Patent Application
20160322140
1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to nickel-zinc ferrite materials and to methods for the preparation thereof.
2. Technical Background
Ferromagnetic oxides, or ferrites as they are frequently known, can be useful as high-frequency magnetic materials due to their large resistivities. Ferrites have become available as practical magnetic materials over the course of the last twenty years. Such ferrites are frequently used in communication and electronic engineering applications and they can embrace a very wide diversity of compositions and properties. Ferrites are ceramic materials, typically dark grey or black in appearance and very hard or brittle. Ferrite cores can be used in electronic inductors, transformers, and electromagnets where high electrical resistance leads to low eddy current losses. Early computer memories stored data in the residual magnetic fields of ferrite cores, which were assembled into arrays of core memory. Ferrite powders can be used in the coatings of magnetic recording tapes. Ferrite particles can be used as a component of radar-absorbing materials in stealth aircrafts and in the expensive absorption tiles lining the rooms used for electromagnetic compatibility measurements. Moreover, common radio magnets, including those used in loudspeakers, can be ferrite magnets. Due to their price and relatively high output, ferrite materials can also be used for electromagnetic instrument pickups.
There are basically two varieties of ferrite: soft (cubic ferrites) and hard (hexagonal ferrites) magnetic applications. Soft ferrites are characterized by the chemical formula MOFe2O3, with M being a transition metal element, e.g. iron, nickel, manganese or zinc. Hard ferrites are permanent magnetic materials based on the crystallographic phases BaFe12O19, SrFe12O19, and PbFe12O19. The formulas for these hard ferrite materials can generally be written as MFe12O19, where M can be Ba, Sr, or Pb. The soft ferrites belong to an important class of magnetic materials because of their remarkable magnetic properties particularly in the radio frequency region, physical flexibility, high electrical resistivity, mechanical hardness, and chemical stability.
Soft ferromagnetic oxides (ferrites) can be useful as high-frequency magnetic materials. The general formula for these compounds is MOFe2O3 or MFe2O4, where M can be a divalent metallic ion such as Fe2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, or a mixture thereof. Soft ferrites can be useful in a broad range of electronic applications in including television deflection yokes and flyback transformers, rotary transformers in video players and recorders, switch-mode power supplies, EMI-RFI (Electromagnetic Interference and Radio Frequency Interference) absorbing materials, and a wide variety of transformers, filters and inductors in electronic home appliances and industrial equipment. A soft ferrite core can exhibit high magnetic permeability which concentrates and reinforces the magnetic field and high electrical resistivity, thus limiting the amount of electric current flowing in the ferrite. Many telecommunication parts, power conversion and interference suppression devices use soft ferrites. Frequently used combinations include manganese and zinc (MnZn) or nickel and zinc (NiZn). These compounds exhibit good magnetic properties below a certain temperature, called the Curie Temperature (Tc). They can easily be magnetized and have a rather high intrinsic resistivity.
Accordingly, there is an ongoing need for new, economical, environmentally friendly, and effective ferrite materials and methods for preparing such ferrite materials. Thus, there is a need to address these and other shortcomings associated with ferrite materials. These needs and other needs are satisfied by the compositions and methods of the present disclosure.
In accordance with the purpose(s) of the invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, this disclosure, in one aspect, relates to nickel ferrite materials and methods for the preparation thereof.
In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for preparing a soft cubic ferrite having a general formula Ma(1-i)MbiFe2O4, the method comprising contacting an iron source, a first metal oxide having the general formula MbxOy; and a second metal oxide having the general formula MaxOy; wherein each of Ma and Mb comprise nickel, magnesium, zinc, or a combination thereof to form a mixture, and calcining the mixture at a temperature of from about 1,000° C. to about 1,500° C. in a static air atmosphere; wherein the mixture is not subjected to an oxidation step or a reduction step prior to contacting, and wherein calcining comprises a single stage heat-treatment.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides methods as described above, wherein Ma is nickel and/or wherein Mb is zinc.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides methods for preparing nickel zinc ferrites wherein an iron source comprises iron containing by-products of iron ore processing.
In another aspect, the present disclosure provides nickel zinc ferrite materials prepared by the methods described herein.
In yet another aspect, the present disclosure provides articles and/or devices comprising the nickel zinc ferrite materials described herein.
The accompanying figures, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several aspects and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention.
All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe the methods and/or materials in connection with which the publications are cited.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, example methods and materials are now described.
As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a ketone” includes mixtures of two or more ketones.
Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another aspect includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another aspect. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. It is also understood that there are a number of values disclosed herein, and that each value is also herein disclosed as “about” that particular value in addition to the value itself. For example, if the value “10” is disclosed, then “about 10” is also disclosed. It is also understood that each unit between two particular units are also disclosed. For example, if 10 and 15 are disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed.
As used herein, the terms “optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance can or can not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. For example, the phrase “optionally substituted alkyl” means that the alkyl group can or can not be substituted and that the description includes both substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups.
Disclosed are the components to be used to prepare the compositions of the invention as well as the compositions themselves to be used within the methods disclosed herein. These and other materials are disclosed herein, and it is understood that when combinations, subsets, interactions, groups, etc. of these materials are disclosed that while specific reference of each various individual and collective combinations and permutation of these compounds can not be explicitly disclosed, each is specifically contemplated and described herein. For example, if a particular compound is disclosed and discussed and a number of modifications that can be made to a number of molecules including the compounds are discussed, specifically contemplated is each and every combination and permutation of the compound and the modifications that are possible unless specifically indicated to the contrary. Thus, if a class of molecules A, B, and C are disclosed as well as a class of molecules D, E, and F and an example of a combination molecule, A-D is disclosed, then even if each is not individually recited each is individually and collectively contemplated meaning combinations, A-E, A-F, B-D, B-E, B-F, C-D, C-E, and C-F are considered disclosed. Likewise, any subset or combination of these is also disclosed. Thus, for example, the sub-group of A-E, B-F, and C-E would be considered disclosed. This concept applies to all aspects of this application including, but not limited to, steps in methods of making and using the compositions of the invention. Thus, if there are a variety of additional steps that can be performed it is understood that each of these additional steps can be performed with any specific embodiment or combination of embodiments of the methods of the invention.
References in the specification and concluding claims to parts by weight of a particular element or component in a composition or article denote the weight relationship between the element or component and any other elements or components in the composition or article for which a part by weight is expressed. Thus, in a compound containing 2 parts by weight of component X and 5 parts by weight component Y, X and Y are present at a weight ratio of 2:5, and are present in such ratio regardless of whether additional components are contained in the compound.
A weight percent of a component, unless specifically stated to the contrary, is based on the total weight of the formulation or composition in which the component is included.
Each of the materials disclosed herein are either commercially available and/or the methods for the production thereof are known to those of skill in the art.
It is understood that the compositions disclosed herein have certain functions. Disclosed herein are certain structural requirements for performing the disclosed functions, and it is understood that there are a variety of structures that can perform the same function that are related to the disclosed structures, and that these structures will typically achieve the same result.
As briefly described above, the present disclosure provides improved soft ferrite materials and methods for the manufacture thereof. In one aspect, the methods described herein can utilize by-products from conventional steel industry processes as raw materials in the preparation of soft ferrite materials. Such by-products can contain, in various aspects, high iron content, low impurities, and/or stable chemical compositions. In another aspect, such by-products can be contacted and/or mixed with one or more other metal oxide materials and be subsequently heat treated at various temperatures. In one aspect, the methods described herein can be environmentally friendly, at least with respect to conventional ferrite production methods, by incorporating by-products from iron ore processing or steel industry processes.
In one aspect, nickel-zinc (Ni—Zn) ferrites can be useful in biomedicine as magnetic carriers, for example, in bioseparation, enzyme and protein immobilization. In another aspect, a Ni—Zn ferrite, the addition of nonmagnetic zinc ferrite to the inverse spinel Ni ferrite can improve the saturation magnetization. Zinc ferrite, ZnFe2O4, is a normal spinel, and as such the unit cell has no net magnetic moment (ZnFe2O4/Zn[Fe3+Fe3+]O4/d0[d5d5]). Nickel ferrite is an inverse spinel and, consequently, the two magnetic sublattices are anti-ferromagnetically aligned. (NiFe2O4/Fe3+[Ni2+Fe3+]O4/d5[d5d5]). When a nonmagnetic zinc ion (d10) is substituted into the Ni ferrite lattice, it has a stronger preference for the tetrahedral site than does the ferric ion and thus reduces the amount of Fe3+on the A site. As a result of the antiferromagnetic coupling, the net result can be an increase in magnetic moment on the B lattice and an increase in saturation magnetization (Znx2+Fe1-x3+[Ni2+Fe3+]O4/dx10d(1-x)5[d5d5]); however, the change in magnetic properties of Ni—Zn ferrites can depend on the solubility of cations (Ni2+or Zn2+) in the ferrite lattice and occupying the positions of tetrahedral or octahedral sites. According to their structure, Ni—Zn ferrites can have a tetrahedral A site and an octahedral B site in an AB2O4 crystal structure. Various magnetic properties thus depend on the composition and cation distribution. In one aspect, various cations can be placed in A and B sites to tune the magnetic properties. While not wishing to be by theory, the antiferromagnetic A-B superexchange interaction can be the main cause of cooperative behavior of magnetic dipole moments in the ferrites, which is observed in NiZn ferrites below their Curie temperature.
In one aspect, the soft ferrite can comprise a soft ferrite, such as, for example, a nickel ferrite, a magnesium ferrite, a zinc ferrite, or a combination thereof. In one aspect, the soft ferrite can comprise a nickel zinc ferrite. In another aspect, one or more of the raw materials used in the preparation of a soft ferrite can comprise a by-product of iron ore processing, such as, for example, a fine iron oxide dust. In another aspect, the iron containing by-product can comprise, for example, oxide pellet fines from iron ore processing.
The raw materials for preparing a soft ferrite material can comprise or be prepared from an iron oxide, such as for example, a fine iron oxide dust, and a metal oxide, such as, for example, a zinc, magnesium, and/or nickel oxide. In one aspect, the soft ferrite material comprises or can be prepared from an iron oxide, a zinc oxide, and a nickel oxide. In still other aspects, the nickel and/or zinc oxide can initially be provided in a form other than the oxide, such that the nickel and/or zinc containing compound can be converted to an oxide prior to or during formation of the desired ferrite material.
In one aspect, the iron containing by-product can comprise any suitable iron containing material. In another aspect, the by-product can exhibit an iron content of at least about 50 wt. %, at least about 60 wt. %, or greater. In other aspects. The by-product does not contain significant concentrations of impurities that might adversely affect the preparation of a ferrite or the resulting ferrite material. In one aspect, an iron containing by-product can comprise an iron oxide dust, mill scale, bag house dust, or a combination thereof. Exemplary chemical compositions of such by-products are detailed in Table 1, below. In other aspects, the iron containing by-product can comprise other compositions typical in the steel industry, for example, and not specifically recited in Table 1. In one aspect, the iron containing by-product can comprise an iron oxide dust having a total iron concentration of about 68 wt. %. In another aspect, the iron containing by-product comprises Fe(II), Fe(III), Fe(II/III), or a combination thereof.
O42
indicates data missing or illegible when filed
In another aspect, a fine iron oxide can comprise a composition such as that detailed in Table 2, below.
In other aspects, the particle size of an iron containing by-product can vary, depending on the source of the by-product. In various aspects, the particle size of the iron containing by-product can be about 10 mm or less, about 8 mm or less, 6 mm or less, about 5 mm or less, about 4 mm or less, or about 2 mm or less. Exemplary particle sizes are detailed in Table 3, below. It should be noted that particle sizes are typically a distributional property and that a sample having an average particle size can typically comprise a range of individual particle sizes.
Each of the one or more metal oxide components can comprise any metal oxide suitable for use in preparing a soft ferrite. In one aspect, the metal oxide can comprise a nickel oxide. In another aspect, the metal oxide can comprise a magnesium oxide. In yet another aspect, the metal oxide can comprise a zinc oxide. In another aspect, the metal oxide can comprise two or more individual metal oxides or a mixture thereof. The purity of a metal oxide can vary, provided that such a metal oxide is suitable for use in preparing a soft ferrite as described herein. In one aspect, the metal oxide is pure or substantially pure. In another aspect, the metal oxide can be analytical grade. In one aspect, the purity of a metal oxide is at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or greater. In another aspect, the purity of a metal oxide is at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, at least about 99.5%, or greater.
The size and composition of a metal oxide or mixture of metal oxides can vary, for example, depending on the desired properties of the resulting soft ferrite. Metal oxides are commercially available and one of skill in the art, in possession of this disclosure, could readily select appropriate metal oxides for use in the methods described herein.
In one aspect, the ferrite composition of the present disclosure generally comprises the formula Ni1-xZnxFe2O4, wherein x is 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, or 0.4, for example, Ni0.9Zn0.1Fe2O4, Ni0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4, Ni0.7Zn0.3Fe2O4, or Ni0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4.
In one aspect, the metal oxides, for example, nickel oxide and zinc oxide, and the iron containing by-product can be contacted. In another aspect, the metal oxides and the iron containing by-product can be mixed so as to achieve a uniform or substantially uniform mixture.
In another aspect, the iron containing by-product and/or the metal oxides can optionally be milled and/or ground prior to contacting. In one aspect, the iron containing by-product can be finely ground prior to mixing with stoichiometric amounts of analytical grade nickel oxide and zinc oxide. In another aspect, the iron containing by-product can be finely ground prior to mixing with analytical grade nickel oxide and/or zinc oxide.
After contacting, the metal oxides and iron containing by-product can be mixed, for example, in a ball mill for about a period of time, for example, about 2 hours. The mixture can then be dried, for example, at about 100° C. for a period of time, for example, from about 3 hours to about 48 hours, for example, about 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, or 48 hours, or overnight.
The mixture of metal oxides and iron containing by-product, for example, iron oxide dust, can then be calcined to form a ferrite material, such as, for example, a nickel zinc ferrite. In one aspect, the mixture of metal oxide and iron containing by-product can be heated at a rate of about 10° C./min in a static air atmosphere up to a desired annealing temperature. In various aspects, the annealing temperature can range from about 1,000° C. to about 1,500° C., for example, about 1,000° C., about 1,100° C., about 1,200° C., about 1,300° C., about 1,400° C., or about 1,500° C. Once the desired annealing temperature is reached, the mixture can be held at the annealing temperature for a period of time, for example, about 2 hours.
In one aspect, the mixture of metal oxide and iron containing by-product is not subjected to one or more of an oxidation step or a compacting step prior to calcining. In another aspect, the mixture of metal oxide and iron containing by-product is not subjected to an oxidation step or a compacting step prior to calcining.
In general, the amount of zinc ion substitution can affect the formation of a resulting nickel zinc ferrite material. At an annealing temperature of about 1,100° C., the formation of crystalline single phase nickel zinc ferrite increases with a corresponding increase in the zinc ion content.
Depending on the annealing time and temperature, the resulting ferrite material can exhibit impurities, such as, for example a-Fe2O3. In one aspect, such impurities can be present when annealing temperatures of 1,100° C. or less are utilized.
In contrast, for Ni0.7Zn0.3Fe2O4 and Ni0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4 materials, a pure single phase was formed at lower annealing temperatures, as illustrated in
The microstructure of nickel zinc ferrite materials are illustrated in
In one aspect, the distribution of elements (i.e., Fe, Ni, Zn, and O) within a ferrite material can be determined by, for example, energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX). In one aspect, the distribution of Fe, Ni, Zn, and O in a ferrite material can be uniform or substantially uniform, such that the resulting ferrite material exhibits a homogeneous microstructure.
In another aspect, the resulting ferrite materials can be magnetized at room temperature under an applied field of, for example, 5 KOe, wherein hysteresis loops can be obtained. Exemplary plots of magnetization (M) as a function of the applied field (H) for the nickel zinc ferrite materials are illustrated in
In one aspect, the saturation magnetization of a nickel zinc ferrite can be increased by raising the annealing temperature, for example, from about 1,100° C. to about 1,300° C. Such an increase can, in various aspects, be attributed to an increase in phase formation, grain size, and/or crystallite size.
In comparison to a pure nickel ferrite, a nickel zinc ferrite, as described herein, even at low zinc ion concentrations, can exhibit significantly greater magnetization. Thus, in one aspect, the substitution of a small amount of nickel in a conventional nickel ferrite with zinc can enhance the magnetic properties of the resulting material. For example, substitution of 0.1M Ni ions with 0.1M Zn ions can, in one aspect, increase the Ms from 32 emu/g (NiFe2O4) to 42.7 emu/g (Ni0.9Zn0.1Fe2O4) at an annealing temperature of 1,300° C. In another aspect, the saturation magnetization of a Ni—Zn ferrite powder can increase continuously with an increase in Zn concentration up to, for example, 0.2 to a result of 51.6 emu/g at an annealing temperature of about 1,300° C., as illustrated in
As noted above, zinc ferrite, ZnFe2O4, is a normal spinel, and as such the unit cell has no net magnetic moment (ZnFe2O4/Zn2+[Fe3+Fe3+]O4/d0[d5d5]). In contrast, nickel ferrite is an inverse spinel. The two magnetic sublattices are antiferromagnetically can be aligned (NiFe2O4/Fe3+[Ni2+Fe3+]O4/d5[d5d5]). When the nonmagnetic zinc ion (d10) is substituted into a nickel ferrite lattice, it can exhibit a stronger preference for the tetrahedral site than does the ferric ion, thus reducing the amount of Fe3+on the A site. As a result of antiferromagnetic coupling, the net result can be an increase in magnetic moment on the B lattice and an increase in saturation magnetization (Znx2+Fe1-x3+[Ni2+Fe3+]O4/dx10d1-x5[d5d5]); however, the change in the magnetic properties of Ni—Zn ferrites can depend on the solubility of cations (Ni2+or Zn2+) in the ferrite lattice and occupying the positions of tetrahedral or octahedral sites. According to their structure, Ni—Zn ferrites have a tetrahedral A site and an octahedral B site in an AB2O4 crystal structure. Thus, various magnetic properties can depend upon the composition and cation distribution.
In other aspects, a ferrite of the present invention or a composition comprising a ferrite of the present invention can be used in one or more of power electronics, ferrite antennas, magnetic recording heads, magnetic intensifiers, data storage cores, filter inductors, wideband transformers, power/current transformers, magnetic regulators, driver transformers, wave filters, cable EMI, or a combination thereof. In one aspect, the inventive ferrite can comprise a core material for one or more of the devices and/or applications described above. In another aspect, the inventive ferrite can comprise a magnetic carrier for use in biomedicine. In another aspect, an article of manufacture can comprise the ferrite of the present invention.
The methods and compositions of the present disclosure can be described in a number of exemplary and non-limiting aspects, as described below.
Aspect 1: A method for preparing a soft cubic ferrite having a general formula Ma(1-i)Mbi Fe2O4, the method comprising:
Aspect 2: The method of aspect 1, wherein Ma is nickel.
Aspect 3: The method of aspect 1, wherein Mb is zinc.
Aspect 4: The method of aspect 1, wherein the iron source comprises iron containing by-products of iron ore processing.
Aspect 5: The method of aspect 4, wherein the iron containing by-products comprise an iron oxide dust.
Aspect 6: The method of aspect 5, wherein the iron dust comprises an oxide of Fe(II), Fe(III), Fe(II/III), or a combination thereof.
Aspect 7: The method of aspect 5, wherein the iron oxide dust comprises at least 68 wt. % of iron.
Aspect 8: The method of aspect 1, wherein the iron source is ground prior to contacting.
Aspect 9: The method of aspect 1, wherein contacting is performed for at least 2 hours.
Aspect 10: The method of aspect 1, further comprising drying the mixture prior to calcining.
Aspect 11: The method of aspect 10, wherein drying is performed at a temperature of at least about 100° C., for a period of from about 3 hours to about 48 hours.
Aspect 12: The method of aspect 1, wherein i is from about 0.1 to about 0.4.
Aspect 13: The method of aspect 1, wherein calcining is performed at a temperature of at about 1,200° C.
Aspect 14: The method of aspect 1, wherein calcining is performed at a temperature of about 1,300° C.
Aspect 15: The method of aspect 1, wherein calcining comprises heating at a rate of about 10° C./min.
Aspect 16: A Ni(1-i)ZniFe2O4 ferrite prepared by the method of any of any of aspects 1-15.
Aspect 17: The Ni(1-i)ZniFe2O4 ferrite of aspect 16, wherein i is from about 0.1 to about 0.4.
Aspect 18: The Ni(1-i)ZniFe2O4 ferrite of aspect 17, wherein i is about 0.3.
Aspect 19: The Ni(1-i)ZniFe2O4 ferrite of aspect 16, comprising a single Ni1-iZniFe2O4 phase.
Aspect 20: The Ni(1-i)ZniFe2O4 ferrite of aspect 18, wherein the Ni1-iZniFe2O4 ferrite exhibits a maximum saturation magnetization of at least 35 emu/g.
Aspect 21: The Ni(1-i)ZniFe2O4 ferrite of aspect 18, wherein the Ni1-iZniFe2O4 ferrite exhibits a maximum saturation magnetization of at least 40 emu/g.
Aspect 22: The Ni(1-i)ZniFe2O4 ferrite of aspect 18, wherein the Ni1-iZniFe2O4 ferrite exhibits a maximum saturation magnetization of at least 45 emu/g.
Aspect 23: The Ni(1-i)ZniFe2O4 ferrite of aspect 18, wherein the Ni1-iZniFe2O4 ferrite exhibits a maximum saturation magnetization of at least 50 emu/g.
Aspect 24: The Ni(1-i)ZniFe2O4 ferrite of any of aspects 17-23 that can be useful as a magnetic carrier in biomedicine.
Aspect 25: A composition comprising the ferrite of any of aspects 16-24.
Aspect 26: An article of manufacture comprising the ferrite of any of aspects 16-24.
Aspect 27: The composition of aspect 25, comprising core materials for power electronics, ferrite antennas, magnetic recording heads, magnetic intensifiers, cores for data storage, filter inductors, wideband transformers, power/current transformers, magnetic regulators, driver transformers, wave filters, or cable EMI.
The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how the compounds, compositions, articles, devices and/or methods claimed herein are made and evaluated, and are intended to be purely exemplary of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.), but some errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, temperature is in ° C. or is at ambient temperature, and pressure is at or near atmospheric.
In a first example, a fine iron oxide sample (Fe2O3) with about 68% total iron was finely ground and thoroughly mixed with a stoichiometric amounts of analytical grade nickel oxide and zinc oxide. Ferrite samples having the formula Ni-xZnxFe2O4 were prepared, where x ranged from 0.1 to 0.4, for example, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4. The pre-calculated stoichiometric ratios of fine iron oxide, nickel oxide, and zinc oxide were mixed in a ball for 2 h and then dried at 100° C. overnight. For the formation of the Ni—Zn ferrite phase, the dried precursors were calcined at a rate of 10° C./min in static air atmosphere up to the required annealed temperature and maintained at the temperature for the annealing time in the muffle furnace. The effect of annealing temperature (1,100, 1,200, and 1,300° C.) on the formation of Ni—Zn ferrite was studied and is illustrated in
The crystalline phases present in the different samples were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) in the range 20 from 10° to 80°. The ferrites particle morphologies were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM, JSM-5400). The magnetic properties of the ferrites were measured at room temperature using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM; 9600-1 LDJ, USA) in a maximum applied field of 5 kOe. From the obtained hysteresis loops, the saturation magnetization (Ms), Remnant Magnetization (Mr) and Coercivety (Hc) were determined.
In a second example, the resulting nickel ferrite materials were magnetized. Magnetization of the produced nickel ferrite powders was performed at room temperature under an applied field of 5 KOe and the hysteresis loops of the ferrite powders were obtained. Plots of magnetization (M) as a function of applied field (H) per Mg/Fe mole ratio and annealing temperature were shown in
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IB2015/050254 | 1/13/2015 | WO | 00 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61928682 | Jan 2014 | US |
