Patent Application
20250170422
The project leading to the results disclosed in the present invention has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 817908).
The present invention concerns a method, a device and an apparatus to provide charged particle minibeam radiation therapy. The present invention relates, in particular, to a scanning nozzle and a method to generate a proton minibeam for proton minibeam radiation therapy (pMBRT).
It is known in the art that output proton beams of a medical facility beamline, as for instance an output proton beam of a pencil beam scanning (PBS) nozzle, have narrow divergences that are usually less than 5 mrad and beam sizes of at least 4 mm full width at half maximum (FWHM). It has been found, however, that tissue sparing can be significantly improved with the pMBRT technique which requires beam sizes smaller than 2 mm FWHM which cannot be obtained with conventional PBS nozzles. It is why pMBRT techniques, carried out at clinical centers, known in the state of the art consist in emitting a proton beam from a proton beam source towards a target and arranging a collimator at a predefined distance from the target to generate an array of areas of high dose values, called peaks, adjacent to areas of low dose values, called valleys. Such minibeams significantly increase dose tolerances and sparing of normal tissue. These collimators, called multislit collimators, consist of an array of slices and slits, one slice being arranged between two slits. Such pMBRT devices are arranged to shape the proton beam and consist of a proton beam source, a nozzle and a collimator. The current nozzles are voluminous with rather long propagation distances of the beam, such that minibeam generation at clinical centers is only possible using collimators.
One drawback of using collimators lies in the reduction of the proton beam flux when crossing the collimator. In order to deliver the dose required for the pMBRT irradiation, either high beam currents at the accelerator exit are needed causing other issues or longer irradiation times are needed.
Another major drawback of using collimators lies in the significant production of harmful secondaries, or harmful side effects, close to the patient due to the proton beam being scattered by the collimator. The harmful secondaries are produced in direct vicinity of the patient and at level of the therapists while manipulating the collimator after the treatment.
Finally, the valley doses in pMBRT using collimators tends to be increased, thus a lower peak-to-valley dose ratio (PVDR) and sparing effect on healthy tissues are achieved which represents yet another disadvantage of collimators.
The minimum spot size at the isocenter reached in the state of the art, as described by Grevillot et al., is 4 mm in FWHM. This limit remains a drawback because the sparing effect provided by minibeams occurs for beams smaller than 2 mm FWHM. The advantages of pMBRT, as well as the relation between the size of the beam and the sparing effect, are known in the art and described, for example, by the document of Meyer and al. (2018), British Institute of Radiology, 91, 20180466 which deals with the sparing effects of minibeams.
There is a significant need to generate minibeams from nozzles. Thus, reduce the spot size of the beam at the isocenter below 2 mm remains a major challenge and despite the latest efforts none of the current nozzles is able to provide minibeams from nozzles up to now.
The document Grevillot and al. (2015), Physics in Medicine & Biology, 60, 7985-8005 is known in the art. It teaches that reducing the air gap between the exit of the nozzle and the isocenter, which may be a target to be treated, allows to increase the quality of the protons beam by decreasing the lateral penumbra in the patient. It is also known in the art, and described by Grevillot et al., that decreasing the air gap is challenging.
An object of the invention is to provide a minibeam scanning nozzle and a method to generate charged particle minibeams. Such a minibeam scanning nozzle:
According to the present invention, there is provided a method to generate a minibeam, said method comprising the steps consisting of:
Preferably, the fourth direction is orthogonal to the third direction.
According to the method, the minibeam may be generated from an incident beam of charged particles that exhibits:
Preferably, the minibeam generated through the method according to the invention is intended to be used for minibeam radiation therapy.
According to the invention, the term adjust may be understood as set. According to the invention, the magnetic field gradients may be determined, set or adjusted based on the parameters of the incident beam, for instance the energy and/or the divergence and/or the size and/or an absolute value of a correlation coefficient between a size of the incident beam and the divergence of the incident beam.
The minibeam may be generated from an incident beam of charged particles that exhibits:
The minibeam may be generated from an incident beam of charged particles that exhibits:
Optionally, the energy of a particle of the incident beam of charged particles is less than 1000 MeV/nucleon.
Optionally, the energy of a particle of the incident beam of charged particles is comprised between 50 and 250 MeV, preferably between 100 and 230 MeV
The higher the divergence of the incident beam becomes, the higher the absolute value of a correlation coefficient between a size of the incident beam and the divergence of the incident beam may be. The lower the absolute value of a correlation coefficient between a size of the incident beam and the divergence of the incident beam becomes, the lower the divergence of the incident beam may be.
The size of the incident beam may be defined as a diameter of the incident beam. If the incident beam is considered as a Gaussian beam, the size of the beam may be defined through a couple consisting of a vertical full width at half maximum (vFWHM) and a horizontal FWHM (hFWHM).
A focal length of the second quadrupole, or respectively of the first quadrupole, may be defined as the distance between the second quadrupole, or respectively the first quadrupole, and a focal point of the second quadrupole, or respectively of the first quadrupole.
A distance between a focal point of the first quadrupole and a focal point of the second quadrupole may be less than or equal to 50 cm in order for the focused beam to meet the criteria of a minibeam along the volume extending between the focal point of the first quadrupole and the focal point of the second quadrupole.
Preferably, the focal length of the first quadrupole and/or the focal length of the second quadrupole is superior or equal to 60 cm, more preferably superior or equal to 70 cm, even more preferably superior or equal to 80 cm and in a preferred manner superior or equal to 90 cm.
Preferably, the focal length of the second quadrupole is less than or equal to 180 cm, more preferably less than or equal to 160 cm, even more preferably less than or equal to 150 cm, in a preferred manner less than or equal to 140 cm, in a more preferred manner less than or equal to 130 cm and in a particularly preferred manner less than or equal to 120 cm.
Preferably, the focal length of the first quadrupole is less than or equal to 220 cm, more preferably less than or equal to 200 cm, even more preferably less than or equal to 180 cm, in a preferred manner less than or equal to 160 cm, in a more preferred manner less than or equal to 140 cm, in a particularly preferred manner less than or equal to 130 cm.
The adjustment of the magnetic field gradient generated by the second quadrupole and/or of the magnetic field gradient generated by the first quadrupole may be defined as controlling the magnetic field gradients generated by the second quadrupole and/or by the first quadrupole so that the vFWHM and hFWHM of the focused beam meet the criteria of a minibeam. Preferably, the vFWHM and hFWHM of the focused beam meet the criteria of a minibeam in the volume extending between the focal point of the first quadrupole and the focal point of the second quadrupole.
The incident beam may be deflected through the third and fourth magnets so as to move a point of intersection between the charged particle minibeam and a target.
The first and second quadrupoles and the third and fourth magnets may be part of a nozzle. The nozzle may be a scanning nozzle. The nozzle may be a scanning nozzle according to the invention.
Preferably, downstream of the exit of the scanning nozzle, according to a beam path, the focused beam is focused and deflected.
The target is intended to be positioned, preferably relative to the nozzle, and/or the nozzle is intended to be positioned, preferably relative to the target, so that the target is located in the volume, extending between the focal point of the first quadrupole and the focal point of the second quadrupole, wherein the focused beam meets the criteria of a minibeam.
The method may comprise the step consisting of arranging the beam, the first and second quadrupoles and the third and fourth magnets in a volume, where the beam is contained in a vacuum environment, said vacuum environment extending over a distance higher than 50 cm and lower than 200 cm.
Preferably, the magnets are not in the vacuum chamber, only the beam. The vacuum chamber or tube passes through the magnets. It is however possible to design a system where all components are in a vacuum environment, but only an ionization chamber can be in an air filled environment.
The vacuum environment may be generated inside a vacuum chamber. The vacuum chamber may be a vacuum chamber of a scanning nozzle.
A distance from an end of the vacuum environment to the focal point of the second quadrupole may be superior to few centimeters and/or is less than or equal to 50 cm.
Preferably, a distance from an end of the vacuum environment to the focal point of the second quadrupole may be superior or equal to 10 cm.
Preferably, a distance from an end of the vacuum environment to the focal point of the second quadrupole may less than or equal to 40 cm, more preferably less than or equal to 30 cm.
The end of the vacuum environment may be an edge of the vacuum environment and/or an end of the vacuum chamber and/or an edge of the vacuum chamber.
A FWHM of the incident beam may be less than 50 mm.
Values of magnetic field gradients generated by the first and second quadrupoles, required so that the beam focused at the focal point of the second quadrupole meets the criteria of a minibeam, may be superior or equal to 0 and/or are less than or equal to 1.6 T.cm−1.
A distance separating the first quadrupole from the second quadrupole may be less than 15 cm, preferably less than 6 cm, more preferably less than or equal to 3 cm.
The incident beam of charged particles may exit from a beamline of a medical facility. In other words, the incident beam of charged particles may be an output beam of a beamline of a medical facility
The charged particles may be ions. Preferably, the charged particles are protons or carbon ions.
Operational frequencies of the third and fourth magnets may be superior or equal to 1 Hz and/or are less than or equal to 200 Hz.
According to the invention, a minibeam is defined as the maximum size of a beam under which the desired tissue sparing effect takes place. This maximum beam size is defined as being a full width at half maximum (FWHM) value of the beam equal to 2 mm at an entrance plane of a target to be irradiated. By analogy, this maximum beam size may also be defined as being equal to 2.355 s of the beam Gaussian distribution, where s is the standard deviation. The entrance plane of a target to be irradiated may be located in the volume extending between the focal point of the first quadrupole and the focal point of the second quadrupole.
Preferably, according to the invention, the minibeam is defined as a beam that exhibits a FWHM less than or equal to 2 mm.
A minibeam according to the invention may exhibit a horizontal full width at half maximum (hFWHM) less than or equal to 2 mm and a vertical FWHM (vFWHM) equal to or less than the hFWHM of the minibeam. In other words, a minibeam according to the invention may exhibit a FWHM less than or equal to 2 mm.
Preferably, according to the invention, a minibeam exhibits a FWHM, at the volume extending between the focal point of the first quadrupole and the focal point of the second quadrupole, less than or equal to 1 mm, more preferably less than or equal to 0.9 mm, in a preferred manner less than or equal to 0.8 mm and in a more preferred manner less than or equal to 0.7 mm.
The method may comprise the step consisting of measuring the intensity and/or the spatial location of the focused beam downstream of the first and second quadrupoles and the third and fourth magnets according to the beam path. Preferably, the method may comprise the step consisting of measuring the intensity and/or the spatial location of the focused beam at a position located between the fourth magnet and the focal point of the first quadrupole.
According to the present invention, there is also provided a minibeam scanning nozzle (MSN) for charged particle minibeam radiation therapy, said MSN comprising, along a beam path of the charged particles inside the nozzle:
The first quadrupole and/or respectively the second quadrupole being arranged to generate a magnetic field gradient that is adjusted so that a focal length of the first quadrupole is superior or equal to 60 and/or is less than or equal to 250 cm and/or respectively a focal length of the second quadrupole is superior or equal to 50 and/or is less than or equal to 200 cm in order for the focused beam to meet the criteria of a minibeam along a volume extending between a focal point of the first quadrupole and a focal point of the second quadrupole.
The MSN may comprise a vacuum chamber wherein the beam is contained passing through the first and second quadrupoles and the third and fourth magnets. The vacuum chamber is preferably arranged in the bore of the magnets.
A distance between an exit face of the vacuum chamber and the focal point of the second quadrupole may be less than 50 cm.
The exit face of the vacuum chamber may be an exit plane of the vacuum environment and/or an exit plane of a vacuum tank.
Preferably, the volume, extending between the focal point of the first quadrupole and the focal point of the second quadrupole, wherein the focused beam meets the criteria of a minibeam is comprised between few centimeters from an end of the vacuum environment and the focal point of the second quadrupole.
The MSN may be arranged to generate the minibeam from an incident beam of charged particles exiting a beamline of a medical facility, the MSN being intended to be arranged downstream of the beamline in a path of the incident beam of charged particles.
The third and/or the fourth magnets may be scanning dipole magnets.
Optionally, the first quadrupole and/or the second quadrupole and/or the third magnet and/or the fourth magnet are superconducting magnets.
Optionally, the first and/or the second quadrupoles are arranged to generate magnetic field gradient superior or equal to 0 and/or less than or equal to 1.6 T.cm−1.
Optionally, the first, second, third and/or fourth magnets are part of a multipole magnet. The multipole magnet may comprise eight or more poles.
Optionally, the first, second, third and/or fourth magnets are part of an octupole magnet.
The third and/or the fourth magnets may be arranged to deflect the beam propagating within the vacuum chamber so as to move a point of intersection between the charged particles minibeam and the target.
The scanning nozzle may comprise one or more ionization chambers.
Optionally, a gaseous material filling the ionization chambers is an inert gas or a noble gas.
Preferably, the gaseous material filling the ionization chambers is air or helium or a gas mixture.
The MSN according to the invention may be arranged to carry out the method according to the invention.
Use of the MSN according to the invention for implementing the method according to the invention.
Use of the MSN according to the invention for FLASH charged particles minibeam radiation therapy.
Optionally, the MSN may be used for irradiating a tumor. Optionally, the MSN may be used for the treatment of a tumor located in a patient. Optionally, the MSN may be used for the treatment of cancer.
According to the present invention, there is also provided a system for charged particles minibeam radiation therapy comprising:
The first quadrupole and/or respectively the second quadrupole being arranged to generate a magnetic field gradient that is adjusted so that a focal length of the first quadrupole is superior or equal to 60 and/or is less than or equal to 250 cm and/or respectively a focal length of the second quadrupole is superior or equal to 50 and/or is less than or equal to 240 cm in order for the focused beam to meet the criteria of a minibeam along a volume extending between a focal point of the first quadrupole and a focal point of the second quadrupole.
The system for charged particles minibeam radiation therapy may comprise a beam source arranged to generate an incident beam of charged particles that exhibits:
Use of the system for FLASH charged particles minibeam radiation therapy.
Preferably, in particular for FLASH charged particles minibeam radiation therapy, the beam source is arranged to generate an incident beam that exhibits a dose rate superior to 40 Gray, preferably superior to 100 Gray, per second and an irradiation time lower than 500 milliseconds, preferably lower than 100 milliseconds.
The beam source may comprise a beamline of a medical facility.
The MSN of the system for charged particles minibeam radiation therapy may be the MSN according to the invention.
Further inventive objects, features and advantages will become apparent from the following detailed description of several embodiments of the invention with references to the drawings, in which:
The embodiments hereinafter described are not restrictive; other embodiments comprising a selection of features described hereinafter may be considered. A selection may comprise features isolated from a set of features (even if this selection is isolated among a sentence comprising other features thereof), if the selection is sufficient to confer a technical advantage or to distinguish the invention form the state of the art. This selection comprises at least a feature, preferably described by its technical function without structural features, or with a part of structural details if this part is sufficient to confer a technical advantage or to distinguish the invention form the state of the art on its own.
An embodiment of a method to generate a minibeam according to the invention is described. This method is intended to be used for minibeam radiation therapy. The method comprises the steps consisting of:
In practice, the magnetic field gradient generated by the first quadrupole 10 can be predetermined or set, for example, so that the target 7 (for example a tumor 7), or a section plane 18 of the target 7 or an entrance plane 18 of the target 7, is arranged at a given distance of an exit plane 33 of the nozzle 2 according to the invention. The magnetic field gradient generated by the second quadrupole 11 is then adjusted, according to the invention, so that the focused beam 16 meets the criteria of a minibeam at the target 7 or at a section plane 18 of the target 7 or at an entrance plane 18 of the target 7. Conversely, the magnetic field gradient generated by the second quadrupole 11 can be predetermined or set, for example, so that the target 7 or a section plane 18 of the target 7 or an entrance plane 18 of the target 7, is arranged at a given distance of an exit plane 33 of the nozzle 2 according to the invention.
Surprisingly, adjusting the focal length of the quadrupoles 10, 11 has been found to be the one of the major parameters for decreasing the size of the focused beam 16 to a size smaller than 2 mm so that the focused beam 16 meets the criteria of a minibeam. Indeed, the nozzles of the state of the art exhibit focal length higher than 250 cm, see for instance Grevillot et al. which disclosed size higher than 700 cm.
Moreover, reducing the focal length of the quadrupoles 10, 11 allows to reduce the total length of the nozzle which may facilitate the treatment process. Reducing the focal length of the quadrupoles 10, 11 also increase the quality of the protons beam by reducing scattering and so lateral penumbra.
Usual pMBRT system comprises a beam source. The beam source comprises a proton accelerator, such as a cyclotron, and a beam transport system comprising magnets and being arranged to convey an incident proton beam 6 from the proton accelerator to the nozzle 2. For other therapies, protons may be substituted with other ions, such as carbon ions. After the transport system, the beam is finally shaped with a collimator to generate an array of areas of high dose values and/or is deflected to generate a scanning beam.
An embodiment according to the invention comprises a proton minibeam radiation therapy (pMBRT) system (not represented). The system comprises a nozzle 2 according to the invention. The nozzle 2 according to the invention is arranged to shape the incident proton beam 6 into a proton minibeam 16 and to guide said proton minibeam 16 towards a tumor (not depicted) located in a patient 7.
In some pMBRT system, the patient is located in a gantry which is part of the pMBRT system. The nozzle 2 is connected to the gantry (not represented) and the gantry is arranged to rotate the nozzle 2 around the patient 7 so as to enable treatment with multiple fields from different angles to better target the tumor and spare surrounding healthy tissue.
Typical s values of current proton beams 6 used in current facilities are between 2 and 10 mm. Standard energy values of current proton beams 6 used in current facilities are between 60 and 230 MeV. A standard divergence exhibited by current proton beams 6 is around 3 mrad (milliradians).
In a preferable configuration, the nozzle 2 also comprises an ionization chamber 14.
The vacuum chamber 9 extends from an entrance face 32 of the nozzle 2, through which the proton beam 6 enters the vacuum chamber 9, to an exit of the dipole 13, through which the proton minibeam 16 exits the vacuum chamber 9 towards the target 7 (which can be a tumor for example) through an ionization chamber 14. The quadrupoles 10, 11, the dipoles 12, 13 are out of the vacuum environment of the vacuum chamber 9. The proton beam propagates in the vacuum chamber through each quadrupole 10, 11, then between the two poles of each scanning dipole 12, 13 and is located at equal distance from each pole of a scanning dipole 12, 13. Then, the proton minibeam 16 passes through the ionization chamber 14 before exiting the vacuum chamber and propagating towards the target 7.
The first quadrupole 10 is arranged to focus the proton beam 6 propagating within the vacuum chamber 9 according to the y direction and the second quadrupole 11 is arranged to focus the proton beam 6 propagating within the vacuum chamber 9 according to the x direction. Each of the first 10 and the second quadrupoles 11 is arranged to provide a variable magnetic field gradient. Downstream of the second quadrupole 11, according to the beam path, the proton beam is focused to meet the criteria of a minibeam along a volume extending between a focal point of the first quadrupole 10 and a focal point of the second quadrupole 11.
The ionization chamber 14 is arranged to measure the intensity and the size and position of the proton minibeam 16. The wall parts of each ionization chamber located on the beam path may be made of mylar. The ionization chamber 14 is filled with air or helium.
The first scanning dipole 12 is arranged to deflect the proton beam propagating within the vacuum chamber 9 according to the y direction and the second scanning dipole 13 is arranged to deflect the proton beam 6 propagating within the vacuum chamber 9 according to the x direction. Each of the first 12 and the second scanning dipole 13 is arranged to provide an approximatively homogeneous magnetic field of variable strength. A processing unit, for use in connection with the nozzle 2, is arranged to control the magnetic field gradient value provided by each of the first 12 and the second scanning dipole 13 so as to deflect the proton beam 6 propagating within the vacuum chamber 9 so as to move the point of intersection between the proton minibeam 16 and a given section plane 18 of the target 7. The point of intersection between the proton minibeam 16 and the section plane 18 of the target 7 is moved so as to scan the target 7 according to a given pattern 17. According to the embodiment, the pattern 17 exhibits a crenellated shape. The pattern may also be any type of alternating array of areas of high dose values, called peaks and areas of low dose values, called valleys. As non-limiting examples, the areas may be circles or ellipses or squares or rectangles and may be concentric. Each of the first 12 and the second 13 scanning dipole exhibits an operational frequency between 1 and 200 Hz. An operational frequency range of 3 to 100 Hz is suitable in most cases. Downstream of the second scanning dipole 13, according to the beam path, the proton beam 16 is focused and deflected.
Embodiments on
A substantial number of different modifications of the current setup, as described above and as illustrated
Simulations of proton beams propagating through nozzles were per formed. The simulations were Monte Carlo simulations performed carried out with TOPAS version 3.2 and 3.1. For each given setup arrangement investigated, energies of the incident proton beam of 100, 150 and 200 MeV were considered and the magnetic field gradient in each of the quadrupoles 10, 11 and was varied in steps of 0.016 T.cm 1 from 0 to 0.8 T.cm _1, resulting in 51 different field strengths for each quadrupole 10, 11. Furthermore, two orientations of the focusing planes of the quadrupoles 10, 11 were considered. The minimum beam size for each setup arrangement was then determined by comparing the sizes simulated with each of these 51×51×2 configurations of the quadrupoles 10, 11. It has to be noted that the magnetic field applied at the pole tips generates a magnetic field gradient inside the quadrupole 10, 11.
Hence, compared to usual pencil beam scanning (PBS) of
Throughout the rest of the description, the nozzle 2 according to the invention, as set forth in
The size of each component of the nozzle 2, the distances separating these components from one another and the distances separating these components from the target 7 are introduced. Each component length presented hereinafter describes the size of a component along the beam path. The size of each component is defined by the distance separating an entrance plane and an exit plane of a component.
It has been found that one of the major parameters, related to the nozzle 2 arrangement, to be controlled to achieve a minibeam is the distance d2 separating the exit face of the second quadrupoles 11 from the section plane 18 of the target 7. To obtain a minimum size of the focused beam 16, the distance d2 should be less than 200 cm. A distance d2 less than 200 cm is only achievable by means of the nozzle 2 arrangement according to the invention and also because the nozzle 2 according to the invention does not use a snout 23 or a physical collimator. Indeed, the distance d2 in current setups used in medical facilities, as shown
It has been observed that another relevant parameter to be controlled to achieve a minibeam is the distance (d5) between the exit plane 33 of the vacuum tank 2 and the section plane 18 of the target 7. From the calculation, to obtain minimum sizes of the focused beam 16, this distance d5 is less than 50 cm. Here again, such a distance d5 is achievable because the nozzle 2 according to the invention does not use a snout 23 or a physical collimator.
In the state of the art, the minibeams, and in particular the minibeams generated from medical facilities, are considered to be achievable only by using a collimator mounted on the snout 23 and/or a collimator. Therefore, removing the snout 23 and/or the collimator has been counterintuitive.
In reference to
The following example is a particular embodiment arrangement of the nozzle 2 and its component relative to the target 7. This is a preferred embodiment among numerous embodiments which is given for the purpose of further explanation and not limitation. A quadrupole 10, 11 usually has a cylindrical shape. From the calculation, the diameter of this assembly is 20 cm in the present embodiment; the diameter being orthogonal to the beam path. A height and a width of the dipoles 12, 13 and the ionization chamber 9 are 20 cm. A diameter of the vacuum chamber 9 is about 5 cm. A vacuum is maintained within the nozzle 2. In this preferred embodiment, The distance lqI is equal to lq2 is less than 20 cm, preferably comprised between 3 and 20 cm, more preferably comprised between 5 and 15 cm and is equal to 10 cm in the present embodiment. The distance dI is less than 15 cm, preferably less than 6 cm and is equal to 3 cm in the present embodiment. The distance liI is less than 30 cm, preferably comprised between 2 and 15 cm, and is equal to 10 cm in the present embodiment. The distance d2 is less than 200 cm, and preferably between 90 and 110 cm in the present embodiment. The distance (d3) between the beam entrance face 32 the nozzle 2 and the section plane 18 of the tumor is less than 260 cm, generally comprised between 130 and 160 cm and preferably between 130 and 150 cm in the present embodiment. The distance ldI is equal to ld2 is less than 40 cm and is equal to 25 cm in the present embodiment. The distance d4 is less than 10 cm and is equal to 0 cm in the present embodiment. The distance d6 is less than 15 cm and is equal to 5 cm in the present embodiment. The distance d7 is less than 30 cm and is equal 15 cm in the present embodiment.
The nozzle 2 according to the invention avoids the use of collimators. The use of collimators in current pMBRT devices causes the loss of a major part of the total flux of the proton beam 6. Thus, the dose rate is strongly lowered. The nozzle 2 according to the invention allows transmitting the total flux of the proton beam 6 to the tumor. Thus, the dose rate is significantly increased compared to current pMBRT. Moreover, avoiding the use of a collimator allows to significantly decrease the production of harmful secondaries close to the patient.
In order for the focal length of the second quadrupoles 11 to be less than 200 cm, and so for the FWHM of the focused beam 16 to meet the criteria of a minibeam, the magnetic field gradient to be generated has been investigated. To that end, it has been found that minimizing W was a pertinent approach, where Ω=(hFWHM)2+(vFWHM)2.
The calculations have been carried out for the 51×51×2 quadrupole 10, 11 configurations and with magnetic field gradients defined by the magnetic field applied at the pole tips of the first 10 and the second 11 quadrupoles which was incremented in steps of 0.016 T.cm−1 from 0 to 0.8 T.cm−1.
In order for the focused beam 16 to meet the criteria of a minibeam along a volume extending between a focal point of the first quadrupole 10 and a focal point of the second 11 quadrupole, the magnetic field gradient generated by the first 10 and/or the second 11 quadrupoles are adjusted, by the processing unit, so that the focal length of the first 10 quadrupole is superior or equal to 60 and/or is less than or equal to 250 cm and/or the focal length of the second 11 quadrupole is superior or equal to 50 and/or is less than or equal to 240 cm. According to the embodiment, the magnetic field gradients generated by the quadrupoles 10, 11 are adjusted so that:
The inventors showed that the focusing capabilities of the nozzles strongly depend on parameters of the incident beam 6. In particular, the inventors observed that at least one among the divergence of the incident beam 6 and the correlation coefficient between the size of the incident beam 6 and the divergence of the incident beam 6 has to be controlled. Counterintuitively, the size of the incident beam 6 has a negligible effect.
From the calculations, in order for the FWHM of the focused beam 16 to meet the criteria of a minibeam, it has been found that:
The combination of a divergence of the incident beam 6 less than 15 milliradian and an absolute value of the correlation coefficient between a size of the incident beam 6 and the divergence of the incident beam superior or equal to 0.95 and/or less than or equal to 1 will ensure the focused beam 16 to meet the criteria of a minibeam. Conversely, the combination of a divergence of the incident beam 6 less than 1 milliradian and an absolute value of the correlation coefficient between a size of the incident beam 6 and the divergence of the incident beam superior or equal to 0.9 and/or less than or equal to 1 will ensure the focused beam 16 to meet the criteria of a minibeam.
Indeed, the combination of a divergence of the incident beam 6 less than 1 milliradian and an absolute value of the correlation coefficient between a size of the incident beam 6 and the divergence of the incident beam superior or equal to 0.95 and/or less than or equal to 1 will also ensure the beam 16 focused by the nozzle 2 according to the invention to meet the criteria of a minibeam.
For one given medical facility (or a given medical setup) to another, the divergence of the incident beam 6, the absolute value of the correlation coefficient between a size of the incident beam 6 and the divergence of the incident beam 6, the energy of the incident beam 6 and the arrangement of the medical facility will vary. Hence, the magnetic field gradient generated by the first 10 and/or the second 11 quadrupole are adjusted, through the processing unit, so that the focal length of the second 11 quadrupole is superior or equal to 50 and/or is less than or equal to 240 cm in order for the focused beam 16 to meet the criteria of a minibeam at the focal point of the second 11 quadrupole. The focal point of the first quadrupole 10 and the focal point of the second 11 quadrupole are arranged so that the target 7, or a section plane 18 of the target 7 or an entrance plane 18 of the target 7, is located within the volume extending between the focal point of the first quadrupole 10 and a focal point of the second 11 quadrupole.
Hence, contrary to current setups comprising collimators, which are specifically designed for a given medical facility and/or a patient, the nozzle 2 according to the invention is suitable is suitable to be used in every medical facility only by adjusting the magnetic field gradients of the first 10 and/or of the second 11 quadrupoles.
The invention is not restricted to embodiments described above and numerous adjustments may be made within the scope of the invention.
Thus, in combinable alternatives of previous embodiments:
In some embodiment, the MSN according to the invention may be used in the treatment of cancer including but are not limited to solid tumors such as skin carcinomas, breast carcinomas, brain carcinomas, cervical carcinomas, testicular carcinomas rectum carcinoma, anal carcinoma, cardiac sarcoma (angiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, liposarcoma), myxoma, rhabdomyoma, fibroma, lipoma and teratoma; lung: bronchogenic carcinoma (squamous cell, undifferentiated small cell, undifferentiated large cell, adeno carcinoma), alveolar (bronchiolar) carcinoma, bronchial adenoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, chondromatous hamartoma, mesothelioma, gastrointestinal: esophagus (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, lymphoma), stomach (carcinoma, lymphoma, leiomyosarcoma), pancreas (ductal adenocarcinoma, insulinoma, glucagonoma, gastrinoma, carcinoid tumors, vipoma), small bowel (adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, carcinoid tumors, Karposi's sarcoma, leiomyoma, hemangioma, lipoma, neurofibroma, fibroma), large bowel (adenocarcinoma, tubular adenoma, Villous adenoma, hamartoma, leiomyoma); Genitourinary tract: kidney (adenocarcinoma, Wilm's tumor nephroblastoma, lymphoma, leukemia), bladder and urethra (Squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma), prostate (adenocarcinoma, Sarcoma), testis (seminoma, teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, terato-carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, Sarcoma, interstitial cell carcinoma, fibroma, fibroadenoma, adenomatoid tumors, lipoma); Liver: hepatoma (hepatocellular carcinoma), cholangiocarcinoma, hepatoblastom, angiosarcoma, hepatocellular adenoma, hemangioma; Bone: osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma), fibrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, malignant lymphoma (reticulum cell Sarcoma), multiple myeloma, malignant giant cell tumor chordoma, osteochronfroma (osteocartilaginous exostoses), benign chondroma, chondroblastoma, chondromyxofibroma, osteoid osteoma and giant cell tumors, Nervous System: skull (osteoma, hemangioma, granuloma, Xanthoma, Osteitis deformans), meninges (meningioma, meningiosarcoma, gliomatosis), brain (astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, glioma, ependymoma, ger-minomapinealoma, glioblastoma multiform, oligodendroglioma, Schwannoma, retinoblastoma, congenital tumors), Spinal cord (neurofibroma, meningioma, glioma, Sarcoma); Gynecological: uterus (endometrial carcinoma), cervix (cervical carcinoma, pre-tumor cervical dysplasia), ovaries (ovarian carcinoma, Serous cystadenocarcinoma, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, unclassified carcinoma, granulosa-thecal cell tumors, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors, dysgerminoma, malignant teratoma), Vulva (Squamous cell carcinoma, intraepithelial carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, fibrosarcoma, melanoma), vagina (clear cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, botryoid Sarcoma embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, fallopian tubes (carcinoma); Skin: malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, Karposi's Sarcoma, moles dysplastic nevi, lipoma, angioma, dermatofibroma, keloids, psoriasis, and Adrenal glands: neuroblastoma.
As used herein, the term “cancer” refers to any cancer that may affect any one of the following tissues or organs: breast; liver; kidney; heart, mediastinum, pleura; floor of mouth; lip; salivary glands; tongue; gums; oral cavity; palate; tonsil; larynx; trachea; bronchus, lung; pharynx, hypopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx; esophagus; digestive organs such as stomach, intrahe-patic bile ducts, biliary tract, pancreas, small intestine, colon; rectum; urinary organs such as bladder, gallbladder, ureter; rectosigmoid junction; anus, anal canal; skin; bone; joints, articular cartilage of limbs; eye and adnexa; brain; peripheral nerves, autonomic nervous system; spinal cord, cranial nerves, meninges; and various parts of the central nervous system; connective, subcutaneous and other soft tissues; retroperitoneum, peritoneum; adrenal gland; thyroid gland; endocrine glands and related structures; female genital organs such as ovary, uterus, cervix uteri; corpus uteri, vagina, vulva; male genital organs such as penis, testis and prostate gland.
The cancer may be selected from the group consisting of: glioblastoma, lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, rectal cancer, cervical cancer, and head and neck cancer.
The cancer may be selected from the group consisting of: benign, metastatic and malignant neoplasias, and also including acral lentiginous melanoma, actinic keratoses, adenocarcinoma, adenoid cycstic carcinoma, adenomas, adenosarcoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, astrocytic tumors, Bartholin gland carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, bronchial gland carcinomas, capillary, carcinoids, carcinoma, carcinosarcoma, cavernous, cholangiocarcinoma, chon-dosarcoma, choriod plexus papilloma/carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma, cystad-enoma, endodermal sinus tumor, endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial stromal sarcoma, endometrioid adenocarcinoma, ependymal, epitheloid, Ewing's sarcoma, fibrolamellar, focal nodular hyperplasia, gastrinoma, germ cell tumors, glioblastoma, glucagonoma, hemangiblastomas, hemangioendothelioma, hemangiomas, hepatic adenoma, hepatic adenomatosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, insulinoma, intaepithelial neoplasia, interepithelial squamous cell neoplasia, invasive squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, lentigo maligna melanomas, malignant melanoma, malignant mesothe-lial tumors, medulloblastoma, medulloepithelioma, melanoma, meningeal, mesothelial, metastatic carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, neuroblastoma. neuroepithelial adenocarcinoma nodular melanoma, oat cell carcinoma, oligodendroglial, osteosarcoma, pancreatic polypeptide papillary serous adenocarcinoma, pineal cell, pituitary tumors, plasmacytoma, pseudosarcoma, pulmonary blastoma, renal cell carcinoma, retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, sarcoma, serous carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, soft tissue carcinomas, somatostatin-secreting tumor, squamous carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, submesothelial, superficial spreading melanoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, uveal melanoma, verrucous carcinoma, vipoma, well differentiated carcinoma and Wilm's tumor.
In some embodiments, the minibeam generated through the method according to the invention is used for minibeam radiation therapy in combination with any anticancer drug.
In some embodiments, the MSN according to the invention may be used for the treatment of cancer in combination with any anticancer drug.
In some embodiments, the MSN according to the invention may be used in combination with additional cancer therapies. In particular, the MSN according to the invention may be used in combination with targeted therapy, immunotherapy such as immune checkpoint therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitor, co-stimulatory antibodies, or chemotherapy.
Immune checkpoint therapy such as checkpoint inhibitors include, but are not limited to programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors, programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitors, programmed death ligand-2 (PD-L2) inhibitors, lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3) inhibitors, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing protein 3 (TIM-3) inhibitors, T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) inhibitors, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) inhibitors, V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA) inhibitors, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTl_A4) inhibitors, Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitors, killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) inhibitors, KIR2L3 inhibitors, KIR3DL2 inhibitors and carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM-1) inhibitors. In particular, checkpoint inhibitors include antibodies anti-PDI, anti-PD-LI, anti-CTLA-4, anti-TIM-3, anti-LAG3. Co-stimulatory antibodies deliver positive signals through immune-regulatory receptors including but not limited to ICOS, CD137, CD27, OX-40 and GITR.
Example of anti-PDI antibodies include, but are not limited to, nivolumab, cemiplimab (REGN2810 or REGN-2810), tislelizumab (BGB-A317), tislelizumab, spartalizumab (PDR001 or PDR-001), ABBV-181, JNJ-63723283, BI 754091, MAG012, TSR-042, AGEN2034, pidilizumab, nivolumab (ONO-4538, BMS-936558, MDX1106, GTPL7335 or Opdivo), pembrolizumab (MK-3475, MK03475, lambrolizumab, SCH-900475 or Keytruda) and antibodies described in International patent applications W02004004771, W02004056875, W02006121168, WO2008156712, W02009014708, WO2009114335, WO2013043569 and W02014047350.
Example of anti-PD-LI antibodies include, but are not limited to, LY3300054, atezolizumab, durvalumab and avelumab.
Example of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies include, but are not limited to, ipili-mumab (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,984,720 and 8,017,114), tremelimumab (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,109,003 and 8,143,379), single chain anti-CTLA4 antibodies (see, e.g., International patent applications WO1997020574 and W02007 123737) and antibodies described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,491,895.
Example of anti-VISTA antibodies are described in US patent application US20130177557.
Example of inhibitors of the LAG3 receptor are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,578.
Example of KIR inhibitor is IPH4102 targeting KIR3DL2.
In some embodiments, the MSN according to the invention may be used in combination with targeted therapy. Targeted therapy agents, are drugs designed to interfere with specific molecules necessary for tumor growth and progression. For example, targeted therapy agents such as therapeutic monoclonal antibodies target specific antigens found on the cell surface, such as transmembrane receptors or extracellular growth factors. Small molecules can penetrate the cell membrane to interact with targets inside a cell. Small molecules are usually designed to interfere with the enzymatic activity of the target protein such as for example proteasome inhibitor, tyrosine kinase or cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, histone deacetylase inhibitor. Targeted therapy may also use cytokines. Examples of such targeted therapy include with no limitations: Ado-trastuzumab emtansine (HER2), Afatinib (EGFR (HER1/ERBB1), HER2), Aldesleukin (Proleukin), alectinib (ALK), Alemtuzumab (CD52), axitinib (kit, PDGFRbeta, VEGFR1/2/3), Belimumab (BAFF), Belinostat (HDAC), Bevaci-zumab (VEGF ligand), Blinatumomab (CD19/CD3), bortezomib (proteasome), Brentuximab vedotin (CD30), bosutinib (ABL), brigatinib (ALK), cabozantinib (FLT3, KIT, MET, RET, VEGFR2), Canakinumab (IL-1 beta), carfilzomib (pro teasome), ceritinib (ALK), Cetuximab (EGFR), cofimetinib (MEK), Crizotinib (ALK, MET, ROS1), Dabrafenib (BRAF), Daratumumab (CD38), Dasatinib (ABL), Denosumab (RANKL), Dinutuximab (B4GALNT1 (GD2)), Elotuzumab (SLAMF7), Enasidenib (IDH2), Erlotinib (EGFR), Everolimus (mTOR), Gefitinib (EGFR), Ibritumomab tiuxetan (CD20), Sonidegib (Smoothened), Sipuleucel-T, Siltuximab (IL-6), Sorafenib (VEGFR, PDGFR, KIT, RAF), (Tocilizumab (IL-6R), Temsirolimus (mTOR), Tofacitinib (JAK3), Trametinib (MEK), Tositumomab (CD20), Trastuzumab (HER2), Vandetanib (EGFR), Vemurafenib (BRAF), Ve-netoclax (BCL2), Vismodegib (PTCH, Smoothened), Vorinostat (HDAC), Ziv-aflibercept (PIGF, VEGFA/B), Olaparib (PARP inhibitor).
In some embodiments, the MSN according to the invention may be used in combination with chemotherapy. As used herein, the term “chemotherapy” has its general meaning in the art and refers to the treatment that consists in administering to the patient a chemotherapeutic agent. Chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to alkylating agents such as thiotepa and cyclosphosphamide; alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan, improsulfan and pipo-sulfan; aziridines such as benzodopa, carboquone, meturedopa, and uredopa; ethylenimines and methylamelamines including altretamine, triethylenemela-mine, trietylenephosphoramide, triethiylenethiophosphoramide and trime-thylolomelamine; acetogenins (especially bullatacin and bullatacinone); a camptothecin (including the synthetic analogue topotecan); bryostatin; cal-lystatin; CC-1065 (including its adozelesin, carzelesin and bizelesin synthetic analogues); cryptophycins (particularly cryptophycin 1 and cryptophycin 8); dolastatin; duocarmycin (including the synthetic analogues, KW-2189 and CB1-TM1); eleutherobin; pancratistatin; a sarcodictyin; spongistatin; nitrogen mustards such as chlorambucil, chlornaphazine, cholophosphamide, estramustine, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine, mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride, melpha-lan, novembichin, phenesterine, prednimustine, trofosfamide, uracil mustard; nitrosureas such as carmustine, chlorozotocin, fotemustine, lomustine, nimustine, and ranimnustine; antibiotics such as the enediyne antibiotics (e.g., calicheamicin, especially calicheamicin gammall and calicheamicin omegall; dynemicin, including dynemicin A; bisphosphonates, such as clodronate; an es-peramicin; as well as neocarzinostatin chromophore and related chromoprotein enediyne antiobiotic chromophores, aclacinomysins, actinomycin, authrarnycin, azaserine, bleomycins, cactinomycin, carabicin, caminomycin, carzinophilin, chromomycinis, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, detorubicin, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-nor-leucine, doxorubicin (including morpholino-doxorubicin, cyanomorpholino-dox-orubicin, 2-pyrrolino-doxorubicin and deoxy doxorubicin), epirubicin, esorubi-cin, idarubicin, marcellomycin, mitomycins such as mitomycin C, mycophenolic acid, nogalamycin, olivomycins, peplomycin, potfiromycin, puromycin, quelamycin, rodorubicin, streptonigrin, streptozocin, tubercidin, ubenimex, zinostatin, zorubicin; anti-metabolites such as methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU); folic acid analogues such as denopterin, methotrexate, pteropterin, tri-metrexate; purine analogs such as fludarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, thiamiprine, thioguanine; pyrimidine analogs such as ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytarabine, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine, floxuridine; androgens such as calusterone, dromostanolone propionate, epitiostanol, mepi-tiostane, testolactone; anti-adrenals such as aminoglutethimide, mitotane, trilostane; folic acid replenisher such as frolinic acid; aceglatone; aldophospha-mide glycoside; aminolevulinic acid; eniluracil; amsacrine; bestrabucil; bis-antrene; edatraxate; defofamine; demecolcine; diaziquone; elformithine; el-liptinium acetate; an epothilone; etoglucid; gallium nitrate; hydroxyurea; len-tinan; lonidainine; maytansinoids such as maytansine and ansamitocins; mito-guazone; mitoxantrone; mopidanmol; nitraerine; pentostatin; phenamet; pi-rarubicin; losoxantrone; podophyllinic acid; 2-ethylhydrazide; methylhydrazine derivatives including N-methylhydrazine (MIH) and procarbazine; PSK polysaccharide complex); razoxane; rhizoxin; sizofuran; spirogermanium; tenuazonic acid; triaziquone; 2,2′,2″-trichlorotriethylamine; trichothecenes (especially T-2 toxin, verracurin A, roridin A and anguidine); urethan; vindesine; dacarbazine; mannomustine; mitobronitol; mitolactol; pipobroman; gacytosine; arabinoside (“Ara-C”); cyclophosphamide; thiotepa; taxoids, e.g., paclitaxel and doxetaxel; chlorambucil; gemcitabine; 6-thioguanine; mercaptopurine; methotrexate; platinum coordination complexes such as cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin; vinblastine; platinum; etoposide (VP-16); ifosfamide; mitoxantrone; vincristine; vinorelbine; novantrone; teniposide; edatrexate; daunomycin; aminop-terin; xeloda; ibandronate; irinotecan (e.g., CPT-1 1); topoisomerase inhibitor RFS 2000; difluoromethylomithine (DMFO); retinoids such as retinoic acid; capecitabine; anthracyclines, nitrosoureas, antimetabolites, epipodophylotox-ins, enzymes such as L-asparaginase; anthracenediones; hormones and antagonists including adrenocorticosteroid antagonists such as prednisone and equivalents, dexamethasone and aminoglutethimide; progestin such as hydroxypro-gesterone caproate, medroxyprogesterone acetate and megestrol acetate; estrogen such as diethylstilbestrol and ethinyl estradiol equivalents; antiestrogen such as tamoxifen; androgens including testosterone propionate and fluoxymesterone/equivalents; antiandrogens such as flutamide, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs and leuprolide; and non-steroidal antiandrogens such as flutamide; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or derivatives of any of the above.
Moreover, features, alternatives and embodiments of the invention may be associated if they are not mutually exclusive to each other.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 19306515.8 | Nov 2019 | EP | regional |
This application is a continuation application of and claims priority to U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 17/755,581 filed on May 2, 2022, which claims priority to PCT Application No. PCT/EP2020/082766, International Filing Date of Nov. 19, 2020, which claims priority to European Application No. EP 19306515.8 filed on Nov. 22, 2019, the entire contents of which are all incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 17755581 | May 2022 | US |
| Child | 18967572 | US |
