Patent Application
20070189797
Drawing power from an AC mains may result in a reduction in the voltage provided by the AC mains. The reduction in the voltage provided by the AC may interfere with the proper operation of assemblies configured to operate using power from the AC mains.
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Impedance 24 (labeled Z in
For the case in which power supply 20 includes a switching power supply, a decrease in the voltage provided to the input of power supply 20 (such as that that may result from the voltage drop across impedance 24 when system 10 is drawing a sufficiently large current) of sufficient magnitude may result in the switching power supply stopping operation. As a result, this may interfere with the desired operation of system 10. If the voltage drop across impedance 24 is sufficiently large, the voltage present on the primary storage capacitors on the line side of the switching power supply would not have sufficient voltage for proper operation of the switching power supply.
Various factors could occur singly or in combination that might bring about this result. For example, the resistive component of impedance 24 may be sufficiently large for the range of currents that system 10 will draw that, even with power source 12 providing a voltage within the normal expected range around the nominal voltage of power source 12 (such as 120 VRMS or 240 VRMS), the voltage present at the input to power supply 20 may drop below a value specified for proper operation of power supply 20. This result could come about because of particular characteristics of power source 12 or the hardware used to connect power source 12 to system 10 (which may contribute to the magnitude of impedance 24) or a combination of the characteristics of the hardware and the power source alone or along with other factors.
Consider, for example a circuit used for delivering power from power source 12 to system 10. In some installations this circuit may include conductors, such as copper wire, sized for safely carrying up to 15 amps RMS continuously during operation of system 10. For these types of circuits a 15 amp circuit breaker may be used in the circuit along with 14 gauge wire. In other installations, the circuit may include conductors sized for safely carrying up to 20 amps RMS continuously during operation of system 10. For these types of circuits a 20 amp circuit breaker may be used in the circuit along with 12 gauge wire. In other types of circuits, other sizes of circuit breakers, of larger or smaller current carrying capacity than 15 amps of 20 amps, may used. In other types of circuits, other gauges of wire, of larger or smaller gauge than 12 gauge or 14 gauge, may be used. The resistance in series with power source 12 (that contributes to a resistive component to impedance 24) increases with the length of the conductors from power source 12 to system 10 and, for a given length of these conductors, increases as the gauge of the wire used for the conductors increases.
Another possible source contributing to the resistance component of impedance 24 can result from the resistance associated with connections included in the circuit used for delivering power from power source 12 to system 10. The resistance associated with these connections may include, for example, a resistance of terminal connections (which may be screw type and/or clamping type) of the circuit breaker (or fuse) to which the conductors in the circuit are connected, a resistance between the contacts of a wall plug receptacle and a power cord of system 10, and a resistance of the terminal connections of the wall plug receptacle to which the conductors in the circuit are connected. Depending upon the particulars of the circuit used to deliver power from power source 12 to system 10, there may be additional sources of resistance that contribute to the resistive component of impedance 24 or there may be fewer sources of resistances that contribute to the resistive component of impedance 24.
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Consider the case for which power source 12 includes an AC power source, such as the AC mains available in commercial or residential installations, which should provide a nominal voltage of 120 VRMS but actually provides less voltage, such as, for example, 108 VRMS. This drop from the nominal value in the voltage provided may come about because of loads on the power system at locations other than the particular commercial or residential installation of interest, or because of power generation difficulties with the power system, or some combination of these factors or other factors. Consider the case in which power supply 20 will not correctly operate below a threshold RMS value of the voltage, such as 105 VRMS, on its input. For example, if the RMS magnitude of the AC input voltage to an embodiment of power supply 20 drops below the threshold, the embodiment of power supply 20 may enter a shut down mode. Or, another embodiment of power supply 20 may, if the RMS input voltage drops below the threshold, cease to maintain output voltages of the embodiment of power supply 20 within specified values for certain ranges of loading. With 108 VRMS supplied by the AC mains to the installation,
There other characteristics of power source 12 that may contribute to the AC RMS voltage at the input to power supply 20 dropping below the threshold for proper operation of power supply 20. The reactance associated with impedance 24 may contribute to transient variations in the AC voltage provided by power source 12 that could interfere with the proper operation of power supply 20. For example, if the impedance 24 associated with power source 12 included a sufficiently large inductive component, changes in the power drawn by system 10 could result in time varying voltage transients in power source 12 of sufficiently low frequency so that the voltage provided to the input of power supply 20 is at a low value for a sufficiently long time interval such that the primary storage capacitors that may be included in an embodiment of power supply 20 discharge to a voltage at which power supply 20 enters a shut down mode.
The power drawn by system 10 may vary with time. Changing modes of operation of one or more of the assemblies or devices dissipating power within system 10 may change the power drawn by system 10 from power source 12. For example, some embodiments of load 16 may operate in a time varying fashion. Controller 22 may include a configuration to control the operation of power controller 18 so that during certain time periods power is dissipated in load 16 and during other time periods substantially no power is dissipated in load 16. One embodiment of load 16 may include a heater having one or more heating elements. For these embodiments of system 10, controller 22 includes a capability to actuate load 16 (as indicated by the dashed line between controller 22 and load 16 in
The power drawn by system 10 changing at various times results in a change in the current drawn by system 10 at the various times, a change in the voltage drop across impedance 24 at the various times, and a change in the voltage provided by power source 12 to the input of system 10 at the various times. As explained above, decreases in the voltage provided by power source 12 at the input of system 10 of sufficient magnitude may result in some assemblies or devices within system 10, such as power supply 20, ceasing to operate in a desired manner. By controlling the power dissipated by one or more assemblies or devices included with system 10 in view of the decreases that may occur in the voltage provided by power source 12 at the input of system 10, the likelihood of undesired operation of some assemblies or devices with system 10 may be reduced.
In one embodiment of system 10, controller 22 includes a configuration to operate power controller 18 to control the power dissipated in load 16 so that a range of amounts of power are dissipated in load 16. For different amounts of power dissipated in load 16, circuitry included within power measurement device 14 is used to measure the corresponding voltages provided at the input of system 10 by power source 12. In addition, for this embodiment of system 10, power measurement device 14 is configured to measure the power provided to system 10 by power source 12 for the different amounts of power dissipated in load 16. The process of making measurements of the voltage provided at the input of system 10 by power source 12 and the power provided to system 10 by power source 12 provides data to determine a relationship between the voltage provided by power source 12 and the power supplied by power source 12. As will be explained in further detail, the information provided by this relationship can be used to determine an adjustment to the power to be dissipated in one or more devices or assemblies, such as load 16, included within system 10 to reduce the likelihood that one or more of these devices or assemblies, such as power supply 20, does not operate as desired.
In another embodiment of system 10, power measurement device 14 is configured to measure the power dissipated in load 16. Along with measurements of the voltage provided at the input of system 10 by power source 12, this provides data to determine a relationship between the voltage provided by power source 12 and the power dissipated by load 16. As will be explained in further detail, the information provided by this relationship can be used to determine an adjustment to the power to be dissipated in one or more devices or assemblies, such as load 16, included within system 10 to reduce the likelihood that one or more of these devices or assemblies, such as power supply 20, does not operate as desired.
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As can be generally observed from the disclosed relationship between the voltage provided by AC power source 12 and the power dissipated by devices and assemblies included in the embodiment of system 10, an increase in power dissipated within system 10 results in a corresponding decrease in the voltage provided by AC power source 12 and a decrease in power dissipated within system 10 results in a corresponding increase in the voltage provided by AC power source 12. Additionally, the power dissipated in load 16 can be substantially greater than that of power supply 20 and so operation of load 16 will likely have a greater influence of the voltage provided by AC power source 12 than will power supply 20. Consider regions 206, 208, 210, 212, 214, and 216 of traces 200 and 202 and corresponding regions 218, 220, 222, 224, 226 and 228 of trace 204. Regions 206 and 218 correspond to no or substantially no power dissipation in load 16 or power supply 20. Regions 208 and 220 correspond to power dissipation in power supply 20 but not load 16. Regions 210 and 222 correspond to power dissipation in load 16 but not power supply 20. Regions 212 and 224 correspond to power dissipation in both load 16 and power supply 20. Regions 214 and 226 correspond to power dissipation in power supply 20 but not load 16. Regions 216 and 228 correspond to no power dissipation in load 16 and substantially reduced power dissipation in power supply 20.
Measurement of the powers dissipated in load 16 and power supply 20 and the voltage provided by AC power source 12 for these corresponding regions of traces 200, 202 and 204 provides data specifying a relationship between the power supplied to this embodiment of system 10 and the voltage provided by AC power source 12. These measurements may be stored in an embodiment of a computer readable medium, such as memory, included within controller 22 for use in determining how controller 22 is to cause power controller 18 to control the power dissipated in load 16 so that the voltage will not likely drop below a threshold for proper operation of power supply 20.
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Next consider regions 312 and 314 of traces 300, 302, and 304. While operation of system 10 corresponds to regions 312, the voltage supplied by AC power source 12 at the input to system 10 corresponds to region 314. In region 314, the voltage provided by AC power source 12 has dropped below a desired amount above the threshold 310 for proper operation of power supply 20 because of the sum power the powers represented by regions 312. In response, controller 22 determines an adjustment to be made to the power dissipated in load 16 so that the voltage provided by AC power source 12 to the input of system 10 is a desired amount above the threshold 310. In making this determination, controller 22 makes use of the relationship between the voltage provided by AC power source 12 to the input of system 10 and the power supplied to the system 10 as discussed in a previous paragraph. Then, controller 22 causes power controller 18 to reduce the power dissipated in load 16 (as indicated in region 316) with an increase in the voltage provided by AC power source 12 at the input of system 10 results (as indicated by region 318).
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Ink jet printing system 500 includes an embodiment of a media movement mechanism, media drive 502, to move media, such as a unit of media 504, from a media storage bin (not shown in
In inkjet printing system 500, media drive 502, printhead 506, and drive electronics 508 are included as part of an embodiment of an image forming mechanism, such as inkjet image forming mechanism 510. Other embodiments of an image forming mechanism may be configured for operation employing other types of image forming techniques. For example, an embodiment of an image forming mechanism, such as an electrophotographic image forming mechanism, may be suitably configured to use electrophotography to form an image on unit of media 504. An embodiment of an electrophotographic image forming mechanism may an include a laser scanner to emit a laser beam that can be selectively pulsed and moved relative to the surface of a photoconductor to form a latent electrostatic image on the photoconductor. Additionally, the electrophotographic image forming mechanism may include a charge roller to charge the surface of the photoconductor for selective discharge by the laser beam, and a developing unit that contains toner to be developed onto the latent electrostatic image and subsequently transferred to unit of media 504.
Various devices within inkjet printing system 500 may be supplied by power supply 20. An embodiment of a processing device, such as controller 514, provides data, formed using the image data, to drive electronics 508 to generate the signals provided to printhead 506. In various embodiments, controller 514 may include a microprocessor executing firmware or software instructions to accomplish its tasks. Or, controller 514 may be included in an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), formed of hardware and controlled by firmware specifically designed for the tasks it is to accomplish. Furthermore, in alternative embodiments, the functionality associated with controller 514 may be distributed across one or more other devices included within inkjet printing system 500.
The software or firmware may be stored on an embodiment of a computer-readable media included within or separate from controller 514. A computer readable medium can be any media that can contain, store, or maintain programs and data for use by or in connection with the execution of instructions by a processing device. Computer readable media can comprise any one of many physical media such as, for example, electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, semiconductor media, or any other suitable media. More specific examples of suitable computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, a portable magnetic computer diskette such as floppy diskettes or hard drives, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory, or a portable compact disc. Computer readable media may also refer to signals that are used to propagate the computer executable instructions over a network or a network system such as the Internet.
Controller 514 may include a configuration to provide signals to media drive 502 to influence the movement of media through ink jet printing system 500 for accomplishing the image formation operation. Furthermore, an embodiment of circuitry included within controller 514 includes a configuration to provide one or more signals that influence the operation of an embodiment of a heater, such as heater 516. Heater 516 may include an embodiment of a heating element that contributes to the heating of air near heater 516. An embodiment of an air movement device or mechanism, such as blower 518, may push air 520 toward heater 516 so that heat may be transferred from heater 516 to air 520. As air 520 moves past heater 516 on its way toward unit of media 504, heat is transferred to air 520. The heated air 522 continues to move from heater 516 toward unit of media 504. Heated air 522 passing over unit of media 504 provides energy to vaporize at least part of the fluid included in ink 512 deposited onto unit of media 504. In one embodiment, air including the vaporized portions of the fluid is discharged from ink jet printing system 500.
For an embodiment of an image forming system corresponding to an electrophotographic printing system, the embodiment of the heater would correspond to a device to fuse toner to media, such as a fuser. In the electrophotographic printing system, an embodiment of circuitry would include a configuration to provide one or more signals that influence the operation of the fuser.
Power is supplied to heater 516 by an embodiment of a power controller, such as power converter 524. Power converter 524 could be implemented using a wide variety of techniques, similar to the possibilities described for power controller 18. In one embodiment, power converter 524 is configured to attempt to supply an amount of power to heater 516 as directed by the operation of the embodiment of the circuitry included within controller 514. The one or more signals provided by the embodiment of the circuitry included within controller 514 to power converter 524 may be a digital value that is used by power converter 524 to attempt to supply the amount of power to heater 516 appropriate for a particular operation performed by ink jet printing system 500, such as vaporizing at least part of the fluid included in ink 512. In one embodiment, the digital value could be stored in a register included in an embodiment of power converter 524. The digital value may influence the rate at which a switching device included within power converter 524 operates. The amount of the power that the embodiment of the circuitry within controller 514 directs power converter 524 to provide to heater 516 is related to the image forming operations performed by inkjet printing system 500. For example, with deposition of ink 512 onto unit of media 504, the embodiment of the circuitry within controller 514 may direct power converter 524 to provide an amount of power to heater 516 suitable for vaporization of at least part of the fluid included within ink 512.
An embodiment of a power measurement device, such as power measurement device 526, may be used to measure one or more parameters associated with the operation of inkjet printing system 500 to provide an estimate of the power supplied to inkjet printing system 500. As indicated in
The embodiment of circuitry included within controller 514 may be configured to determine a relationship between the voltage provided by AC power source 12 at the input of inkjet printing system 500 and the power supplied to inkjet printing system 500 by AC power source 12. This may be accomplished in various ways through the operation of the embodiment of the circuitry. In general, controller 514 may cause power converter 524 to supply different amounts of power to heater 516 with measurement of the voltage provided by AC power source 12 at the input of inkjet printing system 500 and current provided by AC power source 12 to inkjet printing system 500 during time periods when the different amounts of the power are supplied to heater 516. From these measurements of voltage and current, the embodiment of the circuitry may determine, such as by computation using the measurements of voltage and current, the power supplied by AC power source 12 to inkjet printing system 500. The values of the power supplied to inkjet printing system 500, for the corresponding amounts of power supplied to heater 516, are stored in memory included in controller 514, along with the corresponding voltages supplied by AC power source 12 at the input to inkjet printing system 500. Thus, a relationship between the voltage provided by AC power source 12 at the input to inkjet printing system 500 and power supplied by AC power source 12 to inkjet printing system 500 is determined.
In an alternative embodiment, a power measurement device is configured to measure the power supplied to heater 16 and a voltage measurement device is configured to measure the voltage provided by AC power source 12 at the input to inkjet printing system 500. The measured values of power and voltage are stored in the memory included in controller 514. This determines another type of relationship between the voltage provided by AC power source 12 at the input to inkjet printing system 500 and power supplied by AC power source 12 to inkjet printing system 500
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Next, controller 514, using a voltage-power relationship as described in the previous paragraphs and the measurement of voltage and power made previously, determines 606 the voltage that would be provided by AC power source 12 at the input to inkjet printing system 500 if heater 516 were supplied with the amount of power to meet the desired rate of image forming throughput. Then, controller 514 determines 608 if this voltage would be less than a desired amount greater than a threshold voltage for proper operation of power supply 20. If the voltage would not be less than the desired amount above the threshold voltage, controller 514 causes 610 the image forming operation to proceed at the desired rate with application of the desired amount of power to heater 516.
If the voltage would be less than the desired amount greater than the threshold voltage, controller 514 determines 612, using the determined voltage power relationship, the amount of power to supply to heater 516 so that the voltage provided by AC power source is at least the desired amount greater than the threshold voltage for proper operation of power supply 20 is determined. Next, controller 514 determines 614 the adjustment to the operation of inkjet printing system 500 so that the throughput of the image forming operation is compatible with the amount of power to supply to heater 516 determined. Then, controller 514 causes 616 power converter 524 to supply heater 516 at least substantially with the determined amount of power and causes 616 inkjet printing system 500 to operate with a throughput compatible with the amount of power supplied to heater 516.
The determination 606 could be performed in several ways in various embodiments of controller 514. For example, controller 514 could be configured to interpolate between or extrapolate from, as is appropriate, the previous measurements that specify the voltage-power relationship to determine an estimate of the voltage that would be provided at the input of inkjet printing system 500 by AC power source 12 if the desired amount of power were to be supplied to heater 516. Or, another embodiment of controller 514 could be configured to use the previous measurements that specify the voltage-power relationship to fit an equation to the measurements that can be used to compute the voltage that is expected to be provided at the input of inkjet printing system 500 when supplying the desired amount of power to heater 516.
Embodiments of controller 514 may be configured to operate in a manner so that inkjet printing system 500 may properly operate in an environment in which the impedance and/or voltage of AC power source 12 is changing or is not within a desired range of nominal values of impedance and/or voltage for which inkjet printing system will operate as desired. For example, controller 514 may be configured so that on the first power up of inkjet printing system 500 after installation into the environment, controller 514 operates to determine the relationship between the voltage provided by AC power source 12 and the power supplied. Then, controller 514 will adjust the operation of inkjet printing system 500, using the techniques previously described, so that inkjet printing system 500 is less likely to draw power sufficient to cause the voltage provided at its input to drop below a threshold for proper operation of the assemblies and devices included within it. Or controller 514 may follow this procedure each time power is applied to inkjet printing system 500 and/or before the start of an image forming operation and/or periodically during the time power is applied to inkjet printing system 500.
The disclosed embodiments of the systems allow for several performance benefits. The capability of the systems to adapt to the characteristics of the power source (such as the range of voltage provided by the power source and the impedance of the power source) that may be used with the installation of the system allows a single design of the system to operate reliably with power sources having a range of performance characteristics. In addition, use of the disclosed embodiments of the systems allows the assemblies and devices within the systems to be designed to properly operate over a more narrow range of system input voltages than they would have been without using these techniques and still achieve comparably reliable operation. For example, because power supply 20 included in system 10 or inkjet printing system 500 can be designed, with implementation of the disclosed techniques in embodiments of system 10 or inkjet printing system 500, for operation over a more narrow range of input voltages than would be the case without using the disclosed techniques, the cost of power supply 20 would be reduced. One way in which this cost reduction may come about for embodiments of power supply 20 that include a switching power supply would be the use of smaller capacity primary input capacitors. Likewise, other assemblies and devices used within embodiments of the systems may be designed for reduced cost because of the more narrow range of input voltages expected.
While the disclosed embodiments have been particularly shown and described, it should be understood that many variations may be made to these without departing from the spirit and scope defined in the following claims. The detailed description should be understood to include all novel and non-obvious combinations of the elements that have been described, and claims may be presented in this or a later application to any novel and non-obvious combination of these elements. Combinations of the above exemplary embodiments, and other embodiments not specifically described herein will be apparent upon reviewing the above detailed description. The foregoing embodiments are illustrative, and any single feature or element may not be included in the possible combinations that may be claimed in this or a later application. Therefore, the scope of the claimed subject matter should be determined with reference to the following claims, along with the full range of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.
