Patent Grant
8731209
The present invention relates to the field of audio signal processing and, in particular, to generating several output channels out of fewer input channels, such as, for example, one (mono) channel or two (stereo) input channels.
Multi-channel audio material is becoming more and more popular. This has resulted in many end users meanwhile being in possession of multi-channel reproduction systems. This can mainly be attributed to the fact that DVDs are becoming increasingly popular and that consequently many users of DVDs meanwhile are in possession of 5.1 multi-channel equipment. Reproduction systems of this kind generally consist of three loudspeakers L (left), C (center) and R (right) which are typically arranged in front of the user, and two loudspeakers Ls and Rs which are arranged behind the user, and typically one LFE-channel which is also referred to as low-frequency effect channel or subwoofer. Such a channel scenario is indicated in
Such a multi-channel system exhibits several advantages compared to a typical stereo reproduction which is a two-channel reproduction, as is exemplarily shown in
Even outside the optimum central hearing position, improved stability of the front hearing experience, which is also referred to as “front image”, results due to the center channel. The result is a greater “sweet spot”, “sweet spot” representing the optimum hearing position.
Additionally, the listener is provided with an improved experience of “delving into” the audio scene, due to the two back loudspeakers Ls and Rs.
Nevertheless, there is a huge amount of audio material, which users own or is generally available, which only exists as stereo material, i.e. only includes two channels, namely the left channel and the right channel. Compact discs are typical sound carriers for stereo pieces of this kind.
The ITU recommends two options for playing stereo material of this kind using 5.1 multi-channel audio equipment.
This first option is playing the left and right channels using the left and right loudspeakers of the multi-channel reproduction system. However, this solution is of disadvantage in that the plurality of loudspeakers already there is not made use of, which means that the center loudspeaker and the two back loudspeakers present are not made use of advantageously.
Another option is converting the two channels into a multi-channel signal. This may be done during reproduction or by special pre-processing, which advantageously makes use of all six loudspeakers of the 5.1 reproduction system exemplarily present and thus results in an improved hearing experience when two channels are upmixed to five or six channels in an error-free manner.
Only then will the second option, i.e. using all the loudspeakers of the multi-channel system, be of advantage compared to the first solution, i.e. when there are no upmixing errors. Upmixing errors of this kind may be particularly disturbing when signals for the back loudspeakers, which are also known as ambience signals, cannot be generated in an error-free manner.
One way of performing this so-called upmixing process is known under the key word “direct ambience concept”. The direct sound sources are reproduced by the three front channels such that they are perceived by the user to be at the same position as in the original two-channel version. The original two-channel version is illustrated schematically in
b shows an upmixed version of the concept wherein all the original sound sources, i.e. the drum instruments, are reproduced by the three front loudspeakers L, C and R, wherein additionally special ambience signals are output by the two back loudspeakers. The term “direct sound source” is thus used for describing a tone coming only and directly from a discrete sound source, such as, for example, a drum instrument or another instrument, or generally a special audio object, as is exemplarily illustrated in
Another alternative concept which is referred to as the “in-the-band” concept is illustrated schematically in
The expert publication “C. Avendano and J. M. Jot: “Ambience Extraction and Synthesis from Stereo Signals for Multichannel Audio Upmix”, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP 02, Orlando, Fla., May 2002” discloses a frequency domain technique of identifying and extracting ambience information in stereo audio signals. This concept is based on calculating an inter-channel coherency and a non-linear mapping function which is to allow determining time-frequency regions in the stereo signal which mainly consists of ambience components. Ambience signals are then synthesized and used for storing the back channels or “surround” channels Ls, Rs (
In the expert publication “R. Irwan and Ronald M. Aarts: “A method to convert stereo to multi-channel sound”, The proceedings of the AES 19th International Conference, Schloss Elmau, Germany, Jun. 21-24, pages 139-143, 2001”, a method for converting a stereo signal to a multi-channel signal is presented. The signal for the surround channels is calculated using a cross-correlation technique. A principle component analysis (PCA) is used for calculating a vector indicating a direction of the dominant signal. This vector is then mapped from a two-channel representation to a three-channel-representation in order to generate the three front channels.
All known techniques try in different manners to extract the ambience signals from the original stereo signals or even synthesize same from noise or further information, wherein information which are not in the stereo signal may be used for synthesizing the ambience signals. However, in the end, this is all about extracting information from the stereo signal and/or feeding into a reproduction scenario information which are not present in an explicit form since typically only a two-channel stereo signal and, maybe, additional information and/or meta-information are available.
Subsequently, further known upmixing methods operating without control parameters will be detailed. Upmixing methods of this kind are also referred to as blind upmixing methods.
Most techniques of this kind for generating a so-called pseudo-stereophony signal from a mono-channel (i.e. a 1-to-2 upmix) are not signal-adaptive. This means that they will process a mono-signal in the same manner irrespective of which content is contained in the mono-signal. Systems of this kind frequently operate using simple filtering structures and/or time delays in order to decorrelate the signals generated, exemplarily by processing the one-channel input signal by a pair of so-called complementary comb filters, as is described in M. Schroeder, “An artificial stereophonic effect obtained from using a single signal”, JAES, 1957. Another overview of systems of this kind can be found in C. Faller, “pseudo stereophony revisited”, Proceedings of the AES 118th Convention, 2005.
Additionally, there is the technique of ambience signal extraction using a non-negative matrix factorization, in particular in the context of a 1-to-N upmix, N being greater than two. Here, a time-frequency distribution (TFD) of the input signal is calculated, exemplarily by means of a short-time Fourier transform. An estimated value of the TFD of the direct signal components is derived by means of a numerical optimizing method which is referred to as non-negative matrix factorization. An estimated value for the TFD of the ambience signal is determined by calculating the difference of the TFD of the input signal and the estimated value of the TFD for the direct signal. Re-synthesis or synthesis of the time signal of the ambience signal is performed using the phase spectrogram of the input signal. Additional post-processing is performed optionally in order to improve the hearing experience of the multi-channel signal generated. This method is described in detail by C. Uhle, A. Walther, O. Hellmuth and J. Herre in “Ambience separation from mono recordings using non-negative matrix factorization”, Proceedings of the AES 30th Conference 2007.
There are different techniques for upmixing stereo recordings. One technique is using matrix decoders. Matrix decoders are known under the key word Dolby Pro Logic II, DTS Neo: 6 or HarmanKardon/Lexicon Logic 7 and contained in nearly every audio/video receiver sold nowadays. As a byproduct of their intended functionality, these methods are also able to perform blind upmixing. These decoders use inter-channel differences and signal-adaptive control mechanisms for generating multi-channel output signals.
As has already been discussed, frequency domain techniques as described by Avendano and Jot are used for identifying and extracting the ambience information in stereo audio signals. This method is based on calculating an inter-channel coherency index and a non-linear mapping function, thereby allowing determining the time-frequency regions which consist mostly of ambience signal components. The ambience signals are then synthesized and used for feeding the surround channels of the multi-channel reproduction system.
One component of the direct/ambience upmixing process is extracting an ambience signal which is fed into the two back channels Ls, Rs. There are certain requirements to a signal in order for it to be used as an ambience-time signal in the context of a direct/ambience upmixing process. One prerequisite is that relevant parts of the direct sound sources should not be audible in order for the listener to be able to localize the direct sound sources safely as being in front. This will be of particular importance when the audio signal contains speech or one or several distinguishable speakers. Speech signals which are, in contrast, generated by a crowd of people do not have to be disturbing for the listener when they are not localized in front of the listener.
If a special amount of speech components was to be reproduced by the back channels, this would result in the position of the speaker or of the few speakers to be placed from the front to the back or in a certain distance to the user or even behind the user, which results in a very disturbing sound experience. In particular, in a case in which audio and video material are presented at the same time, such as, for example, in a movie theater, such an experience is particularly disturbing.
One basic prerequisite for the tone signal of a movie (of a sound track) is for the hearing experience to be in conformity with the experience generated by the pictures. Audible hints as to localization thus should not be contrary to visible hints as to localization. Consequently, when a speaker is to be seen on the screen, the corresponding speech should also be placed in front of the user.
The same applies for all other audio signals, i.e. this is not limited to situations, wherein audio signals and video signals are presented at the same time. Other audio signals of this kind are, for example, broadcasting signals or audio books. A listener is used to speech being generated by the front channels and would probably, when all of a sudden speech was to come from the back channels, turn around to restore his conventional experience.
In order to improve the quality of the ambience signals, the German patent application DE 102006017280.9-55 suggests subjecting an ambience signal once extracted to a transient detection and causing transient suppression without considerable losses in energy in the ambience signal. Signal substitution is performed here in order to substitute regions including transients by corresponding signals without transients, however, having approximately the same energy.
The AES Convention Paper “Descriptor-based spatialization”, J. Monceaux, F. Pachet et al., May 28-31, 2005, Barcelona, Spain, discloses a descriptor-based spatialization wherein detected speech is to be attenuated on the basis of extracted descriptors by switching only the center channel to be mute. A speech extractor is employed here. Action and transient times are used for smoothing modifications of the output signal. Thus, a multi-channel soundtrack without speech may be extracted from a movie. When a certain stereo reverberation characteristic is present in the original stereo downmix signal, this results in an upmixing tool to distribute this reverberation to every channel except for the center channel so that reverberation can be heard. In order to prevent this, dynamic level control is performed for L, R, Ls and Rs in order to attenuate reverberation of a voice.
According to an embodiment, a device for generating a multi-channel signal having a number of output channel signals greater than a number of input channel signals of an input signal, the number of input channel signals equaling one or greater, may have: an upmixer for upmixing the input signal having a speech portion in order to provide at least a direct channel signal and at least an ambience channel signal having a speech portion; a speech detector for detecting a section of the input signal, the direct channel signal or the ambience channel signal in which the speech portion occurs; and a signal modifier for modifying a section of the ambience channel signal which corresponds to that section having been detected by the speech detector in order to obtain a modified ambience channel signal in which the speech portion is attenuated or eliminated, the section in the direct channel signal being attenuated to a lesser extent or not at all; and loudspeaker signal output means for outputting loudspeaker signals in a reproduction scheme using the direct channel and the modified ambience channel signal, the loudspeaker signals being the output channel signals.
According to another embodiment, a method for generating a multi-channel signal having a number of output channel signals greater than a number of input channel signals of an input signal, the number of input channel signals equaling one or greater, may have the ste
of: upmixing the input signal to provide at least a direct channel signal and at least an ambience channel signal; detecting a section of the input signal, the direct channel signal or the ambience channel signal in which a speech portion occurs; and modifying a section of the ambience channel signal which corresponds to that section having been detected in the step of detecting in order to obtain a modified ambience channel signal in which the speech portion is attenuated or eliminated, the section in the direct channel signal being attenuated to a lesser extent or not at all; and outputting loudspeaker signals in a reproduction scheme using the direct channel and the modified ambience channel signal, the loudspeaker signals being the output channel signals.
Another embodiment may have a computer program having a program code for executing the method for generating a multi-channel signal as mentioned above, when the program code runs on a computer.
The present invention is based on the finding that speech components in the back channels, i.e. in the ambience channels, are suppressed in order for the back channels to be free from speech components. An input signal having one or several channels is upmixed to provide a direct signal channel and to provide an ambience signal channel or, depending on the implementation, the modified ambience signal channel already. A speech detector is provided for searching for speech components in the input signal, the direct channel or the ambience channel, wherein speech components of this kind may exemplarily occur in temporal and/or frequency portions or also in components of orthogonal resolution. A signal modifier is provided for modifying the direct signal generated by the upmixer or a copy of the input signal so as to suppress the speech signal components there, whereas the direct signal components are attenuated to a lesser extent or not at all in the corresponding portions which include speech signal components. Such a modified ambience channel signal is then used for generating loudspeaker signals for corresponding loudspeakers.
However, when the input signal has been modified, the ambience signal generated by the upmixer is used directly, since the speech components are suppressed there already, since the underlying audio signal, too, did have suppressed speech components. In this case, however, when the upmixing process also generates a direct channel, the direct channel is not calculated on the basis of the modified input signal, but on the basis of the unmodified input signal, in order to achieve the speech components to be suppressed selectively, only in the ambience channel, but not in the direct channel where the speech components are explicitly desired.
This prevents reproduction of speech components to take place in the back channels or ambience signal channels, which would otherwise disturb or even confuse the listener. Consequently, the invention ensures dialogs and other speech understandable by a listener, i.e. which is of a spectral characteristic typical of speech, to be placed in front of the listener.
The same requirements also apply for the in-band concept, wherein it is also desirable for direct signals not to be placed in the back channels, but in front of the listener and, maybe, laterally from the listener, but not behind the listener, as is shown in
In accordance with the invention, signal-dependent processing is performed in order to remove or suppress the speech components in the back channels or in the ambience signal. Two basic ste
are performed here, namely detecting speech occurring and suppressing speech, wherein detecting speech occurring may be performed in the input signal, in the direct channel or in the ambience channel, and wherein suppressing speech may be performed directly in the ambience channel or indirectly in the input signal which will then be used for generating the ambience channel, wherein this modified input signal is not used for generating the direct channel.
The invention thus achieves that when a multi-channel surround signal is generated from an audio signal having fewer channels, the signal containing speech components, it is ensured that the resulting signals for the, from the user's point of view, back channels include a minimum amount of speech in order to retain the original tone-image in front of the user (front-image). When a special amount of speech components was to be reproduced by the back channels, the speaker's position would be positioned outside the front region, anywhere between the listener and the front loudspeakers or, in extreme cases, even behind the listener. This would result in a very disturbing sound experience, in particular when the audio signals are presented simultaneously with visual signals, as is, for example, the case in movies. Thus, many multi-channel movie sound tracks hardly contain any speech components in the back channels. In accordance with the invention, speech signal components are detected and suppressed where appropriate.
Other elements, features, steps, characteristics and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments with reference to the attached drawings.
Embodiments of the present invention will be detailed subsequently referring to the appended drawings, in which:
a shows a stereo reproduction scenario including direct sources (drum instruments) and diffuse components;
b shows a multi-channel reproduction scenario wherein all the direct sound sources are reproduced by the front channels and diffuse components are reproduced by all the channels, this scenario also being referred to as direct ambience concept;
c shows a multi-channel reproduction scenario wherein discrete sound sources can also at least partly be reproduced by the back channels, and wherein ambience channels are not reproduced by the back loudspeakers or to a lesser extent than in
a shows another embodiment including speech detection in the ambience channel and modification of the ambience channel;
b shows an embodiment including speech detection in the input signal and modification of the ambience channel;
c shows an embodiment including speech detection in the input signal and modification of the input signal;
d shows another embodiment including speech detection in the input signal and modification in the ambience signal, the modification being tuned specially to speech;
The device shown in
With a quantitative measure, a speech characteristic is quantized using a numerical value and this numerical value is compared to a threshold. With a qualitative measure, a decision is made per section, wherein the decision may be made relative to one or several decision criteria. Decision criteria of this kind may exemplarily be different quantitative characteristics which may be compared among one another/weighted or processed somehow in order to arrive at a yes/no decision.
The device shown in
The signal modifier is implemented to modify sections of the at least one ambience channel or the input signal, wherein these sections may exemplarily be temporal or frequency sections or portions of an orthogonal resolution. In particular, the sections corresponding to the sections having been detected by the speech detector are modified such that the signal modifier, as has been illustrated, generates the modified ambience channel 21 or the modified input signal 20b in which a speech portion is attenuated or eliminated, wherein the speech portion has been attenuated to a lesser extent or, optionally, not at all in the corresponding section of the direct channel.
In addition, the device shown in
When exemplarily two modified ambience channels 21 are provided, these two modified ambience channels could be fed directly into the two loudspeaker signals Ls, Rs, whereas the direct channels are fed only into the three front loudspeakers L, R, C, so that a complete division has taken place between ambience signal components and direct signal components. The direct signal components will then all be in front of the user and the ambience signal components will all be behind the user. Alternatively, ambience signal components may also be introduced into the front channels at smaller a percentage typically so that the result will be the direct/ambience scenario shown in
When, however, the in-band scenario is used, ambience signal components will also mainly be output by the front loudspeakers, such as, for example, L, R, C, wherein direct signal components, however, may also be fed at least partly into the two back loudspeakers Ls, Rs. In order to be able to place the two direct signal sources 1100 and 1102 in
Alternatively, an orthogonal resolution may also be performed, such as, for example, by means of a principle component analysis, wherein in this case the same component distribution will be used, both in the ambience channel or input signal and in the analysis signal. Certain components having been detected in the analysis signal as speech components are attenuated or suppressed completely or eliminated in the ambience channel or input signal. Depending on the implementation, a section will be detected in the analysis signal, this section not being processed in the analysis signal but, maybe, also in another signal.
Alternatively, when the signal modifier subjects the input signal to speech suppression, the upmixer 14 may in a way operate twice in order to extract the direct channel component on the basis of the original input signal on the one hand, but also to extract the modified ambience channel 16′ on the basis of the modified input signal 20b. The same upmixing algorithm would occur twice, however, using a respective other input signal, wherein the speech component is attenuated in the one input signal and the speech component is not attenuated in the other input signal.
Depending on the implementation, the ambience channel modifier exhibits a functionality of broad-band attenuation or a functionality of high-pass filtering, as will be explained subsequently.
Subsequently, different implementations of the inventive device will be explained referring to
In
b shows a configuration which differs from
In
In the configuration shown in
The functionality of the speech detector 18 will be detailed below. The object of speech detection is analyzing a mixture of audio signals in order to estimate a probability of speech being present. The input signal may be a signal which may be assembled of a plurality of different types of audio signals, exemplarily of a music signal, of noise or of special tone effects as are known from movies. One way of detecting speech is employing a pattern recognition system. Pattern recognition means analyzing raw data and performing special processing based on a category of a pattern which has been discovered in the raw data. In particular, the term “pattern” describes an underlying similarity to be found between measurements of objects of equal categories (classes). The basic operations of a pattern recognition system are detection, i.e. recording of data using a converter, preprocessing, extraction of features and classification, wherein these basic operations may be performed in the order indicated.
Usually, microphones are employed as sensors for a speech detection system. Preparation may be A/D conversion, resampling or noise reduction. Extracting features means calculating characteristic features for each object from the measurements. The features are selected such that they are similar among objects of the same class, i.e. such that good intra-class compactness is achieved and such that these are different for objects of different classes, so that inter-class separability can be achieved. A third requirement is that the features should be robust relative to noise, ambience conditions and transformations of the input signal irrelevant for human perception. Extracting the characteristics may be divided into two separate stages. The first stage is calculating the features and the second stage is projecting or transforming the features onto a generally orthogonal basis in order to minimize a correlation between characteristic vectors and reduce dimensionality of features by not using elements of low energy.
Classification is the process of deciding whether there is speech or not, based on the extracted features and a trained classifier. The following equation be given:
ΩXY={(x1,y1), . . . , (xl,yl)},xiεRn,yεY={1, . . . c}
In the above equation, a quantity of training vectors Ωxy is defined, feature vectors being referred to by xi and the set of classes by Y. This means that for basic speech detection, Y has two values, namely {speech, non-speech}.
In the training phase, the features xy are calculated from designated data, i.e. audio signals of which is known which class y they belong to. After finishing training, the classifier has learned the features of all classes.
In the phase of applying the classifier, the features are calculated and projected from the unknown data, like in the training phase, and classified by the classifier based on the knowledge on the features of the classes, as learned in training.
Special implementations of speech suppression, as may exemplarily be performed by the signal modifier 20, will be detailed below. Thus, different methods may be employed for suppressing speech in an audio signal. There are methods which are not known from the field of speech amplification and noise reduction for communication applications. Originally, speech amplification methods were used to amplify speech in a mixture of speech and background noise. Methods of this kind may be modified so as to cause the contrary, namely suppressing speech, as is performed for the present invention.
There are solution approaches for speech amplification and noise reduction which attenuate or amplify the coefficients of a time/frequency representation in accordance with an estimated value of the degree of noise contained in such a time/frequency coefficient. When no additional information on background noise are known, such as, for example, a-priori information or information measured by a special noise sensor, a time/frequency representation is obtained from a noise-infested measurement, exemplarily using special minimum statistics methods. A noise suppression rule calculates an attenuation factor using the estimated noise value. This principle is known as short-term spectral attenuation or spectral weighting, as is exemplarily known from G. Schmid, “Single-channel noise suppression based on spectral weighting”, Eurasip Newsletter 2004. Spectral subtraction, Wiener-Filtering and the Ephraim-Malah algorithm are signal processing methods operating in accordance with the short-time spectral attenuation (STSA) principle. A more general formulation of the STSA approach results in a signal subspace method, which is also known as reduced-rank method and described in P. Hansen and S. Jensen, “Fir filter representation of reduced-rank noise reduction”, IEEE TSP, 1998.
In principle, all the methods which amplify speech or suppress non-speech components may, in a reversed manner of usage with regard to the known usage thereof, be used to suppress speech and/or amplify non-speech. The general model of speech amplification or noise suppression is the fact that the input signal is a mixture of a desired signal (speech) and the background noise (non-speech). Suppressing the speech is, for example, achieved by inverting the attenuation factors in an STSA-based method or by exchanging the definitions of the desired signal and the background noise.
However, an important requirement in speech suppression is that, with regard to the context of upmixing, the resulting audio signal is perceived as an audio signal of high audio quality. One knows that speech improvement methods and noise reduction methods introduce audible artifacts into the output signal. An example of artifacts of this kind is known as music noise or music tones and results from an error-prone estimation of noise floors and varying sub-band attenuation factors.
Alternatively, blind source separation methods may also be used for separating the speech signal portions from the ambient signal and for subsequently manipulating these separately.
However, certain methods, which are detailed subsequently, are advantageous for the special requirement of generating high-quality audio signals, due to the fact that, compared to other methods, they do considerably better. One method is broad-band attenuation, as is indicated in
An alternative method which is also indicated in
Another implementation is sinusoidal signal modeling, which is illustrated referring to
This sinusoidal signal modeling is frequently employed for tone synthesis, audio encoding, source separation, tone manipulation and noise suppression. A signal is represented here as an assembly made of sinusoidal waves of time-varying amplitudes and frequencies. Voiced speech signal components are manipulated by identifying and modifying the partial tones, i.e. the fundamental wave and the harmonics thereof.
The partial tones are identified by means of a partial tone finder, as is illustrated at 41. Typically, partial tone finding is performed in the time/frequency domain. A spectrogram is done by means of a short-term Fourier transform, as is indicated at 42. Local maximums are detected in each spectrum of the spectrogram and trajectories are determined by local maximums of neighboring spectra. Estimating the fundamental frequency may support the peak picking process, this estimation of the fundamental frequency being performed at 40. A sinusoidal signal representation may then be obtained from the trajectories. It is to be pointed out that the order between ste
40, 41 and step 42 may also be varied such that to-transformation 42, which is performed in the speech analyzer 30 in
Different developments of deriving a sinusoidal signal representation have been suggested. A multi-resolution processing approach for noise reduction is illustrated in D. Andersen and M. Clements, “Audio signal noise reduction using multi-resolution sinusoidal modeling”, Proceedings of ICASSP 1999. An iterative process for deriving the sinusoidal representation has been presented in J. Jensen and J. Hansen, “Speech enhancement using a constrained iterative sinusoidal model”, IEEE TSAP 2001.
Using the sinusoidal signal representation, an improved speech signal is obtained by amplifying the sinusoidal component. The inventive speech suppression, however, aims at achieving the contrary, namely suppressing the partial tones, the partial tones including the fundamental wave and the harmonics thereof, for a speech segment including voiced speech. Typically, speech components of high energy are of a tonal nature. Thus, speech is at a level of 60-75 decibel for vocals and roughly 20-30 decibels lower for consonants. Exciting a periodic pulse-type signal is for voiced speech (vocals). The excitation signal is filtered by the vocal tract. Consequently, nearly all the energy of a voiced speech segment is concentrated in the fundamental wave and the harmonics thereof. When suppressing these partial tones, speech components are suppressed significantly.
Another way of achieving speech suppression is illustrated in
The audio signal is broken down in a number of frequency bands using a filterbank or a short-term Fourier transform, as is illustrated in
It is to be pointed out that, depending on the implementation, low-level features need not be used, but any features, such as, for example, energy features etc., which are then combined in a combiner in accordance with the implementation of
Depending on the circumstances, the inventive method may be implemented in either hardware or software. The implementation may be on a digital storage medium, in particular on a disc or CD having control signals which may be read out electronically, which can cooperate with a programmable computer system so as to execute the method. Generally, the invention thus also is in a computer program product comprising a program code, stored on a machine-readable carrier, for performing the inventive method when the computer program product runs on a computer. Expressed differently, the invention may thus be realized as a computer program having a program code for performing the method when the computer program runs on a computer.
While this invention has been described in terms of several embodiments, there are alterations, permutations, and equivalents which fall within the scope of this invention. It should also be noted that there are many alternative ways of implementing the methods and compositions of the present invention. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims be interpreted as including all such alterations, permutations, and equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 2007 048 973 | Oct 2007 | DE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2008/008324 | 10/1/2008 | WO | 00 | 4/15/2010 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2009/049773 | 4/23/2009 | WO | A |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20100232619 A1 | Sep 2010 | US |
