Desulfurization process and novel bimetallic sorbent systems for same

Abstract

Novel sorbent systems for the desulfurization of cracked-gasoline and diesel fuels are provided which are comprised of a bimetallic promotor on a particulate support such as that formed of zinc oxide and an inorganic or organic carrier. Such bimetallic promotors are formed of at least two metals of the group consisting of nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tungsten, silver, tin, antimony and vanadium with the valence of same being reduced, preferably to zero. Processes for the production of such sorbents are provided wherein the sorbent is prepared from impregnated particulate supports or admixed to the support composite prior to particulation, drying, and calcination. Further disclosed is the use of such novel sorbents in the desulfurization of cracked-gasoline and diesel fuels whereby there is achieved not only removal of sulfur but also an increase in the olefin retention in the desulfurized product. Such sorbents can also be utilized for the treatment of other sulfur-containing streams such as diesel fuels.

Description

[0002] This invention relates to the removal of sulfur from fluid streams of cracked-gasolines. In another aspect this invention relates to sorbent compositions suitable for use in the desulfurization of fluid streams of cracked-gasolines and diesel fuels. A further aspect of this invention relates to a process for the production of sulfur sorbents for use in the removal of sulfur bodies from fluid streams of cracked gasolines and diesel fuels.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The need for cleaner burning fuels has resulted in a continuing world wide effort to reduce sulfur levels in gasoline and diesel fuels. The reducing of gasoline and diesel sulfur is considered to be a means for improving air quality because of the negative impact the fuel sulfur has on the performance of automotive catalytic converters. The presence of oxides of sulfur in automotive engine exhaust inhibits and may irreversibly poison noble metal catalysts in the converter. Emissions from an inefficient or poisoned converter contain levels of non-combusted, non-methane hydrocarbon and oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide. Such emissions are catalyzed by sunlight to form ground level ozone, more commonly referred to as smog.

[0004] Most of the sulfur in gasoline comes from the thermally processed gasolines. Thermal processed gasolines such, as for example, thermally cracked gasoline, visbreaker gasoline, coker gasoline and catalytically cracked gasoline (hereinafter collectively called “cracked-gasoline”) contains in part olefins, aromatics, and sulfur-containing compounds.

[0005] Since most gasolines, such as for example automobile gasolines, racing gasolines, aviation gasoline and boat gasolines contain a blend of at least in part cracked-gasoline, reduction of sulfur in cracked-gasoline will inherently serve to reduce the sulfur levels in such gasolines.

[0006] The public discussion about gasoline sulfur has not centered on whether or not sulfur levels should be reduced. A consensus has emerged that lower sulfur gasoline reduces automotive emissions and improves air quality. Thus the real debate has focused on the required level of reduction, the geographical areas in need of lower sulfur gasoline and the time frame for implementation.

[0007] As the concern over the impact of automotive air pollution continues, it is clear that further efforts to reduce the sulfur levels in automotive fuels will be required. While the current gasoline products contain about 330 part per million with continued efforts by the Environmental Protection Agency to secure reduced levels, it has been estimated that gasoline will have to have less than 50 parts per million of sulfur by the year 2010. (See Rock, K. L., Putman H. M., “Improvements in FCC Gasoline Desulfurization via Catalytic Distillation” presented at the 1998 National Petroleum Refiners Association Annual Meeting (AM-98-37)).

[0008] In addition to the need to be able to produce low sulfur content automotive fuels, there is also a need for a process which will have a minimal effect on the olefin content of such fuels so as to maintain the octane number (both research and motor octane number). Such a process would be desirable since saturation of olefins greatly affects the octane number. Such adverse effect on olefin content is generally due to the severe conditions normally employed to remove thiophenic compounds such as, for example, thiophenes and alkyl dibenzothiophenes, which are some of the most difficult sulfur-containing compounds to be removed from cracked-gasolines. In addition, there is a need to avoid a system wherein the conditions are such that the aromatic content of the cracked-gasoline is also lost through saturation.

[0009] Thus there is a need for a process wherein desulfurization is achieved and olefin retention is improved.

[0010] In addition to the need for removal of sulfur from cracked-gasolines, there is also presented to the petroleum industry a need to reduce the sulfur content in diesel fuels. In removing sulfur from diesel fuels by hydrodesulfurization, the cetane is improved but there is a large cost in hydrogen consumption. Such hydrogen is consumed by both hydrodesulfurization and aromatic hydrogenation reactions.

[0011] Thus, there is a need for a process of desulfurization without a significant consumption of hydrogen so as to provide a more economical process for the treatment of cracked gasolines and diesel fuels.

[0012] While it has been shown in my copending applications Desulfurization and Novel Sorbents for Same, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/431,454, filed Nov. 1, 1999, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/431,370, filed Nov. 1, 1999, that a suitable system for the desulfurization of cracked-gasolines or diesel fuels is that employing a sorbent comprised of a reduced valence nickel or reduced valence cobalt metal on a zinc oxide, silica, alumina support, there is a continuous effort to develop additional systems which permit the desired desulfurization of such cracked-gasolines or diesel fuels and which will provide for alternative or improved desulfurization conditions to permit variations within the operation of the process.

[0013] It is thus an object of the present invention to provide a novel sorbent system for the removal of sulfur from fluid streams of cracked-gasoline and diesel fuel.

[0014] Another object of this invention is to provide a process for the production of novel sorbents which are useful in the desulfurization of cracked-gasoline and diesel fuel.

[0015] A further object of this invention is to provide a process for the removal of sulfur-containing compounds from cracked-gasoline which minimizes the loss of olefin values in the resulting product.

[0016] A still further object of this invention is to provide a desulfurized cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel that contains less than about 100 parts per million of sulfur based on the weight of the desulfurized cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel and which provides for enhanced olefin retention in the cracked-gasoline or enhanced cetane number, with minimal hydrogen consumption, in the diesel fuel.

[0017] Other aspects, objects and the several advantages of this invention will be apparent from the following description of the invention and the appended claims.

[0018] The present invention is based upon my discovery that through the utilization of a bimetallic promotor derived from a metal, metal oxide or metal oxide precursor wherein the metals are selected from the group consisting of cobalt, nickel, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tungsten, silver, tin, vanadium and antimony and mixtures thereof and wherein the metals of such bimetallic promoter are in a substantially reduced valence state, preferably zero, and wherein such bimetallic promotor composite is supported on a suitable support there is achieved a novel sorbent composition which permits the ready removal of sulfur from cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel while providing an unexpected improvement in olefin content retention in the resulting cracked-gasoline and providing either consistent or improved cetane number in the resulting diesel fuel.

[0019] Accordingly, in one aspect of the present invention there is provided a novel sorbent suitable for the desulfurization of cracked-gasolines which is comprised of a bimetallic promotor on a suitable support wherein the valence of each of the metals of the bimetallic promotor have been substantially reduced and such reduced metals are present in an amount to permit the removal of sulfur from a cracked-gasoline while providing for enhanced olefin retention in the treated cracked-gasoline stream and providing either consistent or improved cetane number in the resulting diesel fuel.

[0020] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for the preparation of novel sorbent compositions which comprises forming a suitable support in which the bimetallic promotor is well dispersed.

[0021] Regardless of the manner in which the components of the novel sorbents of this invention are combined, the preparation comprises forming a wet mix, dough, paste or slurry thereof, particulating the wet mix, dough, paste or slurry thereof to form a particulate granule, extrudate, tablet, sphere, pellet, or microsphere thereof, drying the resulting solid particulate and calcining the dried particulate. The resulting calcined bimetallic promotor containing composition is then reduced with a suitable reducing agent, such as hydrogen, so as to produce a sorbent composition wherein the valence of the metals of the bimetallic promotor is substantially reduced and wherein the bimetallic promotor is present in an amount which is sufficient to permit the removal with same of sulfur from a cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel.

[0022] In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a process for the desulfurization of a cracked-gasoline and diesel fuels which comprises desulfurizing in a desulfurization zone a cracked-gasoline and/or diesel fuel with a bimetallic promotor containing sorbent, separating the desulfurized cracked-gasoline and/or diesel fuel from the resulting sulfurized sorbent; regenerating at least a portion of the sulfurized sorbent so as to produce a regenerated desulfurized sorbent; activating at least a portion of the regenerated desulfurized sorbent to produce a bimetallic sorbent having a reduced metal valence content; and thereafter returning at least a portion of the resulting bimetallic promotor containing sorbent to the desulfurization zone.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0023] The term “gasoline” as employed herein is intended to mean a mixture of hydrocarbons boiling from about 100° F. to approximately 400° F. or any fraction thereof. Such hydrocarbons will include, for example, hydrocarbon streams in refineries such as naphtha, straight-run naphtha, coker naphtha, catalytic gasoline, visbreaker naphtha, alkylate, isomerate or reformate.

[0024] The term “cracked-gasoline” as employed herein is intended to mean hydrocarbons boiling from about 100° F. to approximately 400° F. or any fraction thereof that are products from either thermal or catalytic processes that crack larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules. Examples of thermal processes include coking, thermal cracking and visbreaking. Fluid catalytic cracking and heavy oil cracking are examples of catalytic cracking. In some instances the cracked-gasoline may be fractionated and/or hydrotreated prior to desulfurization when used as a feed in the practice of this invention.

[0025] The term “diesel fuel” denotes a mixture of hydrocarbons boiling in the range of from about 300° F. to about 750° F., or any fraction thereof. Examples of suitable diesel fuels include, but are not limited to, light cycle oil, kerosene, jet fuel, straight-run diesel, hydrotreated diesel, and the like and combinations thereof.

[0026] The term “sulfur” as employed herein is intended to mean those organosulfur compounds such as mercaptans or those thiophenic compounds normally present in cracked gasolines which include among others thiophene, benzothiophene, alkyl thiophenes, alkyl benzothiophenes and alkyldibenzothiophenes as well as the heavier molecular weights of same which are normally present in a diesel fuel of the types contemplated for processing in accordance with the present invention.

[0027] The term “gaseous” as employed herein is intended to mean that state in which the feed cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel is primarily in a vapor phase.

[0028] The term “substantially reduced bimetallic promotor valence” as employed herein is intended to mean that a large portion of the valence of the metal components of the composition is reduced to a value of three or less, preferably zero.

[0029] The term “bimetallic promotor” as used herein is intended to mean a promotor composite derived from two or more metals, metal oxides or metal oxide precursors wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of cobalt, nickel, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, molybdenum, silver, tin, vanadium and antimony and wherein the bimetallic promotor composite is in a substantially reduced valence state and wherein such promotor is present in an effective amount to permit the removal of sulfur from cracked-gasolines.

[0030] The term “olefin retention” or “olefin content retention” as used herein is intended to mean that amount of olefin retained in the cracked-gasoline after desulfurization as compared to the olefin content of the cracked-gasoline stream prior to desulfurization.

[0031] The term “particulated support” as used herein is intended to mean a support particle of a size of from 20 microns to 0.5 inch.

[0032] The bimetallic promotor sorbent used in the present invention comprises a support having combined therewith a dispersion of effective amounts of a bimetallic promotor. The support material is comprised of zinc oxide in combination with any suitable inorganic and organic carrier. Examples of suitable inorganic carriers include silica, silica gel, alumina, clays such as attapulgus clay, china clay, diatomaceous earth, kaolin and kiesleguhr, aluminum silicate, silica-alumina, titania, zirconia, zinc aluminate, zinc titanate, zinc silicate, calcium aluminate, calcium silicate, magnesium silicate, magnesium aluminate, magnesium titanate, synthetic zeolites and natural zeolites. Examples of organic carriers include activated carbon, coke or charcoal and carbon-containing molecular sieves.

[0033] In one presently preferred embodiment of this invention the support is comprised of zinc oxide, silica and alumina.

[0034] Bimetallic promotor compounds may be added to the support components prior to drying and calcining, or by impregnating the dried and calcined support particulates with a solution either aqueous or organic that contains the elemental metals, metal oxides or metal-containing compounds of the selected promotor system.

[0035] Regardless of the details of how the sorbent components are combined with the support, the resulting sorbent compositions are dried at a temperature of about 150° F. to about 350° F. for a period of from about 1 to about 24 hours and finally calcined in air at a temperature of about 400° F. to about 1500° F., preferably about 800° F. to about 1300° F., for a period of 0.5 to about 12 hours, preferably about 1 to about 5 hours.

[0036] In the formation of the bimetallic sorbent systems of the present invention the appropriate metals, metal oxides or metal oxide precursors should be selected such that the ratio of the two metals forming the promotor are in the range of from about 20:1 to about 1:20.

[0037] In a presently preferred embodiment of this invention the bimetallic promotor is a mixture of nickel and cobalt on a particulate support comprised of zinc oxide, silica and alumina.

[0038] In a further presently preferred embodiment of this invention wherein the bimetallic promotor is formed of nickel and cobalt, the ratio of the two component metals is in the range of about 1:1.

[0039] The zinc oxide used in the preparation of the presently preferred sorbent composition can either be in the form of zinc oxide, or in the form of one or more zinc compounds that are convertible to zinc oxide under the conditions of preparation described herein. Examples of such zinc compounds include, but are not limited to, zinc sulfide, zinc sulfate, zinc hydroxide, zinc carbonate, zinc acetate, and zinc nitrate. Preferably, the zinc oxide is in the form of powdered zinc oxide.

[0040] The silica used in the preparation of such sorbent compositions may be either in the form of silica or in the form of one or more silicon-containing compounds. Any suitable type of silica may be employed in the sorbent compositions of the present invention. Examples of suitable types of silica include diatomite, silicalite, silica colloid, flame-hydrolyzed silica, hydrolyzed silica, silica gel and precipitated silica, with diatomite being presently preferred. In addition, silicon compounds that are convertible to silica such as silicic acid, sodium silicate and ammonium silicate can also be employed. Preferably, the silica is in the form of diatomite.

[0041] The starting alumina component of the preferred sorbent composition can be any suitable commercially available alumina material including colloidal alumina solutions and, generally, those alumina compounds produced by the dehydration of alumina hydrates.

[0042] The zinc oxide will generally be present in the sorbent composition in an amount in the range of from about 10 weight percent to about 90 weight percent, and preferably in an amount in the range of from about 15 to about 60 weight percent when such weight percents are expressed in terms of the zinc oxide based upon the total weight of the sorbent composition.

[0043] The silica will generally be present in the sorbent composition in an amount in the range of from about 5 weight percent to about 85 weight percent, preferably in an amount in the range of from about 20 weight percent to about 60 weight percent when the weight percents are expressed in terms of the silica based upon the total weight of the sorbent composition.

[0044] The alumina will generally be present in the sorbent composition in an amount in the range of from about 5.0 weight percent to about 30 weight percent, preferably from about 5.0 weight percent to about 15 weight percent when such weight percents are expressed in terms of the weight of the alumina compared with the total weight of the sorbent system.

[0045] In the manufacture of the presently preferred sorbent composition, the primary components of zinc oxide, silica and alumina are combined together in appropriate proportions by any suitable manner which provides for the intimate mixing of the components to provide a substantially homogeneous mixture.

[0046] Any suitable means for mixing the sorbent components can be used to achieve the desired dispersion of the materials. Such means include, among others, tumblers, stationary shells or troughs, Muller mixers, which are of the batch or continuous type, impact mixers and the like. It is presently preferred to use a Muller mixer in the mixing of the silica, alumina and zinc oxide components.

[0047] Once the sorbent components are properly mixed to provide a shapeable mixture, the resulting mixture can be in the form of wet mix, dough, paste or slurry. If the resulting mix is in the form of a wet mix, the wet mix can be densified and thereafter particulated through the granulation of the densified mix following the drying and calcination of same. When the admixture of zinc oxide, silica and alumina results in a form of the mixture which is either in a dough state or paste state, the mix can be shaped to form a particulate granule, extrudate, tablet, sphere, pellet or microsphere. Presently preferred are cylindrical extrudates having from {fraction (1/32)} inch to ½ inch diameter and any suitable length. The resulting particulate is then dried and then calcined. When the mix is in the form of a slurry, the particulation of same is achieved by spray drying the slurry to form microspheres thereof having a size of from about 20 to about 500 microns. Such microspheres are then subjected to drying and calcination. Following the drying and calcination of the particulated mixture the resulting particulate can be impregnated with the selected bimetallic promotor components in the form of a solution, either aqueous or organic, that contains the elemental metals, metal oxide or metal oxide precursor compounds. If desired the bimetallic promotor component may be incorporated in the shapeable mixture which can be in the form of a wet mix, dough, paste or a slurry; which is then shaped to form a particulate granule, extrudate, tablet sphere, pellet or microsphere.

[0048] Drying of the support particles is carried out at a temperature in the range of about 150° F. to about 350° F., for a period of time in the range of about 1 to about 24 hours.

[0049] Calcination of the support particles is carried out at a temperature in the range of about 400° F. to about 1500° F., preferably from about 800° F. to about 1300° F. for a period of time in the range of about 1 to about 24 hours.

[0050] Impregnation of the particulate support can be achieved by use of solutions of the selected metal which is formed of the metal per se, metal oxide or a precursor for same. Such impregnation can be carried out in separate steps whereby the particulate support is dried or dried and calcined prior to the addition of the second metal component to the support.

[0051] Following impregnation of the particulate compositions with the appropriate bimetallic promotor, the resulting impregnated particulate is then subjected to drying and calcination under the conditions noted supra prior to subjection of the calcined particulate to reduction with a reducing agent, preferably hydrogen.

[0052] The elemental metals, metal oxides or metal-containing compounds of the selected bimetallic promotor can be added to the particulated mixture by impregnation of the mixture with a solution, either aqueous or organic that contains the selected elemental metal, metal oxide or metal containing compounds.

[0053] The impregnation solution is any aqueous or organic solution and amounts of such solutions are such to provide for the impregnation of the particulate support such that the final bimetallic composition, when reduced contains a bimetallic promotor content sufficient to permit the removal of sulfur from streams of cracked gasoline when contacted with same while effecting an enhancement of the olefin retention in the resulting cracked-gasoline product.

[0054] Once the bimetallic promotor has been incorporated in the particulate support, the desired reduced valence of the metals is achieved by drying the resulting composition followed by calcination and thereafter subjecting the resulting calcined composition to reduction with a suitable reducing agent, preferably hydrogen, so as to produce a composition having a substantially reduced valence metals content which is present in an amount to permit the removal of sulfur from a cracked-gasoline and which will achieve the desired enhanced olefin retention.

[0055] The solid bimetallic promotor compositions of this invention have the ability to react with and/or chemisorb organo-sulfur compounds, such as thiophenic compounds. It is also preferable that the sorbents remove diolefins and other gum forming compounds from the cracked-gasoline.

[0056] From the above, it can be appreciated in a presently preferred embodiment of this invention that the sorbent compositions which are useful in the desulfurization process of this invention can be prepared by a process which comprises:

[0057] (a) admixing zinc oxide, silica and alumina so as to form a mix of same in the form of one of a wet mix, dough, paste or slurry;

[0058] (b) particulating the resulting mix to form particulates thereof in the form of one of granules, extrudates, tablets, pellets, spheres or microspheres;

[0059] (c) drying the resulting particulate;

[0060] (d) calcining the dried particulate;

[0061] (e) impregnating the resulting calcined particulate with bimetallic promotor;

[0062] (f) drying the impregnated particulate;

[0063] (g) calcining the resulting dried particulate; and

[0064] (h) reducing the calcined particulate product of (g) with a suitable reducing agent so as to produce a particulate composition having a substantially reduced bimetallic promotor content therein and wherein the reduced valence bimetallic promotor content is present in an amount sufficient to permit the removal with same of sulfur from a cracked-gasoline or diesel stream when contacted with the resulting substantially reduced valence bimetallic promotor containing particulated sorbent.

[0065] If desired the components of the bimetallic promotor can be added to the support individually rather than by coimpregnation.

[0066] In addition, the impregnated support can be dried and calcined after the addition of each component of the bimetallic promotor.

[0067] Also, the components of the bimetallic promotor can be added to the support mix prior to particulation of the sorbent composition, in which case the resulting composition can thereafter be dried and calcined.

[0068] The process to use the novel sorbents to desulfurize cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel to provide a desulfurized cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel with enhanced olefin or cetane retention comprises:

[0069] (a) desulfurizing in a desulfurization zone a cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel with a solid reduced valence bimetallic promotor containing sorbent;

[0070] (b) separating the desulfurized cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel from the resulting sulfurized solid sorbent;

[0071] (c) regenerating at least a portion of the sulfurized solid sorbent to produce a regenerated desulfurized solid sorbent;

[0072] (d) reducing at least a portion of the regenerated solid sorbent to produce a solid reduced valence bimetallic promotor containing sorbent; and thereafter

[0073] (e) returning at least a portion of the regenerated solid reduced valence bimetallic promotor containing sorbent to the desulfurization zone.

[0074] The desulfurization step (a) of the present invention is carried out under a set of conditions that includes total pressure, temperature, weight hourly space velocity and hydrogen flow. These conditions are such that the solid reduced nickel-containing sorbent can desulfurize the cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel to produce a desulfurized cracked-gasoline or desulfurized diesel fuel and a sulfurized sorbent.

[0075] In carrying out the desulfurization step of the process of the present invention, it is preferred that the feed cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel be in a vapor phase. However, in the practice of the invention it is not essential, albeit preferred, that the feed be totally in a vapor or gaseous state.

[0076] The total pressure can be in the range of about 15 psia to about 1500 psia. However, it is presently preferred that the total pressure be in a range of from about 50 psia to about 500 psia.

[0077] In general, the temperature should be sufficient to keep the cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel essentially in a vapor or gas phase. While such temperatures can be in the range of from about 100° F. to about 1000° F., it is presently preferred that the temperature be in the range of from about 400° F. to about 800° F. when treating as cracked-gasoline and in a range of from about 500° F. to 900° F. when treating a diesel fuel.

[0078] Weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) is defined as the pounds of hydrocarbon feed, i.e., cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel, per pound of sorbent in the desulfurization zone per hour. In the practice of the present invention, such WHSV should be in the range of from about 0.5 to about 50 hr−1, preferably about 1 to about 20 hr−1.

[0079] In carrying out the desulfurization step, it is presently preferred that an agent be employed which interferes with any possible chemisorbing or reacting of the olefinic and aromatic compounds in the fluids which are being treated with the solid reduced bimetallic promotor containing sorbent. Such an agent is presently preferred to be hydrogen.

[0080] Hydrogen flow in the desulfurization zone is generally such that the mole ratio of hydrogen to hydrocarbon feed is in the range of about 0.1 to about 10, and preferably in the range of about 0.2 to about 3.0.

[0081] The desulfurization zone can be any zone wherein desulfurization of the feed cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel can take place. Examples of suitable zones are fixed bed reactors, moving bed reactors, fluidized bed reactors and transport reactors. Presently, a fluidized bed reactor or a fixed bed reactor is preferred.

[0082] If desired, during the desulfurization of the vaporized fluids, diluents such as methane, carbon dioxide, flue gas, and nitrogen can be used. Thus it is not essential to the practice of the process of the present invention that a high purity hydrogen be employed in achieving the desired desulfurization of the cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel.

[0083] It is presently preferred when utilizing a fluidized system that a solid reduced bimetallic promotor containing sorbent be used that has a particle size in the range of about 20 to about 1000 micrometers. Preferably, such sorbents should have a particle size of from about 40 to about 500 micrometers. When a fixed bed system is employed for the practice of the desulfurization process of this invention, the sorbent should be such as to have a particle size in the range of about {fraction (1/32)} inch to about ½ inch diameter.

[0084] It is further presently preferred to use solid reduced metals containing sorbents that have a surface area of from about 1 square meter per gram to about 1000 square meters per gram of solid sorbent.

[0085] The separation of the gaseous or vaporized desulfurized fluids and sulfurized sorbent can be accomplished by any means known in the art that can separate a solid from a gas. Examples of such means are cyclonic devices, settling chambers or other impingement devices for separating solids and gases. The desulfurized gaseous cracked-gasoline or desulfurized diesel fuel can then be recovered and preferably liquefied.

[0086] The gaseous cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel is a composition that contains in part, olefins, aromatics and sulfur-containing compounds as well as paraffins and naphthenes.

[0087] The amount of olefins in gaseous cracked-gasoline is generally in the range of from about 10 to 35 weight percent based on the weight of the gaseous cracked-gasoline. For diesel fuel there is essentially no olefin content.

[0088] The amount of aromatics in gaseous cracked-gasoline is generally in the range of about 20 to about 40 weight percent based on the weight of the gaseous cracked gasoline. The amount of aromatics in gaseous diesel fuel is generally in a range of from about 10 to about 90 weight percent aromatics based on the total weight of the gaseous diesel fuel.

[0089] The amount of sulfur in cracked-gasolines can range from about 100 parts per million sulfur by weight of the gaseous cracked-gasoline to about 10,000 parts per million sulfur by weight of the gaseous cracked-gasoline and from about 100 parts per million sulfur by weight of the diesel fuel to about 50,000 parts per million sulfur by weight of the diesel fuel prior to the treatment of such fluids with the sorbent system of the present invention.

[0090] While enhanced olefin retention in cracked-gasolines is achieved through the use of the novel bimetallic promotor containing sorbents of the present invention for the desulfurization of a cracked-gasoline stream, the sorbents can also be used to desulfurize a diesel fuel stream, albeit while such diesel fuels do not have an olefin content, they do contain from 10 to 90 weight percent aromatics as well as having a sulfur content of from 100 parts per million to about 50,000 parts per million.

[0091] The amount of sulfur in cracked-gasolines or in diesel fuels following treatment of same in accordance with the desulfurization process of this invention is less than 100 parts per million (ppm) sulfur by weight of cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel, preferably less than 50 ppm sulfur by weight of cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel, and more preferably less than 5 ppm sulfur by weight of cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel.

[0092] In carrying out the process of this invention, if desired, a stripper unit can be inserted before the regenerator for regeneration of the sulfurized sorbent which will serve to remove a portion, preferably all, of any hydrocarbons from the sulfurized sorbent or before the hydrogen reduction zone so as to remove oxygen and sulfur dioxide from the system prior to introduction of the regenerated sorbent into the sorbent activation zone. The stripping comprises a set of conditions that includes total pressure, temperature and stripping agent partial pressure.

[0093] Preferably the total pressure in a stripper, when employed, is in a range of from about 25 psia to about 500 psia.

[0094] The temperature for such strippers can be in the range of from about 100° F. to about 1000° F.

[0095] The stripping agent is a composition that helps to remove hydrocarbons from the sulfurized solid sorbent. Presently, the preferred stripping agent is nitrogen.

[0096] The sorbent regeneration zone employs a set of conditions such that at least a portion of the sulfurized sorbent is desulfurized.

[0097] The total pressure in the regeneration zone is generally in the range of from about 10 to about 1500 psia. Presently preferred is a total pressure in the range of from about 25 psia to about 500 psia.

[0098] The sulfur removing agent partial pressure is generally in the range of from about 1 percent to about 25 percent of the total pressure.

[0099] The sulfur removing agent is a composition that helps to generate gaseous sulfur oxygen-containing compounds such as sulfur dioxide, as well as to burn off any remaining hydrocarbon deposits that might be present. Currently, oxygen-containing gases such as air are the preferred sulfur removing agent.

[0100] The temperature in the regeneration zone is generally from about 100° F. to about 1500° F. with a temperature in the range of about 800° F. to about 1200° F. being presently preferred.

[0101] The regeneration zone can be any vessel wherein the desulfurizing or regeneration of the sulfurized sorbent can take place.

[0102] The desulfurized sorbent is then reduced in an activation zone with a reducing agent so that at least a portion of the bimetallic promoter content of the sorbent composition is reduced to produce a solid reduced metal-containing sorbent having an amount of reduced metals therein to permit the removal of sulfur components from a stream of cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel.

[0103] In general, when practicing the process of this invention, the reduction of the desulfurized solid bimetallic promoter containing sorbent is carried out at a temperature in the range of about 100° F. to about 1500° F. and a pressure in the range of about 15 to 1500 psia. Such reduction is carried out for a time sufficient to achieve the desired level of metal reduction in the sorbent system. Such reduction can generally be achieved in a period of from about 0.01 to about 20 hours.

[0104] Following the activation of the regenerated particulate sorbent, at least a portion of the resulting activated (reduced) sorbent can be returned to the desulfurization unit.

[0105] When carrying out the process of the present invention in a fixed bed system, the steps of desulfurization, regeneration, stripping, and activation are accomplished in a single zone or vessel.

[0106] The desulfurized cracked-gasoline resulting from the practice of the present invention can be used in the formulation of gasoline blends to provide gasoline products suitable for commercial consumption and can also be used where a cracked-gasoline containing low levels of sulfur is desired.

[0107] Desulfurized cracked-gasoline products made in accordance with this invention are novel and unique desulfurized cracked-gasolines, have very low sulfur content levels and generally comprise only two different classes of sulfur species, thiophenes and benzothiophenes. Generally, the sulfur content of cracked-gasolines produced in accordance with this invention can be less than about 25 parts per million by weight (ppmw), preferably less than about 15 ppmw and most preferably, less than about 10 ppmw sulfur.

[0108] In addition to having very low sulfur content, the desulfurized cracked-gasoline produced in accordance with the present invention has less than about 1 part per million by weight (ppmw), preferably less than about 0.5 ppmw, and most preferably less than about 0.1 ppmw thiol compounds. Additionally, desulfurized cracked-gasolines produced in accordance with this invention also have less than about 1 ppm, preferably less than about 0.5 ppmw, and most preferably less than about 0.1 ppmw tetrahydrothiophenes. Further, desulfurized-cracked gasolines produced in accordance with the present invention have less than about 1 ppm, preferably less than about 0.7 ppm, and most preferably less than about 0.5 ppmw dihydrobenzothiophene compounds. Desulfurized gasoline, desulfurized in accordance with other methods known in the art, such as, for example hydrotreating, showed the presence of many different types of sulfur. These types of sulfur compounds include thiols, thiophenes, tetrahydrothiophenes, benzothiophenes, and dihydrobenzothiophenes.

[0109] Sulfur-containing compounds, as used in this disclosure, are defined as generally used in common chemical usage. Generally, as used in this disclosure, thiols, or mercaptans, are sulfur-containing compounds defined by the formulae of R—SH. Thiophenes are five-membered cyclic sulfur-containing compounds comprising a ring of four carbon atoms and one sulfur atom, having general formulae of (CR)4S. Benzothiophenes are cyclic sulfur-containing compounds comprising a six-membered ring and a four-membered ring, wherein a sulfur atom is in the five-membered ring, and having a general formulae of C6R4.S.CR:CR, wherein the six-membered ring and five-membered ring are attached and each ring has two carbon atoms in common. For all of these compounds, R can be the same or different and is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl radical radical selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkyaryl, or arylalkyl radicals having from about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms per group.

[0110] In addition to the absence of thiols and tetrahydrothiophenes and minimal levels of dihydrobenzothiophenes in desulfurized cracked-gasolines and diesel fuels made in accordance with the present invention, the octane number of the inventive desulfurized cracked-gasolines is reduced minimally, especially in comparison to other desulfurization processes. Other desulfurization processes, such as, for example hydrotreating, can reduce the average octane number, as defined by Δ(RON+MON+MON)/2, by an amount that is significant and detrimental to end users of the gasoline products. Desulfurized cracked-gasolines produced in accordance with the present invention have an octane loss, or octane reduction in to average octane number by less than about 3.5, preferably less than about 3, and most preferably less than about 2 octane numbers. Desulfurized cracked-gasolines produced in accordance with the present invention, which have low sulfur content and either retain a similar octane content or have minimal octane loss when compared to gasolines that has not been desulfurized in accordance with the present invention can be environmentally friendly, beneficial to catalytic converters in vehicles, such as, for example automobiles, and can maintain vehicle gas mileage.

[0111] The desulfurized diesel fuels resulting from the practice of the present invention can likewise be used for commercial consumption where a low sulfur-containing fuel is desired.

EXAMPLES

[0112] The following examples are intended to be illustrative of the present invention and to teach one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention. These examples are not intended to limit the invention in any way.

Example I

[0113] A solid reduced nickel metal sorbent (Sorbent A, containing 30% nickel) was produced by dry mixing 20.02 pounds of diatomite silica and 25.03 pounds of zinc oxide in a mix Muller for 15 minutes to produce a first mixture. While still mixing, a solution containing 6.38 pounds of Disperal alumina (Condea), 22.5 pounds of deionized water, and 316 grams of glacial acetic acid were added to the mix Muller to produce a second mixture. After adding these components, mixing continued for an additional 30 minutes. This second mixture was then dried at 300° F. for 1 hour and then calcined at 1175° F. for 1 hour to form a third mixture. This third mixture was then particulated by granulation using a Stokes Pennwalt granulator fitted with a 50 mesh screen. The resulting granulated mixture was then impregnated with 336.9 grams of nickel nitrate hexahydrate dissolved in 44 grams of deionized water per 454 grams of granulated third mixture to produce an impregnated particulate. The impregnated mixture was dried at 300° F. for one hour and then calcined at 1175° F. for one hour to form a solid particulate nickel oxide-containing composition. 454 grams of the first nickel impregnated sorbent was subjected to a second impregnation with 336.9 grams of nickel nitrate hexahydrate dissolved in 44 grams of deionized water. After the second impregnation, once again the impregnated particulates were dried at 300° F. for one hour and then calcined at 1175° F. for one hour.

[0114] The solid nickel oxide-containing particulate was then reduced by subjecting it to a temperature of 700° F., a total pressure of 15 psia and a hydrogen partial pressure of 15 psi for 0.5 hr to produce a solid reduced nickel sorbent wherein the nickel component of the sorbent composition was reduced substantially to zero valence.

[0115] Reduction of the particulate solid calcined composition comprising zinc oxide, silica, alumina and a nickel compound so as to obtain the desired sorbent having a reduced valence nickel content is carried out in the reactor as described in Example IV.

Example II

[0116] A solid reduced cobalt metal sorbent (Sorbent B containing 30% cobalt) was produced by dry mixing 20.02 pounds of diatomite silica and 25.03 zinc oxide in a mix Muller for 15 minutes to produce a first mixture. While still mixing, a solution containing 6.38 pounds of Disperal alumina (Condea), 22.5 pounds of deionized water, and 316 grams of glacial acetic acid was added to the mix Muller to produce a second mixture. After adding these components, mixing continued for an additional 30 minutes. This second mixture was then dried at 300° F. for 16 hours and then calcined at 1175° F. for one hour to form a third mixture. This third mixture was then particularized by granulation using a Stokes Pennwalt granulator fitted with a 50 mesh screen. 200 grams of the resulting granulated mix was then impregnated with 148 grams of cobalt nitrate hexahydrate dissolved in 43 grams of hot (200° F.) deionized water to produce a particulate impregnated mix. The impregnated particulate was dried at 300° F. for one hour and then calcined at 1175° F. for one hour. 100 grams of the calcined particulate was impregnated with a solution of 74 grams of cobalt nitrate hexahydrate dissolved in 8 grams of hot deionized water to produce an impregnated particulate product which was then dried at 300° F. for one hour and then calcined at 1175° F. for one hour to form a solid cobalt oxide sorbent.

[0117] The solid cobalt oxide sorbent was then reduced by subjecting it to a temperature of 700° F., a total pressure of 15 psia, and a hydrogen partial pressure of 15 psi for 60 minutes to produce a solid reduced cobalt sorbent wherein the cobalt component of the sorbent was reduced substantially to zero valence.

Example III

[0118] A solid reduced bimetallic nickel-cobalt sorbent (Sorbent C, containing 15% each of nickel and cobalt) was produced by dry mixing 20.02 pounds of diatomite zinc oxide in a mix Muller for 15 minutes to produce a first mixture. While still mixing, a solution containing 6.38 pounds of Disperal alumina (Condea), 22.5 pounds of deionized water, and 316 grams of glacial acetic acid was added to the mix Muller to produce a second mixture. After adding these components, mixing continued for an additional 30 minutes. This second mixture was then dried at 300° F. for 16 hours and then calcined at 1175° F. for one hour to form a third mixture. This third mixture was then particularized by granulation using a Stokes Pennwalt granulator fitted with a 50 mesh screen. 200 grams of the resulting granulated mix was then impregnated with 148 grams of cobalt nitrate hexahydrate dissolved in 43 grams of hot (200° F.) deionized water to produce a particulate impregnated mix. The impregnated particulate was dried at 300° F. for one hour and then calcined at 1175° F. for one hour. 100 grams of the cobalt impregnated, dried, and calcined particulate was impregnated with a solution of 74.3 grams of nickel nitrate hexahydrate dissolved in 6.4 grams of hot deionized water to produce an impregnated particulate product which was then dried at 300° F. for one hour and then calcined at 1175° F. for one hour to form a solid cobalt-nickel oxide sorbent.

[0119] The solid cobalt-nickel oxide sorbent was then reduced by subjecting it to a temperature of 700° F., a total pressure of 15 psia and a hydrogen partial pressure of 15 psi for 60 minutes to produce a solid reduced cobalt-nickel sorbent wherein the cobalt-nickel component of the sorbent composition was reduced substantially to zero valence.

[0120] Reduction of the particulate solid calcined composition comprising zinc oxide, silica, alumina cobalt and a nickel compound so as to obtain the desired sorbent having a reduced valence cobalt nickel content was carried out in the reactor as described in Example IV.

Example IV

[0121] The particulate solid reduced metal sorbents as prepared in Example I-III were tested for their desulfurization ability as follows.

[0122] A 1-inch quartz reactor tube was loaded with the indicated amounts as noted below of the sorbents of Example I-III. The solid metal sorbent was placed on a frit in the middle of the reactor and subjected to reduction with hydrogen as noted in Examples I-III. Gaseous cracked-gasoline having about 345 parts per million sulfur by weight sulfur-containing compounds based on the weight of the gaseous cracked-gasoline and having about 95 weight percent thiophenic compounds (such as for example, alkyl benzothiophenes, alkyl thiophenes, benzothiophene and thiophene) based on the weight of sulfur-containing compound in the gaseous cracked-gasoline was pumped upwardly through the reactor. The rate was 13.4 milliliters per hour. This produced sulfurized solid sorbent and desulfurized gaseous-cracked gasoline.

[0123] Both Sorbent A (30% nickel) and Sorbent B (30% cobalt) were effective in removing the gasoline sulfur content from 345 ppm to about less than 5 ppm under the conditions shown in Table I. However, under the desulfurization conditions a significant loss in the olefin content was noticed, i.e. the olefin content of the gasoline was reduced from 22.0 weight percent in feed to 11.0 and 14.0 weight percent in the product when Sorbent A and Sorbent B were utilized to remove sulfur.

[0124] The invention Sorbent C was tested for two cycles. After cycle 1 the sulfurized Sorbent C was subjected to desulfurizing conditions that included a temperature of 900° F., a total pressure of 15 psia and an oxygen partial pressure of 0.6 to 3.1 psi for a time period of 1-2 hours. Such conditions are hereinafter referred to as “regeneration conditions” to produce a desulfurized bimetallic sorbent. This sorbent was then subjected to reducing conditions that included a temperature of 700° F., a total pressure of 15 psia and a hydrogen partial pressure of 15 psi for a time period of 1.25 hours. Such conditions are hereinafter referred to as “reducing conditions”.

[0125] The resulting solid reduced cobalt-nickel metal sorbent composition was then used in cycle 2). Once again a reduction in sulfur content from 345 ppm to less than or equal to 5 ppm resulted when the invention Sorbent C, containing a combination of 15 weight percent each of cobalt and nickel, was tested it was unexpectedly discovered that the olefin retention was drastically improved as compared to either Sorbent A or Sorbent B which contained only nickel or cobalt respectively. Apparently an unexpected synergistic effect of the combination of the two metals results in the olefin retention of 18.3 weight percent vs. 22.0 weight percent in the feed while in the case of Sorbent A (30 weight percent nickel) and Sorbent B (30 weight percent cobalt) the olefin content of the treated stream was reduced to 11 and 14 weight percent respectively.

[0126] The test results are set forth in Table I.

TABLE I
Reactor
Conditions	Sorbent A	Sorbent B	Sorbent C
Amount (grams)	10	10	10
TP1	15	15	15
HPP2	13.2	13.2	13.2
° F.	700	700	700
TOS3				Cycle 1	Cycle 2
1	<5	5		<5	5
2	<5	<5		<5	5
3	<5	<5		<5	<5
4	<5	<5		5	5
5		<5
Wt. % Olefins	11.0	14.0		18.35
1Total pressure in psia
2Hydrogen partial pressure in psi
3The time on stream in hours
4The amount of sulfur-containing compounds left in the desulfurized cracked-gasoline in parts per million sulfur by wt. of the desulfurized cracked gasoline.
5Olefin contents measured in a composite sample from Run 1 and Run 2

Example V

[0127] A second solid reduced bimetallic nickel-copper sorbent composition containing 15% nickel and 5% copper, (Sorbent D), was prepared as follows:

[0128] 363 grams of diatomite silica was mixed with 443 grams of Nyacol Al-20 alumina solution in a mix Muller. While still mixing, 454 grams of dry zinc oxide powder was then added to the above mixture and further mixed for 30 minutes to form an extrudable paste. This paste was extruded through a laboratory 1-inch Bonnot extruder employing a die containing {fraction (1/16)} inch holes. The wet extrudate was dried at 300° F. for one hour and calcined at 1175° F. for one hour. 500 grams of dried extrudate were then impregnated with a solution of 371.4 grams of nickel nitrate hexahydrate dissolved in 36.5 ml of deionized water. The nickel impregnates were dried at 300° F. for one hour and then calcined at 1175° F. for one hour. 100 grams of the first nickel impregnated sorbent was subjected to a second impregnation with 19.0 grams of copper nitrate trihydrate dissolved in 27 grams of deionized water. After the second impregnation, once again the impregnated extrudates were dried at 300° F. for one hour and then calcined at 932° F. for one hour.

[0129] The extruded solid nickel oxide sorbent was ground to 12×12 mesh size particles and then reduced in the reactor by subjecting it to a temperature of 700° F., a total pressure of 15 psia and a hydrogen partial pressure of 15 psia for 2 hours to produce a solid reduced bimetallic promotor sorbent wherein the bimetallic promotor component of the sorbent was substantially reduced.

Example VI

[0130] The particulate sold reduced nickel-copper sorbent as prepared in Example V was tested for its desulfurization ability as described in Example IV. The test results shown in Table II clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the bimetallic promotor, Sorbent D, in removing the gasoline sulfur from 345 ppm to about less than 5 ppm. It was unexpectedly discovered that the bimetallic nickel-copper sorbent effected an improved retention of olefin content (15.8 weight percent) as compared to a nickel only sorbent (11.0 weight percent). The gasoline feed contained 22.0 weight percent olefins.

[0131] The test results are set forth in Table II.

TABLE II
Reactor Conditions Sorbent D
Amount (g)         10
TP1                15
HPP2               13.2
° F.               700
TOS3               Sulfur4
1                  <5
2                  5
3                  <5
Wt. % Olefins      15.8
1Total pressure in psia
2Hydrogen partial pressure in psi
3The time on stream in hours
4The amount of sulfur-containing compounds left in the desulfurized cracked-gasoline in parts per million sulfur by wt. of the desulfurized cracked gasoline.
5Olefin contents measured in a composite sample from Run 1 and Run 2

Example VII

[0132] Examples VII-IX demonstrate the effects upon product composition of treating a gasoline sample using the S Zorb process compared to conventional hydrotreating. They are intended to be illustrative of the present invention and to teach one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention. These examples are not intended to limit the invention in any way.

[0133] A catalytic-cracked refinery gasoline blend was used for these tests. The feed contained about 18 weight percent olefins and 34 weight percent aromatics (PIONA gas chromatography method based on ASTM D-5443) and had a motor octane number (MON) of 79.9 and a research octane number (RON) of 89.8 as determined by engine tests. Total sulfur was measured using a sulfur fluorescence method, ASTM D-5453. Sulfur species were determined by a modified ASTM D-5623 gas chromatography method using a sulfur chemiluminescent detector. The specific sulfur species were identified by using external standards as well as by the sequential extractions of mercaptans and sulfides. Table 3 summarizes the sulfur analytical results.

TABLE 3
Sulfur Distribution In ppm By Weight For Catalytic-Cracked
Refinery Gasoline Blend
Sulfur Species         Amount (ppmw)
Total                  1400
Thiols                 23
Thiophenes             484
Tetrahydrothiophenes   49
Benzothiophenes        796
Dihydrobenzothiophenes 43
Other                  5

Example VIII

[0134] The feed described in Example I was hydrotreated over a Co/Mo TK-554 distillate hydrotreating catalyst commercially available from Haldor-Topsoe. The run was performed in a downflow reactor over 25 cc of dried catalyst mixed with 50 cc of 30/40 grit alundum at 500 SCF/Bbl hydrogen, 2.0 liquid hourly space velocity, and 100 psi pressure. The catalyst was presulfided at atmospheric pressure using a 10% hydrogen sulfide in hydrogen mixture with flow rate of 190 cc/min. The temperature was 400° F. for ten hours, followed by two hours at each 50° F. increment between 400 and 700° F., and finally for four hours at 700° F. The hydrotreating temperature was varied from 500 to 580° F. to achieve sulfur removal ranging from 87 to 99 weight percent. After hydrotreatment, samples were collected and distribution of sulfur in the product was determined. These results are given in Table II. Engine tests were used to determine the change in average octane number, Δ(RON+ON)/2, for the 525, 560, and 580° F. hydrotreated samples compared to the feed (also given in Table II).

TABLE 4
Sulfur distribution in product (ppm by weight) after hydrotreating
	ppmw	ppmw	ppmw	ppmw
Property	sulfur	sulfur	sulfur	sulfur
Measured	(525° F.)	(540° F.)	(560° F.)	(580° F.)
Total Sulfur	61	36	21	13
Thiols	20.7	10.4	8.1	4.0
Thiophenes	20.9	12.7	3.1	3.5
Tetrahydrothiophenes	12.3	6.6	6.6	2.8
Benzothiophenes	3.8	4.1	2.6	2.1
Dihydrobenzo-	0.5	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1
thiophenes
Other	2.6	1.9	0.6	0.6
Δ(RON + MON)/2	−3.8	not	−5.6	−6.2
		determined

Example IX

[0135] A sorbent consisting of nickel supported on zinc oxide, alumina, and perlite was prepared by the following method. Zinc oxide was added to expanded perlite in nitric acid solution and mixed for 15 minutes. (Perlite is commercially available from Silbrico Corp, Sil-Kleer R/F 27M). Alumina (nitric acid peptized Condea Dispersal) was then mixed with water and added to the zinc oxide and perlite slurry. After mixing for 20 minutes, this material was spray dried, then heated to 150° C. and held there for one hour, and then heated to 635° C. and held there for one hour. The spray-dried support contained 20.1 weight percent perlite, 16.8 weight percent alumina, and 63.1 weight percent zinc oxide. It was then impregnated with 16 weight percent nickel nitrate hexahydrate, heated to 150° C. and held there for one hour, and heated to 635° C. and held there for one hour.

[0136] The sorbent described above was tested for its ability to remove sulfur. Ten grams of the calcined sorbent were placed in a ½ inch diameter steel tube having a length of about 11 inches and having a sintered metal frit positioned above the lower one-third so as to provide an inert support for the bed of sorbent.

[0137] Before reaction, the sorbent was reduced with hydrogen flowing at a rate of 1.0 standard cubic feet per hour (SCFH) at a temperature of 850° F. for a period of two hours. Such conditions are hereinafter referred to as “reducing conditions.”

[0138] During each reaction cycle, the reactor was maintained at a temperature of 750° F. and a pressure of 150 psig. Hydrogen flow was 0.36 standard cubic feet per hour. Gaseous feed was pumped upwardly through the reactor at a rate of 106.4 ml per hour. Such conditions are hereinafter referred to as “reaction conditions.” Each reaction cycle consisted of six hours, and there was capability of determining the product sulfur at any point during this time.

[0139] After completion of the first reaction cycle, sorbent was flushed with nitrogen for thirty minutes at flow rate of 1.0 SCFH while temperature was increased to 900° F. The temperature was kept at 900° F. where the sorbent was regenerated under 0.5 SCFH air and 0.5 SCFH nitrogen for one hour, and then 1.0 SCFH of air for one hour. Such conditions are hereinafter referred to as “regeneration conditions.” The temperature was then decreased to 850° F. and the sample purged with nitrogen for 30 minutes at a flow rate of 1.0 SCFH. Cycle 2 began, like Cycle 1 under reducing conditions; i.e., treatment with hydrogen flowing at a rate of 1.0 standard cubic feet per hour (SCFH) at a temperature of 850° F. for a period of two hours.

[0140] The sorbent was tested over nine cycles. During the tenth cycle, product samples were collected and analyzed. The results in Table 5 were obtained where the sulfur values given are the parts per million by weight in the product after the second hour, third hour, fourth, and fifth hour of treatment during cycle 10, respectively.

[0141] A gas chromatographic method, based on an PIONA analyses, was used to calculate the change in average octane number, Δ(RON+MON)/2, for the samples collected after the second, third, fourth, and sixth hour (Table 5). These octane number changes are significantly less, at the same level of sulfur removal, than those obtained using conventional hydrotreating (Table 4).

TABLE 5
Sulfur distribution
in produce (ppm by weight) after S Zorb Treatment
	ppmw	ppmw	ppmw	ppmw	ppmw
Propery	sulfur	sulfur	sulfur	sulfur	sulfur
Measured	Hour 2	Hour 3	Hour 4	Hour 5	Hour 6
Total	.5	13.2	50.5	103	146
Thiols	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1
Thiophenes	0.6	5.1	25.5	55.4	84.3
Tetrahydro-	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1
tiophenes
Benzothiophenes	4.5	7.9	25.0	47.5	61.4
Dihydrobenzo-	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1
thiophenes
Other	0.4	0.2	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1
Δ(Ron +	−1.8	−1.2	−0.8	not	−0.5
MON)/2				determined

[0142] A comparison of Table 4 with Table 5 clearly teach that there are significant differences, in addition to the effects upon octane number, between the composition of the S Zorb treated and the hydrotreated products. In particular, the S Zorb treated products contain only two different classes of sulfur species—thiophenes and benzothiophenes. The hydrotreated products, on the other hand, show the additional presence of thiols and tetrahydrothiophenes. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that thiols, which are most likely produced by the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with olefins, can often be eliminated by post-treatment. Tetrahydrothiophenes, however, cannot be readily eliminated from hydrotreated gasoline samples.

[0143] The specific examples herein disclosed are to be considered as being primarily illustrative. Various changes beyond those described will no doubt occur to those skilled in the art; and such changes are to be understood as forming a part of this invention insofar as they fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. A sorbent composition suitable for removal of sulfur from cracked-gasolines which is comprised of (a) a bimetallic promoter, and (b) a particulated support wherein said bimetallic promotor is present in a substantially reduced valence state and in an amount which effects the removal of sulfur from a stream of cracked-gasoline when contacted with same under desulfurization conditions.

2. A sorbent composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein said bimetallic promotor is formed of two or more metals of the group consisting of nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tungsten, silver, tin, antimony and vanadium.

3. A sorbent system in accordance with claim 2 wherein the ratio of the metals of said bimetallic promotor is in the range of about 20:1 to about 1:20.

4. A sorbent system in accordance with claim 3 wherein said bimetallic promotor is comprised of nickel and cobalt.

5. A sorbent system in accordance with claim 3 wherein said bimetallic promotor is comprised of nickel and copper.

6. A sorbent system in accordance with claim 3 wherein said particulate support is comprised of zinc oxide and an inorganic or organic carrier.

7. A sorbent system in accordance with claim 4 wherein said particulate support is comprised of zinc oxide, silica and alumina.

8. A sorbent system in accordance with claim 5 wherein said particulate support is comprised of zinc oxide, silica and alumina.

9. A sorbent system in accordance with claim 7 wherein said zinc oxide is present in an amount in the range of about 10 to about 90 weight percent, said silica is present in an amount in the range of about 5 to about 85 weight percent, and said alumina is present in an amount in the range of about 5 to about 30 weight percent.

10. A sorbent system in accordance with claim 8 wherein said zinc oxide is present in an amount in the range of about 10 to about 90 weight percent, said silica is present in an amount in the range of about 5 to about 85 weight percent, and said alumina is present in an amount in the range of about 5 to about 30 weight percent.

11. A sorbent system in accordance with claim 4 wherein the ratio of nickel to cobalt is about 1:1.

12. A sorbent system in accordance with claim 5 wherein the ratio of nickel to copper is about 3:1.

13. A sorbent composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein said composition is a particulate in the form of one of granule, extrudate, tablet, sphere, pellet or microsphere.

14. A process for the production of a sorbent composition suitable for the removal of sulfur from a cracked-gasoline stream which comprises: (a) impregnating a particulate support with a bimetallic promotor; (b) drying the impregnated particulate of step (a); (c) calcining the dried particulate of step (b); and thereafter (d) reducing the resulting calcined particulate of step (c) with a suitable reducing agent under suitable conditions to produce a particulate composition having the valence of said bimetallic promotor substantially reduced such that the reduced bimetallic promotor containing composition will affect the removal of sulfur from a stream of cracked-gasoline when said stream is contacted with same under desulfurization conditions:

15. A process for the production of a sorbent composition suitable for the removal of sulfur from a cracked-gasoline stream which comprises: (a) incorporating a bimetallic promotor into a non-particulated support composition; (b) particulating the resulting bimetallic promotor-support composition; (c) drying the bimetallic promotor containing particulate; (d) calcining the dried bimetallic promotor containing particulate of step (c); and thereafter (e) reducing the resulting calcined particulate of step (d) with a suitable reducing agent under suitable conditions to produce a particulate having the valence of the metals of said bimetallic promotor substantially reduced such that the reduced valence bimetallic promotor containing composition will affect the removal of sulfur from a stream of cracked-gasoline when said stream is contacted with same under desulfurization conditions.

16. A process in accordance with claim 14 wherein said bimetallic promotor is formed of at least two metals selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tungsten, silver, tin, antimony and vanadium.

17. A process in accordance with claim 15 wherein said bimetallic promotor is formed of at least two metals selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tungsten, silver, tin, antimony and vanadium.

18. A process in accordance with claim 16 wherein the ratio of metals of said bimetallic promotor are in the range of about 20:1 to about 1:20.

19. A process in accordance with claim 17 wherein the ratio of metals of said bimetallic promotor are in the range of about 20:1 to about 1:20.

20. A process in accordance with claim 16 wherein said bimetallic promotor is comprised of nickel and cobalt.

21. A process in accordance with claim 16 wherein said bimetallic promotor is comprised of nickel and copper.

22. A process in accordance with claim 20 wherein the ratio of nickel to cobalt is about 1:1.

23. A process in accordance with claim 21 wherein the ratio of nickel to copper is about 3:1.

24. A process in accordance with claim 14 wherein said composition is in the form of a granule, extrudate, tablet, sphere, pellet or microsphere.

25. A process in accordance with claim 14 wherein said particulate is dried at a temperature in the range of about 150° F. to about 350° F.

26. A process in accordance with claim 14 wherein said particulate is calcined at a temperature in the range of about 400° F. to about 1500° F.

27. A process in accordance with claim 20 wherein said nickel and said cobalt are present in an amount in the range of about 5 to about 40 weight percent, based on the total weight of the sorbent composition.

28. The sorbent product of the process of claim 14.

29. The sorbent product of the process of claim 15.

30. A process for the removal of sulfur from a stream of a cracked-gasoline or diesel fuel which comprises: (a) contacting said stream with a sorbent composition comprising a bimetallic promotor and a particulate support wherein said bimetallic promotor has the metals thereof in a substantially reduced valence state and in an amount which will effect the removal of sulfur from said stream while enhancing the olefin retention in said stream under conditions such that there is formed a desulfurized fluid stream of cracked-gasoline and a sulfurized sorbent; (b) separating the resulting desulfurized fluid stream from said sulfurized sorbent; (c) regenerating at least a portion of the separated sulfurized sorbent in a regeneration zone so as to remove at least a portion of the sulfur absorbed thereon; (d) reducing the resulting desulfurized sorbent in an activation zone so as to provide a reduced valence bimetallic promotor therein which will affect the removal of sulfur from a stream of cracked-gasoline when contacted with same; and (e) returning at least a portion of the resulting desulfurized, reduced bimetallic promotor containing sorbent to said desulfurization zone.

31. A process in accordance with claim 30 wherein said desulfurization is carried out at a temperature in the range of about 100° F. to about 1000° F. and at a pressure in the range of about 15 to 1500 psia for a time sufficient to affect the removal of sulfur from said stream.

32. A process in accordance with claim 31 wherein said regeneration is carried out at a temperature in the range of about 100° F. to about 1500° F. and a pressure in the range of about 10 to about 1500 psia for a time sufficient to effect the removal of at least a portion of sulfur from the sulfurized sorbent.

33. A process in accordance with claim 32 wherein there is employed air as a regeneration agent in said regeneration zone.

34. A process in accordance with claim 32 wherein said regenerated sorbent is subjected to reduction with hydrogen in an activation zone which is maintained at a temperature in the range of about 100° F. to about 1500° F. and at a pressure in the range of about 15 to 1500 psia and for a period of time sufficient to affect a substantial reduction of the valence of the metal content of the bimetallic promotor of said sorbent.

35. A process in accordance with claim 34 wherein said separated sulfurized sorbent is stripped prior to introduction into said regeneration zone.

36. A process in accordance with claim 34 wherein the regenerated sorbent is stripped prior to introduction to said activation zone.

37. A process in accordance with claim 34 wherein said stream is cracked gasoline.

38. A process in accordance with claim 30 wherein said bimetallic promotor is formed of metals of the group consisting of nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tungsten, silver, tin, antimony and vanadium.

39. A process in accordance with claim 30 wherein said bimetallic promotor is comprised of nickel and cobalt.

40. A process in accordance with claim 30 wherein said bimetallic promotor is comprised of nickel and copper.

41. A process in accordance with claim 30 wherein said bimetallic promotor is on a particulate support comprised of zinc oxide and an inorganic or organic carrier.

42. A process in accordance with claim 41 wherein said particulate support is comprised of zinc oxide, silica, and alumina.

43. The cracked-gasoline product of the process of claim 30.

44. A sorbent composition suitable for removal of sulfur from diesel fuels which is comprised of (a) a bimetallic promotor, and (b) a particulated support wherein said bimetallic promotor is present in a substantially reduced valence state and in an amount which effects the removal of sulfur from a stream of diesel fuel when contacted with same under desulfurization conditions.

45. A sorbent composition in accordance with claim 44 wherein said bimetallic promotor is formed of two or more metals of the group consisting of nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tungsten, silver, tin, antimony and vanadium.

46. A sorbent system in accordance with claim 45 wherein the ratio of the metals of said bimetallic promotor is in the range of about 20:1 to about 1:20.

47. A sorbent system in accordance with claim 46 wherein said bimetallic promotor is comprised of nickel and cobalt.

48. A sorbent system in accordance with claim 46 wherein said bimetallic promotor is comprised of nickel and copper.

49. A sorbent system in accordance with claim 46 wherein said particulate support is comprised of zinc oxide and an inorganic or organic carrier.

50. A sorbent system in accordance with claim 47 wherein said particulate support is comprised of zinc oxide, silica and alumina.

51. A sorbent system in accordance with claim 48 wherein said particulate support is comprised of zinc oxide, silica and alumina.

52. A sorbent system in accordance with claim 50 wherein said zinc oxide is present in an amount in the range of about 10 to about 90 weight percent, said silica is present in an amount in the range of about 5 to about 85 weight percent, and said alumina is present in an amount in the range of about 5 to about 30 weight percent.

53. A sorbent system in accordance with claim 51 wherein said zinc oxide is present in an amount in the range of about 10 to about 90 weight percent, said silica is present in an amount in the range of about 5 to about 85 weight percent, and said alumina is present in an amount in the range of about 5 to about 30 weight percent.

54. A sorbent system in accordance with claim 47 wherein the ratio of nickel to cobalt is about 1:1.

55. A sorbent system in accordance with claim 48 wherein the ratio of nickel to copper is about 3:1.

56. A sorbent composition in accordance with claim 44 wherein said composition is a particulate in the form of one of granule, extrudate, tablet, sphere, pellet or microsphere.

57. A process for the production of a sorbent composition suitable for the removal of sulfur from a diesel fuel stream which comprises: (a) impregnating a particulate support with a bimetallic promotor; (b) drying the impregnated particulate of step (a); (c) calcining the dried particulate of step (b); and thereafter (d) reducing the resulting calcined particulate of step (c) with a suitable reducing agent under suitable conditions to produce a particulate composition having the valence of said bimetallic promotor substantially reduced such that the reduced bimetallic promotor containing composition will affect the removal of sulfur from a stream of cracked-gasoline when said stream is contacted with same under desulfurization conditions.

58. A process for the production of a sorbent composition suitable for the removal of sulfur from a diesel fuel stream which comprises: (a) incorporating a bimetallic promotor into a non-particulated support composition; (b) particulating the resulting bimetallic promotor-support composition; (c) drying the bimetallic promotor containing particulate; (d) calcining the dried bimetallic promotor containing particulate of step (c); and thereafter (e) reducing the resulting calcined particulate of step (d) with a suitable reducing agent under suitable conditions to produce a particulate having the valence of the metals of said bimetallic promotor substantially reduced such that the reduced valence bimetallic promotor containing composition will affect the removal of sulfur from a stream of cracked-gasoline when said stream is contacted with same under desulfurization conditions.

59. A process in accordance with claim 57 wherein said bimetallic promotor is formed of at least two metals selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tungsten, silver, tin, antimony and vanadium.

60. A process in accordance with claim 58 wherein said bimetallic promotor is formed of at least two metals selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tungsten, silver, tin, antimony and vanadium.

61. A process in accordance with claim 59 wherein the ratio of metals of said bimetallic promotor are in the range of about 20:1 to about 1:20.

62. A process in accordance with claim 60 wherein the ratio of metals of said bimetallic promotor are in the range of about 20:1 to about 1:20.

63. A process in accordance with claim 59 wherein said bimetallic promotor is comprised of nickel and cobalt.

64. A process in accordance with claim 59 wherein said bimetallic promotor is comprised of nickel and copper.

65. A process in accordance with claim 63 wherein the ratio of nickel to cobalt is about 1:1.

66. A process in accordance with claim 64 wherein the ratio of nickel to copper is about 3:1.

67. A process in accordance with claim 57 wherein said composition is in the form of a granule, extrudate, tablet, sphere, pellet or microsphere.

68. A process in accordance with claim 57 wherein said particulate is dried at a temperature in the range of about 150° F. to about 350° F.

69. A process in accordance with claim 57 wherein said particulate is calcined at a temperature in the range of about 400° F. to about 1500° F.

70. A process in accordance with claim 63 wherein said nickel and said cobalt are present in an amount in the range of about 5 to about 40 weight percent, based on the total weight of the sorbent composition.

71. A composition comprising desulfurized cracked-gasoline wherein said desulfurized cracked-gasoline comprises less than about 1 ppmw thiol compounds and less than about 1 ppmw tetrahydrothiophene compounds.

72. A composition in accordance with claim 71 wherein said desulfurized cracked-gasoline has a decrease in average octane number, as determined by Δ(RON+MON)/2, of less than 3.5.

73. A composition in accordance with claim 71 wherein said desulfurized cracked-gasoline comprises less than about 0.5 ppmw thiol compounds and less than about 0.5 ppmw tetrahydrothiophene compounds.

74. A composition in accordance with claim 71 wherein said desulfurized cracked-gasoline comprises less than about 1 ppmw dihydrobenzothiophene compounds.

75. A composition in accordance with claim 71 wherein said desulfurized cracked-gasoline has a decrease in average octane number, as determined by Δ(RON+MON)/2, of less than 3.

76. A composition in accordance with claim 71 wherein said desulfurized cracked-gasoline comprises less than about 25 ppmw sulfur.

77. Composition in accordance with claim 71 wherein said desulfurized cracked-gasoline comprises less than about 15 ppmw sulfur.

78. A composition comprising desulfurized diesel fuel wherein said desulfurized diesel fuel comprises less than about 1 ppmw thiol compounds and less than about 1 ppmw tetrahydrothiophene compounds.

79. A composition in accordance with claim 78 wherein said desulfurized diesel fuel comprises less than about 0.5 ppmw thiol compounds and less than about 0.5 ppmw tetrahydrothiophene compounds.

80. A composition in accordance with claim 78 wherein said desulfurized diesel fuel comprises less than about 1 ppmw dihydrobenzothiophene compounds.

81. A composition in accordance with claim 78 wherein said desulfurized diesel fuel comprises less tan about 25 ppmw sulfur.

82. A composition in accordance with claim 78 wherein said desulfurized diesel fuel comprises less than about 15 ppmw sulfur.