BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Reference may now be had to the following detailed description taken together with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 shows a schematic side view of a resin mixing head for use in a mine roof support system in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 shows a schematic top view of the mixing head shown in FIG. 1 along lines 2-2;
FIG. 3 shows a cross-sectional view of the mixing head shown in FIG. 1 taken along lines 3-3;
FIG. 4 shows a partial perspective side view of a cone bolt for use with the mixing head of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 shows an enlarged exploded view illustrating the attachment of the mixing head shown in FIG. 1 on the cone bolt of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 shows schematically an exploded view of a predrilled bore hole formed in a rock complex, illustrating the initial placement of resin cartridges therein in the installation of the mine roof support system in accordance with the preferred embodiment;
FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of the rock complex of FIG. 6 illustrating the manner of inserting the mixing head of FIG. 1 and cone bolt of FIG. 4 in the bore hole, following placement of the resin cartridges;
FIG. 8 shows a partial cross-sectional view of the rock complex and mine roof support system illustrating the cone bolt in an initial fully inserted position, with the nut tightened in the set resin to consolidate rock forces;
FIG. 9 illustrates schematically the relative positioning of the mixing head and the inner distal end of the cone bolt in the set resin, following yielding movement of the cone bolt subsequent to the application of a predetermined minimum yield force thereon;
FIG. 10 illustrates a schematic side view of a mixing head in accordance with a second embodiment of the invention, illustrating its securement to a rebar-type anchor rod in accordance with a second embodiment of the invention; and
FIG. 11 illustrates schematically a mixing head for use in a mine roof support system in accordance with a further embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention relates to a yieldable mine roof support system 10 which, as shown best in FIGS. 6 and 8, is adapted to absorb energy forces generated by dilating rock in a rock complex 12. Depending upon the site of installation and geology, a 2 to 10 cm diameter bore hole 14 is drilled into the rock complex 12 to a depth of between about 1.5 and 2.5 metres. FIGS. 6 to 8 shown the mine roof support system 10 used to reinforce the rock complex 12 as including a steel cone bolt 18, a cast steel dome nut 20, a number of multi-part resin cartridges 22a,22b, each of which carry a volume of unmixed two-part low viscosity resin 26 (FIG. 8), and a detachable resin mixing head 24. As will be described, the resin mixing head 24 operates in conjunction with the bolt 18 and dome nut 20 to pierce the resin cartridge 22a,22b and achieve better mixing of unset anchoring resin (shown as 26 in FIG. 9) within the bore hole 14.
FIGS. 1 to 3 show best the mixing head 24 which in a most preferred construction is formed having an integral cast aluminum body 30. The body 30 is elongated along a longitudinal body axis A1-A1, extending from an axially centred distalmost apical tip 32 to a proximalmost end surface 34 which extends radially outwardly and generally normal to the axis A1-A1.
FIG. 1 shows best the mixing head body 30 as comprising a first distal portion 31, and a second proximal portion 33. The distal portion 31 extends from the apical tip 32 and merges gradually with the proximal portion 33 along ¼ to ½ the axial length of the body 30. Although not essential, most preferably the first distal portion 31 of the mixing head 24 is provided with a generally cone shaped surface 44 which tapers radially outwardly towards the end surface 34. The tapered cone shaped surface 44 advantageously assists in the use of the mixing head 24 to pierce and rupture the resin cartridges 22a,22b, In addition, the cone-shaped surface 44 facilitates the insertion of the mixing head 24 and the cone bolt 18 into the bore hole 14, and furthermore advantageously assisting in orientating the mixing head 24 centrally within the bore hole 14 in co-axial alignment therewith.
The proximal portion 33 of the body 30 is shown best in FIG. 2 as being formed with a generally cylindrical geometry centred about the axis A1-A1, having an axial length of between about 4 and 12 cm, preferably 5 and 10 cm. The body 30 extends from the axis A1-A1 by a maximum radial distance selected at least 80% and more preferably at least 90% of the radius of the bore hole 14. The body 30 is constructed to define integral therewith four identical radially projecting fins or blades 36a,36b,36c,36d. Each of the blades 36a,36b,36c,36d are equally radially spaced from each other about the axis A1-A1. The blades 36a,36b,36c,36d extend outwardly to a respective curved outermost surface 38, which merges at each edge respectively with a pair of parallel generally planar mixing faces 40a,40′a,40b,40′b,40c,40′c,40d,40′d. The planes of the mixing faces 40a,40′a,40b,40′b,40c,40′c,40d,40′d extend generally parallel to the axis A1-A1. Most preferably, the blades 36a,36b,36c,36d extend radially from the axis A1-A1 so as to provide the mixing head body 24 with a maximum radial diameter D (FIG. 2) which is selected at between about 90 and 99% of the diameter of the bore hole 14.
The radial thickness (t) of the mixing blades 40a-d is chosen to provide the blades 40 with sufficient structural rigidity to ensure adequate mixing of the unset resin 26 as the body 30 is rotated. The blades 36a-d preferably have a thickness t separating the respective parallel mixing faces 40,40′ selected at between about 0.5 and 1 cm. In addition, the blades 40 preferably have sufficient thickness to provide adequate torque resistance against the resin 26 so that when cured, the fracture of the mixing blades 40, resulting in further possible rotation of the mixing head 24 relative to cured resin 26, is unlikely to occur. The radial spacing of the mixing blades 40a,40b,40c,40d defines therebetween respectively resin flow channels 42a,42b,42c,42d (FIG. 3). The resin flow channels 42a,42b,42c,42d extend axially from the conical first distal portion 31 to the end surface 34 and advantageously allow substantially unhindered flow of unset resin axially along the bore hole 14. This enables resin flow past the mixing head 24 as it is inserted and rotated, ensuring the unrestricted flow of resin 26 about the cone bolt 18. Other mixing blade constructions and resin flow channel configurations, however, may also be used and will now become apparent.
As shown best in FIGS. 1 and 3, a socket 46 extends axially inward from the proximal end surface 34 of the body. The socket 46 is provided with a generally cross-shaped lateral cross-sectional shape and preferably extends inwardly an axial distance of at least 1 cm, and more preferably approximately 2 to 3 cm into the body. As shown best in FIG. 3, the socket 46 is defined by a surrounding sidewall portion 48 of the body 30. The sidewall portion 48 is selected with a thickness, having regard to the material used to form the body 24 so as to provide the desired rotational torque resistance to the cone bolt 18 following the setting of the resin 26. As will be described hereafter, the socket 46 is used to detachably couple the mixing head 24 in place in co-axial alignment with a distalmost inner end portion 50 (FIG. 4) of the cone bolt 18. The mated engagement between the socket 46 and end portion 50 substantially prevents relative rotation of the mixing head 24 and bolt 18 under rotational torque forces of less than at least 200 ft/lbs, and more preferably 40 to 165 ft/lbs, while permitting relative axial movement between the mixing head 24 and cone bolt 18 in the event of a predetermined minimum yield force thereon.
FIG. 4 shows best the cone bolt 18 for use in the mine support system 10. The bolt 18 is elongated along a longitudinal bolt axis A2-A2, and extends from an externally threaded proximal end portion 48 to the distalmost end portion 50 and proximal end portion 48, and which are connected by an integrally formed cylindrical steel mid-portion 52. The cone bolt 18 extends axially along the axis A2-A2 with an overall length selected at between about 1.5 and 2.5 metres, depending upon the depth to which the bore hole 14 is drilled into the rock complex 12. The cone bolt 18 has an overall length selected so that when fully inserted in the manner shown in FIG. 8, the proximal threaded end portion 48 projects a distance of about between 10 and 40 cm outwardly past the face of the rock complex 12. Preferably, the mid portion 52 of the bolt 18 is formed as a 17 to 20 mm diameter solid cylindrical bar stock. The bar stock has a substantially smooth exterior surface so as not to interfere with any yielding movement of the cone bolt 18 relative to the bore hole 14 in the event of a predetermined minimum yield force. Preferably, the entire surface of the cone bolt 18 is coated with a lubricant or release agent, to minimize any adhesion between the set resin 26 and the bolt 18.
FIGS. 4 and 5 show best the distal end portion 50 of the bolt 18 as including a frustoconically shaped wedge member 54 which mergers at its distalmost end with an axially projecting tongue 56. The wedge member 54 extends radially outwardly from the axis A2-A2 from its proximalmost reduced diameter end to an enlarged distalmost end, with a maximum radial diameter selected at about 25 mm. The tongue 56 is secured to the distalmost end of the wedge member 54 by either welding or optionally forging, so as not to extend radially therepast where it may otherwise interfere with axial movement of the bolt 18 in the event of yielding movement. In a preferred construction, the tongue 56 is provided with a generally cross-shaped cross-sectional profile which mirrors that of the socket 46 formed in the mixing head 24. With this construction, the tongue 56 is adapted for mated insertion in the socket 46 in a complementary plug-fit manner. The insertion of the tongue 56 into the socket 46 secures the mixing head 24 to the distalmost end portion 50 of the cone bolt 18 in a friction-fit, with the body axis A1-A2 in co-axial alignment with the bolt axis A2-A2. Preferably, the tongue 56 has an axial length selected at between about 1 and 2 cm, however, longer or shorter tongues may be used.
FIGS. 7 and 8 show best the cast steel dome nut 20 for use in the mine roof support system 10. For ease of manufacture, the dome nut 20 is preferably formed from cast iron or steel, or alternately may be formed of a two-part construction consisting of high alloy steel body. In the embodiment shown, the nut body has generally a flattened square configuration with two opposing pairs of parallel side surfaces 60 which act as gripping portions of the nut 20. Although not essential, most preferably, the side surfaces 60 of the nut each have a size selected so as to present a planar surface area which is at least one square inch for every 55 ft. lbs. of torque to be applied to the nut 20 to achieve predetermined minimum threshold torque necessary to tension the bolt 18, and more preferably at least one square inch of surface area for every 30 ft. lbs. of torque required. As shown best in FIGS. 7 and 8, the nut 20 is further provided with a dome shaped end cover 62, and an internally threaded bore 64 which extends partway through and into the domed end cover 62.
The internal threads of the bore 64 are configured for complementary threaded engagement with the external threads of the proximal end portion 48 of the cone bolt 18. The domed end cover 62 has a thickness selected so that upon the application of a predetermined threshold minimum torque on the nut 20, the proximal-most tip 58 of the cone bolt 18 is moved into bearing contact against the middle of the domed end cover 62 causing it to split, and thereafter allowing the nut 20 to be threaded along the proximal end portion 48 to a tightened position against the face 66 of the rock complex 12, as shown in FIG. 8.
The resin cartridges 22a,22b are preferably of a two-part low viscosity resin such as that sold by Dupont under the trade mark CONELOC™. The applicant has appreciated that in the case of smaller diameter bore holes 14, the use of lower viscosity resins advantageously ensures better resin flow along the resin flow channels 42a,42b,42c,42d, outwardly past the mixing head 24, enabling even distribution of the resin 26 about the distal end portion 50 of the bolt 18, minimizing the likelihood of bolt failure.
In installation, a 3 to 5 cm diameter bore hole 14 is drilled to a desired depth into the rock complex 12, having regard to the length of the bolt 18 to be installed, and which typically extends between about 1.5 to 2.5 meters from the rock face 66. A number of two-part resin cartridges 22a,22b (shown in FIG. 6) are slid axially into the bore hole 14 ahead of the mixing head 24 and bolt 18. Although not essential, prior to the insertion of the cone bolt 18, the bolt 18 is preferably pre-coated for use, whereby grease is applied as a release agent over the distal and mid portions 50,52 of the bolt 18. A steel reinforcing plate 68 (FIG. 8) is optionally positioned along the proximal end 48 of the bolt 18, and the dome nut 20 is then threaded over the proximal tip 58 and into threaded engagement with the exterior threads of threaded proximal end 48. The dome nut 20 is threaded onto the bolt 18 so that the distal tip 58 is moved relative thereto to a position seated against the interior of the dome end cover 62.
Once the dome nut 20 and plate 68 have been placed, the mixing head 24 is then secured to the distalmost end portion 50 of the cone bolt 18 by axially aligning the axis A1-A1 of the body 30 with the bolt axis A2-A2 and inserting the tongue 56 into the socket 46, as for example is shown in exploded view in FIG. 5. Preferably, the complementary fit of the tongue 56 within the socket 46 retains the mixing head 24 on the cone bolt 18 in a friction-fit manner.
The mixing head 24 and distalmost end portion 50 of the cone bolt 18 are then inserted as a single unit into the bore hole 14. As the cone bolt 18 is slid inwardly, the cone-shaped distal portion 31 of the mixing head 24 engages and pierces the cartridges 22a,22b and effects initial mixing of the dispersed resin 26. To enhance mixing of the unset resin 26, as the cone bolt 18 is inserted, it is preferably concurrently rotated about its longitudinal axis A2-A2 by driving the dome nut 14 in rotation on the proximal end of the bolt by way of a socket drive or power wrench (not shown). As the mixing head 24 is moved further inwardly into the bore hole 14, the unset resin 26 flows therepast along the respective resin flow channels 46a-d, to flow about and encase the distalmost end portion 50 of the cone bolt 18. The applicant has furthermore appreciated that the positioning of the tongue 56 within the socket 46, and the comparatively larger diameter D of the mixing head 24 advantageously further acts to assist in ensuring that the cone bolt 18 is axially centered within the resin 26 and bore hole 14. As the cone bolt 18 is rotated together with the nut 20 about its axis A2-A2 within the unset resin 26, the engagement of the tongue 56 within the socket 46 effects rotation of the mixing head 24 about its axis A1-A1 to effect further resin mixing by the mixing blades 36a-d.
Following mixing of the resin 26, the rotation of the nut 20 is stopped and the resin 26 is permitted to set, securing both the mixing head 24 and the cone bolt 18 within the bore hole 14. Following the setting of the resin 26, the dome nut 20 is rotated with a torque force exceeding the predetermined minimum rotational force necessary to deform the dome shaped cover end 62, and preferably which is selected at between about 40 ft/lbs and 140 ft/lbs, and more preferably between about 50 ft/lbs and 80 ft/lbs. The engagement of the mixing blades 36a-d with the set resin 26 prevents further rotation of the mixing head 24 about its axis A1-A1 after the resin has set. Furthermore, the mated engagement between the cone bolt tongue 56 within the socket 46 results in the mixing head 24 further securing the cone bolt 18 against rotation about its axis A2-A2 as the dome nut 20 is tightened. The threaded engagement between proximal end portion 48 with the internal threads 64 of the nut 20 enables the nut 20 to be tightened towards the distalmost portion 50 and the distortion of the domed end cover 62. In a conventional manner, as the dome shaped cover 62 distorts and deforms, the nut 20 is allowed to run along the threaded end portion 48 so as to be tensioned against the support plate 68 and rock face 66.
Initially, once the resin 26 sets, the tongue 56 of the cone bolt 18 remains positioned fully seated within the socket 46 as shown in FIG. 8 and in phantom in FIG. 9, and wherein set resin 26 fully encases and encircles the frustoconical wedge member 54 and mixing head 24. In the event that rock forces in the rock complex 12 exceed a predetermined minimum yield force of the bolt 18, the cone bolt 18 is drawn axially so as to move outwardly from the bore hole 14 through the set resin 26. The engagement between the set resin 26 and the cone shaped wedge member 54 of the bolt 18 absorbs the energy of the dilating rock until the bolt 18 moves to the position shown in solid lines where, for example, equilibrium is returned. It is to be appreciated that because the mixing head 24 is secured to the cone bolt tongue 56 in a plug-fit, the mixing head 26 does not interfere with yielding movement of the cone bolt 18 as it moves axially outwardly from the bore hole 14. As such, the yielding force results in the tongue 56 unplugging from the mixing head 24 and the bolt 18, simply sliding outwardly from the bore hole 14 relative to the mixing head 24, while the mixing head 24 remains in its original fixed place.
Although FIGS. 1 to 9 describe the invention as including a mixing head 24 adapted for securement to a cone bolt 18, the invention is not so limited. It is to be appreciated that the mixing head 24 of the present invention is equally suited for a variety of different types of anchor rods and bolts used in wall and/or mine roof support applications, including conventional grouted and/or resin anchored rods.
Although the preferred embodiment of the invention describes the bolt tongue 56 and socket 46 as having a complementary cross-shaped cross-sectional profile, the invention is not so limited. It is to be appreciated that the socket 46 and tongue 56 could have different axial lengths and/or cross-sectional profiles from those shown, or from each other. Suitable profiles would include by way of non-limiting example, cross-sectional profiles which are generally square, rectangular, oval shaped or crescent shaped to name but a few.
Reference may be had to FIG. 10 which illustrates a mixing head 124 secured to the distalmost inner end of a conventional steel anchor rod 118 in accordance with a further embodiment of the invention, in which like reference numerals are used to identify like components. In FIG. 10, the anchor rod 118 is provided at its distalmost end with a generally rectangular ground or crimped steel tongue 156. The tongue 156 projects axially from a remainder of the anchor rod 118 and is configured for insertion within a slot 146 which extends laterally through the end surface 134 of the mixing head body 30. A layer of adhesive 110 is provided within the slot 146 to assist in physically coupling the mixing head 124 to the anchor rod 118. The body 30 is provided as a generally spear-shaped tip configuration which includes four radially projecting flanges 136. The flanges 136 function as mixing blades to assist in mixing unset resin. The proximal end portion of the mixing head 124 is provided with a generally cylindrical construction and which includes a series of flutes or resin flow grooves 120, and which facilitate the flow of unset resin axially past the mixing head 124 which extend axially there along.
Although FIGS. 1 to 3 illustrate a detachable mixing head 24 which includes four identical and equally spaced mixing blades 36a,36b,36c,36d, the invention is not so limited. It is to be appreciated that in an alternate construction, a mixing head 24 may be provided which includes resin mixing blades or projections of differing types and shapes at random or equal spacing about the body 30. FIG. 11 illustrates a mixing head 224 in accordance with a further embodiment of the invention in which like reference numerals are used to identify like components. In FIG. 11, the socket 46 is provided having a generally rectangular cross-sectional profile. A series of cylindrical projections 236 are provided in place of planar mixing blades for mixing unset resin. In FIG. 11, resin grooves 220 are provided with a generally helical orientation, extending from the tapered distal end portion 231 of the body 30 to the end surface 34, to better facilitate resin mixing.
Although the preferred embodiment of the invention describes the mixing head 24 as having a diameter D which is selected less than the diameter of the bore hole 14, the invention is not so limited. It is to be appreciated that in alternate constructions where, for example, the mixing head body 30 or the mixing blades 36 are made of less rigid materials so as to be bendable or flexible, the body 30 could be provided with a maximum diameter which exceeds that of the bore hole 14, so as to effect scraping contact between blade members and bore hole sides for still enhanced resin mixing.
Although the preferred embodiment of the invention describes the mixing head as being used in conjunction with a mine roof support system 10, the invention is not so limited. It is to be appreciated that the mixing head 24 may be used with grout or resin anchored anchor rods in a variety of support applications, including without restriction as part of rock or concrete wall reinforcing systems and the like.
While the detailed description describes the mixing head 24 as being formed with an integral cast aluminum construction, other configurations are also possible. By way of non-limiting example, the mixing head 24 could equally be formed as a single integral cast iron, steel or other metal construct. Alternately, cast fiber reinforced or non-fiber reinforced plastic or graphite constructions could also be used. In a less preferred construction, the mixing head 24 could be made of a multi-component construction in which mixing blades 34 or projections are physically secured to a remaining portion of the body 30 by welding, adhesives, or in a mechanical-fit arrangement.
Although the preferred embodiment of the invention describes a mine roof support system 10 as including a low viscosity two-part resin, the invention is not so limited. It is to be appreciated that the present invention may be used in the mixing of other high or low viscosity grouts and resins, without departing from its spirit and scope.
While the detailed description describes the use of a dome nut 20 used to spin the anchor rod in the mixing of the unset resin 26, the invention is not so limited. Other types of fasteners used to spin and/or tighten the anchor bolts or rods may also be used, including without restriction, pin nuts, crimped nuts and/or tensioning nuts having detachable cap members.
Although the detailed description describes and illustrates various preferred embodiments, the invention is not so limited. Many modifications and variations will now appear to persons skilled in the art. For a definition of the invention, reference may be had to the appended claims.
Patent Application
20070243026
