definition as Ar mentioned above.
k is an integer from 0 to 20.
X1 to X8 is selected from CH or N.
Hole Blocking Materials:
A hole blocking layer (HBL) may be used to reduce the number of holes and/or excitons that leave the emissive layer. The presence of such a blocking layer in a device may result in substantially higher efficiencies as compared to a similar device lacking a blocking layer. Also, a blocking layer may be used to confine emission to a desired region of an OLED.
In one aspect, a compound used in HBL contains the same molecule used as host described above.
In another aspect, a compound used in HBL contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:
k is an integer from 0 to 20; L is an ancillary ligand, m is an integer from 1 to 3.
Electron Transporting Materials:
Electron transport layer (ETL) may include a material capable of transporting electrons. Electron transport layer may be intrinsic (undoped), or doped. Doping may be used to enhance conductivity. Examples of the ETL material are not particularly limited, and any metal complexes or organic compounds may be used as long as they are typically used to transport electrons.
In one aspect, a compound used in ETL contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:
R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, when it is aryl or heteroaryl, it has the similar definition as Ar mentioned above.
Ar1 to Ar3 has the similar definition as Ar mentioned above.
k is an integer from 0 to 20.
X1 to X8 is selected from CH or N.
In another aspect, the metal complexes used in ETL contain, but are not limited to one or more of the following general formulae:
(O—N) or (N—N) is a bidentate ligand, having metal coordinated to atoms O, N or N, N; L is an ancillary ligand; m is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.
Device Examples
Representative device examples are fabricated by high vacuum (<10−7 Torr) thermal evaporation. The anode electrode consists of ˜800 Å of indium tin oxide (ITO). The cathode consists of 10 Å of LiF followed by 1,000 Å of Al. All representative device examples are encapsulated with a glass lid sealed with an epoxy resin in a nitrogen glove box (<1 ppm of H2O and O2) and a moisture getter is incorporated inside the package.
The organic stack in representative device examples consists of (sequentially, from the ITO surface): 100 Å of LG101 (available from L.G. Chem, Seoul, South Korea) as the hole injection layer (HIL), 300 Å of NPD as the hole transporting layer (HTL), 300 Å of the first compound, for Example 1, H2, and the second compound, for Example 1, H251, doped with emissive dopant D4 as the emissive layer (EML), 100 Å of NS60 (available from Nippon Steel Chemical Co., Ltd., Japan.) as the ETL2 and 400 Å of Alq3 as the ETL1. In some embodiments of the present invention, the first and second compound host materials may be co-evaporated from their individual sources. Certain first and second compound host combinations such as those shown in Table 3 for representative Device Examples 1-19 may be suitable for pre-mixing and evaporation from a common source.
It is understood that the various embodiments described herein are by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. For example, many of the materials and structures described herein may be substituted with other materials and structures without deviating from the spirit of the invention. The present invention as claimed may therefore includes variations from the particular examples and preferred embodiments described herein, as will be apparent to one of skill in the art. It is understood that various theories as to why the invention works are not intended to be limiting.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20130112952 A1 | May 2013 | US |
