Patent Application
20120012296
The present invention relates to a device and method for cooling a rail weld zone after a rail is welded.
Priority is claimed on Japanese Patent Application No. 2009-079938, filed Mar. 27, 2009, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
A joint of a rail is a portion that is most easily damaged in the rail and incurs maintenance cost. Further, a joint of a rail is a main generation source of noise and vibration that are generated during the passage of a train. The speed of passenger rail services and the load of freight trains are increasing at home and abroad. From this situation, a technique for manufacturing a long rail having a length of 200 m or more by continuously connecting joints of rails by welding is becoming widespread.
As main methods of welding a rail joint, there are flash butt welding (for example, see Patent Document 1), gas pressure welding (for example, see Patent Document 2), enclosed arc welding (for example, see Patent Document 3), and Thermit welding (for example, see Patent Document 4).
When a joint of a rail is welded, stress is concentrated in the vicinity of the neutral axis of a rail weld zone. Accordingly, it is necessary to frequently replace a rail in order to prevent fatigue cracks from being generated.
Meanwhile, in this specification, a rail upper portion coming into contact with a wheel is referred to as a “head portion”, a rail lower portion coming into contact with a sleeper is referred to as a “foot portion”, and a portion formed between the head portion and the foot portion is referred to as a “rail web portion”. Further, the upper surface of the head portion is referred to as a “head-top portion”, side surfaces of the head portion are referred to as “head-side portions”, and the back surface of the foot portion is referred to as a “sole portion”.
It is considered that the generation of the fatigue crack is affected by not only an external load condition but also residual stress in the rail weld zone.
In order to prevent the damage to the rail web portion, a method of rapidly cooling the head portion and the rail web portion of the rail weld zone or the entire rail weld zone, which is in a high-temperature state by welding heat or heat transferred from the outside, is proposed in Patent Document 5 and Patent Document 6. According to this method, it is possible to reduce tensile residual stress that is generated at the rail web portion of the rail weld zone in the vertical direction or to convert the tensile residual stress into compressive stress. Accordingly, it is possible to improve the fatigue resistance of the rail weld zone.
Further, as techniques that improve the fatigue strength of the rail weld zone, there is a method that uses a shot-peening treatment (for example, see Patent Document 7) or the like. In the shot-peening treatment, steel balls which have a diameter of several mm are projected to a material to plastically deform the surface layer of the material, so that the surface layer is subjected to work hardening. That is, it is possible to improve fatigue strength by converting residual stress into compressive stress.
Furthermore, the invention of a device for cooling a rail weld zone is disclosed in Patent Document 8. The device includes an air chamber that cools a head-top surface of the rail weld zone, an air chamber that cools head-side surfaces of the rail weld zone, and air chambers that cool an abdomen portion (rail web portion) and a bottom portion (foot portion) of the rail weld zone. Each of the air chambers is provided with a plurality of nozzles that ejects compressed air, and a nozzle for detecting temperature is provided in the middle of a nozzle group of the air chamber that cools the head-top portion.
When a head portion and a rail web portion of a rail weld zone are cooled by a cooling method disclosed in Patent Document 5 and Patent Document 6, the residual stress of the rail web portion in the vertical direction is reduced, so that the generation of fatigue cracks at the rail web portion is suppressed. However, in the case of this method, the residual stress of a sole portion in the axial direction of a rail is converted into tensile stress as disclosed in Non-patent Document 1. In recent years, the weight of railroad cars of freight rails tends to increase. For this reason, since bending moment acting on a rail also increases, bending fatigue resistance is lowered when the residual stress of a sole portion in the axial direction of the rail is converted into tensile stress.
Further, shot-peening treatment requires large facilities that project steel balls, collect the steel balls, and prevent dust, and the like. For this reason, the application of the shot-peening treatment to a large weld zone is limited. In addition, since the steel balls are abraded and damaged, the steel balls need to be supplied at regular intervals. Accordingly running cost increases.
Furthermore, according to the cooling device disclosed in Patent Document 8, it is possible to increase the hardness of the rail weld zone but it is not possible to control the residual stress of the rail weld zone. From tests performed by the inventors, it is found that the residual stress of the rail web portion is not reduced and fatigue life is not much lengthened as described below when the accelerated cooling of the rail weld zone is performed by the cooling device disclosed in Patent Document 8. That is, it is apparent that the residual stress of the rail weld zone cannot be reduced unless cooling is performed in an appropriate range of the rail weld zone at an appropriate cooling rate.
In order to solve the above-mentioned problem, an object of the invention is to provide a method and device for cooling a rail weld zone that are used to manufacture a rail of which the fatigue strength of a rail weld zone is improved as compared to the related art.
The invention employs the following in order to achieve the above-mentioned object.
(1) According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a device for cooling a rail weld zone that includes a first cooler cooling a head portion of the rail weld zone, a second cooler cooling a rail web portion of the rail weld zone, and a control section controlling the first and second coolers. The first cooler includes a first temperature detecting section that detects the temperature of the head portion, and a first ejection section that ejects a first cooling fluid to the head portion. The second cooler includes a second temperature detecting section that detects the temperature of the rail web portion, and a second ejection section that ejects a second cooling fluid to the rail web portion. The control section individually changes the kinds, the flow rates, and the flow velocities of the first and second cooling fluids.
(2) In the device according to (1), the second ejection section may include a cooling width adjusting section. The cooling width adjusting section adjusts the second cooler so that the second cooling fluid is ejected so as to make the cooling width of the rail weld zone correspond to an area in the range of 35% to 75% of the width of the rail weld zone in the axial direction of a rail.
(3) In the device according to (1) or (2), each of the first and second ejection sections may include at least two of air ejection holes, gas-water ejection holes, and water ejection holes, and the kinds of the first and second cooling fluids, which are individually changed by the control section, may be air, gas-water, and water.
(4) According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of cooling a rail weld zone that separately cools a head portion and a rail web portion of a rail weld zone. The method includes a first temperature detecting process of detecting the temperature of the head portion, a second temperature detecting process of detecting the temperature of the rail web portion, a first ejection process of ejecting a first cooling fluid to the head portion, a second ejection process of ejecting a second cooling fluid to the rail web portion, and a control process of individually changing the kinds, the flow rates, and the flow velocities of the first and second cooling fluids while cooling the head portion and the rail web portion.
(5) In the method according to (4), in the second ejection process, the second cooling fluid may be ejected to an area corresponding to a width in the range of 35% to 75% of the width of the rail weld zone in the axial direction of a rail.
(6) In the method according to (4) or (5), the kinds of the first and second cooling fluids, which are individually changed in the control process, may be air, gas-water, and water.
(7) In the method according to (4), the second ejection process may be performed after the rail web portion is completely transformed to pearlite from an austenite temperature region.
(8) In the method according to (4), the second ejection process may be performed until the rail web portion is completely transformed to pearlite from an austenite temperature region.
(9) In the method according to (4), the second ejection process may be performed until the temperature of the rail web portion reaches about 200° C. after pearlite transformation is completed from a state where the rail web portion is in an austenite temperature region.
(10) In the method according to (4), the first ejection process may be performed until the head portion is completely transformed to pearlite from an austenite temperature region. The second ejection process may be performed until the rail web portion is completely transformed to pearlite from an austenite temperature region and after the rail web portion is completely transformed to pearlite from an austenite temperature region.
According to the device of (1), only the head portion and the rail web portion of the rail weld zone are subjected to accelerated cooling and the foot portion is not subjected to accelerated cooling. Further, since the accelerated cooling of the head portion and the accelerated cooling of the rail web portion are individually controlled, it is possible to perform cooling in an appropriate range of the rail weld zone at an appropriate cooling rate. Accordingly, it is possible to reduce the residual stress of the rail weld zone. Therefore, the fatigue strength of the rail weld zone is improved as compared to the related art.
According to the device of (2), it is possible to set the cooling width of the rail to an optimal range. For this reason, it is possible to further reduce residual stress by flattening temperature distribution in the vicinity of the welding center, so that fatigue strength is improved.
According to the device of (3), it is possible to quickly adjust the cooling rate of the rail weld zone. For this reason, it is possible to accurately control temperature.
According to the methods of (4) to (10), it is possible to perform cooling in an appropriate range of the rail weld zone at an appropriate cooling rate. Accordingly, the residual stress of the rail weld zone is reduced, so that the fatigue strength of the rail weld zone is improved as compared to the related art.
The inventors found the following (A) to (C) as a result of the research about a relationship between the fatigue strength of a rail weld zone and a method of cooling a rail weld zone.
(A) When the temperature of a foot portion becomes lower than that of a rail web portion through the accelerated cooling of a foot portion of a rail weld zone, shrinkage strain generated at the rail web portion in the axial direction of a rail is affected by the foot portion of which the temperature is lower. Accordingly, tensile stress in the axial direction of the rail is generated at the rail web portion, and tensile stress corresponding to Poisson's ratio is also generated in the vertical direction. As a result, the tensile residual stress of the rail web portion in the vertical direction is increased. Therefore, it is not preferable that the temperature of the foot portion of the rail weld zone be made lower than the temperature of the rail web portion through accelerated cooling.
(B) If rail web portion is subjected to accelerated cooling after the completion of transformation to pearlite from an austenite temperature region, it is possible to reduce the residual stress of the rail web portion in the vertical direction. Meanwhile, if the rail web portion is subjected to accelerated cooling until the completion of transformation of the rail web portion to pearlite from an austenite temperature region, it is possible to increase fatigue strength. Further, if the accelerated cooling of the rail web portion starts from an austenite temperature region and the rail web portion is subjected to accelerated cooling even after the completion of pearlite transformation, it is possible to further increase fatigue strength.
(C) A rail head portion wears due to the contact between a wheel and itself In particular, wear is facilitated on a curved track by the relative slipping that occurs between a wheel and a rail. For this reason, a heat-treated rail of which the rail head portion is hardened is frequently employed for a curved section. In welding the heat-treated rail, it is preferable that the same hardness as the hardness of a base material to be welded be obtained by performing the accelerated cooling of the rail head portion after welding in a temperature range until the completion of pearlite transformation from an austenite temperature region.
The inventors devised a device for cooling a rail weld zone of the invention on the basis of the above-mentioned (A) to (C). A cooling device according to an embodiment of the invention will be described below. The cooling device according to the embodiment of the invention performs the accelerated cooling of only a head portion and a rail web portion of a rail weld zone, and does not perform the accelerated cooling of a foot portion. Further, in this cooling device, respective cooling units are individually controlled so as to be capable of performing the accelerated cooling of the head portion and the rail web portion at an appropriate cooling rate. Furthermore, the respective cooling units are adapted so as to change the kind, the flow rate, and the flow velocity of a cooling fluid during cooling. According to this structure, it is possible to quickly adjust the cooling rate of a rail weld zone. Any one of air, gas-water (mixed fluid of air and water), and water may be selected according to a cooling rate as the kind of the cooling fluid.
Further, in the above-mentioned device for cooling a rail weld zone, it is preferable that the cooling width can be adjusted so that a value represented as (cooling width of a rail web portion of a rail weld zone in the axial direction of a rail)/(width of a rail weld zone in the axial direction of a rail) is in the range of 0.35 to 0.75. Here, (cooling width of the rail web portion of the rail weld zone in the axial direction of the rail)/(width of the rail weld zone in the axial direction of the rail) will be additionally described.
Hereinafter, (cooling width of the rail web portion of the rail weld zone in the axial direction of the rail)/(width of the rail weld zone in the axial direction of the rail) is referred to as a “cooling width ratio”. It is possible to reduce the residual stress of the rail web portion in the vertical direction by flattening the temperature distribution of the rail web portion in the vicinity of the weld zone. For this reason, it is effective to limit the cooling width, where accelerated cooling is performed, to a high-temperature region in the vicinity of a welding center. When the cooling width ratio is set to 0.75 or less, it is possible to reduce residual stress by flattening temperature distribution in the vicinity of the welding center. Meanwhile, when the cooling width ratio is smaller than 0.35, cooling efficiency decreases, so that the effect of reducing residual stress is lowered.
Subsequently, an embodiment of the invention will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
[Flash Butt Welding]
The residual stress of the rail web portion of the rail weld zone in the vertical direction is significant in the flash butt welding where a temperature gradient becomes steepest. For this reason, in this specification, flash butt welding is described as an example of a method of welding a rail joint. Meanwhile, the method of cooling a rail weld zone according to the invention may be applied to other welding methods such as Thermit welding.
Schematic views illustrating flash butt welding are shown in
[Rail Steel]
As defined in JIS-E1101 “normal rail and special rail for turnouts and crossings” and JIS-E1120 “heat-treated rail”, eutectoid or hypoeutectoid carbon steel containing 0.5 to 0.8% by mass of carbon is generally used as rail steel. Further, rail steel, which has hypereutectoid composition, contains carbon exceeding 0.8% by mass, and further improves wear resistance of a heavy load freight line of a foreign mining railway, is also being spread in recent years.
[Mechanism for Generating Residual Stress]
When non-uniform shrinkage strain caused by non-uniform temperature in a rail exists, respective portions of the rail restrict shrinkage strain together with each other, so that shrinkage stress is generated. When the shrinkage stress remains as internal stress, the shrinkage stress is referred to as residual stress. When joints of rails are welded to each other, large temperature difference is generated between a rail weld zone and peripheral portions. Accordingly, shrinkage stress is generated at the rail weld zone and becomes residual stress. Accordingly, if accelerated cooling is performed in the vicinity of a welding center, temperature distribution in the vicinity of the welding center is flattened. Therefore, the generation of residual stress at the welding center is suppressed. Since large residual stress is already generated even though flat temperature distribution is obtained while the central temperature of the rail weld zone is lower than 200° C., the effect of reducing residual stress is small. Meanwhile, “accelerated cooling” is to forcibly cool a material which is to be cooled at a cooling rate higher than the cooling rate of natural cooling by ejecting a cooling fluid to the material to be cooled.
[Device for Cooling Rail Weld Zone]
The first cooling unit 20 includes a pair of ejection sections 24 that is disposed immediately above a head-top portion 12a of the rail weld zone 15 and ejects a cooling fluid to the head-top portion 12a, two pairs of ejection sections 25 that are disposed so as to face each other with the head portion 12 interposed therebetween and eject a cooling fluid to head-side portions 12b, and a non-contact temperature sensor 22 that is disposed between the pair of ejection sections 24 and measures the temperature of the head portion 12. Meanwhile, the second cooling unit 21 includes a pair of ejection sections 26 that is disposed so as to face each other with the rail web portion 13 of the rail weld zone 15 interposed therebetween and ejects a cooling fluid to the rail web portion 13, and a non-contact temperature sensor 23 that is disposed on one ejection section 26 and measures the temperature of the rail web portion 13. Further, the cooling device 10 is provided with a control unit 50 that separately controls the first and second cooling units 20 and 21. This controller 50 may be provided at each of the first cooling unit 20 and the second cooling unit 21. The position of the control unit is not particularly limited, but the control may be disposed at, for example, a lower portion of a pedestal 29 as shown in
The first cooling unit 20, which performs the accelerated cooling of the head portion 12 of the rail weld zone 15, is supported by a header 30, and a cooling fluid is supplied to the respective ejection sections 24 and 25 from a supply tube 27 through the header 30. Meanwhile, supply tubes 28, which supply a cooling fluid, are connected to the ejection sections 26 of the second cooling unit 21 that performs the accelerated cooling of the rail web portion 13 of the rail weld zone 15. The supply tubes 27 and 28 are held on the pedestal 29 that is formed of a portal frame built over the rail weld zone 15.
[Method of Cooling Rail Weld Zone]
Next, a method of cooling the rail weld zone 15 by the cooling device 10 will be described. Meanwhile, in the following method, the determination of whether the head portion 12 and the rail web portion 13 of the rail weld zone 15 have been completely transformed to pearlite from an austenite temperature region is estimated from the temperature of each portion that is measured (detected) by the temperature sensors 22 and 23. Further, the accelerated cooling of each portion is performed on the basis of a cooling rate, which is calculated in a control section from the measurement results of the temperature sensors 22 and 23.
(1) First Cooling Method
After the rail web portion 13 of the rail weld zone 15 is completely transformed to pearlite from an austenite temperature region, a cooling fluid is ejected from the ejection sections 26 of the second cooling unit 21 so that the rail web portion 13 is subjected to accelerated cooling. Meanwhile, the head portion 12 and the foot portion 14 of the rail weld zone 15 are subjected to natural cooling.
(2) Second Cooling Method
Until the rail web portion 13 of the rail weld zone 15 is completely transformed to pearlite from an austenite temperature region, a cooling fluid is ejected from the ejection sections 26 of the second cooling unit 21 so that the rail web portion 13 is subjected to accelerated cooling. Meanwhile, the head portion 12 and the foot portion 14 of the rail weld zone 15 are subjected to natural cooling.
(3) Third Cooling Method
After pearlite transformation is completed from a state where the rail web portion 13 of the rail weld zone 15 is in an austenite temperature region, a cooling fluid is ejected from the ejection sections 26 of the second cooling unit 21 so that the rail web portion 13 is subjected to accelerated cooling until the temperature of the rail web portion 13 reaches about 200° C. Meanwhile, the head portion 12 and the foot portion 14 of the rail weld zone 15 are subjected to natural cooling.
(4) Fourth Cooling Method
Until the head portion 12 and the rail web portion 13 of the rail weld zone 15 are completely transformed to pearlite from an austenite temperature region, a cooling fluid is ejected from the ejection sections 24, 25, and 26 of the first and second cooling units 20 and 21 so that the head portion 12 and the rail web portion 13 are subjected to accelerated cooling. After transformation is completely performed to pearlite from an austenite temperature region, a cooling fluid is ejected from the ejection sections 26 of the second cooling unit 21 so that only the rail web portion 13 is subjected to accelerated cooling. Meanwhile, the foot portion 14 of the rail weld zone 15 is subjected to natural cooling.
Next, a cooling test of a rail weld zone, which was performed using the cooling device 10, will be described. The respective cooling conditions of Examples of the invention are shown in Table 1 and the respective cooling conditions of Comparative Examples are shown in Table 2. Numerical values of Tables are cooling rates, and the cooling rates of other examples except for Comparative Example 2 were changed at the temperature of 500° C., which is a pearlite transformation point. Further, even though a target portion was subjected to accelerated cooling when the central temperature of the target portion was lower than 200° C., the effect of reducing residual stress is small. For this reason, accelerated cooling was performed to 200° C.
[Table 1]
[Table 2]
In the cases of Examples 1 to 3, only a head portion and a rail web portion of a rail weld zone were subjected to accelerated cooling. In the case of Comparative Example 1, the entire rail weld zone was subjected to accelerated cooling. On the other hand, in the case of Comparative Example 2, the entire rail weld zone was subjected to natural cooling. Meanwhile, a cooling fluid used in the accelerated cooling was gas-water only in the range of 200 to 500° C. of Example 3, and was compressed air in other cases. A normal rail, which contained 0.7 to 0.8% by mass of carbon and of which a head portion had a surface hardness in the range of fly 260 to 290, was used as a rail to be welded. The size for a general railway, which had a weight per meter of 60 kg/m, was used as the size of the rail. The width of the rail weld zone was 40 mm, and the cooling width of the rail weld zone during accelerated cooling was set to 30 mm (the cooling width ratio was 0.75). Meanwhile, even in each example, three specimens were formed under the same conditions. Among them, a first specimen was used for the measurement of residual stress, a second specimen was used in a test for evaluating the fatigue life of a rail web portion, and a third specimen was used in a test for evaluating the fatigue life of a foot portion.
The measurement of residual stress was performed as follows:
(1) A strain gauge is attached to a rail weld zone after the welding of a rail, strain is measured, and the strain is used as an initial value.
(2) After a portion of the rail weld zone around the strain gauge is cut and residual stress is released, strain is measured again.
(3) Residual stress is calculated from a relational expression between stress and strain, using a difference between measured strain before cutting and strain after cutting.
A test for evaluating the fatigue life of a rail web portion was performed as follows: A rail weld zone was placed on a surface plate, and a load was repeatedly applied to the head portion of the rail weld zone by a pressing tool of which the end was formed of an arc-shaped protrusion. The radius of curvature of the arc-shaped protrusion was 450 mm close to the radius of curvature of a wheel. The applied load was set up to 30 tons with consideration for the fact that an actual heavy load was about 20 tons. Meanwhile, the minimum load in the repetition of a load was set to 4 tons. The frequency of the repetition of a load was set to 2 Hz, and the test ended at the time point where cracks were generated at the weld zone.
A test for evaluating the fatigue life of a foot portion was performed by a bending fatigue strength test using the following three-point bending method. A rail, which had a rail weld zone in the middle thereof and had a length of 1.5 m, was symmetrically supported by mounts between which a distance was set to 1 m, and a load was repeatedly applied to the head portion of the rail weld zone by a pressing tool of which the end was formed of an arc-shaped protrusion. The radius of curvature of each of the end portions of the pressing tool and the mount was set to 100 mm. A load was applied so that the maximum stress of a sole middle portion of the rail weld zone was 330 MPa and the minimum stress thereof was 30 MPa. The frequency of the repetition of a load was set to 5 Hz, and the test ended at the time point where cracks were generated at the weld zone.
The residual stress generated at each of the rail weld zones of Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 is shown in
The embodiment of the invention has been described above. However, the invention is not limited only to the constitution of the above-mentioned embodiment, and may also include other embodiments and modifications that are considered to be within the scope of claims. For example, the ejection sections have included the ejection holes for compressed air and the ejection holes for gas-water in the above-mentioned embodiment. However, the ejection sections may further include ejection holes for water and perform switching between compressed air, gas-water, and water.
According to the device for cooling a rail weld zone of the invention, it is possible to manufacture a rail of which the fatigue strength of a rail weld zone is improved as compared to the related art. Accordingly, the invention has significant industrial applicability.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2009-079938 | Mar 2009 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2010/001997 | 3/19/2010 | WO | 00 | 9/23/2011 |
