Patent Grant
6985672
The present invention relates to methods and devices for the controlled heating, in particular of liquid samples in small channels that are present within a substrate.
There is a trend in the chemical and biochemical sciences towards miniaturization of systems for performing analytical tests and for carrying out synthetic reactions, where large numbers of reactions must be performed. For example in screening for new drugs as many as 100000 different compounds need to be tested for specificity by reacting with suitable reagents.
Another field is polynucleotide amplification, which has become a powerful tool in biochemical research and analysis, and the techniques therefor have been developed for numerous applications. One important development is the miniaturization of devices for this purpose, in order to be able to handle extremely small quantities of samples, and also in order to be able to carry out a large number of reactions simultaneously in a compact apparatus.
In most systems for the purposes indicated above (and others not mentioned) there would commonly be a need for heating the reagents in some stage of the procedure for carrying out the necessary reactions. Even more importantly there is also a need for maintaining the reaction temperature at a constant level during a desired period of time, i.e. to avoid variations in temperature across the channel part containing the reagents that have been heated (reactor volume).
Furthermore, in these miniaturized systems the temperature of the sample will essentially be determined by the temperature of the wall confining the sample. Thus, if the material constituting the wall leads away heat, there will be a temperature drop close to the wall, and a variation throughout the sample occurs.
There is also a problem with evaporation when heating small aliquots of liquids within micro channel structures. This problem can be solved by providing heating means in the form of a surface layer that is capable of absorbing light energy for transport into a selected area See WO 0146465 (
An alternative solution to the evaporation problem has been to carry out the steps involving elevated temperature (heating steps) within closed reaction volumes. This has required solving problems related the large pressure increase that typically is at hand when heating liquid aliquots without venting. If the process concerned is integrated into a sequence of reactions there is a demand for smart valving solutions.
In many of the prior art devices the substrate material has had a fairly high thermal conductivity which has permitted heating by ambient air or by separate heating elements in close association with the inner wall of the channel containing a liquid to be heated. Cooling has typically utilized ambient air. Recently it has become popular to manufacture micro channel structures in plastic material that typically has a low thermal conductivity. Due to the poor thermal conductivity, unfavorable temperature gradients may easily be formed within the selected area when this latter type of materials is used. These gradients may occur across the surface and downwards into the substrate material. The variation in temperature may be as high as 10° C. or more between the center of the area or region and its peripheral portions. If the light absorbing area is too small this variation will be reflected in the temperature profile within a selected area and also within the heated liquid aliquot. For many chemical and biochemical reactions such lack of uniformity can be detrimental to the result, and indeed render the reaction difficult to carry out with an accurate result.
Although the heating means according to WO 0146465 eliminates the evaporation and the pressure problem, it still suffers from the above-mentioned temperature variation across the sample. Such temperature variations are often detrimental to the outcome of a reaction and must be avoided.
Microfluidic platforms that can be rotated comprising heating elements have been described in WO 0078455 and WO 9853311. These platforms are intended for carrying out reactions at elevated temperature, for instance thermal cycling.
In view of the shortcomings of prior art systems, it would be desirable to have access to a device for performing chemical/biochemical reactions/analyses, such as but not limited to, polynucleotide amplification reactions, in which controlled heating of the reactants in a small reaction volume, e.g. a capillary, can be performed without causing the uncontrolled evaporation discussed above, and where the temperature can be maintained at a constant level throughout the reaction volume. The object of the invention is thus to accomplish a proper balance between influx of heat and cooling so that a liquid aliquot in a micro channel can be quickly heated and maintained at a uniform temperature for well defined time intervals.
The above indicated object can be achieved in accordance with the present invention by a method of controlled heating as claimed in claims 1–10, and a micro channel reactor system as claimed in claims 11–20. In further aspects the invention provides a heating structure, as claimed in claim 21–26, a rotatable disc as claimed in claims 27–29. In a preferred embodiment the system is implemented by employing a rotating microfluidic disc. Such devices employ centrifugal force to drive sample and reagent through the system of channels and reaction chambers. Spinning assists in establishing the proper heat balance to maintain a uniform temperature within the reactor.
In the context of the invention the term “selected area” means the selected surface area to be heated plus the underlying part of the substrate containing the reactor volume of one or more micro channels if not otherwise being clear from the particular context. The selected area contains substantially no other essential parts of the micro channels. The term “surface” will refer to the surface to be heated, e.g. the surface collecting the heating irradiation, if not otherwise indicated.
By the terms “heating structure”, “heating element structure” and “heating element” are meant a structure which is present in or on a selected area, or between the substrate and a radiation source, and which defines a pattern which (a) covers a selected area and (b) can be selectively heated by electromagnetic radiation or electricity, such as white or visible light or only IR, or by direct heating such as electricity. In this context the term “pattern” means (1) a continuous layer, or (2) a patterned layer comprising one or more distinct parts that are heated and one or more distinct parts that are not heated. (b) excludes that the pattern consists of only the part that is heated.
A preferred variant of a heating structure is given in claims 21–26.
The invention will now be described in detail with reference to the attached drawings.
a–d illustrates a prior art microfluidic disc;
a–b illustrates a prior art device with (a) a heating structure and (b) a temperature profile across the selected area during heating;
a–c illustrates the difference between (a) a prior art surface temperature profile and (b) a desired surface temperature profile according to the invention, and a typical temperature profile between the opposing surfaces of a selected area made of plastic material;
a–e exemplifies various micro channel structures to which the invention is applicable;
a–b illustrates a microfluidic disc and an embodiment of a heating element structure according to the invention;
a–b illustrates a further embodiment of a heating element structure and the obtainable temperature profile;
a–c illustrates still another embodiment of a reactor system and an inventive heating element structure and the obtainable temperature profile;
a–c is a further embodiment implemented for another geometry;
a–b are embodiments of a resistive heating element structure according to the invention; and
a–b illustrates means for controlling the flanks of the temperature profile.
For the purpose of this application the term “micro channel structure” as used herein shall be taken to mean one or more channels, optionally connecting to one or more enlarged portions forming chambers having a larger width than the channels themselves. The micro channel structure is provided beneath the surface of a flat substrate, e.g. a disc member.
The terms “micro format”, “micro channel” etc contemplate that the micro channel structure comprises one or more chambers/cavities and/or channels that have a depth and/or a width that is ≦103 μm preferably ≦102 μm. The volumes of micro cavities/micro chambers are typically ≦1000 nl, such as ≦500 nl or ≦100 nl or ≦50 nl. Chambers/cavities directly connected to inlet ports may be considerably larger, e.g. when they are intended for application of sample and/or washing liquids.
In the preferred variants volumes of the liquid aliquots used are very small, e.g. in the nanoliter range or smaller (≦1000 nl). This means that the spaces in which reactions, detections etc are going to take place often becomes more or less geometrically indistinguishable from the surrounding parts of a micro channel.
A reactor volume is the part of a micro channel in which the liquid aliquot to be heated is retained during a reaction at an elevated temperature. Typically reaction sequences requiring thermal cycling or otherwise elevated temperature take place in the reaction volume. The disc preferably is rotatable by which is meant that it has an axis of symmetry (Cn) perpendicular to the disc surface. n is an integer 3, 4, 5, 6 or larger . The preferred discs are circular, i.e. n=∞. A disc may comprise ≧10 such as ≧50 or ≧100 or ≧200 micro channels, each of which comprising a cavity for thermo cycling. In case of discs that can rotate, the micro channels may be arranged in one or more annular zones such that in each zone the cavities for thermo cycling are at the same radial distance. By the expressions “essentially uniform temperature profile” and “constant temperature” are meant that temperature variations within a selected area of the substrate are within such limits that a desired temperature sensitive reaction can be carried out without undue disturbances, and that a reproducible result is achievable. This typically means that within the reaction volume, the temperature varies at most 50%, such as at most 25% or at most 10% or 5% of the maximum temperature difference between the opposing surfaces of the selected area comprising the heated liquid aliquot. These permitted variations apply across a plane that is parallel to the surface and/or along the depth of the micro channel. The acceptable temperature variation may vary from one kind of reaction to another, although it is believed that the acceptable variation normally is within 10° C., such as within 5° C. or within 1° C.
The present invention suitably is implemented with micro channel structures for a rotating microfluidic disc of the kind, but not limited thereto, disclosed in WO 0146465, and in
The micro channel structures K7–K 12 according to this known device, shown in
The micro channels may be formed by micro-machining methods in which the micro-channels are micro-machined into the surface of the disc, and a cover plate, for example, a plastic film is adhered to the surface so as to close the channels. Another method that is possible is injection molding. The typical microfluidic disc D has a thicknes, which is much less than its diameter and is intended to be rotated around a central hole so that centrifugal force causes fluid arranged in the micro channels in the disc to flow towards the outer periphery of the disc. In the embodiment of the present invention shown in
Thus, liquid can flow from the inlet opening 3 via an entrance port 6 into a volume defining configuration 7 and from there into a first arm of a U-shaped chamber 10. The volume-defining configuration 7 is connected to a waste outlet for removing excess liquid, for example, radially extending waste channel 8 which waste channel 8 is preferably connected to the annular outer waste channel 2. The waste channel 8 preferably has a vent 9 that opens into open air via the top surface of the disk. Vent 9 is situated at the part of the waste channel 8 that is closest to the centre of the disc and prevents fluid in the waste channel 8 from being sucked back into the volume-defining configuration 7.
The chamber 10 has a first, inlet arm 10a connected at its lower end to a base 10c, which is also connected to the lower end of a second, outlet arm 10b. The chamber 10 may have sections I, II, III, IV which have different depths, for example each section could be shallower than the preceding section in the direction towards the outlet end, or alternatively sections I and III could be shallower than sections II and IV, or vice versa A restricted waste outlet 11, i.e. a narrow waste channel is provided between the chamber 10 and the waste chamber 4. This makes the resistance to liquid flow through the chamber 10 greater than the resistance to liquid flow through the path that goes through volume-defining configuration 7 and waste channel 8.
By introducing a well defined volume of sample that will just about fill one U shaped volume of this configuration, it will be possible to confine this sample within the portion of the micro channel structure that is defined by said U, by spinning the disc, and thus impose a simulated gravity. If the spinning speed is sufficient, the force imposed will force the condensed droplets back into the reaction volume. If heating is applied locally and the material of the disc has a low thermal conductivity, for instance plastics, a steep decreasing temperature gradient will form between the heated and non-heated area. The upper part of the arms will act as a cooler and assist in counteracting evaporation. The need for securing evaporation losses by closing the system can be avoided. Thus, in fact the U shaped volume will be an effective reaction chamber for the purpose of thermal cycling, e.g. for performing polynucleotide amplification by thermal cycling.
The term “U-shaped” includes also other shapes in which the channel structure comprises a bent towards the periphery of the disc and two inwardly directed arms, for instance Y-shaped structures where the downward part is pointing towards the periphery of the disc and comprises a valve function that is closed while heating at least the lower part of the upwardly directed arms.
However, it is equally possible to use a micro channel structure without the above discussed U-configuration, namely by employing a straight, radially extending channel, but provided with a stop valve at the end closest to the disc circumference. A valve suitable for this purpose is disclosed in SE-9902474-7, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety.
Such a valve operates by using a plug of a material that is capable of changing its volume in response to some external stimulus, such as light, heat, radiation, magnetism etc. Thus, by introducing a sample in a capillary at a desired location, sealing the capillary at the outermost end position of the sample, and spinning the disc, the sample will be held in place, and uncontrolled evaporation during heating can be controlled in the same way as in the embodiment employing a U-configuration.
Also mechanical valves can be used in the variants mentioned above.
However, as indicated above, it is essential that a uniform temperature level can be maintained locally in the entire reaction volume preferably with a steep temperature gradient to the non-heated parts of the microfluidic substrate. Such controlled heating is conveniently performed by a heating system and method according to the present invention, embodiments of which will now be described in detail below. The heating system referred to in this paragraph may be based on contact heating or non-contact heating.
a shows a micro channel structure having a U configuration 20 provided on a microfluidic disc of the type discussed previously, which is covered by a light absorbing area 22 for the purpose of heating.
It would be possible to enlarge the area such that its periphery is located sufficiently remote from the channel structure that the bell shaped temperature profile is “flattened” out to an extent that there will be a more uniform temperature across the reactor volume. However, in the first place this would require too much surface around the channel structure to be covered by the light-absorbing layer, and since there is a desire to provide a very large number of channel structures close to each other, an enlarged area would occupy too much surface. Secondly, even if a very large area is provided the temperature profile would still exhibit a more or less clear bell shape, indicating non-uniform temperature over the channel structure defining the reaction volume.
In essence, it all comes down to enabling heating of a local area of a substrate containing a micro channel/chamber structure, in a controlled way, so as to achieve a uniform heating across the volume containing the liquid aliquot to be heated. This should be achieved at the same time as surrounding elements and materials should be as little affected as possible by the heating, i.e. preferably, areas immediately adjacent the heated region, e.g. comprising another part of the micro channel structure, should not be heated at all, in the ideal situation. It is of course desirable that the temperature is equal throughout the entire volume. In the case of the present invention implemented in small micro channels and heating at the surface closest to the micro channel, the inventive heating method and heating element structure, primarily ensures a uniform temperature level in the sense as defined above to be achieved across the surface of a selected area where the micro channel(s) is (are) located. The factual variations that may be at hand in the surface becomes smaller in any plane inside the selected area. The plane referred to is parallel with the surface. However, there will be a relatively large temperature drop through the thickness of the disc. This drop is typically of the order of 10° C. In spite of this, because the channel dimensions are so small, only about 1/10 of the thickness of the substrate, the temperature drop over the channel in this direction will be only about 1° C., which is acceptable for all practical purposes. This is illustrated in
When a disc is rotated, the frictional forces will drag air at the surface of the disc. Thus, the air near the disc will rotate in the same direction as the disc. The rotation of the air will result in centrifugal forces that will cause the air to flow radially.
The flowing air will have a cooling effect on the surface of the disc, and in fact it is possible to control the rate of cooling very accurately by controlling the speed of rotation, given that the air temperature is known. This effect is utilized in the present invention, and is a key factor for the success of the heating method and system according to the invention.
It would be possible to obtain the same effect if one uses controlled air flow from a fan or the like, where the cooling effect can be varied by varying the speed of the fan. This method could be used for stationary systems where the regions, e.g. comprising micro channel structures, to be cooled are made in e.g. a flat substrate, which is non-rotary.
Most plastic materials, in particular transparent plastic materials are non-absorbing with respect to visible light but not to infrared. For microfluidic discs made of transparent polymeric materials, illumination with visible light will cause only moderate heating (if any at all), since most of the energy is not absorbed. One possibility to convert visible light to heat in a defined area or volume (selected area) is to apply a light absorbing material at the location where heating is desired.
Thus, in order to transform light to heat, such light absorbing material must be provided at the position where heating is desired. This can conveniently be achieved by covering the position or region with e.g. black color by printing or painting. When illuminated, the light absorbing material will become warm, and heat is transferred to the substrate on which it is deposited. Between the various spots of light absorbing material there may be a material reflecting the irradiation used. An alternative for the same kind of substrates is to cover one of the substrate surfaces with a light absorbing material and illuminating this surface through a mask only permitting light to pass through holes in the mask that are aligned with the selected areas.
For substrates made in plastic material that absorbs the radiation used, the surface may be coated with a mask that reflects the radiation everywhere except for the selected areas. Alternative the mask may be physically separated from the substrate but still positioned between the surface of the substrate and the irradiation source.
In accordance with the present invention, the area is given a specific lay-out that changes the temperature profile, from a bell shape to (ideally) an approximate “rectangular” shape, i.e. making the temperature variation uniform across the surface of the selected area or across a plane parallel thereto. One method is by a simple trial end error approach. For non-absorbing materials, a pattern of material absorbing the radiation is placed between the surface of the substrate and the source of radiation. Typically the material is deposited on the substrate. By using an IR video camera the temperature at the surface can be monitored. Another method for arriving at said layout is by employing FEM calculations (Finite Element Method).
The most important feature of the temperature profile is that its upper (top) portion is flattened (uniform), thus implying a low variation in temperature across the corresponding part of the selected area. The “flanks”, i.e. the side portions of the profile will always exhibit a slope, but by suitable measures this slope can be controlled to the extent that the profile better will approximate an ideal rectangular shape.
Now various embodiments of the present invention and different aspects thereof will be described with reference to the drawings.
In a first embodiment of the invention, electromagnetic radiation, for instance light, is used for heating a liquid present in a selected area of a substrate made of a plastic material not absorbing the radiation used for heating. In this case a surface of the selected area is covered/coated with a layer absorbing the radiation energy, e.g. light. As outlined in this specification the kind of radiation, plastic material and absorbing layer must match each other. The layer may be a black paint. The paint is laid out in a pattern of absorbing and non-absorbing (coated and non-coated) parts (subareas) on the surface of the selected areas. The term “non-absorbing part” includes covering with a material reflecting the radiation. In other variants of this embodiment, the layer absorbing the irradiation is typically within the substrate containing the micro channel. In the case quick and/or relatively high increase in temperature is needed, the distance between the layer absorbing the irradiation used and reactor volume at most the same as the shortest distance between the reactor volume and the surface of the substrate. A relatively high increase in temperature means up to below the boiling point of water, for instance in the interval 90–97° C. and/or an increase of 40–50° C. The absorbing layer may also located to the inner wall of the reactor volume.
The first embodiment also includes a variant in which the substrate is made of plastic material that can absorb the electromagnetic radiation used. In this case a reflective material containing patterns of non-absorbing material including perforations is placed between the surface of the selected areas and the source of radiation. This includes that the reflective material for instance is coated or imprinted on the surface of the substrate. Non-adsorbing patterns, for instance patterns of perforation, are selectively aligned with the surfaces of the selected areas. This variant may be less preferred because absorption of irradiation energy will be essentially equal throughout the selected area that may counteract quick cooling.
By the term “absorbing plastic material” is meant a plastic material that can be significantly and quickly heated by the electromagnetic radiation used. The term “non-adsorbing plastic material” means plastic material that is not significantly heated by the electromagnetic radiation used for heating.
The term “pattern” above means the distribution of both absorbing and non-absorbing parts (subareas) across a layer of the selected area, for instance a surface layer. The term excludes variants where the pattern only comprises one absorbing part covering completely the surface of the selected area.
The invention will now be illustrated by different patterns of absorbing materials coated on substrates made of non-absorbing plastic material. For substrates made of absorbing plastic material, similar patterns apply but the non-absorbing parts are replaced with a reflective material and the absorbing parts are typically uncovered.
As a first example let us consider a micro channel/chamber structure, a few examples of which are indicated in
The provision of this basic band configuration is not an optimal solution, however, since the temperature profile still exhibits a slight fluctuation over the area to be heated. In a preferred embodiment therefore, there is provided several narrow bands b1, b2 of light absorbing material (paint) between the larger bands B1, B2, as schematically shown in
The heating element structure described above is applicable to all channel/chamber structures shown in
However, for certain applications it can be desirable to provide even more localized heating, e.g of a circular or rectangular/square area. This would especially be required if adjacent or surrounding areas must not be heated at all. The embodiment with concentric bands of paint will result in heating also of the areas between the radially extending micro channel/chamber structures.
In
In
For the illumination, lamps of relatively high power is used, suitably e.g. 150 W. Suitable lamps are of the type used in slide projectors, since they are small and are provided with a reflector that focuses the radiation used. The irradiation can be selected among UV, IR, visible light and other forms of light as long as one accounts for matching the substrate material and the absorbing layer properly. In case the lamp gives a desired wave-length band but in addition also wavelengths that cause heat production within the substrate it may be necessary to include the appropriate filter. In order to achieve the best results the light should be focussed onto the substrate corresponding to a limited region on the substrate, e.g. about 2 cm in diameter, although of course the size may be varied in relation to the power of the lamp etc. One or more lamps could be used in order to enable illumination of one or more regions, e.g. in the event it is desirable to carry out different reactions at different locations on a substrate On a rotating disc it might be desirable to perform heating at different radial locations. Illumination of the substrate can be from both sides. If the light absorbing material is deposited on the bottom side, nevertheless the illumination can be on the topside, in which case light is transmitted through the substrate before reaching the light absorbing material. Illumination of the backside with material deposited on the topside is also possible.
In view of the spinning speed of a rotating microfluidic disc being as high as of the order of 1000 rpm, the pulsing effect obtained in this way will not be noticeable and the heating can for all practical purposes be considered as continuous.
The above described embodiments have employed light absorbing material to provide the heating elements, but it is within the scope of the invention to employ any heating element structure in a suitable pattern that is capable of generating heat. Thus, it is also contemplated to provide areas of a resistive material 91, 92 in the same general layouts as shown in
The patterns are applied e.g. by printing of ink comprising conductive particles, e.g. carbon particles mixed with a suitable binding agent, using e.g. screen printing techniques. Patterns functioning in the same way may also be created by the following steps
Another aspect that should be considered for the performance is the effect of cooling from the air flowing on the disc when it is rotated. Let us consider the configuration shown in
In order to compensate for this phenomenon, the width of the non-coated areas can be larger nearer the periphery than the width of those nearer the center.
Normally the rotatable disc comprises a base portion having a top and a bottom side, on the top side of which said micro channel structure is provided, and on top of which a cover is provided so as to seal the micro channel structure. The heating elements (layer absorbing radiation energy) are preferably provided on the top surface so as to cover the selected area to be heated. However, said light absorbing layer can also, as an alternative, be provided on said bottom side.
In still another embodiment the heating element structures according to the invention can be applied to stationary substrates, i.e. chip type devices. In case of stationary substrates it will be necessary to use forced convection, e.g. by using fans or the like to supply the necessary cooling. In all other respects the micro channel/chamber structures and heating structures can be identical.
As mentioned above the flanks of the temperature profile exhibits a certain slope, which has as a consequence that an area surrounding the part of the micro channel structure that is to be heated, will also be heated. This is because the substrate material adjacent the region which is coated will dissipate heat from the area beneath the coating. One way of reducing this heat dissipation is to reduce the cross section for heat conduction. This can be done by providing a recess 93 in the substrate 94 on the opposite side of the coating 95 along the periphery of said coating as shown in
In the present invention it is used to an advantage that the heat conductivity of the substrate material, e.g. polymer, is poor. Thus, when the reaction volume is heated by using the inventive heating structure, the heat will not easily dissipate into the surrounding regions. Therefore, when the reaction inside the heated volume takes place and if/when evaporation of liquid in the reaction volume occurs, any vapors formed, striving to move upstream in the micro channel structure, will experience a cooler part of the channel, and will rapidly condense to liquid. In the case of a rotating disc system, the imposed gravity will then force the liquid droplets back into the reaction volume, and thereby reaction conditions will be controlled in terms of keeping the sample volume variation within acceptable limits (i.e. negligible or no loss of sample due to evaporation), and also the concentration of sample will be controlled to a reasonable extent (solvent will reflux into the reaction volume). If a stationary chip type system is used, pressure can be applied to force the condensed vapors to flow back into the reaction volume.
One further aspect of the invention is an instrument comprising a rotatable disc as defined in any of claims 27–29 and a spinner motor with a holder for the disc, said motor enabling spinning speeds that are possible to regulate. Typically the spinning of the motor can be regulated within an interval that typically can be found within 0–20 000 rpm. The instrumentation may also comprise one or more detectors for detecting the result of the process or to monitor part steps of the process, one or more dispensers for introducing samples, reagents, and/or washing liquids into the micro channel structure of the substrate together with means for other operations that are going to be performed within the instrument.
One additional aspect of the invention is a method for performing a reaction at elevated uniform temperature in one or more reaction mixtures (liquid aliquots). This aspect is characterized in comprising the steps of:
Although the invention has been described with reference to the drawings, but it should not be regarded as limited to the shown embodiments, the scope of the invention being defined by the appended claims. Thus, modifications and variations beyond the illustrated examples are within the scope of the claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0004296 | Nov 2000 | SE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/SE01/02607 | 11/23/2001 | WO | 00 | 10/20/2003 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO02/41997 | 5/30/2002 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5376252 | Ekstrom | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5690841 | Elderstig | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5705813 | Apffel et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5773488 | Allmer | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5962081 | Ohman | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5989402 | Chow et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 5995209 | Ohman | Nov 1999 | A |
| 6126765 | Ohman | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6144447 | Ohman | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6192768 | Wallman | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6203291 | Stemme | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6322682 | Arvidsson | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6454866 | Halpin et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6454868 | Halpin et al. | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6454970 | Ohman | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6548788 | Kellogg et al. | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6605475 | Taylor et al. | Aug 2003 | B1 |
| 6620478 | Ohman | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6632656 | Andersson | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6653625 | Andersson | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6660147 | Woudenberg et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6717136 | Andersson | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| 6728644 | Bielik | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| 6734401 | Bedingham et al. | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6811736 | Ohman | Nov 2004 | B1 |
| 6812456 | Andersson | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 6812457 | Andersson | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 20030044322 | Andersson | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030047823 | Ohman | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030053934 | Andersson | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030054563 | Ljungstrom | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030062358 | Ito et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030082075 | Agren | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030094502 | Andersson | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030129360 | Derand | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030156763 | Soderman | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030211012 | Bergstrom | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030213551 | Derand | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030231312 | Sjoberg | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20040058408 | Thomas | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040096867 | Andersson | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040099310 | Andersson | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040120856 | Andersson | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040202579 | Larsson et al. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| WO-9853311 | Nov 1998 | WO |
| WO-0067907 | Nov 2000 | WO |
| WO-0078455 | Dec 2000 | WO |
| WO-0146465 | Jun 2001 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20040067051 A1 | Apr 2004 | US |
