Patent Application
20210251055
This invention relates to a levitation melting method and an apparatus for producing cast bodies with tilted induction units. In this method, induction units are employed in which the respectively opposing ferrite poles with the induction coils are not arranged lying within a plane, but tilted at a predetermined angle to the levitation plane. In this way, an increase in efficiency of the induced magnetic field for melting the batches can be achieved with the induction units. By the tilted arrangement, the portion of the induced magnetic field that effectively contributes to the holding force of the field for levitation of the melt is increased.
Levitation melting methods are known from the state of the art. DE 422 004 A thus already reveals a melting method in which the conductive material to be melted is heated by inductive currents and at the same time kept freely levitating by electrodynamic action. A casting method is also described there, in which the molten material is pressed into a mould, conveyed by a magnet (electrodynamic pressed casting). The method can be carried out in vacuum.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,686,864 A also describes a method in which a conductive material to be melted is put into a levitation state e.g. in a vacuum under the influence of one or more coils without the use of a crucible. In one embodiment, two coaxial coils are used to stabilize the material in levitation. After melting, the material is dropped or cast into a mould. The method described there made it possible to keep a 60 g aluminium portion levitating. The removal of the molten metal occurs by reduction of the field strength so that the melt escapes downwards through the conically tapered coil. If the field strength is reduced very quickly, the metal falls out of the apparatus in a molten state. It has already been recognised that the “weak spot” of such coil arrangements is in the center of the coils so that the amount of material that can be melted this way is limited.
Also U.S. Pat. No. 4,578,552 A reveals an apparatus and a method for levitation melting. The same coil is used for both heating and holding the melt, varying the frequency of the alternating current applied for controlling the heating power while keeping the current constant.
The particular advantages of levitation melting are that it avoids contamination of the melt by a crucible material or other materials that come into contact with the melt during other methods. The reaction of a reactive melt, for example titanium alloys, with the crucible material is also prevented, which would otherwise force to switch from ceramic crucibles to copper crucibles operated in the cold crucible method. The levitating melt is only in contact with the surrounding atmosphere, which can be vacuum or inert gas, for example. As there is no need to fear a chemical reaction with a crucible material, the melt can also be heated to very high temperatures. In contrast to cold crucible melting, there is also no problem that its effectiveness is very low because almost all the energy that is introduced into the melt is diverted into the cooled crucible wall, which leads to a very slow rise in temperature with high power input. In levitation melting, the only losses are due to radiation and evaporation which are considerably lower compared to thermal conduction in the cold crucible. Thus, with a lower power input, a greater overheating of the melt is achieved in an even shorter time.
In addition, the scrap of contaminated material during levitation melting is reduced, especially in comparison to the melt in the cold crucible. Nevertheless, levitation melting has not become established in practice. The reason for this is that in the levitation melting method only a relatively small amount of molten material can be kept in levitation (see DE 696 17 103 T2, page 2, paragraph 1).
Furthermore, for performing a levitation melting method, the Lorentz force of the coil field must compensate for the weight force of the batch in order to keep it levitating. It pushes the batch upwards out of the coil field. For increasing the efficiency of the generated magnetic field, a reduction of the distance between the opposed ferrite poles is usually aimed at. The distance reduction allows to generate the same magnetic field at lower voltage as is required to hold a determined melt weight. In this way, the holding efficiency of the plant can be improved in order to let a larger batch levitate.
The smaller the distance of the ferrite poles, the greater the induced magnetic field. However, the risk of contamination of the ferrite poles and of the induction coils with the melt increases with decreasing distance, since the field strength for the casting must be reduced. This not only reduces the holding force in the vertical direction, but also in the horizontal direction. This results in a horizontal expansion of the levitating melt slightly above the coil field, which makes it extremely difficult to let it fall through the narrow gap between the ferrite poles into the casting mould positioned below without touching it. Therefore, increasing the carrying capacity of the coil field by reducing the distance of the ferrite poles is a practical limit determined by the contact probability.
The disadvantages of the methods known from the state of the art can be summarized as follows. Full levitation melting methods can only be performed with small amounts of material so that industrial application has not yet occurred. Furthermore, casting in casting moulds is difficult in the event that the efficiency of the coil field in the generation of eddy currents is to be increased by reducing the distance of the ferrite poles.
Objective
It is therefore an objective of the present invention to provide a method and an apparatus which enable the economic use of levitation melting. In particular, the method should allow the use of larger batches by an improved efficiency of the coil field. In addition, it should enable a high throughput by shortened cycle times while ensuring that the casting process furthermore occurs safely without the melt coming into contact with the coils or their poles.
The objective is solved by the method according to the invention and the apparatus according to the invention. According to the invention is a method for producing cast bodies from an electrically conductive material by a levitation melting method, wherein alternating electromagnetic fields are employed for causing the levitation state of a batch, said alternating electromagnetic fields being generated with at least one pair of opposing induction coils with a core of a ferromagnetic material, comprising the following steps:
wherein the longitudinal axes of the induction coils (3) with their cores (4) are in at least one pair not arranged within a horizontal plane.
The volume of the molten batch is preferably sufficient to fill the casting mould to a level sufficient for the production of a cast body (“filling volume”). After filling the casting mould, it is allowed to cool or cooled with coolant so that the material solidifies in the mould. The cast body can afterwards be removed from the mould.
A “conductive material” is according to the invention understood to be a material which has a suitable conductivity in order to inductively heat the material and keeping it in levitation.
A “levitation state” is according to the invention understood as a state of complete levitation so that the treated batch has no contact whatsoever with a crucible or platform or the like.
The term “ferrite pole” is used synonymously with the term “core of ferromagnetic material” in this application. Likewise, the terms “coil” and “induction coil” are employed synonymously side by side.
According to the invention, the longitudinal axes of the induction coils with their cores are in at least one pair not arranged within a horizontal plane. In this case, the induction coils are arranged tilted downwards from the levitation plane. Preferably, the angle β between the longitudinal axes of the induction coils with their cores and the horizontal plane in at least one pair is 0°<β≤60°, especially preferred 10°≤β≤45°.
With the usual alignment of the axes of the induction coils in a common horizontal plane, the magnetic flux in absence of a batch in the magnetic field above and below the plane is identical. However, the magnetic flux below the plane makes almost no contribution to the holding force of the magnetic field during levitation of a batch. Due to the A-shaped arrangement of the coil axes according to the invention it is achieved to increase the holding force of the field as by this the magnetic flux above the plane is increased.
In a preferred design variant, the induction coils and/or their cores of a ferromagnetic material at least in parts have a frustoconical or conical shape. The special conical shape of the ferrite cores is designed in such a way that the concentration of the magnetic field is maximized in the space between the opposing pairs of coils, although the material still remains far from saturation. A ferromagnetic element (ferrite ring) arranged on the outside around the cores of ferromagnetic material, which is described in more detail below, separates the magnetic flux, which would otherwise reduce the magnetic field in the space.
The induction coils are arranged in pairs which are operated at the same frequency and generate a magnetic field in the same direction. Similar to the poles, their conical shape is optimised to minimise Joule heat losses in order to increase efficiency. On the other hand, they are designed for optimum distribution of the magnetic field below the melt, which ensures levitation, and of the magnetic fields above and to the side of the melt, which counteract levitation but ensure the shape stability of the melt.
In addition, the induction coils can also be positioned even closer to each other so that the distance between the opposite poles is smaller, which leads to a further increase in magnetic field induction at the underside of the levitating batch and thus to a more efficient melting process.
By moving the induction coil pairs closer together, the efficiency of the generated alternating electromagnetic field can be still further increased. This makes it possible to make even heavier batches levitate. However, when casting a batch, the risk of touching the molten batch with the coils or ferrite poles increases with decreasing free cross-section between the coils. However, such impurities must be strictly avoided, as they are difficult and time-consuming to remove and therefore result in a prolonged downtime of the plant. In order to be able to exploit the advantages of the narrower distance of the pairs of induction coils as far as possible, without having to accept the risk of impurities during casting, in a particularly preferred design variant the induction coils with their cores are movably mounted in at least one pair, respectively. Preferably, the coils of a pair move counter-rotating centrosymmetrically around the center of the induction coil arrangement.
To melt the batch, the coils are pushed together into the melting position. Once the batch has melted and is to be cast into the casting mould, the coils are not simply switched off or the current is reduced, as is customary in the state of the art, but, according to the invention, are moved outwards to a casting position. This increases the distance between the coils, which on the one hand creates a larger free diameter for the melt on its way into the casting mould and on the other hand reduces the carrying capacity of the induced magnetic field continuously and in a controlled manner. In this way, the melt is held safely away from the induction coils and their cores as it passes through the coil plane and only slowly passes into the fall because the field is already weakened in the center but is still strong enough at the coils to prevent contact. This prevents contamination of the coils as well as ensures clean casting into the casting mould without spraying.
In another embodiment of the invention, the movement vectors of the induction coils in the pairs of induction coils are not identical to their longitudinal axes. In the case of coil arrangements tilted out of the horizontal plane, the coils are not separated from each other along their longitudinal axis, but the tilted coils are shifted within the horizontal plane. Thus the magnetic field plane for levitation remains in the same vertical position even when casting the batch.
In a preferred design variant of the invention, during casting of the batch, simultaneously with the movement of the induction coils in the pairs of induction coils from the melting position to the casting position, the current intensity in these induction coils is reduced. This makes it possible to realize a reduction of the required displacement path of the induction coils since the induced magnetic field is no longer only reduced by the greater distance between the inducing coils. However, it must be ensured that the reduction of the current strength is coordinated with the displacement of the coils such that the field strength is always sufficiently high to keep the melt away from the coils.
In one embodiment, the distance of the induction coils in the pairs of induction coils is increased from the melting position to the casting position by 5-100 mm, preferably 10-50 mm. When determining the displacement path, the batch weights for which the plant is to be designed and the minimum distance between the coils and the field strength that can be generated with them must be taken into account.
The electrically conductive material used according to the invention has, in a preferred embodiment, at least one high-melting metal from the following group: titanium, zirconium, vanadium, tantalum, tungsten, hafnium, niobium, rhenium, molybdenum. Alternatively, a less high-melting metal such as nickel, iron, or aluminium can also be employed. A mixture or alloy with one or more of the above metals can also be employed as a conductive material. Preferably the metal has a proportion of at least 50% by weight, in particular at least 60% by weight or at least 70% by weight of the conductive material. It has been shown that these metals particularly benefit from the advantages of the present invention. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the conductive material is titanium or a titanium alloy, in particular TiAl or TiAlV.
These metals or alloys can be processed in a particularly advantageous way as they have a pronounced dependence of viscosity on temperature and are also particularly reactive, especially with regard to the materials of the casting mould. Since the method according to the invention combines contactless melting in levitation with extremely fast filling of the casting mould, a particular advantage can be realized for such metals. The method according to the invention can be used to produce cast bodies which exhibit a particularly thin or even no oxide layer at all from the reaction of the melt with the material of the casting mould. And especially in the case of high-melting metals, the improved utilization of the induced eddy current and the exorbitant reduction of heat losses due to thermal contact are noticeable with regard to the cycle times. Furthermore, the carrying capacity of the generated magnetic field can be increased so that heavier batches can also be kept in levitation.
In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the conductive material is superheated during melting to a temperature which is at least 10° C., at least 20° C., or at least 30° C. above the melting point of the material. By overheating, the material is prevented from solidifying instantly on contact with the casting mould, whose temperature is below the melting temperature. It is achieved that the batch can distribute in the casting mould before the viscosity of the material becomes too high. An advantage of levitation melting is that no crucible has to be used which is in contact with the melt. This avoids the high material loss of the cold crucible process on the crucible wall as well as contamination of the melt by crucible components. A further advantage is that the melt can be heated to a relatively high temperature since operation in vacuum or under protective gas is possible and there is no contact with reactive materials. Nevertheless, most materials cannot be overheated arbitrarily, as otherwise a violent reaction with the casting mould is to be feared. Therefore, overheating is preferably limited to a maximum of 300° C., in particular to a maximum of 200° C., and particularly preferably to a maximum of 100° C. above the melting point of the conductive material.
In the method, at least one ferromagnetic element is arranged horizontally around the area in which the batch is melted in order to concentrate the magnetic field and to stabilize the batch. The ferromagnetic element can be arranged annularly around the melting area, whereby “annularly” means not only circular elements, but also angular, in particular square or polygonal ring elements. In order to enable the movement of the induction coils according to the invention, the ring elements are divided into sub-segments according to the number of coils, between which the respective induction coils with their poles move in a form-fitting manner. The ferromagnetic element may also have several bar sections which protrude in particular horizontally in the direction of the melting area. The ferromagnetic element consists of a ferromagnetic material, preferably with an amplitude permeability μa>10, more preferably μa>50, and particularly preferably μa>100. Amplitude permeability refers in particular to permeability in a temperature range between 25° C. and 150° C. and at a magnetic flux density between 0 and 500 mT. The amplitude permeability amounts in particular at least one hundredth, and in particular at least 10 hundredth, or 25 hundredth of the amplitude permeability of soft magnetic ferrite (e.g. 3C92). The person skilled in the art knows suitable materials.
According to the invention, there is also an apparatus for levitation melting an electrically conductive material, comprising at least one pair of opposing induction coils with a core of a ferromagnetic material for causing the levitation state of a batch by means of alternating electromagnetic fields, wherein the longitudinal axes of the induction coils with their cores are in at least one pair not arranged within a horizontal plane.
The figures show preferred embodiments. They are for illustrative purposes only.
1 batch
2 casting mould
3 induction coil
4 ferromagnetic material
5 holder
6 filling section
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 2018 117 304.0 | Jul 2018 | DE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2019/068432 | 7/9/2019 | WO | 00 |
