The present disclosure relates to communications and receiving and processing signals, and more particularly to a method and system for detecting and processing weak signals using an array of antennas.
Radio frequency (RF) signals that may be received by an RF receiving device may be difficult to detect for various reasons. The signal may be a low power or low amplitude signal. There may also be noise associated with the desired signals that may make the desired signal difficult to detect. For example, the amplitude or power of the desired signal or information signal may be below the level of the noise. A current system for detecting low power or amplitude signals uses phased array antennas; however, the phased array antennas need to be used for detection with maximum gain achieved along a single angle of arrival. Accordingly, the angle of arrival has to be known or selected a priori. Because current systems employee phase shifting and summing prior to the digitization of the signal, only one angle of arrival will realize the maximum gain. This requires phased array antennas to be scanned either physically or electronically. Another solution may be to digitally sample the signals received by each antenna and have banks of phase summing processors that produce maximum gain signals for a multiplicity of specified angles of arrival. This solution has a significant cost and may be impractical in most applications, particularly where weight and computing capacity need to be economized.
In accordance with an embodiment, a method for detecting and processing signals may include receiving a weak radio frequency (RF) signal by an array of antennas. The method may also include digitally sampling the weak RF signal from each antenna of the array of antennas and storing the digital samples of the weak RF signal from each antenna. The method may additionally include detecting a presence of the weak RF signal. Detecting the presence of the weak RF signal may include determining a correlation between the weak RF signal received by each of the antennas of the array of antennas using the digital samples of the weak RF signal from each antenna.
In accordance with another embodiment, a method for detecting and processing signals may include receiving a weak radio frequency (RF) signal by an array of antennas. The method may also include digitally sampling the weak RF signal from each antenna of the array of antennas and storing digital samples of the weak RF signal from each antenna. The method may additionally include detecting a presence of the weak RF signal and determining a phase difference of the weak RF signal received by each antenna of the array of antennas. Detecting the presence of the weak RF signal and determining the phase difference of the weak RF signal received by each antenna may include determining a correlation between the weak RF signal received by each of the antennas of the array of antennas using the digital samples of the weak RF signal from each antenna. The method may further include generating a maximum gain signal using the digital samples of the weak RF signal for each antenna and the phase difference of the weak RF signal received by each antenna of the array of antennas in response to detecting the presence of the weak RF signal.
In accordance with a further embodiment, a system for detecting and processing signals may include an array of antennas for receiving a weak RF signal. The system may also include a component configured to digitally sample the weak RF signal from each antenna of the array of antennas and a storage device for storing digital samples of the weak RF signal from each antenna. The system may also include a plurality of channelized correlators. One channelized correlator may be associated with each respective pair of antennas of the array of antennas. Each channelized correlator may be configured to determine a correlation between the weak RF signal received by the associated pair of antennas using the digital samples of the weak RF signal from each antenna. The system ma also include a plurality of channelized summers. One channelized summer may be associated with each respective pair of antennas of the array of antennas for combining the digital samples of signals from the respective pair of antennas to generate a combined signal. The system may also include a comparator to compare a magnitude of a resultant signal from iteratively pair-wise combining the digital samples of signals from each of the antennas of the array of antennas to a preset threshold. A presence of the weak RF signal is detected in response to the magnitude of the resultant signal exceeding the preset threshold.
The following detailed description of embodiments refers to the accompanying drawings, which illustrate specific embodiments of the disclosure. Other embodiments having different structures and operations do not depart from the scope of the present disclosure.
The following detailed description of embodiments refers to the accompanying drawings, which illustrate specific embodiments of the disclosure. Other embodiments having different structures and operations do not depart from the scope of the present disclosure. Like reference numerals may refer to the same element or component in the different drawings.
In block 102, parameters for detecting and processing weak RF signals may be received. A weak RF signal may be defined as a signal that has a low signal strength relative to noise or noise signals that may be received along with the RF signal, or may be a signal with a signal strength below the signal strength of noise. The parameters may be inputs by a user to a system for detecting and processing RF signals including weak RF signals similar that described herein. For example, a graphical user interface (GUI) may be presented on a display for entering the parameters. Examples of parameters that may be received from a user may include but is not necessarily limited to a signal bandwidth to be examined, a channel center frequency or frequencies and a channel bandwidth, integration or correlation time for signal detection functions, a preset threshold for detecting a presence of as weak RF signal, and any other parameters that may be helpful in detecting and processing a weak RF signal as described herein.
In block 104, an RF signal may be received by an array of antennas. An example of a system 200 for detecting and processing weak RF signals and that includes an array of antennas 202 for receiving RF signals will be described with reference to
In block 106, the signal may be digitally captured or sampled from each antenna of the array of antennas. The signal may be digitally sampled at a sampling rate and bandwidth defined by parameters predefined by the user as described above. Any signal conditioning or down-conversion may be performed to output a signal with a bandwidth of interest.
In block 108, the digital samples of the received signal may be stored. The digital samples may be digitally stored having a bandwidth and sampling rate as previously defined.
In block 110, the digital samples of each signal may be channelized into a set of channelized signals each having a particular center frequency and channel width in frequency. The channel center frequency and channel width may be specified by the user as previously described in block 102.
In block 112, a presence of a weak signal may be detected. The presence of the signal may be detected on more than one antenna of the array of antennas and in a particular frequency channel that is being examined. The functions or operations of blocks 114, 116 and 118 may be included in block 112 for detecting the presence of a weak RF signal.
In block 114, a correlation may be calculated or determined between a signal received by each antenna in the antenna array to determine the presence of the weak signal. The correlation may be calculated for each channel separately. A phase differences between the signal received by each of the antennas may also be determined during the correlation. The correlation may be calculated or determined over a predetermined correlation or integration time duration. The correlation of two signals from each antenna of a pair of antennas may simply be a complex value resulting from the sum of the pairwise complex products of the sampled signals from each antenna in as respective pair of antennas. Accordingly, digital samples of the signal from each antenna of each respective pair of antennas of the antenna array may be combined or summed on a first pass to provide a combined signal for each respective pair of actual antennas. The combined signal of each respective pair of actual antennas of the array may define a resulting signal that may be considered to be received by a virtual antenna. The resulting signals may be iteratively combined in pairs from remaining pairs of virtual antennas after each iteration until a single virtual antenna remains that receives a single resultant signal.
In block 116, a magnitude and phase may be extracted from the single resultant signal from the complex correlation in block 114. The cross correlation magnitude may contain information regarding the presence (or lack thereof) of a signal that is common to both antennas of a pair. The phase of the correlation result may indicate the phase difference of arrival for any detected signal (coherent or incoherent) that is present on both antennas of a pair. Referring also to
In block 118, the signal may be detected from the magnitude of the correlation. The magnitude may be compared to a preset threshold value and the presence of the signal may be determined if the magnitude exceeds the preset threshold value. The preset threshold value may be entered in block 102 by a user as previously described. The preset threshold value may be expressed as a factor of noise, for example, if the magnitude of the resultant signal exceeds about three times the noise power, then detection of a signal may be declared.
If the presence of a signal is determined in block 112, a maximum gain signal may be generated in block 120. Blocks 122 and 124 may be functions or operations that may be performed as part of block 120 to generate the maximum gain signal.
In block 122, in-phase digital samples of signals from respective pairs of antennas of the array of antennas may be summed to provide as combined signal from each pair of antennas. Each combined signal may be considered to be received by a virtual antenna. A combined signal may be created using the two signals of each respective pair of antennas in the array. Since the relative phase of the two signals is known from block 114, the combined signal is the in-phase sum of the two antenna feeds in each pair. This summing can be done piece-wise in frequency space, with a different phase shift used for each channel. Thus the maximum gain for the antenna array can be realized for each channel. The resulting summed signal is the equivalent of a signal from a single “virtual” antenna, which can be used in the next iteration of this process.
In block 124, the in-phase combined signals may be recursively summed from respective pairs of virtual antennas until a single resultant combined signal is provided. The single resultant combined signal may be the maximum gain signal. This result, which will contain the suite of channelized signals, will consist of a signal that uses maximum antenna array gain in the direction of reception for each channel. An example of a process or method for recursively summing antenna pair (real virtual) to generate a maximum gain signal will be described with reference to
Blocks 122 and 124 are associated with a recursive process used to reconstruct as best estimate of the signal possible using measurements from all antennas of the antenna array. The resulting signal strength may be equal to a result obtained with a standard legacy phased-array antenna approach (when one signal dominates the emission in the frequency channel in question), however method 100 does not require a-prior commitment to a specific line of sight as in the standard legacy phased-array approach. Legacy phased array antenna systems require an a-priori selection of a “beam position” prior to the detection process. Otherwise, potential transmitters outside of the array “beam” will not be detected. Further, method 100 will produce the maximum gain signal for each channel, even if the sources in the different channels are transmitting from very different relative angles.
In block 126, the signal for each detected signal may be demodulated or decoded in each frequency channel. The single resultant signal or maximum gain signal, such as signal 802 in
In block 128, an angle of arrival of the detected signal may be determined for each channel using the phase difference information determined in block 114.
A channelized correlator 208 may execute a channelized correlation algorithm on the data or sampled signal from two antennas 202a-202b and 202c-202d of each pair of antennas. For each channel of interest, the channel correlation algorithm may detect the presence of any signal, and will produce the phase difference between the signals of each antenna pair 202a-202b and 202c-202d. The detectability of the signal using this approach is dependent on the strength of the signal, its duration, and the length (time) of the digitally stored signal. The longer the signal storage time (or correlation time), the more detectible the signal will be until the signal duration is exceeded, or until the phase has drifted considerably.
A channelized summer 210 sums the signal from each antenna pair using the phase difference in each channel from the channelized correlator 208 to produce a summed signal 212a and 212b from each pair of antennas 202a-202b and 202c and 202d.
Another channelized correlator 214 may execute a channel correlation algorithm on the summed signals 212a and 212b. The summed signals 212a and 212b may also be summed in another channelized summer 216 using the phase difference from the channelized correlator 214 to produce a single resultant signal similar to that previously described. The system 200 may also include a comparator 217 to compare as magnitude of the single resultant signal from iteratively pair-wise combining the digital samples of signals from each of the antennas 202a-202d of the array of antennas to a preset threshold. The single resultant signal may be decoded or demodulated by a demodulator 218 to extract whatever information may be on the reconstructed signal.
As previously discussed,
x
corr=Σtx0(t)·x′1(t)=|xcorr·eiΔφ01 Equation 1
The result of the correlation, which is summed over the user-selected correlation time T, will be a complex number. This complex correlation result can be expressed as a magnitude 306 and a phase 310 as enclosed in the broken lines in
The equation describing the relations shown in
The total result of the correlation process is dependent on the correlation time used. If the signal being detected is of known length, a correlation length can be chosen that will maximize the detection probability. The quality of the phase estimate will be dependent on the correlation length and the alignment of any signal within a particular window. If the detailed properties of the signal are not known, a range of trial correlation lengths can be used. The correlation calculation can be executed in parallel if sufficient computing resources are available.
The result of adding signals in-phase pairwise from all four antennas as described with reference to
The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of embodiments of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended to include any structure, material, or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to embodiments of the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of embodiments of the invention. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of embodiments of the invention and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand embodiments of the invention fur various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.
Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, those of ordinary skill in the art appreciate that any arrangement which is calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown and that embodiments of the invention have other applications in other environments. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the present invention. The following claims are in no way intended to limit the scope of embodiments of the invention to the specific embodiments described herein.