1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to devices to treat the spine, including but not limited to spinal stabilization devices, dynamic stabilizers, spinal deformity correction devices, devices to treat pain associated with the spine, and other spinal treatment devices.
2. Description of the Related Art
Certain spine conditions, defects, deformities (e.g., scoliosis) as well as injuries may lead to structural instabilities, nerve or spinal cord damage, pain or other manifestations. Back pain (e.g., pain associated with the spinal column or mechanical back pain) may be caused by structural defects, by injuries or over the course of time from the aging process. For example, back pain is frequently caused by repetitive and/or high stress loads on or increased motion around certain honey or soft tissue structures. The natural course of aging leads to degeneration of the disc, loss of disc height, and instability of the spine among other structural manifestations at or around the spine. With disc degeneration, the posterior elements of the spine bear increased loads with disc height loss, and subsequently attempt to compensate with the formation of osteophytes and thickening of various stabilizing spinal ligaments. The facet joints may develop pain due to arthritic changes caused by increased loads. Furthermore, osteophytes in the neural foramina and thickening of spinal ligaments can lead to spinal stenosis, or impingement of nerve roots in the spinal canal or neural foramina. Scoliosis may also create disproportionate loading on various elements of the spine and may require correction, stabilization or fusion.
Pain caused by abnormal motion of the spine has long been treated by fixation of the motion segment. Spinal fusion is one way of stabilizing the spine to reduce pain. In general, it is believed that anterior interbody or posterior fusion prevents movement between one or more joints where pain is occurring from irritating motion. Fusion typically involves removal of the native disc, packing bone graft material into the resulting intervertebral space, and anterior stabilization, e.g., with intervertebral fusion cages or posterior stabilization, e.g., supporting the spinal column with internal fixation devices such as rods and screws. Internal fixation is typically an adjunct to attain intervertebral fusion. Many types of spine implants are available for performing spinal fixation, including the Harrington hook and rod, pedicle screws and rods, interbody fusion cages, and sublaminar wires.
Spinal stenosis pain or from impingement of nerve roots in the neural foramina has been treated by laminectomy and foraminotomy, and sometimes reinforced with rod and screw fixation of the posterior spine. More recently, surgeons have attempted to relieve spinal stenosis by distracting adjacent spinous processes with a wedge implant. Pain due to instability of the spine has also been treated with dynamic stabilization of the posterior spine, using elastic bands that connect pedicles of adjacent vertebrae.
The typical techniques for fusion, distraction, decompression, and dynamic stabilization require open surgical procedures with removal of stabilizing muscles from the spinal column, leading to pain, blood loss, and prolonged recovery periods after surgery due in part to the disruption of associated body structures or tissue during the procedures.
To reduce the invasiveness of fusion procedures, some methods of fusion have been proposed that do not require the extensive stripping of muscles away from the spinal column of earlier approaches. These involve posteriorly or laterally accessing the spine and creating spaces adjacent the spine for posterior stabilization. Some of these procedures include fusion via small working channels, created with dilator type devices or an external guide to create a trajectory channel between two ipsilateral neighboring pedicle screws. Also, placing support structures between adjacent pedicle screws and across a joint requires accessing and working in an area from a difficult angle (the support structure is typically oriented somewhat perpendicular to an angle of access and through muscle and connective tissue). Furthermore, these stabilization devices typically involve the use of 4 pedicle screws (each having a risk associated with it when placed in the spine), two on each side of a motion segment, and are not ideally suited for percutaneous stabilization required across more than one or two segments. Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a less invasive or less disruptive segmental spine stabilization procedure and implant that has a reduced risk of damage or injury to associated tissue. It would also be desirable to provide an implanted posterior spine system that may be used to stabilize more than two motion segments in a less disruptive or less invasive manner.
One method of fusing a vertebra has been proposed using bilateral screws through the lamina using a posterior approach. However, geometric placement of the device is difficult and the procedure is considered dangerous because the laminar screws could enter through anteriorly into the spinal canal and cause nerve damage.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a device that reduces the difficulties risks of the current procedures. It would also be desirable to provide a device that can be placed in a less disruptive or less invasive manner than commonly used procedures.
Unintended consequences of fixation include stress shielding of bone, as well as transfer of load to adjacent, still dynamic motion segments, and eventual degeneration of adjacent motion segments. Flexible stabilization of motion segments with plastic, rubber, super-elastic metals, fabric, and other elastic materials has been proposed to provide a degree of dynamic stabilization of some joints. Many of these constructs are not load bearing. Dynamic stabilization from pedicle screw to pedicle screw along the length of the spine has been proposed. However, this device has the disadvantage of requiring placement of 4 pedicle screws and associated tissue disruption.
Due to the risks, inconvenience, and recovery time required for surgical implantation of spinal devices, some patients may continue to prefer rigid fixation of a painful or degenerative motion segment over dynamic stabilization of the joint. In addition, doctors may be reluctant to recommend dynamic stabilization for patients with back pain, because it may not alleviate pain to a patient's satisfaction.
Furthermore, even in patients who experience good relief of pain with dynamic stabilizers, it is anticipated that while the onset of arthritic changes may be deferred, many patients will still eventually proceed to develop degeneration, and require fixation of the motion segment to obtain pain relief. Repeat spine procedures to remove one implant and replace it with another are associated with complications related to bleeding, surgical adhesions, destruction of bone, and other generic risks associated with surgical procedures. Accordingly, improved devices that address these issues would be desirable.
A number of spinal deformities exist where the spine is abnormally twisted and or curved. Scoliosis is typically considered an abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column.
Correction of scoliosis has been attempted a number of ways. Typically correction is followed by fusion. A Harrington rod has been used where a compressing or distracting rod is attached above and below a curved arch of the deformity. The spine is stretched longitudinally to straighten the spine as the rod is lengthened. The spine is then fused. The correction force in this device and in similar devices is a distraction force that may have several drawbacks including possible spinal cord damage, as well as the high loading on the upper and lower attachment sites. Nowadays, segmental hook and screw fixation exists for distraction and derotation corrective forces.
A Luque device has been used where the spine is wired to a rod at multiple fixation points along the rod and pulls the spine to the rod. The spine is pulled to the rod with a wire and the spine is then fused. This does not provide significant adjustment over time and requires fusion. Once completed this does not provide an opportunity for delayed adjustment over time. Anterior procedures also exist in the form of fusion and newer technology involving staples across the disc space that obviate the need for fusion but still correct the deformity. The corrective force is derotation with or without compression.
Accordingly it would be desirable to provide an improved corrective device for treating scoliosis or other deformities. It would also be desirable to provide a device that may be used without fusion.
Spine surgeons commonly use metallic or polymeric implants to effect or augment the biomechanics of the spine. The implants frequently are attached or anchored to bone of the spine. Sites typically considered appropriate for boney attachment have high density or surface area, such as, for example, the pedicle bone, the vertebral body or the cortical bone of the lamina. The spinous process contains thin walls of cortical bone, and thus, has been considered as not ideal for anchoring spinal implants as they may not support the implants under physiologic loads, or the intermittent high loads seen in traumatic situations. Fixation has been attempted from spinous process to spinous process with poor results.
A translaminar facet screw as used by some surgeons goes through the base of spinous process to access the cancellous bone of the lamina. A disadvantage of this device is that it is not suitable for attaching to a pedicle screw and the depth and angle during deployment can be very difficult to track or visualize, thus increasing the possibility that the screw would extend into the spinal canal. A facet screw is screwed between opposing facets of a zygapophyseal joint.
One aspect of the present invention is directed to providing a device and method for alleviating discomfort and or deformity associated with the spinal column. Another aspect of the present invention is directed to providing a minimally invasive implant and method for alleviating discomfort associated with the spinal column. Another aspect of the present invention provides an anchoring device and method that requires less surrounding tissue damage or disruption. Another aspect of the present invention provides reinforcement of the spinous process for use in various spinal systems. Another aspect of the invention provides a minimally invasive, non-invasive, or remote adjustment or lengthening of an orthopedic device. Another aspect of the invention provides a minimally invasive, non-invasive, or remote adjustment, lengthening or shortening of a stabilization device. Another aspect of the present invention also provides an implant system and device suitable for minimally invasive, minimally disruptive and/or percutaneous posterior deployment across a plurality of motion segments and more than two motion segments. Different aspects of the invention may provide distraction forces to relieve pressure on certain structures, compression forces to fix or stabilize motion across structures, shock absorbing qualities to help relieve load from certain structures, and therapeutic activity to reduce inflammation and pain. Other aspects of the invention may supplement or bear load for degenerated, painful, or surgically removed joints, e.g., the facet joint. Another aspect of the invention may provide a method and system for treating deformities such as scoliosis. Other aspects of the invention may include sensors associated with implants or implanted at or near the bones, soft tissue, or joints of the spine and may provide feedback regarding the joint on an ongoing basis. The sensors may also be part of a feedback system that alters a property of an implant in response to sensing information. Another aspect of the invention may provide a device or method for delivering therapeutic substances at or near the spine.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a reinforcement structure is provided for supporting the spinous process and if desired, in addition, the lamina of a spine. The invention further provides a method and system for forming or implanting such structure in the spinous process or a region of cancellous bone in the lamina of a spine. The reinforcement system may include one or more systems of reinforcement and may be used before, during and/or after a spinal device (e.g. a stabilization, distraction or prosthetic device, etc.) is coupled to the spinous process.
Various aspects of the invention are set forth in the description and/or claims herein.
Once the cancellous bone is accessed, optionally, a tool such as a balloon tamp, or other expandable member or small crushing or drilling member is used to create a cavity 107 or cavities within the cancellous bone by compressing, crushing or drilling out the bone material. X-rays may be used to determine how far to drill into the bone. The cavity 107 may be in the spinous process, through to the base of the spinous process, or through the spinous process and into the lamina. In one embodiment the cavity is cone shaped or widens as it moves anteriorly towards the lamina.
A reinforcing material is then delivered into the cancellous bone or cavity 107 of the spinous process 101 and/or within the lamina 103. The material is selected to provide reinforcing properties to the spinous process 101 and/or lamina 103 sufficient to support (whether alone or in combination with other support elements) a spine support structure, a prosthesis, or other device attached to the spinous process and or supported lamina. The material may be a bone cement or polymer with strength and hardness properties selected to provide sufficient reinforcement to the region so that the spinous process may be used at least in part, to support an implant structure for attaching to and manipulating the biomechanics of the spine. Examples include but are not limited to polymers such as acrylic cement developed for use in vertebroplasty procedures. The material may be a flowable polymer material that cures within the cavity. Suitable materials may be readily selected by one of ordinary skill in the art.
Reinforcement structures may be placed within the cavity prior to, during or after injection of flowable material for further strength properties. As illustrated, an additional support structure 106 is provided within the cavity. The support structure 106 may be inserted through a cannula and released to expand as a spring-like or self-expanding member, into the cavity. The support structure 106 provides further support of the spinous process and/or lamina. Alternatively, or additionally, one or more posts or struts may be provided within the cavity or extending out of the spinous process or lamina from the area of cancellous bone, to supplement the support of the spinous process or lamina in combination with the polymer or other curable material. The reinforcement structures may be formed of a number of different materials such as, e.g., a metal or biocompatible polymer. Such reinforcement structures may also be used in other bony areas of the spine including the vertebra, the pedicles, facets, the transverse process, etc.
As shown in
The reinforcement structure may be used in a number of applications including increasing the strength of healthy bone to support the load and fixation of orthopedic implants, as well as increasing the strength of bone weakened by osteoporosis, chronic steroid use, avascular necrosis, weakened by injury and cancer involving the bone. According to one aspect, the reinforcement structure comprises a material that provides sufficient strength including but not limited to suitable polymers, e.g. PEAK, titanium, steel and carbon fiber.
The stabilizing and/or distracting devices described herein may be formed of a material that provides sufficient column strength including but not limited to suitable polymers, e.g. PEAK, titanium, steel, and carbon fiber.
Referring to
As illustrated in
Referring to
The reinforcement or supporting devices described herein may be used in conjunction with a number of different spine devices, including, for example, the various distraction, fusing or dynamic stabilizing devices described herein. The hoods or reinforcement devices herein may also be customized, for example by using stereolithography. The hoods or reinforcement devices may be used for example with a brace. The pedicle screw may be telescoping as described with respect to
The devices described herein may be coupled to the spinous process using minimally invasive techniques. These techniques may include percutaneously accessing the spinous process and/or using dilators to access the spinous process at an oblique angle with respect to median plane m and/or horizontal plane h through the spine of the patient.
When implanted, the pedicle screws are positioned in the pedicles in a generally known manner. The facet joint or facet joints between the spinal members that are to be fused, are debrided and grafted. A flank stab wound is made to expose the base of the spinous process. The spinous process screw is then inserted and navigated through the wound to the spinous process and/or soft tissue. Tissue dilators or retractors may be used to facilitate insertion of the spinous process screw through soft tissue. The spinous process screw 148 is then placed through the spinous process 140, and into and captured by the head 147 of the pedicle screw 146. Compression across and the facet joint 149 may be provided using a nut placet in the polyaxial head of the pedicle screw. Alternatively, external compression may be used prior to placement of the oblique rod of the spinous process screw. A similar screw may also be placed from the spinous process 140 to the contralateral pedicle. The spinous process 140 may be reinforced prior to or after placing the screw 148.
Referring to
An oblique skin stab wound is made to navigate to the base of the spinous process 150, which may be exposed under direct vision. The spinous process screw 158 (or other device) is then placed through the spinous process 150, across (adjacent or through) the facet joint 159, and into the head 157 of the pedicle screw 156 (or otherwise attached to a pedicle attachment device for attaching devices to the pedicle), immobilizing the facet joint 159. A similar screw may also be placed from the spinous process 150 to the contralateral pedicle. The spinous process may be reinforced prior to or after placing the screw or other device. The other devices attached or coupled to the spinous process as described herein may be similarly deployed.
The devices described herein may be coupled to the spinous process using minimally invasive techniques. These techniques may include percutaneously accessing the spinous process and/or using dilators to access the spinous process at an oblique angle with respect to median plane and/or horizontal plane through the spine of the patient.
Referring to
Another feature of the spinous process screw of
The system illustrated in
The spinous processes 140, 150, 160 may be reinforced in a manner as described herein. The various rods or screws through the spinous processes 140, 150, 160 may also be positioned through a posterior arch reinforcing member as described herein.
The pedicle attachment devices herein may include a sensor that may be used to sensor one or more parameters e.g., strain, pressure, motion, position change, that provides information about possible screw failure. The sensor may communicate the information to an external device, e.g. telemetrically, and may be passively powered by an external device.
According to another aspect of the invention a rod is provided that is anchored to with pedicle screws with screw heads made of or attached to swivel collars, polyaxial heads, or other movable fasteners to allow for near physiologic levels of motion of the spinal motion segment. Angular movement may be provided where a distracting element attaches on either side of a motion segment so that when distracting or lengthening the device, there is accommodation in the device for the change of angle that occurs.
One embodiment of the invention is a rod anchored at each end across a motion segment that can be “switched” between dynamic stabilization and rigid fixation in a minimally invasive, percutaneous, or non-invasive fashion. One way for this to occur is injection of a flowable material within the lumen of the device, which would cure, and immobilize the components which allow for motion. Electrical current, heat, mechanical energy, or other techniques could also be used to render movable components fixed. Another method is insertion of a rigid implant axially along the length of the dynamic implant. This method of rendering a flexible prosthesis rigid may be applied to the design of other combination motion/fixation prostheses, including disc, facet hip, knee, fingers shoulder, elbows, and ankle prostheses, etc.
As illustrated in
According to an embodiment of the invention, the dynamic stabilizer may comprise a shock absorber that has both energy absorbing and energy dissipating properties. The tension band effect of the posterior columns may also offload the pressures borne by anterior column of the spine. So in addition to helping to protect the facet joints, other aspects of the invention would help slow the progression of degenerative disc disease, annular degradation, disc herniation, and vertebral compression fractures.
Another aspect of the invention is to supplement implants or repair procedures of the anterior column with a posterior shock absorber device (rod, screw, plate). Examples of these implants or procedures include total disc replacements, annular repair, artificial nucleus, and vertebroplasty/kyphoplasty.
Another aspect of the invention is to supplement implants or repair procedures of the posterior column with a shock absorber rod. Examples of these implants or procedures include interspinous distraction wedges, facet joint replacements, and posterior arch replacements.
Another aspect of the invention provides a posterior support implants with shock absorbing properties, to decrease or remove the load experienced by the facets. Implant components may include springs, coils, hydraulic or fluid filled piston chambers, or elastic materials. Each end of the device could be anchored in such a fashion so the rod bridges the facet joint, reducing the loads borne by the joint. This is believed to reduce wear of the facets and resulting pain and altered spinal biomechanics
An improved device is provided that utilizes the spinous process, the pedicle, adjacent ribs and/or a transverse process or a combination including one or more of these anatomical structures, to correct or stabilize a deformed spine. The device may be used to correct scoliosis using one or more of these anatomical structures and multiple points at a plurality of spine segments. The correction may be made incrementally over time and may or may not include a fusion process.
In one embodiment, a percutaneously and obliquely placed rigid or dynamic stabilizer is provided. Stabilizer segments are anchored to base of spinous process at one end and a pedicle screw at the other end, as a unilateral temporary stabilizer. The dynamic stabilizers described herein may be adjusted over time to gradually bring the spine in alignment. The stabilizer may be used to derotate (untorque) and correct the spine. A stabilizer placed across a motion segment, i.e., not at the same vertebral level may be used to create overgrowth where desired, i.e. on the non-instrumented side of the motion segment. Such overgrowth may help stabilization or correction of the spine.
The systems illustrated in
The device comprises a telescoping rod (or plate) 536 to which various segments of the spinal column are to be fixed. The rod 536 telescopes to adjust the height to accommodate particular segments or a height of the spine. As illustrated in
The spinous process screw 518 is anchored through the reinforced spinous process 523 (having a reinforcement hood 523a or is otherwise reinforced as described herein. Note that the reinforcement hood may have a single lamina wing where a single screw is attached as opposed to bilateral screws.) with a head portion 518a engaging the pedicle screw 508 and a rod portion 518b (which may also be referred to as a lever member) extending through a reinforced spinous process 523. The dynamic stabilizer 518 includes (at what may be referred to as an attachment point) a loop connector end 518c for receiving a hook 518d of a wire (or a telescoping rod) 528 that is attached to the rod 536 with a ratcheted connector 533. The wire may also be a rod, spring, elastic band or other force-directing device (which may also be referred to as a force directing member). The loop connector end 518c may also be a poly axial connector that allows translation in a variety of directions or places, i.e., so that an oblique angle rod can be captured (for example, similar to pedicle screw 508 and capture device 508a). The wire 528 may be adjusted or tightened at various times with the ratcheted connector 533, e.g., during a period of time where the spine is being corrected. As the spine is straightened, excess wire may be trimmed off. This procedure may be done percutaneously, e.g. by accessing wire near the skin. Each dynamic stabilizer is similarly constructed.
Similarly, dynamic stabilizer 518i includes rod 518j that will extend through a reinforced spinous process and is coupled (at what may be referred to as an attachment point) by a coupling mechanism 518k to rod 518l in an end to side fashion. Rod 518l slidably extends through opening in coupling mechanism 541b attached to the telescoping rod 536. The rod 518l is adjustable within the coupling mechanism 541b to lengthen or shorten the distance of the dynamic stabilizer 518i between the spinous process and the telescoping rod 536. The coupling mechanism 541b is configured to clamp down on the rod 518l to secure it in place once the distance has been adjusted.
Dynamic stabilizer 518m includes a rod 518n that will extend through a reinforced spinous process and is coupled (at what may be referred to as an attachment point) by a threaded coupling 518o to rod 518p. The rod 518p is slidably and rotatably positioned within a cylindrical hole in coupling mechanism 541c attached to the telescoping rod 536. The rod 518p may be rotated, i.e., screwed or unscrewed so that the stabilizer lengthens or shortens at the threaded coupling 518o. The rotation or screwing may be actuated at or near the skin where the rod 518p is positioned in the coupling mechanism 541c.
Dynamic stabilizer 518q includes a rod 518r that will extend through a reinforced spinous process and is coupled (at what may be referred to as an attachment point) by a multiaxial coupling 518s similar to a multiaxial screw head type coupling, to rod 518t. The rod 518t is a telescoping rod and is coupled by coupling mechanism 541d to the vertical rod 536.
Each of the dynamic stabilizers may include sensors located thereon to sense data corresponding to a parameter of the dynamic stabilization device or the spine.
The various embodiments of the invention described herein may include sensors integrated with or provided on a structural spinal implant. A number of factors may be detected as described herein. Additional factors may include, e.g., local inflammation, pressure, tension, edema, motion, water content, and electrolytes or other chemicals. The sensors allow a doctor to monitor patients for response to healing, or may be used by the doctor to guide serial adjustments to the patient's treatment. For example, measurements from the sensing means could lead the doctor to change the length or tension of a distraction rod or stabilization device. Patients could adjust therapy based on measurements from the sensing device, or could be alerted to notify their doctor should certain measurements be of concern. The sensor is configured to be adjustable to sensed stresses. The sensor may for example, be a strain gauge, a pressure sensor accelerometer, position sensor, imaging device, etc. The sensor may be used in the initial adjustment of the prosthesis or may be monitored over time. The sensor may sense shear/torsion tension/compression. Sensors may sense stresses at various motion segments. The sensor may be used to compare stresses at various motion segments or locations. Various sensors may be selected from sensors that are known to one of skill in the art or that are commercially available.
Anchoring of Therapeutic Devices
Some patients obtain back pain relief with injections of steroids and anesthetic agents at the site of pain; however the relief is temporary requiring that patients return for repeat injections when their pain recurs.
One embodiment of the invention comprises an anchor device with a therapeutic substance or drug delivery device, e.g. a drug port and/or reservoir, or matrix attached to a vertebra. In one embodiment, the device is anchored adjacent a site near where pain is present. The port is configured to deliver steroids or anesthetic agents via a catheter to a desired location, for example, the facet joint, neural foramen, vertebral body, annulus, nucleus, back muscles, back ligaments, bone metastases, intrathecal space, epidural space, or other targets in, on, or around the spine. The catheter can direct the drug to the correct location by positioning the end of the catheter at a target location. The port is configured to be refilled periodically percutaneously, e.g. using an imaging device and a percutaneously placed needle that can inject the refill into the port, e.g. through a biocompatible polymer or rubber type port access mechanism. The device further comprises a patient actuation mechanism for patient control of drug delivery as needed for pain relief, manually or remotely using a telemetrically triggered delivery from an external telemetry control device. According one aspect of the invention such a device is attached to a boney structure of the spine. Other device that may be attached to the spine may include sensory or therapeutic devices, including nerve stimulators, bone growth stimulators and radioactive seeds.
In addition, a structural implant could be anchored to bone, to which a sensory or therapeutic device could be attached. The sensory or therapeutic device could be placed external to the bone, on the surface of the bone, or internal to the bone.
The present application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 11/196,952, filed Aug. 3, 2005 and entitled “Device and Method for Correcting a Spinal Deformity,” which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/598,882, filed Aug. 3, 2004 and entitled “Spine Treatment Devices and Methods,” the disclosure of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
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